Tx history-ch-12.4
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Sam Houston was elected president again in 1841. He tried to reduce government spending and balance the budget but was unsuccessful. Houston pursued peaceful relations with Indian tribes, establishing frontier trading posts and signing treaties. However, tensions with the Comanche remained. Houston also had to send troops to East Texas to end the violent Regulator-Moderator War between two feuding groups over land disputes and weak law enforcement in the area.
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Links:
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Slide 12 - http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/610
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Tx history-ch-11.2
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Tx ch-12.3
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Tx history-ch-11.5
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After the Revolutionary War, America faced large debts and economic troubles. Under the Articles of Confederation, the central government was too weak to address these issues. Events like Shays' Rebellion showed the government could not maintain order. At the Constitutional Convention, delegates debated plans to strengthen the government. The Virginia Plan proposed a stronger national government but small states opposed it. The New Jersey Plan kept more state power. Compromises created a new Constitution with three branches of government and a bicameral legislature balancing state and federal power.
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The Articles of Confederation were the first constitution of the United States, drafted in 1777 by John Dickinson to create a framework for governance. However, it had several critical flaws: it gave the central government no enforcement powers; states did not pay taxes and ignored Congress; and states made their own diplomatic agreements. As a result, Congress could not pay debts or maintain the army, leading to embarrassment and foreign encroachment. These issues prompted the drafting of a new constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation.
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Colonial leaders met in Philadelphia in May 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation, which became known as the Constitutional Convention. Fifty-five delegates debated several plans for a new national government, including the Virginia Plan which proposed a strong federal government with three branches, and the New Jersey Plan which proposed equal state representation. They eventually reached the Great Compromise, establishing a two-house Congress with equal state representation in the Senate and population-based representation in the House. They also agreed to the Three-Fifths Compromise to determine representation of slaves. On September 17, the delegates approved the new Constitution.
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Tx history-ch-11.2
The Consultation of 1835 was a meeting called by William H. Wharton to discuss Texas' future within Mexico. Delegates at the Consultation debated between declaring immediate independence from Mexico or remaining loyal in hopes Mexico would restore the Constitution of 1824. The Consultation ultimately created a provisional government and chose commissioners to travel to the United States while pledging loyalty to Mexico and warning of independence if reforms were not made. Sam Houston was named commander-in-chief of the Texas regular army.
Tx history-ch-12.1
The Treaties of Velasco consisted of a public treaty and a secret treaty signed between Texas and Mexico. The public treaty declared an end to the war between Texas and Mexico and required Mexican forces to withdraw from Texas. The secret treaty provided for Santa Anna's immediate release from Texas custody and required him to persuade Mexico to recognize Texas independence. However, Mexico refused to recognize the treaties and still considered Texas to be in rebellion. This led to ongoing tensions between the new Republic of Texas and Mexico over Texas's sovereignty.
Tx ch-12.3
Mirabeau B. Lamar was elected as the second president of Texas in 1838. Lamar prioritized public education by granting land for schools and universities. However, the Republic of Texas never established a public school system. Lamar also moved the capital from Houston to a new site along the Colorado River, which was renamed Austin. Lamar had aggressive policies towards Native Americans, ordering attacks on the Cherokee and Comanche and resulting in many deaths on both sides. However, Lamar's policies increased war costs and the national debt while pushing Native Americans off their lands.
Tx history-ch-11.5
The document summarizes key events during the Texas Revolution that led to Texas independence. It describes how Sam Houston took command of the Texas army after the fall of the Alamo weakened morale. Houston ordered retreat to avoid confronting Santa Anna's larger force. Many Texans fled east in the "Runaway Scrape". At Goliad, over 400 Texan soldiers were executed after surrendering. Houston continued training his growing army. On April 21, Houston launched a surprise attack at San Jacinto, defeating Santa Anna's army in 18 minutes and capturing Santa Anna, securing Texas' independence.
Tx history-ch-11.3
The Mexican army under Santa Anna advanced on San Antonio in February 1836. They laid siege to the Alamo, where around 180 Texan fighters were garrisoned under William Travis and James Bowie. The Texans, hoping in vain for reinforcements, endured bombardment for over two weeks before Santa Anna launched his final assault on March 6th. After a fierce battle, all of the Texan defenders, including Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie, were killed. Only a few non-combatants, including Susanna Dickinson, survived the fall of the Alamo.
Tx history-ch-11.4
The document summarizes the Convention of 1836 in Texas, where 59 delegates met and declared Texas's independence from Mexico. They listed complaints against Mexico and stated that Texans were denied rights under the Mexican Constitution of 1824. The declaration was unanimously passed and signed. The delegates also created a Constitution of 1836 that modeled the U.S. Constitution, establishing the branches of government and a bill of rights to protect freedoms. David G. Burnet was named as the first president of independent Texas.
Tx history-ch-12.2
Sam Houston was elected as the first president of the Republic of Texas in 1836. His goals were to maintain peace with American Indian tribes, remain vigilant against Mexico, and pursue annexation by the United States. However, he faced unrest in the Texas army which threatened the new government, economic problems due to a financial crisis, and conflicts with American Indians as settlers moved onto tribal lands. To solve these problems, Houston reduced the army size, collected taxes, negotiated treaties with Indian tribes, and established forts along the frontier.
Tx history-ch-11.1
Tensions between Texans and the Mexican government increased as events unfolded in 1835. In October, Texans refused to hand over a cannon to Mexican officials in Gonzales, launching the Texas Revolution. They later defeated Mexican forces at Gonzales and Goliad. Texan volunteers then organized under Stephen F. Austin and began their march on San Antonio. In early December, their forces captured San Antonio after house-to-house fighting, accepting the surrender of General Cos and removing remaining Mexican troops from Texas.
Tx history-ch-1.2
The document discusses different types of maps and their components. It explains that maps have grid systems using lines of latitude and longitude to determine absolute location. Key parts of maps include a compass rose to identify directions, a scale to convey distances on the map compared to real-world distances, and a legend to explain any symbols used. Common types of maps are reference maps, thematic maps, and those using different map projections.
Chapter 10.1 notes
The Fredonian Rebellion of 1826 occurred when Haden Edwards' empresario contract to settle 800 families near Nacogdoches was cancelled by the Mexican government. In response, Haden's brother Benjamin Edwards declared part of East Texas to be an independent republic called the Fredonian Republic. Stephen F. Austin led a militia that forced the Fredonians to flee in 1827. The rebellion worried Mexico and prompted General Manuel de Mier y Teran to investigate American influence in Texas, especially in East Texas. He warned Mexico about the growing conditions and recommended increasing trade, soldiers, and European/Mexican settlement in Texas.
Tx history-ch-15.1
The document discusses the annexation of Texas to the United States between 1836-1845. It describes how Texans approved annexation in 1836 after gaining independence from Mexico. The US was divided on the issue regionally over the expansion of slavery. Several presidents and politicians supported annexation while others opposed it. Texas was finally admitted as the 28th state in 1845 through a joint congressional resolution signed by President Polk.
Tx history-ch-5.2
Alonso Alvarez de Pineda mapped the Texas Gulf Coast in the 1520s. In 1527, Panfilo de Narvaez led an expedition to Florida in search of gold but his forces became lost in swamps. Storms destroyed their ships, leaving Narvaez and his men stranded. They built boats to escape but Narvaez drowned; the survivors, including Cabeza de Vaca, were washed ashore on an island along the Texas coast. For the next eight years, Cabeza de Vaca lived among Native American tribes, gaining fame as a healer. He and three other Spaniards eventually encountered a group of Spanish soldiers and were rescued.
Tx history-ch-7.3
1. The document discusses several expeditions and rebellions against Spanish rule in Texas in the early 1800s, including those led by Philip Nolan, Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, José Bernando Gutiérrez de Lara, and Augustus William Magee.
2. Gutiérrez de Lara declared Texas independent from Spain on April 6, 1813 but the rebellion was crushed by Spanish forces later that month.
3. The document also mentions several filibusters and pirates operating in Texas during this period, including Henry Perry and Jean Lafitte, and expeditions led by American citizen Dr. James Long seeking Texas independence.
Tx history-ch-3.5
The document summarizes the Intermountain Basins and Plateaus region of far West Texas. This region is dominated by mountains, plateaus, canyons, and basins, with elevations ranging from 1,700 feet above sea level in canyon areas up to 8,749 feet at Guadalupe Peak. The landscape features desert grasses, shrubs, and cacti and has a hot, dry climate with less than 9 inches of rain per year, requiring large ranches and irrigation for agriculture. Tourism at Big Bend National Park and Guadalupe Mountains National Park boosts the regional economy.
Tx history-ch-6.5
Life in the Spanish missions in Texas consisted of daily prayer and work from dawn to dusk under the direction of priests and soldiers. Men tended crops while women did tasks like making pottery, weaving, and cooking. The Spanish hoped the native Indians would adopt Catholicism and European ways of life, but they often maintained their traditional celebrations and customs. Overall, life was harsh with dirt floors, open windows, and occasional food shortages, though some missions had better conditions than others. Nearby presidios provided protection for the missions and supervised the Indians, and towns developed diverse populations and the beginnings of local government.
Tx history-ch-6.4
War broke out between France and Spain in Europe in 1719. This affected their colonies in North America as French soldiers from Louisiana attacked and raided the Spanish mission of San Miguel de Linares. In response, the Spanish temporarily abandoned the East Texas missions. However, in 1721 the Viceroy ordered the Marques de San Miguel de Aguyayo to reoccupy the missions. Aguayo negotiated an agreement with the French commander to separate control of French Louisiana and Spanish Texas. He expanded Spanish settlements by establishing Los Adaes as the capital and building the mission and presidio of La Bahia near Matagorda Bay.
Tx history-ch-3.4
The document summarizes the different regions of the Great Plains in Texas, including the High Plains covering most of the Texas Panhandle with higher elevations than the Central Plains and little rainfall, making it suitable for ranching and farming with irrigation; the Edwards Plateau, separated from the Gulf Coastal Plain by the Balcones Escarpment with a limestone layer that erosion has cut into, creating a rocky landscape suitable for ranching sheep and goats.
Tx history-ch-6.3
The Spanish returned to East Texas in 1716 to establish new missions after ignoring the region for over 20 years due to failures of earlier missions. They were alarmed by the presence of a French trader in East Texas as Spain prohibited French trade in New Spain. Domingo Ramon led an expedition to East Texas in 1716 where he and St. Denis, serving as a guide, were warmly welcomed by the Tejas Indians. They established the mission of Nuestro Padre San Francisco de los Tejas and five other missions in East Texas.
Tx history-ch-2.1
Texas has a variety of landforms including plains, hills, plateaus, and mountain ranges like the Guadalupe Mountains. The state also has several river systems that flow into the Gulf of Mexico like the Rio Grande and its tributaries. While Texas has few natural lakes, it has many reservoirs and aquifers that provide important water sources, such as the Ogallala Aquifer and Edwards Aquifer.
Txhistory 1.1
The six essential elements of geography are:
1. Places and regions - how physical and human characteristics define different locations
2. Physical systems - the atmosphere, land, water, and living things and how they interact
3. Human systems - population distribution, growth, movement, urbanization
4. Environment and society - how humans interact with and are impacted by the environment
5. Uses of geography - applications like resource allocation, historical understanding, and conservation
6. The world in spatial terms - using tools like GIS to understand locations and cultural geography.
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TX History Ch 12.2
Sam Houston was elected the first president of the Republic of Texas in 1835. His goals were to maintain peace with American Indian tribes, keep Mexico at bay, and seek annexation by the United States. He reduced the size of the unrestful Texas army and relied on the Texas Rangers for frontier defense. Houston also negotiated treaties with American Indian tribes to maintain peace and assigned land to tribes, but many Texans still viewed the tribes as obstacles.
The Creation of New Governments
After the American Revolution, the original 13 colonies formed their own state constitutions. Many developed the idea that a constitution should be created by special convention and be superior to the legislature. The Articles of Confederation, drafted by John Dickinson, created a weak national government that preserved state sovereignty. It gave Congress few powers and required unanimous consent for amendments. Major problems included financial troubles, lack of taxing authority, and uprisings like Shay's Rebellion, demonstrating the need for a stronger national government.
Tx history-ch-15.3
This document discusses political parties and early governors in Texas after it joined the United States. It notes that the Democratic and Whig parties organized in Texas after annexation. The Democratic party supported annexation and represented farmers and small business owners. The document also briefly describes some of the early governors of Texas, including James Pinckney Henderson, George T. Wood, Peter H. Bell, and Elisha M. Pease. It further summarizes that governors were responsible for paying off Texas's debts, which amounted to $10 million initially and $12 million by 1850, through land grants and sales.
TX History Ch 15.3
This document summarizes political parties and early governors in Texas after it joined the United States. It discusses that Texas did not have political parties when it was the Republic of Texas, but joined the Democratic and Whig parties after annexation. It then briefly outlines six early governors of Texas between 1846 to 1859, including their terms and key issues or accomplishments. Finally, it discusses debts and land issues, noting Texas took on a large debt at annexation and gave up land to reduce it while also using land to attract settlers.
Ch 4 Launching A Nation
The document summarizes key events and developments during the presidencies of David Burnet and Sam Houston, and Mirabeau Lamar in the Republic of Texas from 1836 to 1841. It discusses the establishment of an interim government, adoption of the Constitution of 1836, elections, financial challenges, relations with Native American tribes, international recognition, and policies around immigration, land, education and military defense. Lamar pursued a more aggressive policy against Native Americans and expansion compared to Houston, though both administrations struggled with debt and the economy.
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The document discusses several key events from the early United States government under the Articles of Confederation and the first Presidencies under the Constitution:
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3) Political parties began emerging between the Federalists led by Hamilton, who supported a strong central government, and the Democratic-
TX History Ch 10.1
The Fredonian Rebellion of 1826 occurred when Haden Edwards' empresario contract to settle 800 families near Nacogdoches was cancelled by the Mexican government. In response, Haden's brother Benjamin Edwards declared part of East Texas to be an independent Republic called the Fredonian Republic. However, the rebellion was short-lived as Stephen F. Austin led a militia and Mexican army to confront the Fredonians, who then fled. The rebellion worried the Mexican government and prompted an investigation by General Manuel de Mier y Teran, who warned that growing American influence in Texas could threaten Mexican control of the region.
A C 2 Us Chapter 2
The document provides an overview of the key events leading up to and during the American Revolutionary War and the early years of the United States. It discusses colonial resistance to British taxes like the Stamp Act and Sugar Act, the battles of Lexington and Concord, the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the Treaty of Paris that ended the war in 1783, the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, the drafting and ratification of the US Constitution, and the establishment of the new government under President Washington.
Early United States
The Indian Removal Act of 1830 forced the relocation of Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river. This opened up millions of acres of land for white settlement but caused immense suffering for Native Americans forced to relocate. Under the act, nearly all relocations were carried out under duress through military escorts, broken treaties, or when tribes had no other option after being decimated. The removal process devastated many tribes and disrupted Native American homelands and cultures in what is now Kansas.
The First National Government, 1777 1789
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Articles of Confederation, including that it created the first national government of the 13 colonies as a "league of friendship" with limited powers. It established Congress as the sole national body but with limited authority over areas like war, treaties, currency and postal service. Congress faced weaknesses due to its inability to tax, regulate commerce, or raise armies independently of states. This framework proved inadequate and led to calls for reform, including the Constitutional Convention to draft a new governing document.
Unit 3, Lesson 6
This document discusses the key leaders in the struggle for American Indian lands between the late 18th century and late 19th century. It outlines leaders who fought for Native American rights, such as Tecumseh who united tribes to defend their lands, and Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse who led resistance against U.S. seizure of the Black Hills. It also discusses pro-Native leaders like John Ross who defended Cherokee land rights in court. Meanwhile, President Andrew Jackson supported the Indian Removal Act of 1830 that displaced many Native Americans. Overall, the document provides a history of the leadership and events on both sides during the long-running conflict over ownership of Native American territories.
Constitutional Convention Project
The document discusses several key events and issues surrounding the Constitutional Convention:
1) Following the American Revolution, the economy struggled under the weak central government established by the Articles of Confederation. Farmers' protests over their economic hardship, known as Shays' Rebellion, showed the need for reform.
2) The Constitutional Convention was called in 1787 to address weaknesses in the Articles, including Congress's inability to pass laws or tax without state approval.
3) At the Convention, delegates debated plans for the new government. The Great Compromise blended Virginia and New Jersey plans to create a bicameral legislature with representation based on population.
CH_7_AoC_and_Constitution
The document discusses the Articles of Confederation and the early United States government. It summarizes key points of the Articles, including that it established a weak central government with one legislative house and no president or judiciary. It also discusses economic and political issues in the 1780s under the Articles, including debt, Shays' Rebellion, and calls for a stronger federal government from Alexander Hamilton and James Madison.
A presentation7
The document discusses the political divisions in early America between the Federalists and Republicans following the French Revolution. It led Washington to issue a Neutrality Proclamation to avoid conflict between the parties over whether to support France or Britain. This began a long policy of American isolationism and avoiding entanglement in European wars. Jeffersonian and Hamiltonian political philosophies emerged, disagreeing on the role and power of government.
1 HIST 120 Dr. Schaffer Primary Sources for Underst.docx
1
HIST 120 Dr. Schaffer
Primary Sources for Understanding Jacksonian Democracy
1. Andrew Jackson's Second Annual Message to Congress (1830).1 President Jackson
delivered this address in the aftermath of the passage of the Indian Removal Act (1830), a bill that
Jackson himself had pushed for Congress to approve. The act provided federal money for the relocation
of Native Americans and signaled strong federal support for the policy of Indian removal.
It gives me pleasure to announce to Congress that the benevolent policy of the Government, steadily
pursued for nearly thirty years, in relation to the removal of the Indians beyond the white settlements is
approaching to a happy consummation…
The consequences of a speedy removal will be important to the United States, to individual
States, and to the Indians themselves. The pecuniary advantages which it promises to the Government
are the least of its recommendations. It puts an end to all possible danger of collision between the
authorities of the General and State Governments on account of the Indians. It will place a dense and
civilized population in large tracts of country now occupied by a few savage hunters. By opening the
whole territory between Tennessee on the north and Louisiana on the south to the settlement of the
whites it will incalculably strengthen the southwestern frontier and render the adjacent States strong
enough to repel future invasions without remote aid. It will relieve the whole State of Mississippi and
the western part of Alabama of Indian occupancy, and enable those States to advance rapidly in
population, wealth, and power. It will separate the Indians from immediate contact with settlements of
whites; free them from the power of the States; enable them to pursue happiness in their own way and
under their own rude institutions; will retard the progress of decay, which is lessening their numbers,
and perhaps cause them gradually, under the protection of the Government and through the influence of
good counsels, to cast off their savage habits and become an interesting, civilized, and Christian
community.
What good man would prefer a country covered with forests and ranged by a few thousand
savages to our extensive Republic, studded with cities, towns, and prosperous farms embellished with all
the improvements which art can devise or industry execute, occupied by more than 12,000,000 happy
people, and filled with all the blessings of liberty, civilization and religion?
The present policy of the Government is but a continuation of the same progressive change by a
milder process. The tribes which occupied the countries now constituting the Eastern States were
annihilated or have melted away to make room for the whites. The waves of population and civilization
are rolling to the westward, and we now propose to acquire the countries occupied by the red men of the
South and West by a fair exchange, and, ...
The american revolution 2
Chapter 6 discusses how thousands of colonists loyal to Britain either fled to Canada or joined the British army during the Revolutionary War. The British also freed tens of thousands of slaves as they raided American farms and homes. Over 200,000 men fought for the Continental Army and state militias over the course of the 8-year war. Many Native American tribes repudiated treaties they had been forced to sign with the Americans due to ongoing land encroachment and violence.
Chapter 7 outlines the replacement of the Articles of Confederation with the US Constitution in 1787, shifting more power to the federal government and limiting state power. There was concern that some legislators were becoming less distinguished as more farmers and lower wealth individuals
We the people session ii
This session reviews the process of replacing the inadequate Articles of Confederation with the Constitution. It describes in detail how the Founders drafted this impressive document. Finally, the ratification struggle is examined as well as the role which the promise of a Bill of Rights played.
3. shaping a new nation [1782 1788]
The Federalists argued that the Constitution established a balanced government that protected individual rights through separation of powers and checks and balances, while the Anti-Federalists believed it gave too much power to the central government and lacked protections for individual liberties. A compromise was reached with the addition of the Bill of Rights, which addressed many of the Anti-Federalist concerns and helped secure ratification in several key states.
Unit 2 honors
The document provides an overview of colonial America and the origins of the US Constitution. It discusses:
1. The different types of colonial charters and examples of self-government in the colonies of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Massachusetts.
2. The key events leading to the Declaration of Independence, including new taxes by the British and acts like the Stamp Act and Coercive Acts that angered colonists.
3. The weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and calls for a stronger central government, leading to the Constitutional Convention and the drafting of the US Constitution.
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1 HIST 120 Dr. Schaffer Primary Sources for Underst.docx
1 HIST 120 Dr. Schaffer Primary Sources for Underst.docx
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Chapter 27.1 world war ii
World War II began in 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. The US joined the war in 1941 after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. Texas contributed greatly to the war effort through training soldiers at military bases, producing goods for the war, and Texans enlisting to fight. Key Allied leaders like Eisenhower and Nimitz led the forces. Germany surrendered in 1945, but the war continued in the Pacific until the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading Japan to surrender and end World War II.
Chapter 26.1 – transition in peace
After World War I, demobilization led to an economic boom as farms and factories increased production to replace wartime needs. However, it also caused labor unrest as returning soldiers sought jobs and displaced groups like women and African Americans. This period saw the founding of civil rights groups like the NAACP and LULAC to protect minority communities, but also controversies like accusations of impropriety around Governor "Ma" Ferguson's pardons and contracts.
Chapter 25 – texans at home and abroad
The document summarizes Texas' involvement in several early 20th century world events. During the Spanish-American War in 1898, over 10,000 Texans fought including Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders regiment. The war increased Texas' role in global affairs. The Mexican Revolution from 1910-1920 caused refugees to flee to Texas and conflicts with local authorities. When the U.S. entered World War I in 1917, around 200,000 Texans served while the state's economy boomed supplying needs for the war.
Chapter 24 – texas in the age of
The document discusses the progressive movement in Texas in the early 1900s, including the temperance movement which led to prohibition, and the suffrage movement which granted women the right to vote in 1919. It also notes that while women, African Americans, and Mexican Americans advocated for reforms, the voting rights of minorities were restricted by poll taxes and Jim Crow laws.
Tx23.1
This document summarizes the birth of the oil industry in Texas. It describes how demand for kerosene rose after its use in lamps was developed, leading to the initial search for oil. The first major strike in Texas was at Spindletop in 1901, where the gusher shot 70,000 barrels of oil per day. This triggered an economic boom but also led to overproduction that drove prices down. While Spindletop's reserves were soon drained, it marked the start of Texas establishing itself as a leader in oil production.
Tx23.3
The oil boom in Texas in the early 1900s led to the rapid growth of boomtowns as thousands of people moved to oil fields and nearby towns in search of work. This caused towns like Beaumont and Sour Lake to become crowded, dirty, and rough very quickly. The development of the automobile, which used gasoline-powered internal combustion engines, helped ensure the success of the growing oil industry. The oil industry also led to new petrochemical industries that produced synthetic rubber, plastics, and carbon black. The Texas legislature began regulating the oil industry to protect groundwater and prevent waste. Revenue from taxes on oil have benefited education in Texas through the Permanent University Fund, which provides funding for the University of Texas
Tx23.2
Wildcatters, or independent explorers, took significant risks searching for new oil fields in Texas in the early 1900s. Some of the earliest and largest oil fields were discovered, including at Sour Lake in 1893 and the East Texas oil field in the 1930s, which became one of the largest oil fields in the world. As more oil fields were found across Texas, the oil industry grew significantly and operators had to develop ways to transport and market oil and natural gas.
Tx history 21.1
Spanish settlers first established cattle ranching in Texas in the 1700s, driving herds of longhorn cattle north from Mexico to supply missions along the Rio Grande and San Antonio Rivers. By the 1800s, Tejano ranchers had established cattle ranching as the primary economic activity in Texas, driving longhorn cattle to markets in New Orleans and other states. However, problems with rustlers and limited access to markets kept the cattle industry in Texas relatively small until after the Civil War, when Union blockades during the war prevented Texas longhorns from being driven out of state, allowing their numbers to grow substantially.
Tx history 21.4
Joseph Glidden, an Illinois farmer, invented barbed wire in the 1870s, making large-scale fencing inexpensive and easy. This led to the closing of the open range as ranchers began fencing off their land, ending the era of free-roaming cattle. However, the introduction of barbed wire also caused conflicts known as range wars between small landowners and ranchers over blocked roads and fences surrounding water sources. State legislatures eventually passed laws against fence cutting and requiring gates to be placed along fences. The closing of the open range transformed cattle ranching and marked the end of an important period in the history of the American West.
Tx history 21.3
The document discusses ranching in South Texas and the Panhandle region. It describes the King Ranch, which was once over 1 million acres and is still larger than Rhode Island today. It also established the towns of Kingsville and Raymondville. In the Panhandle, the removal of Native Americans opened the land for cattle ranching, with the Ogallala Aquifer providing water and windmills later expanding farming. Large ranches were established like the JA Ranch and XIT Ranch, which covered 3 million acres, almost the size of Connecticut, and ran 150,000 cattle. Cowboys faced many dangers and hardships despite the romanticized myths of their lifestyle.
Tx history 21.1
Spanish settlers first established cattle ranching in Texas in the 1700s, driving herds of longhorn cattle north from Mexico to supply missions along the Rio Grande and San Antonio Rivers. By the 1800s, Tejano ranchers had spread cattle ranching across much of central and southeast Texas, driving longhorn cattle to markets in New Orleans and other states. However, problems with rustlers and limited access to markets kept the cattle industry in Texas relatively small until after the Civil War, when Union blockades during the war prevented Texas longhorns from being driven out of state, allowing their numbers to greatly expand across the state.
Tx history-ch-18.3
The document summarizes several key campaigns and battles in Texas and the Southwest during the Civil War. Confederate General Henry Sibley attempted to seize control of the region in 1861 but was forced to retreat from Union forces at Glorieta Pass in New Mexico. Later, Confederate forces recaptured the important port of Galveston from the Union by converting steamboats into armored "cottonclad" gunboats. The Confederates also defended successfully against Union attacks at Sabine Pass and Laredo, Texas. However, the Union did briefly capture Brownsville in 1863 before being driven out. Ultimately, Confederate forces turned back several Union campaigns aimed at invading Texas, including the Red River Campaign in
Tx history-ch-18.2
The Civil War began in April 1861 when Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina. In response, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to fight for the Union. This caused Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina to secede and join the Confederacy. Thousands of Texans also rushed to join the Confederate forces. By the end of 1861, there were 25,000 Texans fighting for the Confederacy in regiments of about 1,000 soldiers each. Major battles took place in the East around Washington D.C. and Richmond as well as in the West around the Mississippi River Valley, which was a key strategic area. The bloodiest day of the war was the Battle of Antietam in September 1862,
Tx history-ch-18.3
The document summarizes several key campaigns and battles in Texas and the Southwest during the Civil War. Confederate General Henry Sibley attempted to seize control of the region in 1861 but was forced to retreat from Union forces at Glorieta Pass in New Mexico. In 1863, Confederate forces recaptured the important port of Galveston using converted steamboats armed with cotton bales. At the Battle of Sabine Pass, Lieutenant Richard Dowling and a small group of Confederate artillerymen were able to cripple two Union gunboats and capture 300 soldiers. While the Union captured Brownsville, Texas briefly, it was retaken by Confederate forces by the end of 1863.
Guided reading 18.2
This document provides a reading passage and questions about the Civil War and Texas's involvement. It discusses key events like the Battle of Fort Sumter starting the war, leaders like Jefferson Davis and generals Albert Sidney Johnston and Samuel Bell Maxey. Texas militias captured supplies in San Antonio and the war's major battles were east of the Mississippi River. When Vicksburg surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant, the Confederacy was split in two. Post-reading questions ask about Confederate army units organized by B.F. Terry, John Bell Hood, and Lawrence Ross.
Guided reading 18.3
This document provides a reading passage and questions about Texas and the Civil War. It includes a list of 10 people involved in the war and their descriptions, and asks the student to match each person to their role. It also asks the student to explain why the Confederacy wanted to seize the Southwest region after reading the passage. The summary is complete in 3 sentences.
Chapter 31.1 local government
Local governments in Texas include counties, cities, and special districts. Counties are divided into precincts and governed by a commissioners' court made up of elected commissioners. Municipal governments include mayor-council, council-manager, and commission forms. Home-rule charters allow cities over 5,000 people to choose their form of government, while smaller general-law cities operate under state laws. Special districts provide specific services like schools, hospitals, and transportation.
Chapter 30.5 budget and educationl
The document summarizes key aspects of the Texas state budget and public education system. It discusses that the state budget is set through an appropriations bill process involving the Office of Budget and Planning, Legislative Budget Board, and legislature. It also outlines major sources of state revenue and how funds are allocated, including billions spent on education annually in accordance with the Texas Constitution requiring free public education. Administration of public schools is divided between state entities that set policy and local school districts that manage day-to-day operations and property taxes.
Chapter 30.4 texas judical
Texas has a three-tiered court system. At the lowest level are justice of peace, municipal, and county courts that handle misdemeanors and smaller civil cases. District courts handle felonies, major civil suits, and appeals from lower courts. The two highest appellate courts are the Supreme Court and Court of Criminal Appeals, which review cases to ensure legal procedures were followed and determine the constitutionality of laws. Citizens can serve on either grand juries, which decide if there is enough evidence for a felony trial, or petit juries, which decide verdicts in trials.
Chapter 30.4 texas judical
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https://app.box.com/s/tacvl9ekroe9hqupdnjruiypvm9rdaneChapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
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