Two Input NOR gate using diode and transistors

1. PHYSICS
PROJECT
WORK
PREPARED BY : DHRUV GUPTA
CLASS : XII-A

2. PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
TWO INPUT NOW-GATE
SUBMITTED TO :
Mr.
PREPARED BY :
Dhruv Gupta
XII-A
Roll no.

3. CONTENTS
 Certificate
 Acknowledgement
 Declaration
 Aim & Introduction to Project
 Material Required
 Description of Material Used
 Circuit Diagram
 NOR-Gate (about, truth table, …)
 Basic Gates from NOR Gate
 Conclusion
 Bibliography

4. CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT DHRUV GUPTA , A
STUDENT OF CLASS XII-A HAS SUCCESSFULLY
COMPLETED THE PROJECT ENTITLED “TWO-
INPUT NOR GATE” UNDER THE GUIDANCE
OF MR. DESH DEEPAK TRIPATHI SIR
DURING ACEDEMIC YEAR 2018-19 IN PARTIAL
FULLFILMENT OF PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT.
SIGNATURE OF PHYSICS TEACHER

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 I would like to express a deep sense of
thanks and gratitude to my project guide
Mr. Desh Deepak Tripathi sir for guiding
me immensely through the course of the
project.
 He always evinced keen interest in my
work. Her constructive advice & constant
motivation is responsible for the for the
successful completion of this project.
 My sincere thanks to our respected
Principal sir for his co-operation and
support.
 I also thanks my parents for their all time
motivation and support.
 I must thanks my classmates for their
timely help.
 Last but not the least, thanks to all those
who directly or indirectly contributed to

6. DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work
entitled “Two-Input NOR Gate”, submitted
to Mr. Desh Deepak Tripathi sir (PGT
Physics), K.V. IFFCO AONLA is prepared by
me. All the content is the result of my
personal efforts.
Dhruv Gupta
Class : XII-A

7. AIM & INTRODUCTION TO
THE PROJECT
AIM : To design the circuit of NOR gate using
diodes, switches, transistors, LED, battery, etc.
Introduction (procedure) :
This project entitled “Two-Input NOR gate” is
designed using basic equipments which are
connected accordingly. The gate takes two input
through different switches and gives a single output.
The different carbon resistors are used to control the
resistance in the circuit.
The circuit is made by connecting a 9V battery and
then the input switches that allow the input in the
circuit. Then the transistor used amplifies the
electronic signals. The components of the circuit are
connected as required and then only the circuit gives

8. MATERIAL REQUIRED
Wires
LED
Switches Battery

9. Diode Transistor
Carbon Resistor

10. DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS USED
1. Electric Wires : It’s a single, flexible
stand of metal that is used in the circuit
for forming a working circuit as
mentioned in this project.
2. Carbon Resistors : It’s a passive-two
terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a
circuit element. In electronic circuits,
resistors are used to reduce current
flow, adjust signal levels, to divide
voltages, among other uses.
3. Switches : It’s an electrical component
that can “make” or “break” an electrical
circuit, interrupting the current or
diverting it from one conductor to
other. It is basically used to start and
stop the flow of current in a circuit on
our own wish.

11. 1. Transistors : It’s a semiconductor
device used to amplify or switch
electronic signals and electrical power.
It’s composed of semiconductor
material. The Transistors are the
fundamental building block of same
modern electronic devices, and is
obiquitous in modern electronic
system.
2. LED : It is a Light-Emitting Diode that
has to be lighten up when the circuit is
in working mode. So, efficient current
should be supplied for lightening up of
LED.
3. Battery : It converts chemical energy
directly to electrical energy. It’s a
source of energy which provides a push
- a voltage - of energy to get the
current flowing in a circuit. It’s an
essential component of any circuit.
4. Diodes : Semiconductor device with 2
terminals typically allowing the flow of

12. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

13. NOR - GATE
 The Nor-Gate is a digital logic gate that
implements logic NOR- it behaves
according to the truth table given below.
It may have 2 or more input but only one
output.
Truth – Table
 A high output [1] results if both the
inputs to the gate are low [0].
 If one or both input is high [1], a low
output [0] results.
INPUT A INPUT B
OUTPUT
(A)NOR(B)
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

14. About NOR Gate :-
It’s the negative of the or operator.
It’s a functionally complete
operator. The NOR gate can be
combined to generate other logic
gates.
Symbols:-
or
Expression:-
Y =

15. Alternative for NOR gate :-
If no specific NOR gates are
available, one can be made from
NAND gates, because NAND and
NOR gates are considered as
universal gates i.e., they can be
used to make all other gates.
NAND gate construction:-

16. BASIC GATES FROM NOR GATE
1. NOR gate by NOR gate:-
By using one NOR gate we can obtain the
function of NOR gate by combining both
inputs as a single input.
Truth Table:-
2. OR gate by NOR gate:-
By using a 2 NOR gates we can obtain the
function of OR gate.
A X
0 1
1 0

17. Truth Table of OR gate:-
3. AND gate from gate:-
By using 3 NOR gates we can obtain the function
of AND gate.
Truth Table:-
A B R X
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1
A B !A !B Q
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 1

18. CONCLUSION
The 2 input NOR gate produces
output as follows:-
1. If one of the two input is high[1] then a
low output[0] is produced i.e., LED will
not glow.
2. If both the inputs are low[0] then the
output produced is high[1] i.e., LED will
glow.

19. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Sources:-
 https://www.google.com/
 https://en.Wikipedia.org/
 NCERT Physics Book
 https://www.bing.com/