Tversky and Kahneman1 asked a group of subjects to carry out the fol.pdf
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Tversky and Kahneman1 asked a group of subjects to carry out the following task. They are told that: Linda is 31, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy in college. As a student, she was deeply concerned with racial discrimination and other social issues, and participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. The subjects are then asked to rank the likelihood of various alternatives, such as: (1) Linda is active in the feminist movement. (2) Linda is a bank teller. (3) Linda is a bank teller and active in the feminist movement. Tversky and Kahneman found that between 85 and 90 percent of the subjects rated alternative (1) most likely, but alternative (3) more likely than alternative (2). Is it? They call this phenomenon the conjunction fallacy, and note that it appears to be unafected by prior training in probability or statistics. Is this phenomenon a fallacy? If so, why? Can you give a possible explanation for the subjects\' choices? Solution Let the events A = ``Linda is a bank teller\'\' and B = ``Linda is active in the feminist movement\'\'. Since alternative (3) corresponds to the event \"A and B\", it\'s less likely than alternative (2) which corresponds to the event \"B\" ( event \"A and B\" is obviously a subset of event \"B\")..
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Linda is 31 years old-single, sects poke and very bright. She majore.pdf
Linda is 31 years old-single, sects poke and very bright. She majored in philosophy as a student
she was deeply concerned with the issue of discrimination of social justice. And also
participating in Anti Nuclear Demonstrations. Calculate, which of the following is more
probable. Linda is a bank teller(T) Linda is a bank teller of is active in the feminist movement
(TsF). Construct analogue example that till be pertaining to engineering, in the field of your
interest. Linda is 31 years old-single, sects poke and very bright. She majored in philosophy as
a student she was deeply concerned with the issue of discrimination of social justice. And also
participating in Anti Nuclear Demonstrations. Calculate, which of the following is more
probable. Linda is a bank teller(T) Linda is a bank teller of is active in the feminist movement
(TsF). Construct analogue example that till be pertaining to engineering, in the field of your
interest.
Solution
Linda is bank teller and is active feminist activist.
Ar 1 villarreal-done
Published by NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS - A group of national refereed, peer-reviewed, scholarly, academic periodicals. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD, Editor-in-Chief, NFJ (Since 1982)
Social Studies book design_Public Image Private Shame
A social studies text for secondary school students studying in New Zealands schools.
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Essays On Hinduism. Essays on Hinduism. On Hinduism Reviews and Reflections ...
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ESSAY QUESTIONS - ETHICSLewis Archer is an outside auditor who dis.pdf
ESSAY QUESTIONS - ETHICS
Lewis Archer is an outside auditor who discovered various irregularities in his recent review of
Busey Energy Futures. Among other things, on review of Busey’s 401(k) investment fund, he
discovered that approximately 70 percent of the funds were invested in stocks of companies that
were actually set-up and owned by the members of the Busey board of directors. Further review
indicates that these companies were set-up for the express purpose of hiding Busey’s own debt.
Simply put, he has discovered another potential Enron situation. However, before reporting his
findings to the proper authorities he calls his brother who owns an investment firm, and for
whom he does some consulting work on the side. He instructs his brother to sell any stock his
clients have in Busey and the shell companies. Lewis then waits a day before reporting the
findings to the proper authorities.
Are Lewis’s actions ethical in this case? Why or why not?
Solution
Lewis knows for fact that Busey is conduting illegal actions on the way they have set their
company and by telling his brother this informaiton to protect his customers he is being unethical
(even though he is doing it for a good cause)
Even more, he waits 1 day to report this to the authorities, that is wrong.
Lewis is unethical for those 2 reasons, first he tells his brother private information and second he
waits 1 day to tell the proper authorities..
Recommended
Linda is 31 years old-single, sects poke and very bright. She majore.pdf
Linda is 31 years old-single, sects poke and very bright. She majored in philosophy as a student
she was deeply concerned with the issue of discrimination of social justice. And also
participating in Anti Nuclear Demonstrations. Calculate, which of the following is more
probable. Linda is a bank teller(T) Linda is a bank teller of is active in the feminist movement
(TsF). Construct analogue example that till be pertaining to engineering, in the field of your
interest. Linda is 31 years old-single, sects poke and very bright. She majored in philosophy as
a student she was deeply concerned with the issue of discrimination of social justice. And also
participating in Anti Nuclear Demonstrations. Calculate, which of the following is more
probable. Linda is a bank teller(T) Linda is a bank teller of is active in the feminist movement
(TsF). Construct analogue example that till be pertaining to engineering, in the field of your
interest.
Solution
Linda is bank teller and is active feminist activist.
Ar 1 villarreal-done
Published by NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS - A group of national refereed, peer-reviewed, scholarly, academic periodicals. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD, Editor-in-Chief, NFJ (Since 1982)
Social Studies book design_Public Image Private Shame
A social studies text for secondary school students studying in New Zealands schools.
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ESSAY QUESTIONS - ETHICSLewis Archer is an outside auditor who dis.pdf
ESSAY QUESTIONS - ETHICS
Lewis Archer is an outside auditor who discovered various irregularities in his recent review of
Busey Energy Futures. Among other things, on review of Busey’s 401(k) investment fund, he
discovered that approximately 70 percent of the funds were invested in stocks of companies that
were actually set-up and owned by the members of the Busey board of directors. Further review
indicates that these companies were set-up for the express purpose of hiding Busey’s own debt.
Simply put, he has discovered another potential Enron situation. However, before reporting his
findings to the proper authorities he calls his brother who owns an investment firm, and for
whom he does some consulting work on the side. He instructs his brother to sell any stock his
clients have in Busey and the shell companies. Lewis then waits a day before reporting the
findings to the proper authorities.
Are Lewis’s actions ethical in this case? Why or why not?
Solution
Lewis knows for fact that Busey is conduting illegal actions on the way they have set their
company and by telling his brother this informaiton to protect his customers he is being unethical
(even though he is doing it for a good cause)
Even more, he waits 1 day to report this to the authorities, that is wrong.
Lewis is unethical for those 2 reasons, first he tells his brother private information and second he
waits 1 day to tell the proper authorities..
Determine whether each of following statements is true or false. Prov.pdf
Determine whether each of following statements is true or false. Provide reasons in each case.
(11 points - 1 point for each question. No point will be awarded if no reason is provided.) In
simple linear regression (i.e., when there is only one explanatory variable), the slope of the
regression line can never be larger than one.
Solution.
describe the oceans solubility pump and the oceans biological pump u.pdf
describe the oceans solubility pump and the oceans biological pump using the pools of carbon
(DIC, PIC, POC, DOC) and the processes. how are the two linked? where does the ocean \"take
up\" C and where is it released from the ocean?
Solution
The oceans play an important role in regulating the amount of fever to in atmosphere because 02
can move quickly into and out of the oceans. It is estimated that approximately 93% of Co2is
found in oceans.
In oceans the solubility pump is physicochemical process which transports dissolved inorganic
carbon to the interior.
The solubility pump is driven by to principal factors. First one 4more C02 can dissolve into cold
polar waters thane warm waters. As major ocean currents more from tropics to the poles they are
cold and take more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere secondly the higher latitude zones also
places where deep waters are formed as the water gets cold they become denser and sink into
oceans interior absoring the Co2 accumulated on the surface.
Bioloical pump: in this process carbon dioxide moves away from the surface ocean.
Microscopic Marine animals called zooplankyon eat the phytoplankton and provide the basis for
the food web for all animal life in the ocean.
Although most of the fever to taken up by phytoplankton is recycled near the surface 30% sinks
into the deeper waters before converted by Marine bacteria only 0.1 % reaches the sea floor as
sediment.
Carbon is cycled through the ocean biological processes of photosynthesis respiration and
decomposition of aquatic plants. As the oceanic plants don\'t have large Woody stems the
decomposition after quickly then on land Judo this very little carbon is stored in the ocean prove
biological processes the total amount of carbonn update and carbon loss from the ocean depends
on the balance of organic and inorganic processes.
Carbon dioxide is soluble in water it reacts with water to form several ionic and nonionic
compounds called dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC) for example aquous carbon dioxide ,carbonic
acid, bicarbonate and carbonate.
Carbon enters the ocean by dissolving in the water it also enters through rivers and other water
bodies it is converted by organisms into organic carbon by photosynthesis and the food chain
also helps in this process if circulates in the layout for longer periods before getting deposited as
sediments.
Oceanic absorption of Co2 is considered as very important form of carbon sequestration limiting
the rate of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Dissolved organic carbon DOC in Marine systems is one of the cycled reservoir of organic
matter on earth and it makes up 20% of all organic carbon in general these compounds are
formed do the decomposition processes of organisms in the Marine system. It is defined as the
organic matter that is able to pass through a filter range in size between 0.7 and 0.22 um.
Particulate organic carbon POC is the carbon that is too large and is tilted out of your sample.
Dissolved and parti.
Describe how bacterial cells compare to onion cells.SolutionPl.pdf
Describe how bacterial cells compare to onion cells.
Solution
Plants cells are multi-cellular organisms composed of eukaryotic cells, while bacteria are single-
cell prokaryotic organisms. Each eukaryotic cell of a plant or animal includes a central nucleus
containing DNA and membrane-bound organelles, such as endoplasmic reticulum and
mitochondria. A bacterial cell has no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. prokaryotes have
circular DNA, which is exposed to the cytosol fluid of the cellular environment and concentrates
in an area known as the nucleoid. Within the cytosol environment of both eukaryotes and
prokaryotes are ribosomes, which are responsible for producing the polypeptide chains of
proteins. In bacterial cells, ribosomes are 70s, while eukaryotic plant and animal cells have
larger, 80s ribosomes. These 80s ribosomes float within the cytosol of the cell and adhere to the
rough endoplasmic reticulum unique to eukaryotes. The mitochondria of eukaryotes do contain
70s ribosomes within their mitochondria. a prokaryotic bacterium invaded an early-form
eukaryotic cell, which gave rise to mitochondria. Bacteria cells divide by way of binary fission
and are asexual. Eukaryotes, however, divide cellularly via mitosis and reproduce sexually
through the process of meiosis. An onion is a multicellular (consisting of many cells) plant
organism. As in all plant cells, the cell of an onion peel consists of a cell wall, cell membrane,
cytoplasm, nucleus and a large vacuole. The nucleus is present at the periphery of the cytoplasm.
The vacuole is prominent and present at the centre of the cell. It is surrounded by cytoplasm. The
presence of a cell wall and a large vacuole are indicators that help identify plant cells, such as
seen in the onion peel..
A facility is to be designed with 7 departments (Dl-D7) such that the.pdf
A facility is to be designed with 7 departments (Dl-D7) such that the following departments are
adjacent (share a common wall): Dl is adjacent to D2, D3 and D4. D2 is adjacent to D5 and D6.
D3 is adjacent to D4, D5 and D6. D4 is adjacent to every department. D5 is adjacent to D6 &
D7. And D6 is adjacent to D7. Is it possible to design such a facility? Why or why not?
Solution
Given that D4 is related to all the Dis.As adjacency is a symmetric relation,(for example) D2
must also be adjacent to D4 , which is not the case here. Hence the design is not possible..
Briefly discuss each of the chronological steps in the process o.pdf
Briefly discuss each of the chronological \"steps\" in the process of paying a dividend
Briefly discuss each of the chronological \"steps\" in the process of paying a dividend
Solution
Basically chronological steps in the process of paying dividends describes the timeline for a
series of events which take place after a company decides to pay dividends to its shareholders.
The following steps are included in that process:
1). Declaration Date
The day when a company issues a statement declaring that it intents to pay a dividend. On the
same date, the company also announces the holder-of-record date and the payment date.
2). Ex-Dividend Day
It is the first business day on which a share will trade without its dividend. As a result, investors
who owned shares before and on the ex-dividend date will receive a dividend once it is paid,
while investors who acquire shares on or after the ex-dividend date will not have the benefit of
receiving the dividend.
3). Holder-of-Record Date
It is simply the record date, when a shareholder that is listed in the company’s records is deemed
to have ownership of the company’s shares for the purpose of deciding who can and who cannot
receive a dividend when paid. It is typically one or two business days after the ex-date.
4). Payment Date
It is the date on which a company transfers the dividend payments to its shareholders. It doesn\'t
need to be a business day. It can also occur on a weekend or holiday..
Which protocol uses tunneling to send PPP packets over a nonsecure n.pdf
Which protocol uses tunneling to send PPP packets over a nonsecure network such as the
Internet?
A. TCP
B. DHCP
C. HTML
D. PPTP
Solution
Answer D is the correct answer. The Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) encapsulates IP
packets for transport over a public network. PPTP is used by remote access servers to support
communications between remote users and a private home or corporate network. Answer A is
incorrect because TCP is a Transport layer protocol and has no role in tunneling. Answer B, the
Domain Host Configuration Protocol, is used to assign and track IP address allocations on an IP
network and is not related to tunneling, so it\'s incorrect. Answer C is also incorrect because it is
a language used on the Internet\'s World Wide Web. HTML is basically ASCII text surrounded
by HTML commands..
What is the simple formula for figuring Addition to Retained earn.pdf
What is the simple formula for figuring Addition to Retained earnings?
What is the simple formula for figuring Addition to Retained earnings?
Solution
Retained earnings is the amount of money that the company keeps aside for future. The aim of a
company is to maximize the wealth of the shareholders. The company provides dividends to the
shareholders to maximize their wealth. The retained earnings is calculated by subtracting the
dividends feom the net income. The amount of money that is left after the dividends are paid is
known as retained earnings. Any addition to retained earnings will be identified by the increase
in the value of the net income or decrease in the value of the dividends. The addition of retained
earnings will be clear when the dividends are less and net income is more.
Retained earnings = net income - dividends.
Why can we not see individual photons, but rather light appear to us.pdf
Why can we not see individual photons, but rather light appear to us to be continuous Why can
we not see individual photons, but rather light appears to us to be continuous? a)A light beam
contains a multitude of photons, each with a very small amount of energy. b)The wave part of a
photon superposes with the wave part of other photons in the beam, making the beam appear to
be continuous. c)The wave part of the photon extends over a spatial region that is larger than our
eyes can detect. d)The particle properties of photons do not interact with our eyes. e)Each photon
carries information from the whole electromagnetic spectrum; and our eyes camiot interpret this
information.
Solution
A light is composed of multitude of photons. And each photon carries a very small amount of
energy.
Hence, the correct statement is option (a). And the remaining options are wrong..
Why is it important to study reactions norms to understand phenotypi.pdf
Why is it important to study reactions norms to understand phenotypic plasticity?
Solution
Ans:
Phenotypic plasticity, the capacity of a single genotype to exhibit variable phenotypes in
different environments, is common in insects and is often highly adaptive. Phenotypic plasticity
is important because it expands the existing “genocentric” evolutionary theory, producing an
encompassing paradigm to explain life on earth. Plasticity was once considered “noise” but is
now widely recognized as potentially adaptive under a wide array of circumstances. As with any
major shift in scientific thinking, phenotypic plasticity engenders new ideas, causing us to ask
new questions and test hypotheses that would not otherwise be examined, leading us to
productive new scientific insights.
Phenotypic plasticity is counterbalance to mutation driven evolution: It is not surprising that
during the first half of the 20th Century, scientists, flushed with excitement about Mendelian
genetics, viewed evolution primarily as a mutational process. However, this bias largely ignored
an important reality of evolution – that natural selection selects not among genotypes, but among
phenotypes. Thus, the phenotype, and variation among phenotypes, plays a major role in
evolution. And, because the environment in which an individual develops determines its
phenotype, the environment also assumes a greater role in evolution, and may, in fact, produce
more viable phenotypic variation than do mutations. This is because mutations are not only rare,
but usually deleterious. In contrast, a single environmental factor may alter the phenotypes of an
entire population, providing natural selection with access to perhaps thousands of
environmentally altered individuals, as opposed to a single mutant individual. In addition,
mutations generally arise randomly with no correlation to specific environments, whereas new
environmentally induced phenotypes are both directional and highly correlated with the specific
new environment, allowing new environments to immediately produce and select among new
phenotypes.
Including phenotypic plasticity produces a better model: As suggested above, the inclusion of
phenotypic plasticity can result in a better model than mutation-allelic substitution alone in
explaining the production of organismal diversity. For example, the initial evolution of warning
color (aposematism), starting as a rare mutation is problematic because conspicuous prey should
be quickly found and removed by predators (Lindström et al. 2001). In contrast, evolution of
aposematism is easily explained by phenotypic plasticity (Sword 2002). Likewise, for
development, phenotypic plasticity explains the evolution of allometry and exaggerated
morphologies (Emlen and Nijhout 2000, Shingleton et al. 2007). For physiology, phenotypic
plasticity explains adaptive, beneficial plasticities such as acclimation and response to exercise
(Swallow et al. 2005), quite well. In ecology, it aids our un.
Which of the following is true about the nucleolusA)found in prok.pdf
Which of the following is true about the nucleolus?
A)found in prokaryotic cells in place of a true nucleus B)contains membran attached ribosomes
C)assembles ribosomal subunits D)all are true E)none are true
If the nucleolus was removed, this would deplete the RNA in the nucleus.
A)True B)Fals (Since most of the RNA in the nucleus is messenger RNA)
If the nucleolus was removed synthesis of new ribosomes would not occur.
A)True B)False (all the ribosomes a cell uses in its lifetime are present in the cytoplasm when
the cell first forms)
Which of the following is true about nuclear membran permeability?
A)hydrophilic(aqueous) channels are larger than those of the plasma membrane B)large proteins
can pass in and out of the nucleus in fully folded form in an aqueous solution(passage does not
require hydrophobic leaders and membrane attachment) C)movement of large molecule through
pores require assistance of transporter proteins D)the outer layer of the nuclear membrane is
continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum, therefore large molecules produced in the nucleus
can directly enter the ER lumen without needing to be transported through a membrane. E) all
are true F)none are true
Enzymes used for DNA replication are made on ribosomes located outside the nucleus.
A)True B)Flase
Solution
Answer :
Question number 1: The correct among all the statement is C (assembles ribosomal subunits)
Explanation : Nucleolus is the darkly stained, circular suborganelle which lacks any limiting
membrane and is formed during the interphase. it is site where ribosomes are manufactured..
1. The gene OCA2 on chromosome 15 confers eye color in humans. The m.pdf
1. The gene OCA2 on chromosome 15 confers eye color in humans. The most common
phenotype is brown eyes (BB). A recessive allele of the OCA2 results in blue eyes (bb). Wilson
has brown eyes and Mia has blue eyes. What is the probability that Wilson and Mia’s child will
have blue eyes?
2- Emma finds a small lump in her breast and goes to her physician, who takes a medical and
family history. She mentions that her father died of brain cancer, a cousin had leukemia, and her
older sister was just diagnosed with a tumor of connective tissue. The doctor assures her that the
family cancer history doesn’t raise the risk that her breast lump is cancerous, because the other
cancers were not in the breast. Is the doctor correct?
3- . In X-linked inheritance disorders the females are usually the carriers whereas the males are
the affected. Give your reason
4- Explain the connection between cancer and control of cell cycle
Solution
1. The gene OCA2 on chromosome 15 confers eye color in humans. The most common
phenotype is brown eyes (BB). A recessive allele of the OCA2 results in blue eyes (bb). Wilson
has brown eyes and Mia has blue eyes.
The probability that Wilson and Mia’s child will have blue eyes is 1:4
2. The doctor is not correct in saying that because the other cancers were not breast cancers, her
breast lump is not cancerous.
The genes are inherited from parents in gametes and combine in the zygote. Single zygote divide
and differentiate to form a complete individual and the DNA is constant is each and every cell.
Thus, each cell carries the mutation in tumor suppressor gene or the oncogenes and each cell is
equally susceptible to be cancerous.
3. In X-linked inheritance disorders, the females are usually the carriers whereas the males are
the affected. The humans have heterogametic males and homogametic females i.e., female
carries two X-chromosomes and male have only one X-chromosome. In the case of X-linked
recessive disorders, the other X-chromosome carrying dominant gene mask the expression of the
mutant allele on the other X-chromosome and thus, the disease do not manifest. However, in
males the mutant allele on the X-chromosome of the heterogametic male results in the diseased
male.
4. The connection between cancer and control of cell cycle:
Cancer cells exhibit uncontrolled growth due to lack of contact inhibition. The uncontrolled
growth is a result of lack of control of the cell cycle..
The graph of a periodic function is given below.- Define a functio.pdf
The graph of a periodic function is given below.
- Define a function to represent the behavior of the graphed function. 3.S 2.5 1.5 2.3 304 2 U4
0.5 angle measure in radians angte measure tn radians 1.5 -2.S -3 3.5
Solution
Amplitude = 3/2 = 1.5
midline = 1.5
period = 3pi/4 - (-pi/4) = pi
B = 2pi/period= 2pi/pi = 2
Lets represent it by sine function:
y = 1.5 +1.5sin(2x).
What is the three point notationSolutionIn a 3D Cartesian coo.pdf
What is the three point notation?
Solution
In a 3D Cartesian coordinate system, a point P is referred to by three real numbers (coordinates),
indicating the positions of the perpendicular projections from the point to three fixed,
perpendicular, graduated lines, called the x,y,z axes respectively which intersect at the origin.
Any point P can be denoted as
P(x,y,z) , where x,y,z are the perpendicular distance of point P from x,y,z axis respectively.
The way of representing the point in 3D co-ordinate is done by three point notation..
What is SOPA Discuss SOPA development and enforcement.Solution.pdf
What is SOPA? Discuss SOPA development and enforcement.
Solution
SOPA means The Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA), also known as House Bill 3261, is legislation
introduced in the United States House of Representatives to enforce current laws that make
stealing intellectual property and trafficking in counterfeit goods illegal.
SOPA is opposed by many of the internet users. It was maintained with some standards and
it is mainly dependent on many issues for internet service providers, search engines, payment
issues, internet advertising networks etc., The second major factor was an online protest on
January 18, 2012, organized by entities with an Internet presence. The Englishlanguage site of
Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia, blocked its content and referred users to information about
SOPA..
Walking through the forest you come to a dry creek bed, and notice t.pdf
Walking through the forest you come to a dry creek bed, and notice that there are many types of
fungus growing on the north-facing sides of the larger rocks. Come up with a hypothesis to
explain this, and an experiment to test your hypothesis. Your experiment can be very simple, and
can be set up indoors or outdoors, but you do need to be very specific about what data you will
record in order to know if you have or have not found evidence in support of your hypothesis.
(10 marks)
Has to have a hypothesis and the actual experiment that you would do to conduct this to prove
your hypothesis. \"you do need to be very specific about what data you will record in order to
know if you have or have not found evidence in support of your hypothesis.\" The steps include:
-observations
-hypothesis
-experimentation the data
-conclusion
Solution
OBSERVATION; Firstly we have to observe and then summerize about the information. First
we have to observe that what kind of fungus is grown, where it is grown, how many different
kinds of fungus is there, in which condition they are grown. Fungi are molds and mushrooms.
They are the multicellular and filamentous specialized complex cells. thet mostly absorb the food
materials. we observe that fungus mostly grows in wet areas as well dry areas. In forests during
rainy season weobserve that fungus grows on the branches of the tree, under the rocks, near the
roots of the plants etc.Here we observe that the species of moss that grow on trees will also grow
on the north side of rock. if the try is not totally exposed to sun and shelthered by other trees.
because it is shady and cool\".more moss grows grows where more water and moisture is
retained moss growingin this location which is a major requirement for it to survive. If the moss
is on a tree that is heavily sheltered by other trees in can grow on any side because the moss is
protected from the wind and sun which would remove the water moisture from the moss
HYPOTHESIS; The hypothesis that the fungus or the moss mostly grows in wet areas where lots
of water is there and cool areas. Moasses generally require lots of water because they cant supply
water well.Mosses needs lots of water to reproduce. the hypothesis is fungus grows in north side
because the north side is cooler and shadier when compare to other areas. Moss dose not grow
always in the north side sometimes it grows in other where there is moist area and cool and tree
will be moister or cooler than the north side due to local shading or moisture which is enough to
grow the fungus or moss in that areas. EXPERIMENTATION THE DATA; In this experiment
we observe that the fungus grows in north areas because mostly north areas are moist and cool. it
is not important always the fungus to be grown is north area because we observed that fungus
only grows in the moist area. it means the fungus can grow in other places also where there is
moist and shady. In south side of trees get more light throughout the day, leavi.
What does decrease in water potential mean (Lower negative value.pdf
What does decrease in water potential mean? (Lower negative value?)
What does decrease in water potential mean? (Lower negative value?)
Solution
Answer:
Water potential is a physical property of water that determines the direction that water will flow.
Pure water (distilled) has zero potential. Addition of solute decreases water potential whereas or
application of pressure increases the water potential.
Decrease in water potential means increase in solute concentration and/or decrease in pressure.
Water moves from higher potential to lower potential..
Understand and describe the following technologies Flow Cytometry, .pdf
Understand and describe the following technologies: Flow Cytometry, Western Blots,
Immunodiffusion (Ouchterlony), precipitation, agglutination and ELISA (be able to relate the
ELISA assay to a pregnancy test strip).
Solution
FLOW CYTOMETRY:- It is a technique used to determine the physical and chemical
characteristics of particles that are fluorescently labelled and placed in a fluid which when is
being passed through at least one laser emit light at varying wavelengths.
WESTERN BLOTS:- It is an analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a sample of
tissue homogenate or extract.It is often referred to as \"protein immunoblot \".
IMMUNODIFFUSION:- It is a diagnostic test for detecting/measuring antibodies & antigens
by their precipitation that involves diffusion through a gel or medium called \'agar\'.This
technique was developed by Ouchterlony. It is of two forms: ouchterlony double
immunodiffusion & radial immunodiffusion or Mancini method.
PRECIPITATION:- It is a technique involving interaction of antibodies & antigens where two
soluble reactants assemble to make one insoluble product \'precipitate\' leading to the formation
of lattices.
AGGLUTINATION:- This method is used to detect antigens or antibodies in bodily fluids such
as blood,saliva,urine,cerebrospinal fluid. The sample in this method is mixed with latex beads
coated with a specific antibody or antigen.It\'s 3 classification- direct agglutination test, indirect
agglutination test, hemagglutination assay.
ELISA:- Its an \"enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay\". This test detect & measures antibodies
in our blood.Its useful in HIV,Lyme disease, pernicious anemia,etc. diagnosis. In relation, to
pregnancy test strip this test is used to determine if your blood or urine contains a hormone
called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) which is produced right after a fertilised egg
attached to the wall of woman\'s uterus..
1. What would determine protein levels in cells2.Draw a hypotheti.pdf
1. What would determine protein levels in cells?
2.Draw a hypothetical strand of bacterial DNA containing a gene.
3.Draw and label all components that are required for transcription and translation to a peptide.
4.Briefly describe the function of each component.
Solution
Q.No 1
Accurate measurement of the amount of specific protein a cell produces is important for
investigating basic molecular processes.Protein levels can be quantified using a fluorescent
reporter. Relative protein levels can be quantified in single living cells. Genome editing allows
for quantification of endogenous protein levels.
Q.No 2
5\'-GTGTCCGTCTAATATTGTGAGATGTTATATCCCGCCGTCAACACCATCAA-3\'
3\'-CACAGGCAGATTATAACACTCTACAATATAGGGCGGCAGTTGTGGTAGTT-5\'
5\'-ACAGGATAATCGCCTGCTGGGGCAAAGGCGGTGAAGGTAAAGGTGTTGCC-3\'
3\'-TGTCCTATTAGCGGACGACCCCGTTTCCGCCACTTCCATTTCCACAACGG-5\'
Q.No 3
DNA ------------------- RNA ------------------- Protein
Transcription Translation
(DNA, Helicase ) (mRNA,tRNA,codons,aminoacid, ribosomes)
Q.NO 4
Amino acids – twenty molecules that are the building blocks of proteins. String of amino acids
make up protein’s primary structure.
Anticodon – a sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that bond to a complementary
sequence on an mRNA molecule. The anticodon sequence determines the amino acid that the
tRNA carries.
Codon – a sequence of three nucleotides on a mRNA molecule that encode a specific amino acid
Cytoplasm - The organelles of eukaryotic cells, such as mitochondria, the endoplasmic
reticulum, and (in green plants) chloroplasts, are contained in the cytoplasm.
DNA - the molecule that stores and encodes an organism’s genetic information. DNA is a double
helix molecule made up of two twisted strands that are held together by hydrogen bonds between
paired nucleotides. The two strands are chemically oriented in opposite directions.
messenger RNA (mRNA) – a type of RNA that conveys genetic instructions on how to assemble
proteins from the cell’s DNA to its protein-making machinery. mRNA contains a copy of one or
a few genes from a cell’s chromosome.
nucleotides - the building blocks of DNA and RNA molecules that contain the cell’s genetic
code. Adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, thymidine, and uridine are all nucleotides.
Nucleus - The jellylike material that makes up much of a cell inside the cell membrane, and, in
eukaryotic cells, surrounds the nucleus.
Ribosomes
A ribosome is a molecular machine that coordinates protein assembly. Ribosomes are composed
of several proteins with tightly coiled RNA (called ribosomal RNA or rRNA) wrapped around
them.
RNA polymerase – It sis an enzyme that produces primary transcript RNA. In cells, RNAP is
necessary for constructing RNA chains using DNA genes as templates, a process called
transcription.
transfer RNA (tRNA) – a type of RNA that is folded into a three-dimensional structure. tRNA
carries and transfers an amino acid to the polypeptide chain being assembled during translation..
The numbers of regular season wins for 10 football teams in a given s.pdf
The numbers of regular season wins for 10 football teams in a given season are given below.
Determine the range, mean, variance, and standared deviation of the population data set.
2,10,15,2,15,8,15,9,4,9
Solution
Range = Maximum - Minimum = 15 - 2 = 13
Mean = sum of all the values/ total of values = (2+10+15+2+15+8+15+9+4+9)/10 = 8.9
Standard deviation = 4.825971405
Variance = 23.2921015215815949.
Characteristics of animals and fungi Classify the following character.pdf
Characteristics of animals and fungi Classify the following characteristics to describe the
similarities and differences between animals and fungi.
Solution
Eukaryotic - both animas and fungi. As their cells posses nucleus.
Contain mycelium with hyphae : fungi. Mycelium is vegetative structures of fungi.
Cell walls contain chitin : fungi. N - acetylglucosamine polymer. Cell wall not present in
animals.
Contains no cell wall - animals. Cell wall is characteristic feature of plant cells.
Heterotrophic : ingest food : animals. Known as holozoic nutrition. Does not have chloroplast
and chlorophyll pigment thus cannot make their own food.
Consume preformed organic matter : both animals and fungi. Just one ingests and other absorbs.
Heterotrophic : saprotropic and absorbs food - fungi. This is a chemoheterotropic mode of
nutrition.
Store energy as glycogen : animals. As they store food in a form which does not solubilize when
in contact with water..
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Presentation required for the master in Education.
GIÁO ÁN DẠY THÊM (KẾ HOẠCH BÀI BUỔI 2) - TIẾNG ANH 8 GLOBAL SUCCESS (2 CỘT) N...
GIÁO ÁN DẠY THÊM (KẾ HOẠCH BÀI BUỔI 2) - TIẾNG ANH 8 GLOBAL SUCCESS (2 CỘT) N...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/4hfk1xwgxnova7f4dm37birdzflj806wMore Related Content
More from arrowmobile
Determine whether each of following statements is true or false. Prov.pdf
Determine whether each of following statements is true or false. Provide reasons in each case.
(11 points - 1 point for each question. No point will be awarded if no reason is provided.) In
simple linear regression (i.e., when there is only one explanatory variable), the slope of the
regression line can never be larger than one.
Solution.
describe the oceans solubility pump and the oceans biological pump u.pdf
describe the oceans solubility pump and the oceans biological pump using the pools of carbon
(DIC, PIC, POC, DOC) and the processes. how are the two linked? where does the ocean \"take
up\" C and where is it released from the ocean?
Solution
The oceans play an important role in regulating the amount of fever to in atmosphere because 02
can move quickly into and out of the oceans. It is estimated that approximately 93% of Co2is
found in oceans.
In oceans the solubility pump is physicochemical process which transports dissolved inorganic
carbon to the interior.
The solubility pump is driven by to principal factors. First one 4more C02 can dissolve into cold
polar waters thane warm waters. As major ocean currents more from tropics to the poles they are
cold and take more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere secondly the higher latitude zones also
places where deep waters are formed as the water gets cold they become denser and sink into
oceans interior absoring the Co2 accumulated on the surface.
Bioloical pump: in this process carbon dioxide moves away from the surface ocean.
Microscopic Marine animals called zooplankyon eat the phytoplankton and provide the basis for
the food web for all animal life in the ocean.
Although most of the fever to taken up by phytoplankton is recycled near the surface 30% sinks
into the deeper waters before converted by Marine bacteria only 0.1 % reaches the sea floor as
sediment.
Carbon is cycled through the ocean biological processes of photosynthesis respiration and
decomposition of aquatic plants. As the oceanic plants don\'t have large Woody stems the
decomposition after quickly then on land Judo this very little carbon is stored in the ocean prove
biological processes the total amount of carbonn update and carbon loss from the ocean depends
on the balance of organic and inorganic processes.
Carbon dioxide is soluble in water it reacts with water to form several ionic and nonionic
compounds called dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC) for example aquous carbon dioxide ,carbonic
acid, bicarbonate and carbonate.
Carbon enters the ocean by dissolving in the water it also enters through rivers and other water
bodies it is converted by organisms into organic carbon by photosynthesis and the food chain
also helps in this process if circulates in the layout for longer periods before getting deposited as
sediments.
Oceanic absorption of Co2 is considered as very important form of carbon sequestration limiting
the rate of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Dissolved organic carbon DOC in Marine systems is one of the cycled reservoir of organic
matter on earth and it makes up 20% of all organic carbon in general these compounds are
formed do the decomposition processes of organisms in the Marine system. It is defined as the
organic matter that is able to pass through a filter range in size between 0.7 and 0.22 um.
Particulate organic carbon POC is the carbon that is too large and is tilted out of your sample.
Dissolved and parti.
Describe how bacterial cells compare to onion cells.SolutionPl.pdf
Describe how bacterial cells compare to onion cells.
Solution
Plants cells are multi-cellular organisms composed of eukaryotic cells, while bacteria are single-
cell prokaryotic organisms. Each eukaryotic cell of a plant or animal includes a central nucleus
containing DNA and membrane-bound organelles, such as endoplasmic reticulum and
mitochondria. A bacterial cell has no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. prokaryotes have
circular DNA, which is exposed to the cytosol fluid of the cellular environment and concentrates
in an area known as the nucleoid. Within the cytosol environment of both eukaryotes and
prokaryotes are ribosomes, which are responsible for producing the polypeptide chains of
proteins. In bacterial cells, ribosomes are 70s, while eukaryotic plant and animal cells have
larger, 80s ribosomes. These 80s ribosomes float within the cytosol of the cell and adhere to the
rough endoplasmic reticulum unique to eukaryotes. The mitochondria of eukaryotes do contain
70s ribosomes within their mitochondria. a prokaryotic bacterium invaded an early-form
eukaryotic cell, which gave rise to mitochondria. Bacteria cells divide by way of binary fission
and are asexual. Eukaryotes, however, divide cellularly via mitosis and reproduce sexually
through the process of meiosis. An onion is a multicellular (consisting of many cells) plant
organism. As in all plant cells, the cell of an onion peel consists of a cell wall, cell membrane,
cytoplasm, nucleus and a large vacuole. The nucleus is present at the periphery of the cytoplasm.
The vacuole is prominent and present at the centre of the cell. It is surrounded by cytoplasm. The
presence of a cell wall and a large vacuole are indicators that help identify plant cells, such as
seen in the onion peel..
A facility is to be designed with 7 departments (Dl-D7) such that the.pdf
A facility is to be designed with 7 departments (Dl-D7) such that the following departments are
adjacent (share a common wall): Dl is adjacent to D2, D3 and D4. D2 is adjacent to D5 and D6.
D3 is adjacent to D4, D5 and D6. D4 is adjacent to every department. D5 is adjacent to D6 &
D7. And D6 is adjacent to D7. Is it possible to design such a facility? Why or why not?
Solution
Given that D4 is related to all the Dis.As adjacency is a symmetric relation,(for example) D2
must also be adjacent to D4 , which is not the case here. Hence the design is not possible..
Briefly discuss each of the chronological steps in the process o.pdf
Briefly discuss each of the chronological \"steps\" in the process of paying a dividend
Briefly discuss each of the chronological \"steps\" in the process of paying a dividend
Solution
Basically chronological steps in the process of paying dividends describes the timeline for a
series of events which take place after a company decides to pay dividends to its shareholders.
The following steps are included in that process:
1). Declaration Date
The day when a company issues a statement declaring that it intents to pay a dividend. On the
same date, the company also announces the holder-of-record date and the payment date.
2). Ex-Dividend Day
It is the first business day on which a share will trade without its dividend. As a result, investors
who owned shares before and on the ex-dividend date will receive a dividend once it is paid,
while investors who acquire shares on or after the ex-dividend date will not have the benefit of
receiving the dividend.
3). Holder-of-Record Date
It is simply the record date, when a shareholder that is listed in the company’s records is deemed
to have ownership of the company’s shares for the purpose of deciding who can and who cannot
receive a dividend when paid. It is typically one or two business days after the ex-date.
4). Payment Date
It is the date on which a company transfers the dividend payments to its shareholders. It doesn\'t
need to be a business day. It can also occur on a weekend or holiday..
Which protocol uses tunneling to send PPP packets over a nonsecure n.pdf
Which protocol uses tunneling to send PPP packets over a nonsecure network such as the
Internet?
A. TCP
B. DHCP
C. HTML
D. PPTP
Solution
Answer D is the correct answer. The Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) encapsulates IP
packets for transport over a public network. PPTP is used by remote access servers to support
communications between remote users and a private home or corporate network. Answer A is
incorrect because TCP is a Transport layer protocol and has no role in tunneling. Answer B, the
Domain Host Configuration Protocol, is used to assign and track IP address allocations on an IP
network and is not related to tunneling, so it\'s incorrect. Answer C is also incorrect because it is
a language used on the Internet\'s World Wide Web. HTML is basically ASCII text surrounded
by HTML commands..
What is the simple formula for figuring Addition to Retained earn.pdf
What is the simple formula for figuring Addition to Retained earnings?
What is the simple formula for figuring Addition to Retained earnings?
Solution
Retained earnings is the amount of money that the company keeps aside for future. The aim of a
company is to maximize the wealth of the shareholders. The company provides dividends to the
shareholders to maximize their wealth. The retained earnings is calculated by subtracting the
dividends feom the net income. The amount of money that is left after the dividends are paid is
known as retained earnings. Any addition to retained earnings will be identified by the increase
in the value of the net income or decrease in the value of the dividends. The addition of retained
earnings will be clear when the dividends are less and net income is more.
Retained earnings = net income - dividends.
Why can we not see individual photons, but rather light appear to us.pdf
Why can we not see individual photons, but rather light appear to us to be continuous Why can
we not see individual photons, but rather light appears to us to be continuous? a)A light beam
contains a multitude of photons, each with a very small amount of energy. b)The wave part of a
photon superposes with the wave part of other photons in the beam, making the beam appear to
be continuous. c)The wave part of the photon extends over a spatial region that is larger than our
eyes can detect. d)The particle properties of photons do not interact with our eyes. e)Each photon
carries information from the whole electromagnetic spectrum; and our eyes camiot interpret this
information.
Solution
A light is composed of multitude of photons. And each photon carries a very small amount of
energy.
Hence, the correct statement is option (a). And the remaining options are wrong..
Why is it important to study reactions norms to understand phenotypi.pdf
Why is it important to study reactions norms to understand phenotypic plasticity?
Solution
Ans:
Phenotypic plasticity, the capacity of a single genotype to exhibit variable phenotypes in
different environments, is common in insects and is often highly adaptive. Phenotypic plasticity
is important because it expands the existing “genocentric” evolutionary theory, producing an
encompassing paradigm to explain life on earth. Plasticity was once considered “noise” but is
now widely recognized as potentially adaptive under a wide array of circumstances. As with any
major shift in scientific thinking, phenotypic plasticity engenders new ideas, causing us to ask
new questions and test hypotheses that would not otherwise be examined, leading us to
productive new scientific insights.
Phenotypic plasticity is counterbalance to mutation driven evolution: It is not surprising that
during the first half of the 20th Century, scientists, flushed with excitement about Mendelian
genetics, viewed evolution primarily as a mutational process. However, this bias largely ignored
an important reality of evolution – that natural selection selects not among genotypes, but among
phenotypes. Thus, the phenotype, and variation among phenotypes, plays a major role in
evolution. And, because the environment in which an individual develops determines its
phenotype, the environment also assumes a greater role in evolution, and may, in fact, produce
more viable phenotypic variation than do mutations. This is because mutations are not only rare,
but usually deleterious. In contrast, a single environmental factor may alter the phenotypes of an
entire population, providing natural selection with access to perhaps thousands of
environmentally altered individuals, as opposed to a single mutant individual. In addition,
mutations generally arise randomly with no correlation to specific environments, whereas new
environmentally induced phenotypes are both directional and highly correlated with the specific
new environment, allowing new environments to immediately produce and select among new
phenotypes.
Including phenotypic plasticity produces a better model: As suggested above, the inclusion of
phenotypic plasticity can result in a better model than mutation-allelic substitution alone in
explaining the production of organismal diversity. For example, the initial evolution of warning
color (aposematism), starting as a rare mutation is problematic because conspicuous prey should
be quickly found and removed by predators (Lindström et al. 2001). In contrast, evolution of
aposematism is easily explained by phenotypic plasticity (Sword 2002). Likewise, for
development, phenotypic plasticity explains the evolution of allometry and exaggerated
morphologies (Emlen and Nijhout 2000, Shingleton et al. 2007). For physiology, phenotypic
plasticity explains adaptive, beneficial plasticities such as acclimation and response to exercise
(Swallow et al. 2005), quite well. In ecology, it aids our un.
Which of the following is true about the nucleolusA)found in prok.pdf
Which of the following is true about the nucleolus?
A)found in prokaryotic cells in place of a true nucleus B)contains membran attached ribosomes
C)assembles ribosomal subunits D)all are true E)none are true
If the nucleolus was removed, this would deplete the RNA in the nucleus.
A)True B)Fals (Since most of the RNA in the nucleus is messenger RNA)
If the nucleolus was removed synthesis of new ribosomes would not occur.
A)True B)False (all the ribosomes a cell uses in its lifetime are present in the cytoplasm when
the cell first forms)
Which of the following is true about nuclear membran permeability?
A)hydrophilic(aqueous) channels are larger than those of the plasma membrane B)large proteins
can pass in and out of the nucleus in fully folded form in an aqueous solution(passage does not
require hydrophobic leaders and membrane attachment) C)movement of large molecule through
pores require assistance of transporter proteins D)the outer layer of the nuclear membrane is
continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum, therefore large molecules produced in the nucleus
can directly enter the ER lumen without needing to be transported through a membrane. E) all
are true F)none are true
Enzymes used for DNA replication are made on ribosomes located outside the nucleus.
A)True B)Flase
Solution
Answer :
Question number 1: The correct among all the statement is C (assembles ribosomal subunits)
Explanation : Nucleolus is the darkly stained, circular suborganelle which lacks any limiting
membrane and is formed during the interphase. it is site where ribosomes are manufactured..
1. The gene OCA2 on chromosome 15 confers eye color in humans. The m.pdf
1. The gene OCA2 on chromosome 15 confers eye color in humans. The most common
phenotype is brown eyes (BB). A recessive allele of the OCA2 results in blue eyes (bb). Wilson
has brown eyes and Mia has blue eyes. What is the probability that Wilson and Mia’s child will
have blue eyes?
2- Emma finds a small lump in her breast and goes to her physician, who takes a medical and
family history. She mentions that her father died of brain cancer, a cousin had leukemia, and her
older sister was just diagnosed with a tumor of connective tissue. The doctor assures her that the
family cancer history doesn’t raise the risk that her breast lump is cancerous, because the other
cancers were not in the breast. Is the doctor correct?
3- . In X-linked inheritance disorders the females are usually the carriers whereas the males are
the affected. Give your reason
4- Explain the connection between cancer and control of cell cycle
Solution
1. The gene OCA2 on chromosome 15 confers eye color in humans. The most common
phenotype is brown eyes (BB). A recessive allele of the OCA2 results in blue eyes (bb). Wilson
has brown eyes and Mia has blue eyes.
The probability that Wilson and Mia’s child will have blue eyes is 1:4
2. The doctor is not correct in saying that because the other cancers were not breast cancers, her
breast lump is not cancerous.
The genes are inherited from parents in gametes and combine in the zygote. Single zygote divide
and differentiate to form a complete individual and the DNA is constant is each and every cell.
Thus, each cell carries the mutation in tumor suppressor gene or the oncogenes and each cell is
equally susceptible to be cancerous.
3. In X-linked inheritance disorders, the females are usually the carriers whereas the males are
the affected. The humans have heterogametic males and homogametic females i.e., female
carries two X-chromosomes and male have only one X-chromosome. In the case of X-linked
recessive disorders, the other X-chromosome carrying dominant gene mask the expression of the
mutant allele on the other X-chromosome and thus, the disease do not manifest. However, in
males the mutant allele on the X-chromosome of the heterogametic male results in the diseased
male.
4. The connection between cancer and control of cell cycle:
Cancer cells exhibit uncontrolled growth due to lack of contact inhibition. The uncontrolled
growth is a result of lack of control of the cell cycle..
The graph of a periodic function is given below.- Define a functio.pdf
The graph of a periodic function is given below.
- Define a function to represent the behavior of the graphed function. 3.S 2.5 1.5 2.3 304 2 U4
0.5 angle measure in radians angte measure tn radians 1.5 -2.S -3 3.5
Solution
Amplitude = 3/2 = 1.5
midline = 1.5
period = 3pi/4 - (-pi/4) = pi
B = 2pi/period= 2pi/pi = 2
Lets represent it by sine function:
y = 1.5 +1.5sin(2x).
What is the three point notationSolutionIn a 3D Cartesian coo.pdf
What is the three point notation?
Solution
In a 3D Cartesian coordinate system, a point P is referred to by three real numbers (coordinates),
indicating the positions of the perpendicular projections from the point to three fixed,
perpendicular, graduated lines, called the x,y,z axes respectively which intersect at the origin.
Any point P can be denoted as
P(x,y,z) , where x,y,z are the perpendicular distance of point P from x,y,z axis respectively.
The way of representing the point in 3D co-ordinate is done by three point notation..
What is SOPA Discuss SOPA development and enforcement.Solution.pdf
What is SOPA? Discuss SOPA development and enforcement.
Solution
SOPA means The Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA), also known as House Bill 3261, is legislation
introduced in the United States House of Representatives to enforce current laws that make
stealing intellectual property and trafficking in counterfeit goods illegal.
SOPA is opposed by many of the internet users. It was maintained with some standards and
it is mainly dependent on many issues for internet service providers, search engines, payment
issues, internet advertising networks etc., The second major factor was an online protest on
January 18, 2012, organized by entities with an Internet presence. The Englishlanguage site of
Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia, blocked its content and referred users to information about
SOPA..
Walking through the forest you come to a dry creek bed, and notice t.pdf
Walking through the forest you come to a dry creek bed, and notice that there are many types of
fungus growing on the north-facing sides of the larger rocks. Come up with a hypothesis to
explain this, and an experiment to test your hypothesis. Your experiment can be very simple, and
can be set up indoors or outdoors, but you do need to be very specific about what data you will
record in order to know if you have or have not found evidence in support of your hypothesis.
(10 marks)
Has to have a hypothesis and the actual experiment that you would do to conduct this to prove
your hypothesis. \"you do need to be very specific about what data you will record in order to
know if you have or have not found evidence in support of your hypothesis.\" The steps include:
-observations
-hypothesis
-experimentation the data
-conclusion
Solution
OBSERVATION; Firstly we have to observe and then summerize about the information. First
we have to observe that what kind of fungus is grown, where it is grown, how many different
kinds of fungus is there, in which condition they are grown. Fungi are molds and mushrooms.
They are the multicellular and filamentous specialized complex cells. thet mostly absorb the food
materials. we observe that fungus mostly grows in wet areas as well dry areas. In forests during
rainy season weobserve that fungus grows on the branches of the tree, under the rocks, near the
roots of the plants etc.Here we observe that the species of moss that grow on trees will also grow
on the north side of rock. if the try is not totally exposed to sun and shelthered by other trees.
because it is shady and cool\".more moss grows grows where more water and moisture is
retained moss growingin this location which is a major requirement for it to survive. If the moss
is on a tree that is heavily sheltered by other trees in can grow on any side because the moss is
protected from the wind and sun which would remove the water moisture from the moss
HYPOTHESIS; The hypothesis that the fungus or the moss mostly grows in wet areas where lots
of water is there and cool areas. Moasses generally require lots of water because they cant supply
water well.Mosses needs lots of water to reproduce. the hypothesis is fungus grows in north side
because the north side is cooler and shadier when compare to other areas. Moss dose not grow
always in the north side sometimes it grows in other where there is moist area and cool and tree
will be moister or cooler than the north side due to local shading or moisture which is enough to
grow the fungus or moss in that areas. EXPERIMENTATION THE DATA; In this experiment
we observe that the fungus grows in north areas because mostly north areas are moist and cool. it
is not important always the fungus to be grown is north area because we observed that fungus
only grows in the moist area. it means the fungus can grow in other places also where there is
moist and shady. In south side of trees get more light throughout the day, leavi.
What does decrease in water potential mean (Lower negative value.pdf
What does decrease in water potential mean? (Lower negative value?)
What does decrease in water potential mean? (Lower negative value?)
Solution
Answer:
Water potential is a physical property of water that determines the direction that water will flow.
Pure water (distilled) has zero potential. Addition of solute decreases water potential whereas or
application of pressure increases the water potential.
Decrease in water potential means increase in solute concentration and/or decrease in pressure.
Water moves from higher potential to lower potential..
Understand and describe the following technologies Flow Cytometry, .pdf
Understand and describe the following technologies: Flow Cytometry, Western Blots,
Immunodiffusion (Ouchterlony), precipitation, agglutination and ELISA (be able to relate the
ELISA assay to a pregnancy test strip).
Solution
FLOW CYTOMETRY:- It is a technique used to determine the physical and chemical
characteristics of particles that are fluorescently labelled and placed in a fluid which when is
being passed through at least one laser emit light at varying wavelengths.
WESTERN BLOTS:- It is an analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a sample of
tissue homogenate or extract.It is often referred to as \"protein immunoblot \".
IMMUNODIFFUSION:- It is a diagnostic test for detecting/measuring antibodies & antigens
by their precipitation that involves diffusion through a gel or medium called \'agar\'.This
technique was developed by Ouchterlony. It is of two forms: ouchterlony double
immunodiffusion & radial immunodiffusion or Mancini method.
PRECIPITATION:- It is a technique involving interaction of antibodies & antigens where two
soluble reactants assemble to make one insoluble product \'precipitate\' leading to the formation
of lattices.
AGGLUTINATION:- This method is used to detect antigens or antibodies in bodily fluids such
as blood,saliva,urine,cerebrospinal fluid. The sample in this method is mixed with latex beads
coated with a specific antibody or antigen.It\'s 3 classification- direct agglutination test, indirect
agglutination test, hemagglutination assay.
ELISA:- Its an \"enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay\". This test detect & measures antibodies
in our blood.Its useful in HIV,Lyme disease, pernicious anemia,etc. diagnosis. In relation, to
pregnancy test strip this test is used to determine if your blood or urine contains a hormone
called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) which is produced right after a fertilised egg
attached to the wall of woman\'s uterus..
1. What would determine protein levels in cells2.Draw a hypotheti.pdf
1. What would determine protein levels in cells?
2.Draw a hypothetical strand of bacterial DNA containing a gene.
3.Draw and label all components that are required for transcription and translation to a peptide.
4.Briefly describe the function of each component.
Solution
Q.No 1
Accurate measurement of the amount of specific protein a cell produces is important for
investigating basic molecular processes.Protein levels can be quantified using a fluorescent
reporter. Relative protein levels can be quantified in single living cells. Genome editing allows
for quantification of endogenous protein levels.
Q.No 2
5\'-GTGTCCGTCTAATATTGTGAGATGTTATATCCCGCCGTCAACACCATCAA-3\'
3\'-CACAGGCAGATTATAACACTCTACAATATAGGGCGGCAGTTGTGGTAGTT-5\'
5\'-ACAGGATAATCGCCTGCTGGGGCAAAGGCGGTGAAGGTAAAGGTGTTGCC-3\'
3\'-TGTCCTATTAGCGGACGACCCCGTTTCCGCCACTTCCATTTCCACAACGG-5\'
Q.No 3
DNA ------------------- RNA ------------------- Protein
Transcription Translation
(DNA, Helicase ) (mRNA,tRNA,codons,aminoacid, ribosomes)
Q.NO 4
Amino acids – twenty molecules that are the building blocks of proteins. String of amino acids
make up protein’s primary structure.
Anticodon – a sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that bond to a complementary
sequence on an mRNA molecule. The anticodon sequence determines the amino acid that the
tRNA carries.
Codon – a sequence of three nucleotides on a mRNA molecule that encode a specific amino acid
Cytoplasm - The organelles of eukaryotic cells, such as mitochondria, the endoplasmic
reticulum, and (in green plants) chloroplasts, are contained in the cytoplasm.
DNA - the molecule that stores and encodes an organism’s genetic information. DNA is a double
helix molecule made up of two twisted strands that are held together by hydrogen bonds between
paired nucleotides. The two strands are chemically oriented in opposite directions.
messenger RNA (mRNA) – a type of RNA that conveys genetic instructions on how to assemble
proteins from the cell’s DNA to its protein-making machinery. mRNA contains a copy of one or
a few genes from a cell’s chromosome.
nucleotides - the building blocks of DNA and RNA molecules that contain the cell’s genetic
code. Adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, thymidine, and uridine are all nucleotides.
Nucleus - The jellylike material that makes up much of a cell inside the cell membrane, and, in
eukaryotic cells, surrounds the nucleus.
Ribosomes
A ribosome is a molecular machine that coordinates protein assembly. Ribosomes are composed
of several proteins with tightly coiled RNA (called ribosomal RNA or rRNA) wrapped around
them.
RNA polymerase – It sis an enzyme that produces primary transcript RNA. In cells, RNAP is
necessary for constructing RNA chains using DNA genes as templates, a process called
transcription.
transfer RNA (tRNA) – a type of RNA that is folded into a three-dimensional structure. tRNA
carries and transfers an amino acid to the polypeptide chain being assembled during translation..
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Determine the range, mean, variance, and standared deviation of the population data set.
2,10,15,2,15,8,15,9,4,9
Solution
Range = Maximum - Minimum = 15 - 2 = 13
Mean = sum of all the values/ total of values = (2+10+15+2+15+8+15+9+4+9)/10 = 8.9
Standard deviation = 4.825971405
Variance = 23.2921015215815949.
Characteristics of animals and fungi Classify the following character.pdf
Characteristics of animals and fungi Classify the following characteristics to describe the
similarities and differences between animals and fungi.
Solution
Eukaryotic - both animas and fungi. As their cells posses nucleus.
Contain mycelium with hyphae : fungi. Mycelium is vegetative structures of fungi.
Cell walls contain chitin : fungi. N - acetylglucosamine polymer. Cell wall not present in
animals.
Contains no cell wall - animals. Cell wall is characteristic feature of plant cells.
Heterotrophic : ingest food : animals. Known as holozoic nutrition. Does not have chloroplast
and chlorophyll pigment thus cannot make their own food.
Consume preformed organic matter : both animals and fungi. Just one ingests and other absorbs.
Heterotrophic : saprotropic and absorbs food - fungi. This is a chemoheterotropic mode of
nutrition.
Store energy as glycogen : animals. As they store food in a form which does not solubilize when
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