Which of the following is true about the nucleolusA)found in prok.pdf
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Which of the following is true about the nucleolus? A)found in prokaryotic cells in place of a true nucleus B)contains membran attached ribosomes C)assembles ribosomal subunits D)all are true E)none are true If the nucleolus was removed, this would deplete the RNA in the nucleus. A)True B)Fals (Since most of the RNA in the nucleus is messenger RNA) If the nucleolus was removed synthesis of new ribosomes would not occur. A)True B)False (all the ribosomes a cell uses in its lifetime are present in the cytoplasm when the cell first forms) Which of the following is true about nuclear membran permeability? A)hydrophilic(aqueous) channels are larger than those of the plasma membrane B)large proteins can pass in and out of the nucleus in fully folded form in an aqueous solution(passage does not require hydrophobic leaders and membrane attachment) C)movement of large molecule through pores require assistance of transporter proteins D)the outer layer of the nuclear membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum, therefore large molecules produced in the nucleus can directly enter the ER lumen without needing to be transported through a membrane. E) all are true F)none are true Enzymes used for DNA replication are made on ribosomes located outside the nucleus. A)True B)Flase Solution Answer : Question number 1: The correct among all the statement is C (assembles ribosomal subunits) Explanation : Nucleolus is the darkly stained, circular suborganelle which lacks any limiting membrane and is formed during the interphase. it is site where ribosomes are manufactured..
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BSC1005 Biology General Chapter 6 1 Chapter 6 Cel.docx
BSC1005 Biology General
Chapter 6
1
Chapter 6: Cell Energy, Transport and Enzymes
1) Many of the enzymes that control a deep-sea firefly squid's ability to produce light energy from chemical energy are located
A) in membranes.
B) in the nucleus.
C) within chloroplasts.
D) outside of cells.
E) within mitochondria.
2) The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as consisting of
A) a phospholipid bilayer with embedded carbohydrates.
B) two layers of phospholipids with protein sandwiched between them.
C) a protein bilayer with embedded phospholipids.
D) carbohydrates, proteins, and phospholipids that can drift in the membrane.
E) individual proteins and phospholipids that can drift in a phospholipid bilayer.
3) Membrane phospholipids
A) have hydrophobic heads that face the center of the membrane and are shielded from water.
B) have hydrophilic tails that face outward and are exposed to water.
C) often have "kinks" in their tails caused by the presence of a double bond between carbons.
D) remain fluid because they are tightly packed against one another.
E) form impermeable layers for cells.
4) The cholesterol associated with animal cell membranes
A) is attached to membrane proteins and extends into the watery environment surrounding the cell.
B) helps to stabilize the cell membrane at body temperature.
C) makes the cell membrane fluid at room temperature.
D) is an abnormality resulting from a diet high in cholesterol.
E) helps solidify the membranes when the room temperature is below freezing.
5) A major function of glycoproteins and glycolipids in the cell membrane is to
A) glue cells together to form tissues.
B) allow the cells of an embryo to sort themselves into tissues and organs.
C) attach the cell membrane to the cytoskeleton.
D) help the cell resist swelling.
E) help the cell retain its shape.
6) When physicians perform an organ transplant, they choose a donor whose tissues match those of the recipient as closely as
possible. Which of the following cell components are being matched?
A) plasma membrane phospholipids
B) plasma membrane proteins
C) cell-surface carbohydrates
D) plasma membrane cholesterols
E) cytoskeletal elements
7) Most of the functions of a cell membrane are performed by
A) glycolipids.
B) proteins.
C) phospholipids.
D) cholesterol.
E) nucleotides.
BSC1005 Biology General
Chapter 6
2
9) Relaying a message from a membrane receptor to a molecule that performs a specific function within a cell is called
A) signal transduction.
B) inhibition.
C) competition.
D) self-recognition.
E) selective permeability.
10) Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. This means that
A) anything can pass into or out of a cell as long as the membrane is intact and the cell is healthy.
B) the plasma membrane allows some substances to enter or leave a cell more easily than others.
C) glucose cannot ...
Chap 3
Its all about the movement of substances across the plasma membrane. students may get the information about the passive and active transport in detail..
Cell Physiology Spring 2016 Name Page 1 This test is .docx
Cell Physiology Spring 2016 Name:
Page 1
This test is to be completed on your own, the essay sections should not be the same as anyone else’s
(word for word) If that is what I find you both will receive 0 for this test.
Structure/Function Cell Part
1) Stores material within the cell (General)
2) The sites of protein synthesis
3) Transports materials within the cell
4) Organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions in a
eukaryotic cell
5) Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles and invading
viruses or bacteria
6) Small bumps located on portions of the endoplasmic reticulum
7) Provides temporary storage of food, enzymes and waste products
8) Produces a usable form of energy for the cell
9) Packages proteins for transport out of the cell
10) The membrane surrounding the cell
11) Name for the collection of DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
12) Consist of hollow tubes which provide support for the cell
13) Small hair-like structures used for movement or sensing things
Cell Physiology Spring 2016 Name:
Page 2
1) In what organelle does cellular respiration take place?
2) Name two storage organelles?
3) What is the list of organelles that take part in protein synthesis?
4) How is the nucleus involved in protein synthesis?
5) What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER? What is the ER doing that is
different in each case?
6) What are lysosomes? What types of molecules would be found inside a lysosome?
7) Why might a lysosome fuse with or link up with a food vacuole?
8) In what organelle do molecules move from the ER to the Golgi bodies?
Cell Physiology Spring 2016 Name:
Page 3
9) The pH of lysosomes is lower than that of the cytosol because of the action of
A. Na+ and OH− transport proteins in the lysosomal membrane
B. H+ and Cl− transport proteins in the plasma membrane
C. acid-producing enzymes in the lysosomal lumen
D. H+ and Cl− transport proteins in the lysosomal membrane
10) The phenomenon in which a chemical absorbs light at one wavelength and emits it at a specific
and longer wavelength is called
A. Differential interference contrast.
B. fluorescence.
C. deconvolution.
D. shadowing.
11) Which of the following could be used to visualize subcellular structure in living cells?
A. transmission electron microscopy
B. scanning electron microscopy
C. bright field microscopy
D. differential Fluorescence interference light microscopy
12) If a cellular homogenate were subjected to differential centrifugation, which of the following
would be expected to pellet first?
A. the endoplasmic reticulum
B. mitochondria
C. the cytosol
D. nuclei
Cell Physiology Spring 2016 Name:
Page 4
13) The disruption of a cell is necessary to release its organelles and contents for subsequent
isolation. One method, called _________________________________, uses ultrahigh-
...
Test Bank for Applied Pathophysiology A Conceptual Approach to theMechanisms ...
A Test bank is a ready-made electronic Q&A testing resource that is tailored to the contents of an individual textbook. Feedback is often provided on answers given by students, containing page references to the book.
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BSC1005 Biology General Chapter 6 1 Chapter 6 Cel.docx
BSC1005 Biology General
Chapter 6
1
Chapter 6: Cell Energy, Transport and Enzymes
1) Many of the enzymes that control a deep-sea firefly squid's ability to produce light energy from chemical energy are located
A) in membranes.
B) in the nucleus.
C) within chloroplasts.
D) outside of cells.
E) within mitochondria.
2) The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as consisting of
A) a phospholipid bilayer with embedded carbohydrates.
B) two layers of phospholipids with protein sandwiched between them.
C) a protein bilayer with embedded phospholipids.
D) carbohydrates, proteins, and phospholipids that can drift in the membrane.
E) individual proteins and phospholipids that can drift in a phospholipid bilayer.
3) Membrane phospholipids
A) have hydrophobic heads that face the center of the membrane and are shielded from water.
B) have hydrophilic tails that face outward and are exposed to water.
C) often have "kinks" in their tails caused by the presence of a double bond between carbons.
D) remain fluid because they are tightly packed against one another.
E) form impermeable layers for cells.
4) The cholesterol associated with animal cell membranes
A) is attached to membrane proteins and extends into the watery environment surrounding the cell.
B) helps to stabilize the cell membrane at body temperature.
C) makes the cell membrane fluid at room temperature.
D) is an abnormality resulting from a diet high in cholesterol.
E) helps solidify the membranes when the room temperature is below freezing.
5) A major function of glycoproteins and glycolipids in the cell membrane is to
A) glue cells together to form tissues.
B) allow the cells of an embryo to sort themselves into tissues and organs.
C) attach the cell membrane to the cytoskeleton.
D) help the cell resist swelling.
E) help the cell retain its shape.
6) When physicians perform an organ transplant, they choose a donor whose tissues match those of the recipient as closely as
possible. Which of the following cell components are being matched?
A) plasma membrane phospholipids
B) plasma membrane proteins
C) cell-surface carbohydrates
D) plasma membrane cholesterols
E) cytoskeletal elements
7) Most of the functions of a cell membrane are performed by
A) glycolipids.
B) proteins.
C) phospholipids.
D) cholesterol.
E) nucleotides.
BSC1005 Biology General
Chapter 6
2
9) Relaying a message from a membrane receptor to a molecule that performs a specific function within a cell is called
A) signal transduction.
B) inhibition.
C) competition.
D) self-recognition.
E) selective permeability.
10) Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. This means that
A) anything can pass into or out of a cell as long as the membrane is intact and the cell is healthy.
B) the plasma membrane allows some substances to enter or leave a cell more easily than others.
C) glucose cannot ...
Chap 3
Its all about the movement of substances across the plasma membrane. students may get the information about the passive and active transport in detail..
Cell Physiology Spring 2016 Name Page 1 This test is .docx
Cell Physiology Spring 2016 Name:
Page 1
This test is to be completed on your own, the essay sections should not be the same as anyone else’s
(word for word) If that is what I find you both will receive 0 for this test.
Structure/Function Cell Part
1) Stores material within the cell (General)
2) The sites of protein synthesis
3) Transports materials within the cell
4) Organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions in a
eukaryotic cell
5) Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles and invading
viruses or bacteria
6) Small bumps located on portions of the endoplasmic reticulum
7) Provides temporary storage of food, enzymes and waste products
8) Produces a usable form of energy for the cell
9) Packages proteins for transport out of the cell
10) The membrane surrounding the cell
11) Name for the collection of DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
12) Consist of hollow tubes which provide support for the cell
13) Small hair-like structures used for movement or sensing things
Cell Physiology Spring 2016 Name:
Page 2
1) In what organelle does cellular respiration take place?
2) Name two storage organelles?
3) What is the list of organelles that take part in protein synthesis?
4) How is the nucleus involved in protein synthesis?
5) What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER? What is the ER doing that is
different in each case?
6) What are lysosomes? What types of molecules would be found inside a lysosome?
7) Why might a lysosome fuse with or link up with a food vacuole?
8) In what organelle do molecules move from the ER to the Golgi bodies?
Cell Physiology Spring 2016 Name:
Page 3
9) The pH of lysosomes is lower than that of the cytosol because of the action of
A. Na+ and OH− transport proteins in the lysosomal membrane
B. H+ and Cl− transport proteins in the plasma membrane
C. acid-producing enzymes in the lysosomal lumen
D. H+ and Cl− transport proteins in the lysosomal membrane
10) The phenomenon in which a chemical absorbs light at one wavelength and emits it at a specific
and longer wavelength is called
A. Differential interference contrast.
B. fluorescence.
C. deconvolution.
D. shadowing.
11) Which of the following could be used to visualize subcellular structure in living cells?
A. transmission electron microscopy
B. scanning electron microscopy
C. bright field microscopy
D. differential Fluorescence interference light microscopy
12) If a cellular homogenate were subjected to differential centrifugation, which of the following
would be expected to pellet first?
A. the endoplasmic reticulum
B. mitochondria
C. the cytosol
D. nuclei
Cell Physiology Spring 2016 Name:
Page 4
13) The disruption of a cell is necessary to release its organelles and contents for subsequent
isolation. One method, called _________________________________, uses ultrahigh-
...
Test Bank for Applied Pathophysiology A Conceptual Approach to theMechanisms ...
A Test bank is a ready-made electronic Q&A testing resource that is tailored to the contents of an individual textbook. Feedback is often provided on answers given by students, containing page references to the book.
Physiology exam 1 sp 2013
Unit 1 cells physiological chemistry basics of proteins and nucleic acids hormones hydrogen bonding osmotic pressure hydrostatic pressure
Lehninger principles of biochemistry 7th edition nelson test bank
Lehninger principles of biochemistry 7th edition nelson test bank
2) In order to act as a barrier against unregulated exchange between t.docx
2) In order to act as a barrier against unregulated exchange between the interior of the cell and the immediate external environment of that cell, the cell membrane has evolved with the following properties: Answer a) a lipid bi-layer is arranged so that it has a hydrophilic exterior and a hydrophobic interior that limits the passage of polar molecules but not lipids. b) a lipid bi-layer is arranged so that it has a hydrophobic exterior and a hydrophilic interior that limits the passage of polar molecules but not lipids. c) a lipid bi-layer is hydrophobic and is covered in hydrophilic proteins which limit the passage of polar molecules but not lipids. d) a lipid bi-layer is completely impermeable except in the regions where protein channels exist. 3) Passive diffusion follows the laws of thermodynamics. It occurs because Answer a) the movement of molecules down its electrical gradient will decrease entropy. b) molecules will naturally move up their concentration gradients as described by th thermodynamic law of entropy. c) molecules move with their electro-chemical gradients toward greater entropy. d) molecules move with their electro-chemical gradients toward reduced entropy. NAME 4) While the laws of physics govern passive diffusion, there are still obstacles that restrict the passive movement of molecules. Which of the following restricts passive diffusion? a) particle concentration, particle size and particle location. b) particle charge, particle size and particle location. c) particle size, particle concentration and particle gradient. d) particle size, particle concentration and particle charge. 5) Facilitated diffusion can Answet a) increase the rate at which particles accumulate with in a cell until the particle concentration is at equilibrium between the inside and outside of the cell. b) increase the rate at which particles accumulate with in a cell until the particle concentration is increased within the cell. c) requires an energy source to allow entry of particles into the cell. d) requires a lipid based intermediate to act as the carrier. 6) Active transport Answer. a) requires that a concentration gradient must be formed because it is using energy derived from the cleavage of ATP. b) can produce a concentration gradient but only if there is co-transported molecule. c) requires a concentration gradient and the cleavage of ATP to reverse the process. d) can create a concentration gradient with the cleavage of ATP.
.
How do vesicles carrying proteins destined for secretion move to the .pdf
How do vesicles carrying proteins destined for secretion move to the plasma membrane? by
diffusion They swim with flagella. a long microtubules They swim with cilia a long actin The
diagram to the right shows a cell and many sucrose molecules. If the cell membrane is
permeable to sucrose, in which direction will the sucrose move? Into the cell Out of the cell
There isn\'t enough information to let Both into rod out of the cell. The success worst move If
you wanted to separated cells from a plant tissue into individual cell you would need to ?
adherens junctions Primary cell walls plasmodesmata hemidemosomes middle lamella The
fluid material located outside of nucleus is the nucleoplasm cytosol vacuole endoplasm
protoplasm
Solution
1. Vesicles carrying proteins molecules destined for secretion move along with microtubules and
reach to the plasma membrane. Vesicles are carried by two motor proteins, namely kinesin and
dynein.
Hence, the correct answer is (c) along microtubules..
Multiple Choice Question
Multiple Choice QuestionDr.Ravindra Kshirsagar P.G Department of Zoology Modern College Ganeshkhind Pune
Cell Bio- MCQ
Dr.Kshirsagar R.V.MULTIPLE CHOICE CHOOSE RIGHT ANSWER. I GOT MOSTLY WRONG ANSWERS PL.pdf
MULTIPLE CHOICE : CHOOSE RIGHT ANSWER. I GOT MOSTLY WRONG ANSWERS
PLEASE HELP ME
15. Which of the following is an advantage of using molecular characters over others when
studying phylogenetic relationships?
a. There are four character states of DNA.
b. DNA base substitutions may evolve independently in different species.
c. Some DNA sequences are strongly conserved by natural selection.
d. Even if there are few morphological differences, molecular characters can still be used.
e. Different molecules have the same rate of evolutionary change.
16. Uniformitarianism means that
a. geological processes are very slow and gradual.
b. biological processes are uniform.
c. geological processes that took place in the past continue to occur in the present, and at the
same rate.
d. evolution proceeds at a uniform speed.
e. natural selection is uniform across different groups.
17. You removed a Pax-6 gene from a mosquito larva and replaced it with a spider Pax-6 gene.
Most likely the mosquito larva will
a. not develop any eyes.
b. develop spider eyes.
c. develop eyes with some intermediate characters between those of spiders and those of
mosquitoes.
d. develop typical mosquito eyes.
e. develop eyes in unusual body parts.
18. Members of the cactus family resemble some Euphorbiaceae in many regards, both
morphologically and physiologically. The reason for this similarity is
a. that the two families are closely related.
b. that they possess identical Hox genes.
c. that they both live in a very similar environment.
d. that they both grow in Australia.
e. a coevolution of these two families.
19. The first person to suggest a comprehensive theory of evolution was
a. Darwin.
b. Wallace.
c. Lyell.
d. Lamarck.
e. Linnaeus.
20. Relatively old fossils will have
a. a high amount of 12C.
b. a low amount of 12C.
c. a low amount of both 12C and 14C.
d. a high amount of 14C compared to living organisms.
e. a low amount of 14C compared to living organisms.
21. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which bacteria cope with antibiotics?
a. The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria may prevent antibiotics from entering the cell.
b. Antibiotics are stored away in a vacuole.
c. A bacterial enzyme may break down the antibiotic.
d. A pump mechanism moves antibiotics out of the cell.
e. Bacteria produce molecules that bind to the antibiotic.
22. Which of the following terms would you associate with quorum sensing?
a. phototrophs
b. endotoxins
c. antibiotic resistance
d. nitrogen fixation
e. biofilms
23. Nitrification is the process by which
a. elementary nitrogen is converted to nitrates.
b. nitrates are converted to ammonium.
c. nitrites are converted to ammonium.
d. nitrites are converted to nitrates.
e. nitrates are converted to elementary nitrogen.
24. Bacteria that are poisoned by oxygen are called
a. aerobes.
b. facultative anaerobes.
c. obligate anaerobes.
d. chemotrophs.
e. none of the above.
25. Which of the following groups have no peptidoglycan in their cell .
1. Of the following, which is a difference between prokaryotic and e.pdf
1. Of the following, which is a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
A. Eukaryotic cells have a nuclear envelope surrounding the genetic material, whereas
prokaryotes have no nucleus.
B. Prokaryotic cells have multiple paired chromosomes, but eukaryotic cells have
only one.
C. Prokaryotic cells have linear DNA, whereas eukaryotes have circular DNA.
D. Eukaryotes have histone proteins, whereas prokaryotes do not.
E. Plasmids contain some genes for eukaryotes, whereas organelles contain some
genes for prokaryotes.
2. Which of the following are fundamental events that must take place in cell reproduction?
A. A cell\'s genetic information must be copied.
B. The copies of the genetic information must be separated from one another.
C. The cell must divide.
D. All of the above are fundamental events that must take place in cell
reproduction.
3. What are three essential structural elements of a functional eukaryotic chromosome?
A. Histone proteins, spindle fibers, and a pair of telomeres
B. Origins of replication, chromatids, and kinetochores
C. A centromere, a pair of telomeres, and origins of replication
D. A centromere, chromatids, and kinetochores
E. Spindle fibers, kinetochores, and chromatids
4. The chromosomal structures that serve as the attachment point for spindle fibers are the
_____________________.
A. telomeres
B. origins of replication
C. centromeres
D. kinetochore proteins
E. histone proteins
5. The natural ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that serve to stabilize the ends of the
chromosomes are the ______________________.
A. telomeres
B. origins of replication
C. centromeres
D. kinetochore proteins
E. histone proteins
6. _______________ is the part of interphase within the cell cycle where the cell growth and
protein synthesis necessary for cell division and DNA replication take place.
A. G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M
E. Telophase
7. __________________ is the part of interphase within the cell cycle where additional
biochemical reactions take place preparing the cell for mitosis.
A. G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M
E. Telophase
8. __________________ is the part of interphase within the cell cycle where DNA replication
takes place.
A. G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M
E. Telophase
9. What are checkpoints?
A. Key transition points in the cell cycle that lead to cancer
B. Periods during the cell cycle that ensure all cellular components are in good
working order
C. Transition points during the process of replication that allow DNA repair
D. The last process that occurs before a cell divides
E. Critical points that ensure correct and complete cytokinesis
10. What is the stage in mitosis when sister chromatids separate at the centromere and move to
opposite poles of the cell.
A. Prophase
B. Prometaphase
C. Metaphase
D. Anaphase
E. Telophase
11. What is the stage of mitosis where the chromosomes are arranged on the equatorial plane of
the cell.
A. prophase
B. prometaphase
C. metaphase
D. anaphase
E. telophase
12. What is the stage of mitosis where the chromosomes ini.
ESSAY QUESTIONS - ETHICSLewis Archer is an outside auditor who dis.pdf
ESSAY QUESTIONS - ETHICS
Lewis Archer is an outside auditor who discovered various irregularities in his recent review of
Busey Energy Futures. Among other things, on review of Busey’s 401(k) investment fund, he
discovered that approximately 70 percent of the funds were invested in stocks of companies that
were actually set-up and owned by the members of the Busey board of directors. Further review
indicates that these companies were set-up for the express purpose of hiding Busey’s own debt.
Simply put, he has discovered another potential Enron situation. However, before reporting his
findings to the proper authorities he calls his brother who owns an investment firm, and for
whom he does some consulting work on the side. He instructs his brother to sell any stock his
clients have in Busey and the shell companies. Lewis then waits a day before reporting the
findings to the proper authorities.
Are Lewis’s actions ethical in this case? Why or why not?
Solution
Lewis knows for fact that Busey is conduting illegal actions on the way they have set their
company and by telling his brother this informaiton to protect his customers he is being unethical
(even though he is doing it for a good cause)
Even more, he waits 1 day to report this to the authorities, that is wrong.
Lewis is unethical for those 2 reasons, first he tells his brother private information and second he
waits 1 day to tell the proper authorities..
Determine whether each of following statements is true or false. Prov.pdf
Determine whether each of following statements is true or false. Provide reasons in each case.
(11 points - 1 point for each question. No point will be awarded if no reason is provided.) In
simple linear regression (i.e., when there is only one explanatory variable), the slope of the
regression line can never be larger than one.
Solution.
More Related Content
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Physiology exam 1 sp 2013
Unit 1 cells physiological chemistry basics of proteins and nucleic acids hormones hydrogen bonding osmotic pressure hydrostatic pressure
Lehninger principles of biochemistry 7th edition nelson test bank
Lehninger principles of biochemistry 7th edition nelson test bank
2) In order to act as a barrier against unregulated exchange between t.docx
2) In order to act as a barrier against unregulated exchange between the interior of the cell and the immediate external environment of that cell, the cell membrane has evolved with the following properties: Answer a) a lipid bi-layer is arranged so that it has a hydrophilic exterior and a hydrophobic interior that limits the passage of polar molecules but not lipids. b) a lipid bi-layer is arranged so that it has a hydrophobic exterior and a hydrophilic interior that limits the passage of polar molecules but not lipids. c) a lipid bi-layer is hydrophobic and is covered in hydrophilic proteins which limit the passage of polar molecules but not lipids. d) a lipid bi-layer is completely impermeable except in the regions where protein channels exist. 3) Passive diffusion follows the laws of thermodynamics. It occurs because Answer a) the movement of molecules down its electrical gradient will decrease entropy. b) molecules will naturally move up their concentration gradients as described by th thermodynamic law of entropy. c) molecules move with their electro-chemical gradients toward greater entropy. d) molecules move with their electro-chemical gradients toward reduced entropy. NAME 4) While the laws of physics govern passive diffusion, there are still obstacles that restrict the passive movement of molecules. Which of the following restricts passive diffusion? a) particle concentration, particle size and particle location. b) particle charge, particle size and particle location. c) particle size, particle concentration and particle gradient. d) particle size, particle concentration and particle charge. 5) Facilitated diffusion can Answet a) increase the rate at which particles accumulate with in a cell until the particle concentration is at equilibrium between the inside and outside of the cell. b) increase the rate at which particles accumulate with in a cell until the particle concentration is increased within the cell. c) requires an energy source to allow entry of particles into the cell. d) requires a lipid based intermediate to act as the carrier. 6) Active transport Answer. a) requires that a concentration gradient must be formed because it is using energy derived from the cleavage of ATP. b) can produce a concentration gradient but only if there is co-transported molecule. c) requires a concentration gradient and the cleavage of ATP to reverse the process. d) can create a concentration gradient with the cleavage of ATP.
.
How do vesicles carrying proteins destined for secretion move to the .pdf
How do vesicles carrying proteins destined for secretion move to the plasma membrane? by
diffusion They swim with flagella. a long microtubules They swim with cilia a long actin The
diagram to the right shows a cell and many sucrose molecules. If the cell membrane is
permeable to sucrose, in which direction will the sucrose move? Into the cell Out of the cell
There isn\'t enough information to let Both into rod out of the cell. The success worst move If
you wanted to separated cells from a plant tissue into individual cell you would need to ?
adherens junctions Primary cell walls plasmodesmata hemidemosomes middle lamella The
fluid material located outside of nucleus is the nucleoplasm cytosol vacuole endoplasm
protoplasm
Solution
1. Vesicles carrying proteins molecules destined for secretion move along with microtubules and
reach to the plasma membrane. Vesicles are carried by two motor proteins, namely kinesin and
dynein.
Hence, the correct answer is (c) along microtubules..
Multiple Choice Question
Multiple Choice QuestionDr.Ravindra Kshirsagar P.G Department of Zoology Modern College Ganeshkhind Pune
Cell Bio- MCQ
Dr.Kshirsagar R.V.MULTIPLE CHOICE CHOOSE RIGHT ANSWER. I GOT MOSTLY WRONG ANSWERS PL.pdf
MULTIPLE CHOICE : CHOOSE RIGHT ANSWER. I GOT MOSTLY WRONG ANSWERS
PLEASE HELP ME
15. Which of the following is an advantage of using molecular characters over others when
studying phylogenetic relationships?
a. There are four character states of DNA.
b. DNA base substitutions may evolve independently in different species.
c. Some DNA sequences are strongly conserved by natural selection.
d. Even if there are few morphological differences, molecular characters can still be used.
e. Different molecules have the same rate of evolutionary change.
16. Uniformitarianism means that
a. geological processes are very slow and gradual.
b. biological processes are uniform.
c. geological processes that took place in the past continue to occur in the present, and at the
same rate.
d. evolution proceeds at a uniform speed.
e. natural selection is uniform across different groups.
17. You removed a Pax-6 gene from a mosquito larva and replaced it with a spider Pax-6 gene.
Most likely the mosquito larva will
a. not develop any eyes.
b. develop spider eyes.
c. develop eyes with some intermediate characters between those of spiders and those of
mosquitoes.
d. develop typical mosquito eyes.
e. develop eyes in unusual body parts.
18. Members of the cactus family resemble some Euphorbiaceae in many regards, both
morphologically and physiologically. The reason for this similarity is
a. that the two families are closely related.
b. that they possess identical Hox genes.
c. that they both live in a very similar environment.
d. that they both grow in Australia.
e. a coevolution of these two families.
19. The first person to suggest a comprehensive theory of evolution was
a. Darwin.
b. Wallace.
c. Lyell.
d. Lamarck.
e. Linnaeus.
20. Relatively old fossils will have
a. a high amount of 12C.
b. a low amount of 12C.
c. a low amount of both 12C and 14C.
d. a high amount of 14C compared to living organisms.
e. a low amount of 14C compared to living organisms.
21. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which bacteria cope with antibiotics?
a. The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria may prevent antibiotics from entering the cell.
b. Antibiotics are stored away in a vacuole.
c. A bacterial enzyme may break down the antibiotic.
d. A pump mechanism moves antibiotics out of the cell.
e. Bacteria produce molecules that bind to the antibiotic.
22. Which of the following terms would you associate with quorum sensing?
a. phototrophs
b. endotoxins
c. antibiotic resistance
d. nitrogen fixation
e. biofilms
23. Nitrification is the process by which
a. elementary nitrogen is converted to nitrates.
b. nitrates are converted to ammonium.
c. nitrites are converted to ammonium.
d. nitrites are converted to nitrates.
e. nitrates are converted to elementary nitrogen.
24. Bacteria that are poisoned by oxygen are called
a. aerobes.
b. facultative anaerobes.
c. obligate anaerobes.
d. chemotrophs.
e. none of the above.
25. Which of the following groups have no peptidoglycan in their cell .
1. Of the following, which is a difference between prokaryotic and e.pdf
1. Of the following, which is a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
A. Eukaryotic cells have a nuclear envelope surrounding the genetic material, whereas
prokaryotes have no nucleus.
B. Prokaryotic cells have multiple paired chromosomes, but eukaryotic cells have
only one.
C. Prokaryotic cells have linear DNA, whereas eukaryotes have circular DNA.
D. Eukaryotes have histone proteins, whereas prokaryotes do not.
E. Plasmids contain some genes for eukaryotes, whereas organelles contain some
genes for prokaryotes.
2. Which of the following are fundamental events that must take place in cell reproduction?
A. A cell\'s genetic information must be copied.
B. The copies of the genetic information must be separated from one another.
C. The cell must divide.
D. All of the above are fundamental events that must take place in cell
reproduction.
3. What are three essential structural elements of a functional eukaryotic chromosome?
A. Histone proteins, spindle fibers, and a pair of telomeres
B. Origins of replication, chromatids, and kinetochores
C. A centromere, a pair of telomeres, and origins of replication
D. A centromere, chromatids, and kinetochores
E. Spindle fibers, kinetochores, and chromatids
4. The chromosomal structures that serve as the attachment point for spindle fibers are the
_____________________.
A. telomeres
B. origins of replication
C. centromeres
D. kinetochore proteins
E. histone proteins
5. The natural ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that serve to stabilize the ends of the
chromosomes are the ______________________.
A. telomeres
B. origins of replication
C. centromeres
D. kinetochore proteins
E. histone proteins
6. _______________ is the part of interphase within the cell cycle where the cell growth and
protein synthesis necessary for cell division and DNA replication take place.
A. G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M
E. Telophase
7. __________________ is the part of interphase within the cell cycle where additional
biochemical reactions take place preparing the cell for mitosis.
A. G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M
E. Telophase
8. __________________ is the part of interphase within the cell cycle where DNA replication
takes place.
A. G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M
E. Telophase
9. What are checkpoints?
A. Key transition points in the cell cycle that lead to cancer
B. Periods during the cell cycle that ensure all cellular components are in good
working order
C. Transition points during the process of replication that allow DNA repair
D. The last process that occurs before a cell divides
E. Critical points that ensure correct and complete cytokinesis
10. What is the stage in mitosis when sister chromatids separate at the centromere and move to
opposite poles of the cell.
A. Prophase
B. Prometaphase
C. Metaphase
D. Anaphase
E. Telophase
11. What is the stage of mitosis where the chromosomes are arranged on the equatorial plane of
the cell.
A. prophase
B. prometaphase
C. metaphase
D. anaphase
E. telophase
12. What is the stage of mitosis where the chromosomes ini.
Similar to Which of the following is true about the nucleolusA)found in prok.pdf (20)
Lehninger principles of biochemistry 7th edition nelson test bank
Lehninger principles of biochemistry 7th edition nelson test bank
2) In order to act as a barrier against unregulated exchange between t.docx
2) In order to act as a barrier against unregulated exchange between t.docx
How do vesicles carrying proteins destined for secretion move to the .pdf
How do vesicles carrying proteins destined for secretion move to the .pdf
MULTIPLE CHOICE CHOOSE RIGHT ANSWER. I GOT MOSTLY WRONG ANSWERS PL.pdf
MULTIPLE CHOICE CHOOSE RIGHT ANSWER. I GOT MOSTLY WRONG ANSWERS PL.pdf
1. Of the following, which is a difference between prokaryotic and e.pdf
1. Of the following, which is a difference between prokaryotic and e.pdf
More from arrowmobile
ESSAY QUESTIONS - ETHICSLewis Archer is an outside auditor who dis.pdf
ESSAY QUESTIONS - ETHICS
Lewis Archer is an outside auditor who discovered various irregularities in his recent review of
Busey Energy Futures. Among other things, on review of Busey’s 401(k) investment fund, he
discovered that approximately 70 percent of the funds were invested in stocks of companies that
were actually set-up and owned by the members of the Busey board of directors. Further review
indicates that these companies were set-up for the express purpose of hiding Busey’s own debt.
Simply put, he has discovered another potential Enron situation. However, before reporting his
findings to the proper authorities he calls his brother who owns an investment firm, and for
whom he does some consulting work on the side. He instructs his brother to sell any stock his
clients have in Busey and the shell companies. Lewis then waits a day before reporting the
findings to the proper authorities.
Are Lewis’s actions ethical in this case? Why or why not?
Solution
Lewis knows for fact that Busey is conduting illegal actions on the way they have set their
company and by telling his brother this informaiton to protect his customers he is being unethical
(even though he is doing it for a good cause)
Even more, he waits 1 day to report this to the authorities, that is wrong.
Lewis is unethical for those 2 reasons, first he tells his brother private information and second he
waits 1 day to tell the proper authorities..
Determine whether each of following statements is true or false. Prov.pdf
Determine whether each of following statements is true or false. Provide reasons in each case.
(11 points - 1 point for each question. No point will be awarded if no reason is provided.) In
simple linear regression (i.e., when there is only one explanatory variable), the slope of the
regression line can never be larger than one.
Solution.
describe the oceans solubility pump and the oceans biological pump u.pdf
describe the oceans solubility pump and the oceans biological pump using the pools of carbon
(DIC, PIC, POC, DOC) and the processes. how are the two linked? where does the ocean \"take
up\" C and where is it released from the ocean?
Solution
The oceans play an important role in regulating the amount of fever to in atmosphere because 02
can move quickly into and out of the oceans. It is estimated that approximately 93% of Co2is
found in oceans.
In oceans the solubility pump is physicochemical process which transports dissolved inorganic
carbon to the interior.
The solubility pump is driven by to principal factors. First one 4more C02 can dissolve into cold
polar waters thane warm waters. As major ocean currents more from tropics to the poles they are
cold and take more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere secondly the higher latitude zones also
places where deep waters are formed as the water gets cold they become denser and sink into
oceans interior absoring the Co2 accumulated on the surface.
Bioloical pump: in this process carbon dioxide moves away from the surface ocean.
Microscopic Marine animals called zooplankyon eat the phytoplankton and provide the basis for
the food web for all animal life in the ocean.
Although most of the fever to taken up by phytoplankton is recycled near the surface 30% sinks
into the deeper waters before converted by Marine bacteria only 0.1 % reaches the sea floor as
sediment.
Carbon is cycled through the ocean biological processes of photosynthesis respiration and
decomposition of aquatic plants. As the oceanic plants don\'t have large Woody stems the
decomposition after quickly then on land Judo this very little carbon is stored in the ocean prove
biological processes the total amount of carbonn update and carbon loss from the ocean depends
on the balance of organic and inorganic processes.
Carbon dioxide is soluble in water it reacts with water to form several ionic and nonionic
compounds called dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC) for example aquous carbon dioxide ,carbonic
acid, bicarbonate and carbonate.
Carbon enters the ocean by dissolving in the water it also enters through rivers and other water
bodies it is converted by organisms into organic carbon by photosynthesis and the food chain
also helps in this process if circulates in the layout for longer periods before getting deposited as
sediments.
Oceanic absorption of Co2 is considered as very important form of carbon sequestration limiting
the rate of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Dissolved organic carbon DOC in Marine systems is one of the cycled reservoir of organic
matter on earth and it makes up 20% of all organic carbon in general these compounds are
formed do the decomposition processes of organisms in the Marine system. It is defined as the
organic matter that is able to pass through a filter range in size between 0.7 and 0.22 um.
Particulate organic carbon POC is the carbon that is too large and is tilted out of your sample.
Dissolved and parti.
Describe how bacterial cells compare to onion cells.SolutionPl.pdf
Describe how bacterial cells compare to onion cells.
Solution
Plants cells are multi-cellular organisms composed of eukaryotic cells, while bacteria are single-
cell prokaryotic organisms. Each eukaryotic cell of a plant or animal includes a central nucleus
containing DNA and membrane-bound organelles, such as endoplasmic reticulum and
mitochondria. A bacterial cell has no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. prokaryotes have
circular DNA, which is exposed to the cytosol fluid of the cellular environment and concentrates
in an area known as the nucleoid. Within the cytosol environment of both eukaryotes and
prokaryotes are ribosomes, which are responsible for producing the polypeptide chains of
proteins. In bacterial cells, ribosomes are 70s, while eukaryotic plant and animal cells have
larger, 80s ribosomes. These 80s ribosomes float within the cytosol of the cell and adhere to the
rough endoplasmic reticulum unique to eukaryotes. The mitochondria of eukaryotes do contain
70s ribosomes within their mitochondria. a prokaryotic bacterium invaded an early-form
eukaryotic cell, which gave rise to mitochondria. Bacteria cells divide by way of binary fission
and are asexual. Eukaryotes, however, divide cellularly via mitosis and reproduce sexually
through the process of meiosis. An onion is a multicellular (consisting of many cells) plant
organism. As in all plant cells, the cell of an onion peel consists of a cell wall, cell membrane,
cytoplasm, nucleus and a large vacuole. The nucleus is present at the periphery of the cytoplasm.
The vacuole is prominent and present at the centre of the cell. It is surrounded by cytoplasm. The
presence of a cell wall and a large vacuole are indicators that help identify plant cells, such as
seen in the onion peel..
A facility is to be designed with 7 departments (Dl-D7) such that the.pdf
A facility is to be designed with 7 departments (Dl-D7) such that the following departments are
adjacent (share a common wall): Dl is adjacent to D2, D3 and D4. D2 is adjacent to D5 and D6.
D3 is adjacent to D4, D5 and D6. D4 is adjacent to every department. D5 is adjacent to D6 &
D7. And D6 is adjacent to D7. Is it possible to design such a facility? Why or why not?
Solution
Given that D4 is related to all the Dis.As adjacency is a symmetric relation,(for example) D2
must also be adjacent to D4 , which is not the case here. Hence the design is not possible..
Briefly discuss each of the chronological steps in the process o.pdf
Briefly discuss each of the chronological \"steps\" in the process of paying a dividend
Briefly discuss each of the chronological \"steps\" in the process of paying a dividend
Solution
Basically chronological steps in the process of paying dividends describes the timeline for a
series of events which take place after a company decides to pay dividends to its shareholders.
The following steps are included in that process:
1). Declaration Date
The day when a company issues a statement declaring that it intents to pay a dividend. On the
same date, the company also announces the holder-of-record date and the payment date.
2). Ex-Dividend Day
It is the first business day on which a share will trade without its dividend. As a result, investors
who owned shares before and on the ex-dividend date will receive a dividend once it is paid,
while investors who acquire shares on or after the ex-dividend date will not have the benefit of
receiving the dividend.
3). Holder-of-Record Date
It is simply the record date, when a shareholder that is listed in the company’s records is deemed
to have ownership of the company’s shares for the purpose of deciding who can and who cannot
receive a dividend when paid. It is typically one or two business days after the ex-date.
4). Payment Date
It is the date on which a company transfers the dividend payments to its shareholders. It doesn\'t
need to be a business day. It can also occur on a weekend or holiday..
Which protocol uses tunneling to send PPP packets over a nonsecure n.pdf
Which protocol uses tunneling to send PPP packets over a nonsecure network such as the
Internet?
A. TCP
B. DHCP
C. HTML
D. PPTP
Solution
Answer D is the correct answer. The Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) encapsulates IP
packets for transport over a public network. PPTP is used by remote access servers to support
communications between remote users and a private home or corporate network. Answer A is
incorrect because TCP is a Transport layer protocol and has no role in tunneling. Answer B, the
Domain Host Configuration Protocol, is used to assign and track IP address allocations on an IP
network and is not related to tunneling, so it\'s incorrect. Answer C is also incorrect because it is
a language used on the Internet\'s World Wide Web. HTML is basically ASCII text surrounded
by HTML commands..
What is the simple formula for figuring Addition to Retained earn.pdf
What is the simple formula for figuring Addition to Retained earnings?
What is the simple formula for figuring Addition to Retained earnings?
Solution
Retained earnings is the amount of money that the company keeps aside for future. The aim of a
company is to maximize the wealth of the shareholders. The company provides dividends to the
shareholders to maximize their wealth. The retained earnings is calculated by subtracting the
dividends feom the net income. The amount of money that is left after the dividends are paid is
known as retained earnings. Any addition to retained earnings will be identified by the increase
in the value of the net income or decrease in the value of the dividends. The addition of retained
earnings will be clear when the dividends are less and net income is more.
Retained earnings = net income - dividends.
Why can we not see individual photons, but rather light appear to us.pdf
Why can we not see individual photons, but rather light appear to us to be continuous Why can
we not see individual photons, but rather light appears to us to be continuous? a)A light beam
contains a multitude of photons, each with a very small amount of energy. b)The wave part of a
photon superposes with the wave part of other photons in the beam, making the beam appear to
be continuous. c)The wave part of the photon extends over a spatial region that is larger than our
eyes can detect. d)The particle properties of photons do not interact with our eyes. e)Each photon
carries information from the whole electromagnetic spectrum; and our eyes camiot interpret this
information.
Solution
A light is composed of multitude of photons. And each photon carries a very small amount of
energy.
Hence, the correct statement is option (a). And the remaining options are wrong..
Why is it important to study reactions norms to understand phenotypi.pdf
Why is it important to study reactions norms to understand phenotypic plasticity?
Solution
Ans:
Phenotypic plasticity, the capacity of a single genotype to exhibit variable phenotypes in
different environments, is common in insects and is often highly adaptive. Phenotypic plasticity
is important because it expands the existing “genocentric” evolutionary theory, producing an
encompassing paradigm to explain life on earth. Plasticity was once considered “noise” but is
now widely recognized as potentially adaptive under a wide array of circumstances. As with any
major shift in scientific thinking, phenotypic plasticity engenders new ideas, causing us to ask
new questions and test hypotheses that would not otherwise be examined, leading us to
productive new scientific insights.
Phenotypic plasticity is counterbalance to mutation driven evolution: It is not surprising that
during the first half of the 20th Century, scientists, flushed with excitement about Mendelian
genetics, viewed evolution primarily as a mutational process. However, this bias largely ignored
an important reality of evolution – that natural selection selects not among genotypes, but among
phenotypes. Thus, the phenotype, and variation among phenotypes, plays a major role in
evolution. And, because the environment in which an individual develops determines its
phenotype, the environment also assumes a greater role in evolution, and may, in fact, produce
more viable phenotypic variation than do mutations. This is because mutations are not only rare,
but usually deleterious. In contrast, a single environmental factor may alter the phenotypes of an
entire population, providing natural selection with access to perhaps thousands of
environmentally altered individuals, as opposed to a single mutant individual. In addition,
mutations generally arise randomly with no correlation to specific environments, whereas new
environmentally induced phenotypes are both directional and highly correlated with the specific
new environment, allowing new environments to immediately produce and select among new
phenotypes.
Including phenotypic plasticity produces a better model: As suggested above, the inclusion of
phenotypic plasticity can result in a better model than mutation-allelic substitution alone in
explaining the production of organismal diversity. For example, the initial evolution of warning
color (aposematism), starting as a rare mutation is problematic because conspicuous prey should
be quickly found and removed by predators (Lindström et al. 2001). In contrast, evolution of
aposematism is easily explained by phenotypic plasticity (Sword 2002). Likewise, for
development, phenotypic plasticity explains the evolution of allometry and exaggerated
morphologies (Emlen and Nijhout 2000, Shingleton et al. 2007). For physiology, phenotypic
plasticity explains adaptive, beneficial plasticities such as acclimation and response to exercise
(Swallow et al. 2005), quite well. In ecology, it aids our un.
1. The gene OCA2 on chromosome 15 confers eye color in humans. The m.pdf
1. The gene OCA2 on chromosome 15 confers eye color in humans. The most common
phenotype is brown eyes (BB). A recessive allele of the OCA2 results in blue eyes (bb). Wilson
has brown eyes and Mia has blue eyes. What is the probability that Wilson and Mia’s child will
have blue eyes?
2- Emma finds a small lump in her breast and goes to her physician, who takes a medical and
family history. She mentions that her father died of brain cancer, a cousin had leukemia, and her
older sister was just diagnosed with a tumor of connective tissue. The doctor assures her that the
family cancer history doesn’t raise the risk that her breast lump is cancerous, because the other
cancers were not in the breast. Is the doctor correct?
3- . In X-linked inheritance disorders the females are usually the carriers whereas the males are
the affected. Give your reason
4- Explain the connection between cancer and control of cell cycle
Solution
1. The gene OCA2 on chromosome 15 confers eye color in humans. The most common
phenotype is brown eyes (BB). A recessive allele of the OCA2 results in blue eyes (bb). Wilson
has brown eyes and Mia has blue eyes.
The probability that Wilson and Mia’s child will have blue eyes is 1:4
2. The doctor is not correct in saying that because the other cancers were not breast cancers, her
breast lump is not cancerous.
The genes are inherited from parents in gametes and combine in the zygote. Single zygote divide
and differentiate to form a complete individual and the DNA is constant is each and every cell.
Thus, each cell carries the mutation in tumor suppressor gene or the oncogenes and each cell is
equally susceptible to be cancerous.
3. In X-linked inheritance disorders, the females are usually the carriers whereas the males are
the affected. The humans have heterogametic males and homogametic females i.e., female
carries two X-chromosomes and male have only one X-chromosome. In the case of X-linked
recessive disorders, the other X-chromosome carrying dominant gene mask the expression of the
mutant allele on the other X-chromosome and thus, the disease do not manifest. However, in
males the mutant allele on the X-chromosome of the heterogametic male results in the diseased
male.
4. The connection between cancer and control of cell cycle:
Cancer cells exhibit uncontrolled growth due to lack of contact inhibition. The uncontrolled
growth is a result of lack of control of the cell cycle..
The graph of a periodic function is given below.- Define a functio.pdf
The graph of a periodic function is given below.
- Define a function to represent the behavior of the graphed function. 3.S 2.5 1.5 2.3 304 2 U4
0.5 angle measure in radians angte measure tn radians 1.5 -2.S -3 3.5
Solution
Amplitude = 3/2 = 1.5
midline = 1.5
period = 3pi/4 - (-pi/4) = pi
B = 2pi/period= 2pi/pi = 2
Lets represent it by sine function:
y = 1.5 +1.5sin(2x).
What is the three point notationSolutionIn a 3D Cartesian coo.pdf
What is the three point notation?
Solution
In a 3D Cartesian coordinate system, a point P is referred to by three real numbers (coordinates),
indicating the positions of the perpendicular projections from the point to three fixed,
perpendicular, graduated lines, called the x,y,z axes respectively which intersect at the origin.
Any point P can be denoted as
P(x,y,z) , where x,y,z are the perpendicular distance of point P from x,y,z axis respectively.
The way of representing the point in 3D co-ordinate is done by three point notation..
What is SOPA Discuss SOPA development and enforcement.Solution.pdf
What is SOPA? Discuss SOPA development and enforcement.
Solution
SOPA means The Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA), also known as House Bill 3261, is legislation
introduced in the United States House of Representatives to enforce current laws that make
stealing intellectual property and trafficking in counterfeit goods illegal.
SOPA is opposed by many of the internet users. It was maintained with some standards and
it is mainly dependent on many issues for internet service providers, search engines, payment
issues, internet advertising networks etc., The second major factor was an online protest on
January 18, 2012, organized by entities with an Internet presence. The Englishlanguage site of
Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia, blocked its content and referred users to information about
SOPA..
Walking through the forest you come to a dry creek bed, and notice t.pdf
Walking through the forest you come to a dry creek bed, and notice that there are many types of
fungus growing on the north-facing sides of the larger rocks. Come up with a hypothesis to
explain this, and an experiment to test your hypothesis. Your experiment can be very simple, and
can be set up indoors or outdoors, but you do need to be very specific about what data you will
record in order to know if you have or have not found evidence in support of your hypothesis.
(10 marks)
Has to have a hypothesis and the actual experiment that you would do to conduct this to prove
your hypothesis. \"you do need to be very specific about what data you will record in order to
know if you have or have not found evidence in support of your hypothesis.\" The steps include:
-observations
-hypothesis
-experimentation the data
-conclusion
Solution
OBSERVATION; Firstly we have to observe and then summerize about the information. First
we have to observe that what kind of fungus is grown, where it is grown, how many different
kinds of fungus is there, in which condition they are grown. Fungi are molds and mushrooms.
They are the multicellular and filamentous specialized complex cells. thet mostly absorb the food
materials. we observe that fungus mostly grows in wet areas as well dry areas. In forests during
rainy season weobserve that fungus grows on the branches of the tree, under the rocks, near the
roots of the plants etc.Here we observe that the species of moss that grow on trees will also grow
on the north side of rock. if the try is not totally exposed to sun and shelthered by other trees.
because it is shady and cool\".more moss grows grows where more water and moisture is
retained moss growingin this location which is a major requirement for it to survive. If the moss
is on a tree that is heavily sheltered by other trees in can grow on any side because the moss is
protected from the wind and sun which would remove the water moisture from the moss
HYPOTHESIS; The hypothesis that the fungus or the moss mostly grows in wet areas where lots
of water is there and cool areas. Moasses generally require lots of water because they cant supply
water well.Mosses needs lots of water to reproduce. the hypothesis is fungus grows in north side
because the north side is cooler and shadier when compare to other areas. Moss dose not grow
always in the north side sometimes it grows in other where there is moist area and cool and tree
will be moister or cooler than the north side due to local shading or moisture which is enough to
grow the fungus or moss in that areas. EXPERIMENTATION THE DATA; In this experiment
we observe that the fungus grows in north areas because mostly north areas are moist and cool. it
is not important always the fungus to be grown is north area because we observed that fungus
only grows in the moist area. it means the fungus can grow in other places also where there is
moist and shady. In south side of trees get more light throughout the day, leavi.
What does decrease in water potential mean (Lower negative value.pdf
What does decrease in water potential mean? (Lower negative value?)
What does decrease in water potential mean? (Lower negative value?)
Solution
Answer:
Water potential is a physical property of water that determines the direction that water will flow.
Pure water (distilled) has zero potential. Addition of solute decreases water potential whereas or
application of pressure increases the water potential.
Decrease in water potential means increase in solute concentration and/or decrease in pressure.
Water moves from higher potential to lower potential..
Understand and describe the following technologies Flow Cytometry, .pdf
Understand and describe the following technologies: Flow Cytometry, Western Blots,
Immunodiffusion (Ouchterlony), precipitation, agglutination and ELISA (be able to relate the
ELISA assay to a pregnancy test strip).
Solution
FLOW CYTOMETRY:- It is a technique used to determine the physical and chemical
characteristics of particles that are fluorescently labelled and placed in a fluid which when is
being passed through at least one laser emit light at varying wavelengths.
WESTERN BLOTS:- It is an analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a sample of
tissue homogenate or extract.It is often referred to as \"protein immunoblot \".
IMMUNODIFFUSION:- It is a diagnostic test for detecting/measuring antibodies & antigens
by their precipitation that involves diffusion through a gel or medium called \'agar\'.This
technique was developed by Ouchterlony. It is of two forms: ouchterlony double
immunodiffusion & radial immunodiffusion or Mancini method.
PRECIPITATION:- It is a technique involving interaction of antibodies & antigens where two
soluble reactants assemble to make one insoluble product \'precipitate\' leading to the formation
of lattices.
AGGLUTINATION:- This method is used to detect antigens or antibodies in bodily fluids such
as blood,saliva,urine,cerebrospinal fluid. The sample in this method is mixed with latex beads
coated with a specific antibody or antigen.It\'s 3 classification- direct agglutination test, indirect
agglutination test, hemagglutination assay.
ELISA:- Its an \"enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay\". This test detect & measures antibodies
in our blood.Its useful in HIV,Lyme disease, pernicious anemia,etc. diagnosis. In relation, to
pregnancy test strip this test is used to determine if your blood or urine contains a hormone
called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) which is produced right after a fertilised egg
attached to the wall of woman\'s uterus..
1. What would determine protein levels in cells2.Draw a hypotheti.pdf
1. What would determine protein levels in cells?
2.Draw a hypothetical strand of bacterial DNA containing a gene.
3.Draw and label all components that are required for transcription and translation to a peptide.
4.Briefly describe the function of each component.
Solution
Q.No 1
Accurate measurement of the amount of specific protein a cell produces is important for
investigating basic molecular processes.Protein levels can be quantified using a fluorescent
reporter. Relative protein levels can be quantified in single living cells. Genome editing allows
for quantification of endogenous protein levels.
Q.No 2
5\'-GTGTCCGTCTAATATTGTGAGATGTTATATCCCGCCGTCAACACCATCAA-3\'
3\'-CACAGGCAGATTATAACACTCTACAATATAGGGCGGCAGTTGTGGTAGTT-5\'
5\'-ACAGGATAATCGCCTGCTGGGGCAAAGGCGGTGAAGGTAAAGGTGTTGCC-3\'
3\'-TGTCCTATTAGCGGACGACCCCGTTTCCGCCACTTCCATTTCCACAACGG-5\'
Q.No 3
DNA ------------------- RNA ------------------- Protein
Transcription Translation
(DNA, Helicase ) (mRNA,tRNA,codons,aminoacid, ribosomes)
Q.NO 4
Amino acids – twenty molecules that are the building blocks of proteins. String of amino acids
make up protein’s primary structure.
Anticodon – a sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that bond to a complementary
sequence on an mRNA molecule. The anticodon sequence determines the amino acid that the
tRNA carries.
Codon – a sequence of three nucleotides on a mRNA molecule that encode a specific amino acid
Cytoplasm - The organelles of eukaryotic cells, such as mitochondria, the endoplasmic
reticulum, and (in green plants) chloroplasts, are contained in the cytoplasm.
DNA - the molecule that stores and encodes an organism’s genetic information. DNA is a double
helix molecule made up of two twisted strands that are held together by hydrogen bonds between
paired nucleotides. The two strands are chemically oriented in opposite directions.
messenger RNA (mRNA) – a type of RNA that conveys genetic instructions on how to assemble
proteins from the cell’s DNA to its protein-making machinery. mRNA contains a copy of one or
a few genes from a cell’s chromosome.
nucleotides - the building blocks of DNA and RNA molecules that contain the cell’s genetic
code. Adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, thymidine, and uridine are all nucleotides.
Nucleus - The jellylike material that makes up much of a cell inside the cell membrane, and, in
eukaryotic cells, surrounds the nucleus.
Ribosomes
A ribosome is a molecular machine that coordinates protein assembly. Ribosomes are composed
of several proteins with tightly coiled RNA (called ribosomal RNA or rRNA) wrapped around
them.
RNA polymerase – It sis an enzyme that produces primary transcript RNA. In cells, RNAP is
necessary for constructing RNA chains using DNA genes as templates, a process called
transcription.
transfer RNA (tRNA) – a type of RNA that is folded into a three-dimensional structure. tRNA
carries and transfers an amino acid to the polypeptide chain being assembled during translation..
Tversky and Kahneman1 asked a group of subjects to carry out the fol.pdf
Tversky and Kahneman1 asked a group of subjects to carry out the following task.
They are told that:
Linda is 31, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy
in college. As a student, she was deeply concerned with racial discrimination
and other social issues, and participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations.
The subjects are then asked to rank the likelihood of various alternatives, such as:
(1) Linda is active in the feminist movement.
(2) Linda is a bank teller.
(3) Linda is a bank teller and active in the feminist movement.
Tversky and Kahneman found that between 85 and 90 percent of the subjects rated
alternative (1) most likely, but alternative (3) more likely than alternative (2). Is it?
They call this phenomenon the conjunction fallacy, and note that it appears to be
unafected by prior training in probability or statistics. Is this phenomenon a fallacy?
If so, why? Can you give a possible explanation for the subjects\' choices?
Solution
Let the events A = ``Linda is a bank teller\'\' and B = ``Linda is active in the feminist
movement\'\'.
Since alternative (3) corresponds to the event \"A and B\", it\'s less likely than alternative (2)
which corresponds to the event \"B\" ( event \"A and B\" is obviously a subset of event \"B\")..
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Determine the range, mean, variance, and standared deviation of the population data set.
2,10,15,2,15,8,15,9,4,9
Solution
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Mean = sum of all the values/ total of values = (2+10+15+2+15+8+15+9+4+9)/10 = 8.9
Standard deviation = 4.825971405
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