The document summarizes the unethical Tuskegee Syphilis Study conducted from 1932-1972 by the U.S. Public Health Service on 399 black men in Alabama. The men were told they were receiving treatment for "bad blood" but were not treated for their syphilis. They were studied to observe the long-term effects of untreated syphilis, which resulted in death and health complications. The study violated principles of informed consent, respect for persons, and was not stopped even after penicillin became available as treatment. It was exposed in 1972 and led to the 1979 Belmont Report establishing ethical guidelines to protect human subjects.

1. Group 9 / C1

2. Group Members
 Puveraj Gunasekaran 130110132026
 Nor Adira Eliany Binti Alias 130110113053
 Michelle Ann Sheridan Daniel 130110132017
 Visalakshi Ramanathan 130110132042
 Muhammad Ikhlas Abdian Putra 130110130126
 Raka Ghufran Wibowo 130110130170
 Ahsani Rahma Rudibianti 130110130073
 Muhammad Nuur Fauzi 130110130049
 Renita Dewi Supiyana 130110130115
 Amalia Ahsani 130110130061
 Evi Anugrah Arumningsih 130110130074
 Fatimah Amalia 130110130140
 Nabila Nauli Asriputri 130110130155
 Jasmine Maulinda Utami 130110130195

3. Overview of Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Case
 Between 1932-1972, U.S Public Health Service (PHS)
conducted an experiment on 399 black men, most part illiterate
shacropper in the late stage of Syphilis from Tuskegee,
Alabama, United States. Almost none of them had ever seen
doctor before. This had been identified as the longest
nontherapeutic experiment on human being in medical history.
 Informed that they were being treated for “bad blood”, their
doctor had no intention of curing them of syphilis at all.
 The data for experiment was planned to be collected from
autopsies of the men, thus they were left to degenerate under
the ravages of tertiary syphilis, which can include tumors, heart
dissease, paralysis, blindness, insanity and death.

4. Overview of Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Case The true nature of the experiment had to be kept from the subject to ensure
their cooperation.
 It took almost forty years before someone involved in the study took a hard
and honest look at the end results, reporting that “nothing learned will
prevent, find, or cure a single case of infectious syphilis or bring us closer to
our basic mission of controlling venereal disease in the United States.”

5. Overview of Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Case
 The experiment was brought to the attention of the media in 1972. News
anchor Harry Reasoner described it as an experiment that “used human beings
as laboratory animals in a long and inefficient study of how long it takes syphilis
to kill someone.”
 By the end of the experiment, 28 of the men had died directly of syphilis, 100
were dead of related complications, 40 of their wives had been infected, and 19
of their children had been born with congenital syphilis.
 To persuade the community to support the experiment, one of the original
doctors admitted it “was necessary to carry on this study under the guise of a
demonstration and provide treatment.” At first, the men were prescribed the
syphilis remedies of the day—bismuth, neoarsphenamine, and mercury— but in
such small amounts that only 3 percent showed any improvement.
 These token doses of medicine were good public relations and did not interfere
with the true aims of the study. Eventually, all syphilis treatment was replaced
with “pink medicine”—aspirin.

6. Overview of Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Case
 One of the most chilling aspects of the experiment
was how zealously the PHS kept these men from
receiving treatment. When several nationwide
campaigns to eradicate venereal disease came to
Macon County, the men were prevented from
participating. Even when penicillin—the first real
cure for syphilis—was discovered in the 1940s,
the Tuskegee men were deliberately denied the
medication.

7. Overview of Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Case
 The story finally broke in
the Washington Star on
July 25, 1972, in an article
by Jean Heller of the
Associated Press. Her
source was Peter Buxtun, a
former PHS venereal
disease interviewer and
one of the few whistle
blowers over the years.

8. Belmont Report
• This was written by National Comission for the
Protection of Human Services of Biomedical and
Behavioral Research.
• This made to counter problem arising from “Tuskegee
Syphilis Study.
• Its regulation for the protection of human subject by the
Department of Health Education and Welfare (HEW).
• The comission report “Ethical Principle and Guidelines
for the Protection of Human Subject of Research” was
released on 30 September 1978 and published on 18
april 1979 in Federal Register.
• It was named as Belmont Report, for the Belmont
Conference Center, where the National Comission met
when first drafting the report

9. Ethical Problems Exist
 Penicilin was founded in 1940, and
become the standard treatment of syphilis
in 1947, while the study continued for 25
years without treating those suffering from
the disease.
 The Tuskegee victims were not informed
about the nature of the study in which they
were participants
 Tuskegee Syphilis study was conducted in
a period of history when blacks were not
viewed as equal to whites.

10. 2 professional values that have
been violated in Tuskegee Study
(1932-1972)
 Respect
 Honesty
“The longest non therapeutic experiment
on human beings in medical history”
(Brunner,2009)

11. 2 professional values that
have been violated
Honesty
 Not being honesty to the patient, because the study participant not being told that they
got syphilis disease. They only told by the doctor that they had “bad blood” disorder.
 The participant NEVER informed they were being studied but they were receiving “free
medical care”.
 The doctor involved in this study misinformed them and prevented them for seeking
alternative methods of effective treatment.
 Doctors gave the men less than the necessary dose which resulted in only 3% of the
men improving
 the improvements in the subjects condition caused the doctors to substitute the efective
medication with an ineffective medication they called “pink medicine”
Respect
 The poor and uneducated men were studied the purpose of learning about the effects
that syphilis had on black people.
 The doctors in charge of study left the men to die of late stage syphilis so they could
have more information on the disease !
 it wasn’t white people who were being studied because even in the 1930’s it would not
have been allowed.
“As I see it, we have no further interest in these patients until they die” (Brunner, 2009)

12. Two Laws Has Been
Violated
1. The Henderson Act of 1943
Which requires the testing and treatment of
STD
2. WHO Declaration of Helsinki of 1964
Requires professionals to provide
“informed consent” on all medical
experiments that researched effects on
people

13. Basic Ethical Principle of Belmont
Report
1. Respect for person
This principle incorpororates the convictions that
individual research subjects should be treated as
autonomous agents, and that persons with diminished
autonomy are entitled to protection
2. Beneficence
Research involving human subjects should do no
intentional harm, while maximizing possible benefits and
minimizing possible harms, both to the individuals
involved and to society at large
3. Justice
Attention needs to be paid to the equitable distirbution
within human society of benefits and burdens of research
involving human subjects. In particular, those paricipants
chosen for such research should not be inequitably
selected from groups unlikely to benefit from the work

14. Lesson can be learned
 Be Honest
 Respect