Turkey

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Hagia Sofia was built between 532 and 537, as a Christian church. It has influenced architects ever since. The circular dome covering a square base was developed at the same time as the Basilica plan of the Early Christian churches, in Italy. The Byzantine dome was later adopted into Islamic architecture. However, the Roman dome was constructed differently. Romans placed their dome over a solid circle of walling, best seen in the example of the Pantheon in Rome, instead of using the pendentives (an architectural feature). However, one shared feature of the time between the two styles was the use of opaque glass mosaics in the interior decoration, covering the walls. The Hagia Sofia plan is basically an inscribed Greek cross. The hall has four piers at the corners of the square rising in circular arches to support a central dome by means of four pendentives. The upper galleries were used by the women, and were reached by steps inside the building. Much of Hagia Sofia's appeal comes from its size. The inside is dominated by the central dome over 30.5 metres in diameter. Today after about 1500 years of continue used, Hagia Sofia still dominates the skyline of the Bosphorus. It is truly a milestone, among the world’s greatest architectural achievements, a testament of the sophistication of the 6C Byzantine Empire.

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul,Turkey

Jerry Daperro

This Powerpoint slideshow presentation shows the amzaning 1500 years old building that is still standing today. Together with the Panteon in Rome, they are the two most important historical buildings in the history of European architecture today that are still in use. The building was started as a Christian church in the city of Constantinople, as the Christian rival church in the New Rome of the East. In 1453, the city fell to the Turks. It became a mosque and inspired many to follow its architectural style. Today, it is a museum.

Societal Impact of Hagia sophia

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Slide 1: So today we will be discussing this iconic structure… World’s great wonder know as, Hagia Sophia in Greek…. Santa Sophia -in Latin and Aya Sophia in- Turkish……. Meaning HOLY WISDOM!!! On 24th July it re-opened as a mosque! Slide 2: Situated on a hill overlooking the Sea of Marmara and the Bosphorus, Hagia Sophia has gone through various transformations since it was built in what is now Istanbul in 537 and it remains one of the most important monuments of the world. Slide 3: This map here shows us the location of Hagia Sophia, if u look closely,,, u will understand that majority of Turkey falls in the Asian part of the world and is included under the middle east zone….. While half of Istanbul is located in Europe….sharing its border with Greece and Bulgaria Slide 5: 1. THE ORIGINAL DOME WAS REPLACED AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE IN 558 CE. Soaring 160 feet high, with a diameter of 131 feet, the grand feature of the Hagia Sophia was its large central dome. The dome and the church were designed by architects Anthemios of Tralles and Isidoros of Miletos, but unlike the dome of the Pantheon, which has never faltered, an earthquake in 558 CE caused the Hagia Sophia's dome to collapse. It was rebuilt to a height of 182 feet, and the walls were reinforced in 562 CE. The dome's weight is supported by a series of smaller domes, arcades, and four large arches. 2. THE CHURCH WAS TWICE DESTROYED BY RIOTS. First built in Constantinople in 360 CE and dedicated by the Roman Emperor Constantius II (son of Constantine, the founder of Constantinople), the initial, wood-constructed Hagia Sophia burned during a series of riots in 404 CE. In 415 CE, Emperor Theodosius II ordered the church rebuilt, but the Nika Revolt in 532 CE caused widespread death and destruction in the city, and the church was wiped out a second time. 3. ONE OF THE SEVEN ANCIENT WONDERS WAS USED IN THE CHURCH'S CONSTRUCTION. To fortify (and beautify) the interior of the church, columns from the long-abandoned and destroyed Temple of Artemis in Ephesus were used for the Hagia Sophia. Additional building materials may also have come from ancient sites in Baalbeck and Pergamom. 6. BELIEVERS SAY THE 'WEEPING COLUMN' HAS HEALING POWERS. Also called the "sweating column," the "wishing column," and the "perspiring column," the weeping column stands in the northwest portion of the church and is one of 107 columns in the building. The pillar is partly covered in bronze, with a hole in the middle, and it is damp to the touch. The alleged blessing of St. Gregory has led many to rub the column in search of divine healing. 7. THE FOUNDER OF MODERN TURKEY TURNED IT INTO A MUSEUM. Former army officer Mustafa Kemal Atatürk founded modern Turkey and served as its first president

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The painted Romanesque churches are uncommon in the Middle Ages. There are only a few noticeable examples of these left in Europe, mainly in Italy. Among them are The Monreale Cathedral (1174) in Sicily, St Mark (1117) in Venice and the Parma Duomo (1059). It is interesting to note the that Duomo of Pisa, which has similar façade as the Parma Duomo is not a painted church. The The Lombard-Romanesque Duomo of Parma is among the finest in Italy. The oldest example of the painted church is Hagia Sophia (537) in Istanbul, suggesting that the tradition of painted churches, date back a very long time. The Parma Duomo is renowned for its illusionistic painting of the Assumption (1534) that fills its main cupola by Correggio. The nave is adored with the work of pupils of Correggio. The south transept features a carved frieze (1178) by Benedetto Antelami who was responsible for much of the exquisite Baptistery (1160) just south of the cathedral. Building began on the Duomo in the second half of the 11C, following the destruction of the old cathedral by fire in 1058. It was practically finished in 1074. Other artists contributed were Gerolamo Mazzola Bedoli and Francesco Mendogni who painted the ceiling, Lattanzio Gambbara and Bernardino Gatti who painted the frescoes in the nave and the apse walls, Bertolino de Grossi who painted the Valeri Chapel.

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