Trouble in the Frigid Waters
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The document discusses climate change impacts in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. It notes that ocean acidification is increasing in polar seas due to climate change. Unique species live in Antarctica, such as giant sea spiders and isopods. However, the warming climate has allowed invasive species from other regions, like king crabs, to begin establishing populations in Antarctica for the first time in 40 million years. References are provided for scientific literature on topics like the effects of ocean warming and increased ice shelf melt on Antarctic sea ice expansion.
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3) In the 1960s, the theory of plate tectonics was developed, explaining that convection currents in the mantle cause the movement of tectonic plates. Sea floor spreading provided key evidence that the ocean floor continually forms at mid-ocean ridges.
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1) Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift, which suggested that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart.
2) Wegener provided geological, fossil, and climate evidence to support his theory, but could not explain the force driving continental movement.
3) In the 1960s, the theory of plate tectonics was developed, explaining that convection currents in the mantle cause the movement of tectonic plates. Sea floor spreading provided key evidence that the ocean floor was pulling apart.
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2) Wegener provided geological, fossil, and climate evidence to support his theory, but could not explain the force driving continental movement.
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1. The document discusses plate tectonic theory and the key concepts of continental drift and paleomagnetism.
2. Continental drift led to the development of the theory of sea floor spreading and subduction, which are driven by convection currents in the Earth's mantle.
3. There are seven major tectonic plates and many minor plates that are constantly moving against each other along plate boundaries, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building.
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1. Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912, suggesting that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before slowly drifting apart.
2. Wegener provided four lines of evidence to support his theory - similar rock formations and fossils on separated continents, matching coastlines, correlated climate indicators like coal deposits, and plant and animal distributions that could not have crossed oceans.
3. However, Wegener's theory was initially rejected because he could not explain what caused the continents to move. It was not until the 1950s-60s that seafloor spreading and plate tectonics were discovered, providing a mechanism to explain continental drift.
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1) Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift, which suggested that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart.
2) Wegener provided geological, fossil, and climate evidence to support his theory, but could not explain the force driving continental movement.
3) In the 1960s, the theory of plate tectonics was developed, explaining that convection currents in the mantle cause the movement of tectonic plates. Sea floor spreading provided key evidence that the ocean floor continually forms at mid-ocean ridges.
Continental Drift And Plate Tectonics Andie
1) Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift, which suggested that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart.
2) Wegener provided geological, fossil, and climate evidence to support his theory, but could not explain the force driving continental movement.
3) In the 1960s, the theory of plate tectonics was developed, explaining that convection currents in the mantle cause the movement of tectonic plates. Sea floor spreading provided key evidence that the ocean floor was pulling apart.
Continental Drift And Plate Tectonics Andie
1) Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift, which suggested that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart.
2) Wegener provided geological, fossil, and climate evidence to support his theory, but could not explain the force driving continental movement.
3) In the 1960s, scientists discovered sea floor spreading and plate tectonics, which explained that convection currents in the mantle push and pull the tectonic plates. This provided the long-sought mechanism for continental drift.
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Continental Drift Andie
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in the early 20th century, which suggested that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart. Wegener provided three main pieces of evidence to support this theory: geological evidence from rock layers across continents, fossil evidence from the distribution of fossils, and climate evidence from changing climates in the past. However, Wegener's theory was rejected by scientists during his lifetime because he could not explain the force that causes the continents to move.
Continental Drift And Plate Tectonics Andie
1) Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in the early 20th century, suggesting that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart.
2) Wegener provided geological, fossil, and climate evidence to support his theory, but his ideas were rejected by many scientists because he could not explain the force driving the continental movement.
3) In the 1960s, the theory of plate tectonics was developed, explaining that convection currents in the mantle cause the plates to move and providing the mechanism that Wegener could not.
Continental Drift And Plate Tectonics Andie
1) Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift, which suggested that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart.
2) Wegener provided geological, fossil, and climate evidence to support his theory, but could not explain the force driving continental movement.
3) In the 1960s, the theory of plate tectonics was developed, explaining that convection currents in the mantle cause the movement of tectonic plates, resolving the issue that prevented acceptance of Wegener's theory.
Continental drift theory of A. Wegener
1. Alfred Wegener first proposed the continental drift theory in 1912, suggesting that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea surrounded by a ocean called Panthalassa.
2. According to the theory, Pangaea broke apart starting in the Triassic period, forming two landmasses - Laurasia to the north and Gondwana to the south, separated by the developing Tethys Sea.
3. The continued drifting of the continents led to the opening of the Atlantic Ocean as North America drifted away from Europe and Africa, the Indian Ocean as India separated from Antarctica and Australia, and the Pacific Ocean occupied the remaining area of the former Panthalassa sea.
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Alaska was formed by the accretion of several island and continental fragments and oceanic terranes that collided with the western edge of North America over time. The document presents a series of plate tectonic reconstructions that show how Alaska developed from the Precambrian era to its current shape, beginning with isolated terranes that converged and were added to the North American margin. Key terranes included the Yukon, Arctic, and Central terranes in the Paleozoic, and the addition of Wrangellia and other terranes from the Triassic through Cenozoic as the Farallon and Kula plates subducted.
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This document discusses questions about reconciling a recent creation with evidence from nature that appears to indicate the earth is much older. It focuses on coral reefs and glaciation. Regarding coral reefs, both living and fossil reefs are examined. While some argue reefs could not grow in just a few thousand years, the document notes that living reefs are capable of growing rapidly enough to form since creation under ideal conditions. Many fossil reefs may also not truly be reefs or could have formed before or been transported by the Genesis flood. Regarding glaciation, ice ages themselves do not necessarily challenge a young earth, as their dating and correlation is debated and they do not provide an independent dating method.
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Steps to Plate TectonicsStep 1 – Continental Driftwww.mat.docx
Steps to Plate Tectonics:
Step 1 – Continental Drift
www.math.montana.edu / ~nmp / materials / ess / geosphere / inter / activities / plate_calc / pangaea_map.gif
The Continental Drift hypothesis published by Alfred Wegener in his 1915 book “ The Origin of Continents and Oceans”, although this was partially based on the work of earlier investigators.
Continental Drift = the continents were once connected in a single supercontinent called Pangaea. They have since drifted apart and are still moving today.
http://www.kidsgeo.com/geology-for-kids/0042-pangaea.php
Wegener’s hypothesis had several problems:
1) He had no power source – no way to make the continents move.
2) He thought the continents moved through the seafloor just like boats move through the ocean, but there was no evidence of this (no wake)
3) He was a meteorologist so many geologists didn’t take him seriously!
BUT Wegener had lots of evidence to show that the continents were once connected!
1) The jigsaw puzzle-like fit of the continents.
Figure 2.3 in text
Identical fossil assemblages on now widely spaced continents!
best about 250-200 MY ago
become increasingly dissimilar the closer to today we look!
Garrison, 2012, Essentials of Oceanography
3) Sequences of similar rock types on continents which do not now have the same geologic environment!
http://www.geology.ohio-state.edu/~vonfrese/gs100/lect25/index.html
4) Geologic structures (mountain ranges, faults, chains of volcanoes) which match up on either side of oceans but can not be found underwater.
5) Apparent polar wander – paleoclimatic evidence the continents had very different climates 250 MY ago than they do today.
either the continents moved or
the climate bands moved – which means the Earth’s poles of rotation moved.
Earth’s climate zones today are arranged symmetrically around the poles.
http://www.webquest.hawaii.edu/kahihi/sciencedictionary/C/climatezone.php
Paleoclimatic data from ˶300 MY ago, figure 2.5 in text
After Wegener died, his ideas were largely dismissed, until…
Post-Wegener evidence for drifting continents (and plate tectonics)…
6) Apparent Polar Wander – Paleomagnetic evidence.
Figure 2.7 showing that the Earth has a magnetic field very similar to that created by a bar magnet.
Directions of magnets parallel to Earth’s magnetic field lines.
Post-Wegener evidence for drifting continents (and plate tectonics)…
Figure 2.7b showing how magnets align to the Earth’s magnetic field when allowed to move freely.
Rocks containing the mineral magnetite (especially basalt) record the orientation of the Earth’s magnetic field at the time the rocks formed.
Figure 2.8a showing apparent polar wander paths for Europe and North America.
Figure 2.8b showing alignment of polar wander curves if the Atlantic Ocean is “closed”
The polar wander tracks for all the continents show great variation, suggesting it is the continents that moved!
If we put the continents “back to.
Lithosphere 2 notes: Tectonics
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Trouble in the Frigid Waters
- 1. TROUBLE IN THE FRIGID WATERS Climate Change and the Antarctic
- 2. Antarctica
- 5. Antarctica
- 6. Kevin’s subtitle? And presentation follows… …..eventually
- 20. Ocean Acidification in the Polar Seas By Cecilia P. An interpretation of Ocean Acidification At High Latitudes: The Bellwether (Fabry et al 2008)
- 31. Southern Ocean
- 32. Southern Ocean
- 33. Southern Ocean
- 69. THE Antarctic
- 70. THE Antarctic
- 71. THE Antarctic
- 72. THE Antarctic
- 73. THE Antarctic
- 74. THE Antarctic
- 76. Unique – Giant Sea Spiders
- 78. Unique – Giant Isopods
- 79. Unique
- 87. The invasion has begun
- 88. The invasion has begun
- 89. The invasion has begun
- 90. The invasion has begun
- 91. The invasion has begun
- 92. The invasion has begun
- 94. REFERENCES – Picture Credit Alfred Wegener Institut fuer Polar und Meeresforschung http://www.awi.de/en/news/images_video_audio/image _galleries/picture_gallery_antarctic_benthos/ Ice shelf picture: http://www.swisseduc.ch/glaciers/earth_icy_planet/glaci ers08- en.html?id=5) Picture of Blue King Crab http://www.seafoodblog.net/?p=326 Picture of King Crab with raised claw http://www.treehugger.com/clean-technology/king- crabs-invade-antarctica-for-first-time-in-40-million- years.html Picture of Arctic Fox http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mamma ls/arctic-fox/ Arctic Map http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/polar/ar ctic.htm#.UZ08AbWsh8E http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mamma ls/weddell-seal/ Picture of Anarctic http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic Picture of Walrus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walrus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaskan_king_crab_fishing Isopod picture http://www.oikonos.org/apfieldguide Spider Crab http://fwallpapers.com/view/spider-crab Waving King Crab http://avrilmarieives.wordpress.com/2011/06/29/alaska- the-last-frontier/alaska-june-2011-663/
- 95. The End
- 96. References – Original Scientific Literature Aronson, R. B., Thatje, S., Clarke, A., Peck, L. S., Blake, D.B., Wilga, C. D. and Seibel, B. A. (2007). Climate Change and Invasibility of the Anarctic Benthos. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 38:129-54. Bintanja, R., van Oldenborgh, G. J., Drijfhout, S. S., Wouters, B. and Katsman C. A. (2013). Important role for ocean warming and increased ice-shelf melt in Antarctic sea-ice expansion. Nat Geosci DOI: 10.1038/NGEO1767 Fabry, V. J., McClintock, J. B., Mathis, J. T. and Grebmeier J. M. (2009). Ocean Acidification at High Latitudes: The Bellwether. Oceanography 22(4): 160-171. Pritchard, H. D., Ligtenberg, S. R. M., Fricker, H. A., Vaughan, D. G., Van Den Broeke, M. R. and Padman, L. (2012). Antarctic ice-sheet loss driven by basal melting of ice shelves. Nature 484: 502-505.
- 97. SPECIAL THANKS TO The Evergreen State College and Trisha Towanda