Triviaset7
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This document contains 4 multiple choice questions about forensic science concepts: 1) 93% of victim identifications in disasters are made using dental records. 2) Locard's principle states that when two objects touch, material is transferred between them, forming the basis of forensic science. 3) Not all statements about DNA are true - identical twins have identical DNA, but DNA cannot determine age or race on its own. 4) Sir Alec Jeffreys developed the first DNA profiling test, which was first used to solve a crime in England in 1986.
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Gettenberg CH 8 SEC 1
Through a series of experiments, Griffith, Avery, and Hershey and Chase identified DNA as the genetic material:
- Griffith found that a 'transforming principle' from dead bacteria could make live bacteria deadly, showing genetic transfer.
- Avery purified this principle and through chemical and enzyme tests showed that it was DNA.
- Hershey and Chase tagged viral DNA and proteins with different radioactive elements and found that only the tagged DNA entered bacteria, providing direct evidence that DNA carries genetic information.
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DNA profiling compares variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTRs) in DNA samples from crime scenes and suspects. If the VNTRs match, then the suspect's DNA was at the crime scene. DNA profiling can also determine paternity by testing mitochondrial DNA passed maternally or Y-chromosomes passed paternally. While very accurate, DNA profiling has social implications like falsely convicted persons being freed or family issues when true paternity is discovered.
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Hoofdstuk 16 2008 deel 1
The document discusses several key topics regarding the chromosomal basis of inheritance:
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Through a series of experiments, Griffith, Avery, and Hershey and Chase identified DNA as the genetic material:
- Griffith found that a 'transforming principle' from dead bacteria could make live bacteria deadly, showing genetic transfer.
- Avery purified this principle and through chemical and enzyme tests showed that it was DNA.
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2) The structure of DNA was determined in the 1950s, with Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography work revealing the double helix structure of DNA, which Watson and Crick modeled based on her data.
3) DNA replication involves separation of the DNA strands and synthesis of new complementary strands, with specific proteins involved in starting replication at the origin of replication site.
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103114 1 Forensic DNA Analysis Part 1 The science.docx
10/31/14
1
Forensic DNA Analysis
Part 1: The science behind DNA
profiling
Part 2: The case of the Romanovs
Part 3: Analyzing the certainty of DNA
profile comparisons
Part 4: Uncertainties in DNA profiling
and privacy issues
Part 1: The science behind
DNA Profiling
*Frumkin et al., Forensic Science International: Genetics, 2010, 4(2) pp. 95-103
*
*
*
‡‡Bright and Petricevic, Forensic Science International,
2004, 145, pp.7-12.
‡ ‡
‡ ‡
10/31/14
2
DNA is one of many forms of
physical evidence
• Fingerprints
• Blood
• Guns
• Knives
• Bullets
• Wrecked cars
• Human bones
• Bruises
• Clothing
• Computers
• Papers
Image: Simon Howden /
FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Collection of DNA evidence
• Trace amounts of DNA can be
recovered from
– Hair follicles
– Scrapings of dead skin (e.g
from under someone’s
fingernails)
– Saliva
– Semen
– Blood
– Bone fragments buried for
hundreds of years (and
including teeth)
• Collection of DNA evidence (from a
crime scene for example) must be
done carefully to avoid:
– Contamination
– Degradation
– The mixing up of samples
10/31/14
3
DNA is small
• A DNA molecule is ~20 nm (1
nm = 1.0 x 10-9 meters) wide
• Found in the nucleus of a cell
• Human cells are ~5-30 µm (1
µm = 1.0 x 10-6 m) wide, too
small to be visible to the naked
eye
• There is about 6 pg DNA in
typical human cell (1 pg = 1.0 x
10-12 g)
Illustration of a DNA double helix
Illustration of an
animal cell
~20 nm
~30 µm
Why is DNA good evidence?
• Every person’s DNA sequence is
unique
• The “sequence” of the DNA refers
to how the DNA basepairs are
arranged, like letters in a word or
words in a sentence
• Homozygotic (ie “Identical”) twins
have DNA sequences that are the
most similar
• Blood relatives have DNA
sequences that are more similar
than unrelated individuals
• Unrelated individuals have DNA
that is VERY different from each
other, making DNA more helpful in
crime scene investigation than less
“individual-specific” evidence such
as hair color or clothing fibers
Cartoon drawing of
DNA double helix
DNA basepairs
10/31/14
4
How Mendelian Inheritance Influences
DNA sequence
• You have 2 copies of every
chromosome
• You inherit one copy (and its
sequence) from each of your
parents
• Which of each of your
parents’ two copies you
inherit is random
• So for a given chromosome,
if Mom is “chocolate/
chocolate” and Dad is
“vanilla/strawberry” then
you can be either
“chocolate/vanilla” or
“chocolate/strawberry”
Mom Dad
Ch1 Ch1
Ch1 Ch1
You
(possibility #1)
You
(possibility #2)
Or
How Mendelian Inheritance Influences DNA sequence
• The chromosomes segregate
(separate) independently with respect
to each other during cell division
• This “independent segregation”
phenomenon greatly increases th.
DNA PROFILING
DNA profiling was developed in 1984 by Sir Alec Jeffreys and involves analyzing variable regions of DNA called STRs or microsatellites that differ between individuals. It is used in forensic investigations to identify suspects or link them to crime scenes by comparing a sample to a reference DNA profile. The process involves extracting DNA from samples, analyzing STR regions to develop a profile of allele lengths, and entering it into DNA databases for comparison to other profiles. Some of the largest DNA databases are maintained by governments like the UK's NDNAD and US's CODIS, which help solve crimes but also raise privacy concerns due to retention of profiles.
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