The usual tribomechanical systems that are used in the process of development design are presented in this paper. Complex processes of friction and wear at contact surfaces are done within those tribomechanical systems.
The basic tribological characteristics of tribomechanical systems are friction and wear that are the main causes of system structure alteration, energy and material losses. As natural processes, friction and wear depend on large number
of factors such as: system structure, exploitative conditions (speed and load), mechanical and chemical properties of material, lubrication characteristics, environment
aggressiveness, temperature, topography of surfaces in contacts, mechanical processing (pre- and post-processing) an so on.
The number of influential factors and complexity of their interactions in which variation of one parameter caused chain alterations of different parameters complicate the quantification of theirs influences. Those are the reasons for present insufficiency of systematic information about tribological characteristics of tribomechanical systems.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
A review study of mechanical fatigue testing methods for small scale metal ma...Alexander Decker
This document reviews mechanical fatigue testing techniques for small-scale metal materials. It begins by discussing the increased focus on materials behavior at the micro and nano scales due to growing MEMS/NEMS applications. It then classifies fatigue testing techniques for small-scale materials, including uniaxial tension-tension, dynamic bending, and uniaxial tension-compression. Specific techniques are described in more detail, such as using piezoelectric actuators to enable load-controlled uniaxial cyclic loading of thin films. The document also examines fatigue properties of materials tested with these techniques, like studying crack growth rates in nickel alloy cantilever beams under dynamic bending.
THE EFFECTS OF MACHINING PARAMETERS ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF MATERIAL EN-31 IN...ijiert bestjournal
The paper represent the work done for making mathematical models fo r analysis of the effects of machining parameters on the performance characteristics in EDM process of Alloy steel (EN-31). The mathematical models are developed using the response surface methodology (RSM) to explai n the influences of machining parameters on the performance characteristics in the EDM process.
“Comparison of Maximum Stress distribution of Long & Short Side Column due to...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
In this paper, a developed three-dimensional Molecular Dynamics (MD) model for AFM-based
nanomachining is applied to study mechanical indentation and scratching at the nanoscale. The
correlation between the machining conditions, including applied force, depth, tip speed, and
defect mechanism in substrate/workpiece is investigeted. The simulations of nanoscratching
process are performed on different crystal orientations of single-crystal gold substrate, Au(100),
Au(110), and Au(111). The material deformation and deformed geometry are extracted from the
final locations of atoms, which are displaced by the rigid indenter. The simulation also allows
for the prediction of forces at the interface between the indenter and substrate. Material
properties including modulus of elasticity and hardness are estimated. It is found that properties
vary significantly at the nanoscale. In addition to the modeling, an AFM is used to conduct
actual indentation and scratching at the nanoscale, and provide measurements to which the MD
simulation predictions are compared. Due to computational time limitation, the predicted forces
obtained from MD simulation only compares well qualitatively with the experimental results.
IRJET- A Study on the Behavior of Grid Slab Subjected to Seismic LoadingIRJET Journal
This document discusses multi-cornered thin-wall sections for improving vehicle crashworthiness and occupant protection. It analyzes the collapse behavior of square, hexagonal, and octagonal cross-sections as well as a newly introduced 12-edge section through computer simulations. The 12-edge section was found to have high energy absorption capacity through stable collapse. Nonlinear finite element analysis was performed using ABAQUS to evaluate the response of the different section geometries under axial loading and over a range of steel grades. The goal was to maximize the specific energy absorption of the cross-sections to better manage crash energy and improve occupant safety.
Sustainability Concepts in the Design of High-Rise buildings: the case of Dia...StroNGER2012
One of the evocative structural design solutions for sustainable tall buildings is embraced by the diagrid (diagonal grid) structural scheme. Diagrid, with a perimeter structural configuration characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance, has emerged as a new design trend for tall-shaped complex structures, and is becoming increasingly popular due to aesthetics and structural performance. Since it requires less structural steel than a conventional steel frame, it provides for a more sustainable structure. This study focuses on the structural performance of a steel tall building, using FEM nonlinear analyses. Numerical comparisons between a traditional outrigger system and different diagrid configurations (with three different diagrid inclinations) are presented for a building of 40 stories, with a total height of 160m, and a footprint of 36m x 36m. The sustainability of the building (in terms of structural steel weight saving) is assessed, together with the structural behavior.
The document discusses using modal analysis and frequency response functions (FRF) to analyze the state of wall elements. Modal analysis involves exciting wall elements and measuring their response over time. The FRF relates the input excitation signal to the output response signal and can reveal differences between intact and damaged wall elements. The author uses software to perform experimental modal analysis on various wall materials like bricks. Frequency response functions are obtained and displayed for intact and damaged bricks in different directions. The results show differences in the FRFs that could help diagnose the state of wall elements nondestructively.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
A review study of mechanical fatigue testing methods for small scale metal ma...Alexander Decker
This document reviews mechanical fatigue testing techniques for small-scale metal materials. It begins by discussing the increased focus on materials behavior at the micro and nano scales due to growing MEMS/NEMS applications. It then classifies fatigue testing techniques for small-scale materials, including uniaxial tension-tension, dynamic bending, and uniaxial tension-compression. Specific techniques are described in more detail, such as using piezoelectric actuators to enable load-controlled uniaxial cyclic loading of thin films. The document also examines fatigue properties of materials tested with these techniques, like studying crack growth rates in nickel alloy cantilever beams under dynamic bending.
THE EFFECTS OF MACHINING PARAMETERS ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF MATERIAL EN-31 IN...ijiert bestjournal
The paper represent the work done for making mathematical models fo r analysis of the effects of machining parameters on the performance characteristics in EDM process of Alloy steel (EN-31). The mathematical models are developed using the response surface methodology (RSM) to explai n the influences of machining parameters on the performance characteristics in the EDM process.
“Comparison of Maximum Stress distribution of Long & Short Side Column due to...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
In this paper, a developed three-dimensional Molecular Dynamics (MD) model for AFM-based
nanomachining is applied to study mechanical indentation and scratching at the nanoscale. The
correlation between the machining conditions, including applied force, depth, tip speed, and
defect mechanism in substrate/workpiece is investigeted. The simulations of nanoscratching
process are performed on different crystal orientations of single-crystal gold substrate, Au(100),
Au(110), and Au(111). The material deformation and deformed geometry are extracted from the
final locations of atoms, which are displaced by the rigid indenter. The simulation also allows
for the prediction of forces at the interface between the indenter and substrate. Material
properties including modulus of elasticity and hardness are estimated. It is found that properties
vary significantly at the nanoscale. In addition to the modeling, an AFM is used to conduct
actual indentation and scratching at the nanoscale, and provide measurements to which the MD
simulation predictions are compared. Due to computational time limitation, the predicted forces
obtained from MD simulation only compares well qualitatively with the experimental results.
IRJET- A Study on the Behavior of Grid Slab Subjected to Seismic LoadingIRJET Journal
This document discusses multi-cornered thin-wall sections for improving vehicle crashworthiness and occupant protection. It analyzes the collapse behavior of square, hexagonal, and octagonal cross-sections as well as a newly introduced 12-edge section through computer simulations. The 12-edge section was found to have high energy absorption capacity through stable collapse. Nonlinear finite element analysis was performed using ABAQUS to evaluate the response of the different section geometries under axial loading and over a range of steel grades. The goal was to maximize the specific energy absorption of the cross-sections to better manage crash energy and improve occupant safety.
Sustainability Concepts in the Design of High-Rise buildings: the case of Dia...StroNGER2012
One of the evocative structural design solutions for sustainable tall buildings is embraced by the diagrid (diagonal grid) structural scheme. Diagrid, with a perimeter structural configuration characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance, has emerged as a new design trend for tall-shaped complex structures, and is becoming increasingly popular due to aesthetics and structural performance. Since it requires less structural steel than a conventional steel frame, it provides for a more sustainable structure. This study focuses on the structural performance of a steel tall building, using FEM nonlinear analyses. Numerical comparisons between a traditional outrigger system and different diagrid configurations (with three different diagrid inclinations) are presented for a building of 40 stories, with a total height of 160m, and a footprint of 36m x 36m. The sustainability of the building (in terms of structural steel weight saving) is assessed, together with the structural behavior.
The document discusses using modal analysis and frequency response functions (FRF) to analyze the state of wall elements. Modal analysis involves exciting wall elements and measuring their response over time. The FRF relates the input excitation signal to the output response signal and can reveal differences between intact and damaged wall elements. The author uses software to perform experimental modal analysis on various wall materials like bricks. Frequency response functions are obtained and displayed for intact and damaged bricks in different directions. The results show differences in the FRFs that could help diagnose the state of wall elements nondestructively.
Tribology is the study of friction, wear, and lubrication, which is important for mechanical systems. It has become evident that high friction and wear account for over 6% of GDP loss through wasted resources. Tribology focuses on surface interactions and properties at micro and nano scales to understand and control friction and wear. Improved tribological knowledge through understanding concepts like contact mechanics, lubrication, and materials selection can reduce energy use, extend product lifetimes, and benefit the environment through potential savings.
This document discusses using ultrasonic testing to characterize material properties in a non-destructive way. It describes how ultrasonic parameters like velocity, attenuation, backscatter amplitude and spectral analysis are affected by microstructural properties like grain size and mechanical properties like elastic modulus. It provides examples of how ultrasonic testing has been used to determine properties like grain size, inclusion content, degree of recrystallization, elastic modulus and hardness. The document emphasizes the importance of non-destructively characterizing material properties during fabrication and to assess in-service degradation.
The document summarizes roll bonding processes and provides an overview of their state-of-the-art and future perspectives. Roll bonding involves joining metal sheets through severe plastic deformation with or without heat. It allows joining of similar and dissimilar metals without melting. The review discusses the mechanics, parameters, microstructure evolution and properties of roll bonded materials. It evaluates research on improving properties like strength and corrosion resistance. Applications include thick plates for industries. The concluding sections discuss bonding mechanisms, guidelines, relationships between process, structure and properties, and recommend areas for future research.
ANN Model Based Calculation of Tensile of Friction Surfaced Tool Steelijtsrd
Friction surface treatment is well established solid technology and is used for deposition, abrasion and corrosion protection coatings on rigid materials. This novel process has wide range of industrial applications, particularly in the field of reclamation and repair of damaged and worn engineering components. In this paper, present the prediction of tensile of friction surface treated tool steel using ANN for simulated results of friction surface treatment. This experiment was carried out to obtain tool steel coatings of low carbon steel parts by changing input process parameters such as friction pressure, rotational speed and welding speed. The simulation is performed by a 33 factor design that takes into account the maximum and minimum limits of the experimental work performed by the 23 factor design. Neural network structures, such as the Feed Forward Neural Network FFNN , were used to predict tensile tool steel sediments caused by friction. V. Pitchi Raju "ANN Model Based Calculation of Tensile of Friction Surfaced Tool Steel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29169.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29169/ann-model-based-calculation-of-tensile-of-friction-surfaced-tool-steel/v-pitchi-raju
Static structural and dynamic analysis of cracks in composite materialsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on analyzing cracks in composite materials using static and dynamic finite element analysis. It discusses:
1) Modeling a cracked and uncracked composite beam in ANSYS and analyzing their stress distributions and natural frequencies under static and dynamic loading. The cracked beam showed higher stresses and lower natural frequencies.
2) Conducting a case study on modeling and analyzing a cracked bicycle crank made of carbon fiber reinforced polymer. The crank was meshed and its stress fields were analyzed to study the effect of cracks on its strength and failure behavior.
3) The study aims to better understand how cracks influence the static and dynamic characteristics of composite materials like beams and crank arms, which is important for
IRJET- Tensile and Shear Strength Approximate Prediction of Friction Surf...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict the tensile and shear strength of tool steel coatings deposited through friction surfacing. Friction surfacing is used to deposit coatings on materials and has various industrial applications. An experiment was conducted to deposit tool steel coatings on low carbon steel using different levels of friction pressure, rotational speed, and welding speed. Tensile and shear strength tests were performed on the coatings. ANN models using a feedforward neural network (FFNN) structure were developed and trained on the experimental data to predict coating tensile and shear strength based on the friction surfacing process parameters. The ANN models provide a way to understand and optimize the relationship between mechanical properties and processing
Study on Material Selection for Particular DesignIRJET Journal
This document discusses material selection for engineering designs and describes tensile testing conducted on aluminum alloy specimens. It begins by explaining the importance of selecting the appropriate material based on the intended application and life of the product. Tensile testing is then introduced as a common mechanical test to determine material properties like yield strength and modulus of elasticity. The document goes on to describe tensile tests performed on aluminum alloy 6061-T6 and 2024-T3 specimens using a digital testing system equipped with strain sensors. The results show the yield point, modulus of elasticity, and ultimate tensile strength differed between the two aluminum alloys. This information helps engineers select the best material based on the design criteria and requirements.
Apply Basic Scientific Principles And Techniques In Mechanical Engineering Si...Sheila Sinclair
The document discusses applying basic scientific principles and techniques in mechanical engineering situations. It begins by defining mechanical engineering and listing the core concepts and tasks involved. These include mechanics, kinematics, thermodynamics, materials science, and more. It then lists the specific scientific principles a mechanical engineer should understand, such as determining effects of loading in static systems, work and energy transfer in dynamic systems, parameters of fluid systems, and effects of energy transfer in thermodynamic systems. The document provides examples of applying these principles to solve mechanical engineering problems.
IRJET- Design & Development of Bending Fatigue Testing Machine for Composite ...IRJET Journal
1. The document describes the design of a bending fatigue testing machine for composite materials. It aims to provide a low-cost option for generating fatigue data of composites.
2. The machine was designed with a simple operating mechanism using a crank-linkage driven by a V-belt that applies alternating displacement on composite specimens clamped in bending. Strain gauges measure the force and compensate for temperature effects.
3. The machine will help engineers study the behavior of composite components subjected to bending loads, like airplane bodies, at a lower cost than existing commercial machines. This could generate fatigue data to evaluate composite designs.
IRJET-Design and Strength Analysis of a Tilting Mechanism for Steel StructuresIRJET Journal
1) The document describes the design of a tilting mechanism for steel beams that exit an extrusion process. The mechanism is needed to remove pickle liquor, which contains acids, from the beams' surfaces.
2) The designed mechanism uses 4 individual mechanisms connected to a conveyor belt to support the heavy weight of 12-13 steel beams at a time. Strength analysis using FEM modeling showed the mechanism can safely support up to 2.35 tons of weight.
3) The mechanism works by lifting and tilting the beams 90 degrees to drain off the maximum amount of pickle liquor. The document concludes the designed tilting mechanism is able to perform its intended function of removing liquid from the steel beams.
IRJET-Optimization of Geometrical Parameters of Single Point Cutting Tool to ...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing the geometrical parameters of a single point cutting tool to reduce stress and vibration during turning operations. Modal and harmonic analyses were performed to determine the tool's natural frequency range of 11384Hz to 45322Hz. Optimization found the minimum stress and vibration occurred with a horizontal and vertical cross-sectional dimension of 18.2mm, a back rack angle of 10.88°, side rack angle of 10.88°, end relief angle of 9.06°, end cutting angle of 27.2°, and side cutting edge angle of 13.6°. The optimal parameters can help reduce tool wear and extend the life of single point cutting tools.
Conceptual design and analysis of long span structuresAnupama Krishnan
This document discusses the conceptual design and analysis of long span structures. It describes various structural typologies used for long span roofs, including space structures, cable structures, membrane structures, and tension structures. It emphasizes that a knowledge-based conceptual design approach combined with theoretical, experimental, and monitoring analysis can help calibrate models and evaluate long-term structural performance and reliability. Experimental wind and snow loading analysis on scale models, as well as measurement and use of load time histories, are recommended to better understand load distributions on large structures.
This document reviews developments in cutting technology since the founding of CIRP over 50 years ago. Key developments include:
1) Cutting speeds have increased up to 8,000 m/min and machining accuracies have improved to 10 μm for conventional cutting and below 0.1 μm for ultraprecision cutting.
2) Superhard cutting tool materials now have hardness levels between 3,000-9,000 HV and toughness over 1,000 MPa. Coated tools allow fine-tuning to the workpiece.
3) Dry and near dry cutting is becoming more common, improving productivity by reducing non-productive times during machining.
This document discusses the challenges of manufacturing composite automotive parts within tolerance specifications. It presents computational techniques for predicting manufacturing-induced stresses and shape distortions in composite parts. The key techniques described are simulation of the complete manufacturing chain, including the curing process, to validate solutions for correcting distortions. Running simulations of the full process allows modifying parameters like temperature cycles or mold geometry in an iterative process to reduce distortions to acceptable levels. Accounting for all physics involved, like resin phase changes during curing, is important for accurate distortion prediction.
Support at the choice of solutions to the phase of preliminary design basedIAEME Publication
This document discusses using reliability analysis to help designers choose between direct-drive and geared-drive wind turbine concepts during preliminary design. It proposes:
1) Modeling the reliability of both concepts using Markov modeling by decomposing the systems into detailed components and defining failure and repair rates.
2) Qualifying the overall reliability models based on an assessment criterion like total cost that relates to the user needs driving the design.
3) Providing designers a tool to compare the concepts from a reliability perspective to inform preliminary design decisions. Vestas and Enercon wind turbines are used as examples for the geared and direct-drive technologies.
Support at the choice of solutions to the phase of preliminary design basedIAEME Publication
This document discusses reliability analysis methods to help inform the preliminary design choices between direct-drive and geared-drive wind turbine concepts. It first introduces Markov modeling to evaluate the reliability of systems. It then defines the main components of geared-drive and direct-drive wind turbines that will be analyzed. Finally, it proposes using reliability block diagrams and a three-state Markov model to evaluate and compare the reliability of the two concepts, with the aim of aiding preliminary design decisions.
Fabrication and Wear Behavior of Particulate Reinforced Metal Matrix Composit...IOSRJMCE
The composites refer to the material consisting of two or more individual constituents, in that the reinforcing particulates are embedded to the base matrix to form composite materials by improving the mechanical and tribological properties. Different types of composite materials are available and these are increasing because of their good enhanced properties, among these Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) finds its applications in various aspects like aerospace, automotive, defense, and marine etc. These improved properties are obtained from different form of particulates which are different in their aspect ratio are mixed with base material to provide good bonding and strength between them. To obtain these enhanced properties different manufacturing techniques are followed to prepare the composites. This paper presents an overview of types of composites, different fabrication techniques available to prepare the composites and also wear behavior of particulates reinforced MMC’s by studying different types of wear mechanism.
Wear Analysis of Al7068 Metal Matrix Composite Reinforced with Silicon NitrideIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the wear performance of an aluminum alloy (Al7068) reinforced with silicon nitride at varying percentages. The composite material was fabricated using stir casting and tested using pin-on-disk wear analysis. The study found that adding silicon nitride improved the hardness and wear resistance of the aluminum alloy base material. Specifically, higher percentages of silicon nitride reinforcement resulted in less wear and better performance in applications involving friction and sliding contact. The composite material showed potential for use in automobile, aerospace, and marine applications requiring durability and strength.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Tribology is the study of friction, wear, and lubrication, which is important for mechanical systems. It has become evident that high friction and wear account for over 6% of GDP loss through wasted resources. Tribology focuses on surface interactions and properties at micro and nano scales to understand and control friction and wear. Improved tribological knowledge through understanding concepts like contact mechanics, lubrication, and materials selection can reduce energy use, extend product lifetimes, and benefit the environment through potential savings.
This document discusses using ultrasonic testing to characterize material properties in a non-destructive way. It describes how ultrasonic parameters like velocity, attenuation, backscatter amplitude and spectral analysis are affected by microstructural properties like grain size and mechanical properties like elastic modulus. It provides examples of how ultrasonic testing has been used to determine properties like grain size, inclusion content, degree of recrystallization, elastic modulus and hardness. The document emphasizes the importance of non-destructively characterizing material properties during fabrication and to assess in-service degradation.
The document summarizes roll bonding processes and provides an overview of their state-of-the-art and future perspectives. Roll bonding involves joining metal sheets through severe plastic deformation with or without heat. It allows joining of similar and dissimilar metals without melting. The review discusses the mechanics, parameters, microstructure evolution and properties of roll bonded materials. It evaluates research on improving properties like strength and corrosion resistance. Applications include thick plates for industries. The concluding sections discuss bonding mechanisms, guidelines, relationships between process, structure and properties, and recommend areas for future research.
ANN Model Based Calculation of Tensile of Friction Surfaced Tool Steelijtsrd
Friction surface treatment is well established solid technology and is used for deposition, abrasion and corrosion protection coatings on rigid materials. This novel process has wide range of industrial applications, particularly in the field of reclamation and repair of damaged and worn engineering components. In this paper, present the prediction of tensile of friction surface treated tool steel using ANN for simulated results of friction surface treatment. This experiment was carried out to obtain tool steel coatings of low carbon steel parts by changing input process parameters such as friction pressure, rotational speed and welding speed. The simulation is performed by a 33 factor design that takes into account the maximum and minimum limits of the experimental work performed by the 23 factor design. Neural network structures, such as the Feed Forward Neural Network FFNN , were used to predict tensile tool steel sediments caused by friction. V. Pitchi Raju "ANN Model Based Calculation of Tensile of Friction Surfaced Tool Steel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29169.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29169/ann-model-based-calculation-of-tensile-of-friction-surfaced-tool-steel/v-pitchi-raju
Static structural and dynamic analysis of cracks in composite materialsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on analyzing cracks in composite materials using static and dynamic finite element analysis. It discusses:
1) Modeling a cracked and uncracked composite beam in ANSYS and analyzing their stress distributions and natural frequencies under static and dynamic loading. The cracked beam showed higher stresses and lower natural frequencies.
2) Conducting a case study on modeling and analyzing a cracked bicycle crank made of carbon fiber reinforced polymer. The crank was meshed and its stress fields were analyzed to study the effect of cracks on its strength and failure behavior.
3) The study aims to better understand how cracks influence the static and dynamic characteristics of composite materials like beams and crank arms, which is important for
IRJET- Tensile and Shear Strength Approximate Prediction of Friction Surf...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict the tensile and shear strength of tool steel coatings deposited through friction surfacing. Friction surfacing is used to deposit coatings on materials and has various industrial applications. An experiment was conducted to deposit tool steel coatings on low carbon steel using different levels of friction pressure, rotational speed, and welding speed. Tensile and shear strength tests were performed on the coatings. ANN models using a feedforward neural network (FFNN) structure were developed and trained on the experimental data to predict coating tensile and shear strength based on the friction surfacing process parameters. The ANN models provide a way to understand and optimize the relationship between mechanical properties and processing
Study on Material Selection for Particular DesignIRJET Journal
This document discusses material selection for engineering designs and describes tensile testing conducted on aluminum alloy specimens. It begins by explaining the importance of selecting the appropriate material based on the intended application and life of the product. Tensile testing is then introduced as a common mechanical test to determine material properties like yield strength and modulus of elasticity. The document goes on to describe tensile tests performed on aluminum alloy 6061-T6 and 2024-T3 specimens using a digital testing system equipped with strain sensors. The results show the yield point, modulus of elasticity, and ultimate tensile strength differed between the two aluminum alloys. This information helps engineers select the best material based on the design criteria and requirements.
Apply Basic Scientific Principles And Techniques In Mechanical Engineering Si...Sheila Sinclair
The document discusses applying basic scientific principles and techniques in mechanical engineering situations. It begins by defining mechanical engineering and listing the core concepts and tasks involved. These include mechanics, kinematics, thermodynamics, materials science, and more. It then lists the specific scientific principles a mechanical engineer should understand, such as determining effects of loading in static systems, work and energy transfer in dynamic systems, parameters of fluid systems, and effects of energy transfer in thermodynamic systems. The document provides examples of applying these principles to solve mechanical engineering problems.
IRJET- Design & Development of Bending Fatigue Testing Machine for Composite ...IRJET Journal
1. The document describes the design of a bending fatigue testing machine for composite materials. It aims to provide a low-cost option for generating fatigue data of composites.
2. The machine was designed with a simple operating mechanism using a crank-linkage driven by a V-belt that applies alternating displacement on composite specimens clamped in bending. Strain gauges measure the force and compensate for temperature effects.
3. The machine will help engineers study the behavior of composite components subjected to bending loads, like airplane bodies, at a lower cost than existing commercial machines. This could generate fatigue data to evaluate composite designs.
IRJET-Design and Strength Analysis of a Tilting Mechanism for Steel StructuresIRJET Journal
1) The document describes the design of a tilting mechanism for steel beams that exit an extrusion process. The mechanism is needed to remove pickle liquor, which contains acids, from the beams' surfaces.
2) The designed mechanism uses 4 individual mechanisms connected to a conveyor belt to support the heavy weight of 12-13 steel beams at a time. Strength analysis using FEM modeling showed the mechanism can safely support up to 2.35 tons of weight.
3) The mechanism works by lifting and tilting the beams 90 degrees to drain off the maximum amount of pickle liquor. The document concludes the designed tilting mechanism is able to perform its intended function of removing liquid from the steel beams.
IRJET-Optimization of Geometrical Parameters of Single Point Cutting Tool to ...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing the geometrical parameters of a single point cutting tool to reduce stress and vibration during turning operations. Modal and harmonic analyses were performed to determine the tool's natural frequency range of 11384Hz to 45322Hz. Optimization found the minimum stress and vibration occurred with a horizontal and vertical cross-sectional dimension of 18.2mm, a back rack angle of 10.88°, side rack angle of 10.88°, end relief angle of 9.06°, end cutting angle of 27.2°, and side cutting edge angle of 13.6°. The optimal parameters can help reduce tool wear and extend the life of single point cutting tools.
Conceptual design and analysis of long span structuresAnupama Krishnan
This document discusses the conceptual design and analysis of long span structures. It describes various structural typologies used for long span roofs, including space structures, cable structures, membrane structures, and tension structures. It emphasizes that a knowledge-based conceptual design approach combined with theoretical, experimental, and monitoring analysis can help calibrate models and evaluate long-term structural performance and reliability. Experimental wind and snow loading analysis on scale models, as well as measurement and use of load time histories, are recommended to better understand load distributions on large structures.
This document reviews developments in cutting technology since the founding of CIRP over 50 years ago. Key developments include:
1) Cutting speeds have increased up to 8,000 m/min and machining accuracies have improved to 10 μm for conventional cutting and below 0.1 μm for ultraprecision cutting.
2) Superhard cutting tool materials now have hardness levels between 3,000-9,000 HV and toughness over 1,000 MPa. Coated tools allow fine-tuning to the workpiece.
3) Dry and near dry cutting is becoming more common, improving productivity by reducing non-productive times during machining.
This document discusses the challenges of manufacturing composite automotive parts within tolerance specifications. It presents computational techniques for predicting manufacturing-induced stresses and shape distortions in composite parts. The key techniques described are simulation of the complete manufacturing chain, including the curing process, to validate solutions for correcting distortions. Running simulations of the full process allows modifying parameters like temperature cycles or mold geometry in an iterative process to reduce distortions to acceptable levels. Accounting for all physics involved, like resin phase changes during curing, is important for accurate distortion prediction.
Support at the choice of solutions to the phase of preliminary design basedIAEME Publication
This document discusses using reliability analysis to help designers choose between direct-drive and geared-drive wind turbine concepts during preliminary design. It proposes:
1) Modeling the reliability of both concepts using Markov modeling by decomposing the systems into detailed components and defining failure and repair rates.
2) Qualifying the overall reliability models based on an assessment criterion like total cost that relates to the user needs driving the design.
3) Providing designers a tool to compare the concepts from a reliability perspective to inform preliminary design decisions. Vestas and Enercon wind turbines are used as examples for the geared and direct-drive technologies.
Support at the choice of solutions to the phase of preliminary design basedIAEME Publication
This document discusses reliability analysis methods to help inform the preliminary design choices between direct-drive and geared-drive wind turbine concepts. It first introduces Markov modeling to evaluate the reliability of systems. It then defines the main components of geared-drive and direct-drive wind turbines that will be analyzed. Finally, it proposes using reliability block diagrams and a three-state Markov model to evaluate and compare the reliability of the two concepts, with the aim of aiding preliminary design decisions.
Fabrication and Wear Behavior of Particulate Reinforced Metal Matrix Composit...IOSRJMCE
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Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
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1. * For correspondence.
25
Journal of the Balkan Tribological Association Vol. 20, No 1, 25–34 (2014)
Tribotechnics and tribomechanics
TRIBOMECHANICAL SYSTEMS IN DESIGN
B. STOJANOVIC*, L. IVANOVIC
Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, 6 Sestre Janjic Street,
34 000 Kragujevac, Serbia
E-mail: blaza@kg.ac.rs
ABSTRACT
The usual tribomechanical systems that are used in the process of development
design are presented in this paper. Complex processes of friction and wear at con-
tact surfaces are done within those tribomechanical systems.
The basic tribological characteristics of tribomechanical systems are fric-
tion and wear that are the main causes of system structure alteration, energy and
material losses. As natural processes, friction and wear depend on large number
of factors such as: system structure, exploitative conditions (speed and load), me-
chanical and chemical properties of material, lubrication characteristics, environ-
ment aggressiveness, temperature, topography of surfaces in contacts, mechani-
cal processing (pre- and post-processing) an so on.
The number of influential factors and complexity of their interactions in
which variation of one parameter caused chain alterations of different parameters
complicate the quantification of theirs influences. Those are the reasons for pres-
ent insufficiency of systematic information about tribological characteristics of
tribomechanical systems.
Keywords: tribomechanical systems, engineering design, friction, wear.
AIMS AND BACKGROUND
The developments in technical sciences were linked with production of techni-
cal systems, their evaluations, modifications and optimisations, so as production
processes and reparations. In the early stage of mechanical engineering the tech-
nical sciences such as theory of metal cutting, metal science, machining tools
and shipbuilding technology are developed. Construction and engineering design
2. 26
methodology were developed later. The scientific bases of technical systems de-
velopments are established in production processes at companies and represent
the sources of information for the different specialists after taking of serial pro-
duction processes. The typical examples of tight correlation between production
and science are the development and production of electronic computer systems,
also the development of cosmic sciences and cosmic technology.
Using of tribology knowledge in the project development procedures, con-
struction engineering and design procedures was minimum in relation to using
of the other technical knowledge. Tribological information was not required in
using and exploitation. The constructors focused on improvement of reliability
during exploitation and avoiding the failures while the wear was considered as
additional requirement. The capacity calculations of static and dynamic stabil-
ity and rigidity were considered for long period of time as relevant for reliable
and efficient functioning of machines in exploitation. For specific exploitative
conditions of machines, those calculations can be relative easy. Further techni-
cal and technological developments implicate the increase of power, speed and
load to improve the productivity. The machine systems functioned within strict
exploitative limits. At that time, constructors started to consider the causes of
failures and very often to cut the nominal resources of exploitation. The detailed
analysis started to implicate that common causes of failures were extensive wear
and tribological processes at vital elements of machines and its parts. This was
obvious especially at petroleum and liquefied petroleum gas industry, mining and
agricultural industry1–3
.
The problems related to improvement of the wear resistance of machine ele-
ments suddenly become very important, but they are still solved by load capacity
methods. In specific cases, the problem of improvement of the wear resistance is
solved by using the steel grades with higher hardness. The steels are considered
as the analogies for wear resistance. Later, the importance was given to lubricants
so the problems related to wear minimising were solved by the adequate choosing
of lubricants4
.
Long and difficult implementing of tribology knowledge in the mechanical
engineering construction sciences such as machine elements and machining tools
science can be explained in different ways and from different aspects. The nature
of the tribology basics is analysed, as a science discipline, by: mechanical engi-
neers, chemists, technologists, material engineers, physicists and other special-
ists, all from own specific aspect. This wideness of possible aspects of interest is
also very important characteristic of tribology due to its interdisciplinary nature.
At the same time, due to presented facts this science discipline was not used for
very long time because data and information obtained by fundamental researches
did not satisfy practical needs in projects development and construction5–7
.
3. 27
TRIBOMECHANICAL SYSTEMS
From the aspect of tribology adequate constructions, the basic functions execu-
tors that act on the principle of friction contacts at the elements with relative
motion are very important. Those basic functions executors are known in the
tribological theories as tribomechanical systems (TMS). At the zones of friction
contacts the complex, non stationary physical, chemical and mechanical process-
es are present and they are followed by friction and wear of contact surfaces. The
problems related to friction and wear present the problems of contact mechanics
acting, chemical processes in the friction zones and physical problems of dissipa-
tive processes at surface levers of contact surfaces.
Tribomechanical systems, as dynamic executors of elementary functions are
of special interest at conceptual and constructional stage of project development
because those tribomechanical systems determined the reliability of whole ma-
chine systems in 80% of failure causes. Furthermore, the qualities of construc-
tions are often identified by the qualities of its tribomechanical systems.
Many researches showed that the periods of functional ageing of machine
systems have been significantly longer that periods of allowed wear of system ele-
ments8–10
. Physical wear of elements (1.5÷2 years) runs faster than functional age-
ing (5÷10 years) of machine systems. The basic objective is equivalence between
functional ageing and allowable wearing. The basic objective of tribology is to
minimise the difference in lasting of those two time periods as soon as possible.
This is the fact why choosing and constructing of tribomechanical systems are of
high importance in conceptual and final construction forming.
TRIBOMECHANICAL SYSTEM AS ‘BLACK BOX’
The theory of system defines the system as entity of elements arranged structur-
ally and functionally with certain interactions. From this aspect, tribomechani-
cal systems are defined as entities that are functionally related to interactions of
contact surfaces which are in relate motion. The term ‘tribomechanical system’
referees to presence of tribological processes at the elements of the system, so as
to developments of mechanical interactions.
In technical, especially machine systems, the function of the system is pre-
sented by transformation of input values {X} to output values {Y}. In abstract and
very simplified description, the functions of different tribomechanical systems
are related to transformation of input values, for example, motion, mechanical
energy and material in positive and useful output values. The functional cause-
consequential relationships between input and output are followed by losses in
mechanical energy and material that are identified as friction and wear losses.
4. 28
By the basic cybernetic and systematic method that can be used for analyses
of unknown and very complex dynamic systems, the tribomechanical system can
be considered as ‘black box’ with input and output1,11
(Fig. 1).
The function as main characteristic of tribomechanical systems can be pre-
sented as relation between input and output values. It is impossible to obtain every
input to be beneficial, nor every output to be useful. Some inputs can be consid-
ered as disturbances that induce losses at the outputs. Those losses are not often
of the same nature as input value or useful output.
From the aspect of the adequate realisation of the elementary functions, the
losses in tribomechanical systems, especially losses for friction and wear, are of
the special interest for the analysis presented in this paper. The friction as process
that opposes to motion of the system elements determined the mechanical degree
of efficiency that is dominant factor for quantify the system ability to preserve
the energy in transmission. The wear as the process of material dissipation from
contact surfaces induced the alteration of the technical properties and alteration
of the function of system.
The acting of disturbances values induced the oscillatory movement that pro-
duced vibration and noise. The vibrations can be identified as periodic movement
of elements of tribomechanical systems with higher or lower frequencies or as
unsteady elastic deformations of elements. The energy of these oscillations is
transmitted to environment while the part of this energy with appropriate fre-
quency and amplitude is transmitted to acoustic environment so producing noise
with different levels of intensity.
Fig. 1. Tribomechanical system as ‘black box’
System
structure
Input
• Motions
• Energy
• Informations
• Materials
Disturbances
• Heat
• Vibrations
• Materials
Positive
• Motions
• Energy
• Informations
• Materials
Losses
• Due to friction
(heat, noises, vibrations)
• Wear products
{X}
{Y}
{Z}
5. 29
The fact that mechanical energy during friction can not be destroyed and just
turns to heat implicates the relation between thermal processes and tribology, es-
pecially if temperature alteration affects friction and wear. From this aspect, heat
influence to friction, wear and vibration process are defined.
The motion is the dominant input factor of every tribomechanical system. The
motion is followed by transmission of energy, material or information. In realisation
of defined elementary functions, the tribomechanical systems can alter the motion
speed or stop it. The tribomechanical systems can limit motions, and also, those
systems can reduce the number of degrees of freedom. In other cases, material in
motion, also, changes its structure and form. Tribomechanical system is also used
for generation and transformation of information. But, the fact is that in present
the usages of devices for generation of information with mechanical elements are
decreasing (replacement of mechanical clocks with electronic one, for example).
CLASSIFICATION OF TRIBOMECHANICAL SYSTEMS
The technical processing of elements in contact and motion enclosed very wide
range of application: from cosmic and aeronautic to biomechanical devices. From
that point of view, large number of tribomechanical systems that is used in the
construction process and the process of the realisation of those constructions
are normal consequences. The number of tribomechanical systems used in one
machine tool, car or industrial system is surprisingly high. In order to simplify
the identification and use of tribomechanical systems as the executors of basic
functions in conceptual stage of construction development and in construction
forming, the classification was done. In relation to function that performs and in
relation to the input values that transforms, following classification of tribome-
chanical systems can be done1,5,11,12
(Fig.2):
(a) transmission of motion,
(b) transmission of power,
(c) transmission of information,
(d) transfer and processing of material.
It is obvious that the presented classification is general and that it is useful to
subdivide it to more details. For example, the tribomechanical systems that trans-
mit motion can be further classified in one that transmits motion in transversal di-
rection (bearings), one that transmits motion in longitudinal direction (couplings),
linear direction (guides) or one that stops the motion (brakes). Information can be
produced and replicated. Material can be transferred, formed, processed, but also,
it can be cut13–15
.
By detailed analysis the tribomechanical systems can be classified in details.
The bearings can be of rolling or sliding type, but also, radial and axial. Power
transmitter can transmit power by form, but also by friction.
6. 30
On the basis of the presented classification, Table 1 is formed by the com-
monly used tribomechanical systems that are used at constructions. The classifi-
cation presented in Table 1 does not pretend to be final classification and it points
out to wide use of tribology in mechanical systems.
The classified tribomechanical systems are basic with simple hierarchy be-
cause they are used as executors of elementary functions. Those systems are
grouped in the higher level systems performed partial and main functions and
formed conception of tools, machines, transport devices and so on.
The classified tribomechanical systems are not equal in structure and in hier-
archy affiliation. The following rules are present:
1. Systems belong to different classes of complexity.
2. All the conditions (logical and empirical) of the low level system also ex-
ist in every higher level system that is formed in its turn of the low level system.
3. With rising of complexity level of the system, the number of unknown ele-
ments and undefined interactions that determine the function of the exact system,
also, rises.
Fig. 2. Basic types of tribomechanical systems
a – motion transmission; b – power transmission; c – information transmission; d – material pro-
cessing
a
c
b
d
7. 31
Table 1. Commonly used tribomechanical systems in design
Main input
value
Main output
value
The basic function of
system
Tribomechanical systems (TMS)
1 2 3 4
Motion +
energy
motion transmission of
rotation in transverse
direction
• slide bearings
• ball and cylindrical roller bearings
• needle roller bearing
• tapered roller bearing
• gyroscope bearings
• leading bearings
• ball-thread mechanisms
transmission of
rotation in longitudi-
nal direction
• flanges
• toothed joints
• groove joints
• polygonal joints
• conical joints
• collet joints
• line joints
• flexible joints
transmission of
linear motion
• slide guides
• rolling guides
motion braking • pad brakes
• tape brakes
• drum brakes
• friction absorber
• lock joints
power power transmission • spur gear transmitter
• cylindrical gear transmitter
• conical gear transmitter
• hypoid gear transmitter
• planetary gear transmitter
• worm transmitter
• chain transmitter
• belt transmitter
• flat belt transmitter
• friction transmitter
• planetary friction transmitter
• timing belt transmitter
• thread transmitter
• Cardan transmitters
• variators
• flexible shafts
• rope drive
• jack lift with wind spindle
• hydraulic transmitters
to be continued
8. 32
1 2 3 4
Motion +
energy
information production
of information
• clock mechanisms
• cam mechanisms
• curvature mechanisms
• eccentric mechanisms
• the Maltese cross mechanisms
• assemblies of the printing machines
• assemblies of the computer machines
• electro-contact mechanisms
reproduction of
information
• computer magnetic head
• device with contact rings
• sound players
• video players
material material movement • wheel -rail
• tire-road
• pipeline
• assemblies of conveyer
• bucket of bucket wheel excavator
regulation of mate-
rial flow
• fittings • filters
• valves • piston devices
material forming tool-material for:
• wire drawing • rolling
• deep drawing • casting
• punching • die casting
• slitting • parts of yarn
• bending machines
• extrusion • parts of weaving
• forging machines
material cutting different elements for:
• mineral excavation
• well drilling
• surface mining
• crushing
• digging
material processing tool-material for:
• cutting • inside
• separation scraping
processing • grinding
• cutting • lapping
• scraping • polishing
• milling • honing
• planing • sanding
• drilling • painting
Continuation of Table 1
9. 33
Gear transmitters are basic tribomechanical system due to its structure that
consisted of 2 separated gears and lubricant that separates those gears. Chain
transmitter is more complex due to its structure that consisted of many basic tri-
bomechanical systems: pin-bush-lubricant; bush-roller-lubricant; roller-sprocket
teeth-lubricant. The basic TMS in metal cutting is cutting tool–material–coolant
and lubricant, etc.
CONCLUSIONS
From the aspect of tribological processes analysis and forming of systematic in-
formation, the basic tribomechanical systems are of special interest. The tribolog-
ical processes occur at basic tribological systems that are composed of 2 elements
in contact in the presence of lubricant as a third element. Environment as a forth
element completed the structure of the basic tribomechanical system.
The analysis of the basic tribomechanical systems is of very significant
importance in the conceptual stage of the construction development, when the
elements and assemblies are defined and formed. Adequate construction is the
construction from the aspect of tribology and it requires analysis, forming and
dimensioning of every basic tribomechanical system that is included in structures
of complex tribomechanical systems. This fact is of primary importance at the
original tribomechanical system for which the quantity of relevant information is
insufficiently small.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This paper presents the research results obtained within the framework of a proj-
ect TR–35021, financially supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of
the Republic of Serbia.
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Received 29 September 2013
Revised 20 December 2013