This document summarizes a PhD thesis on trends in utility affordability and the impacts of state utility concession policies in Victoria, Australia. Key points include:
- Utility prices for water, electricity, and gas have generally increased from 1998-2013 across Australian cities.
- Certain household types like single parents and renters face higher rates of utility burden and affordability stress.
- Preliminary results show the percentage of households under financial stress from utilities has decreased from 2001-2007, though certain groups remain vulnerable.
- Analysis of Victoria's utility concession policies shows they reduce expenditures and burden for recipient households and generally target benefits to lower income groups, though some higher income households also benefit.
Economic Impacts of Extreme Weather Events on Farm Households: Evidence from ...anucrawfordphd
1) The document analyzes the economic impacts of extreme weather events like floods and droughts on farm households in Thailand.
2) It finds that crop income is highly sensitive to rainfall shocks, but households are able to smooth consumption to some degree. Having savings and non-farm income helps households cope with risks.
3) The effects of rainfall shocks vary across households based on their assets and livelihoods. Wealthier households with more diverse income sources are better able to cope with extreme weather impacts.
Output Composition of the Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism: Is Australi...anucrawfordphd
This document analyzes differences in how monetary policy transmission mechanisms impact output composition in Australia compared to the Euro area and US. It uses VAR models and impulse response analysis on quarterly data from 1982-2007 to examine responses of consumption, investment, housing investment, durable consumption, and other GDP components to interest rate changes. Results show Australia's investment channel is stronger, while the Euro area and US channels are similar. This is largely attributable to stronger housing investment responses in Australia and the US, and Australia having a higher investment share of GDP than the US.
1) The document analyzes how health care financing systems, payment methods, and public/private roles impact health care expenditures (HCE) across countries.
2) It finds that tax-based systems have lower HCE than social security/insurance systems, and global budgeting and capitation payments are linked to lower costs than fee-for-service.
3) Over time, the effect of increased public financing on HCE has declined, though remains significant, while factors like urbanization and technology growth contribute to rising HCE.
Household energy, water vulnerability in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan: What we h...UNDP Eurasia
UNDP Presentation - Third Inter-Agency Conference on Regional Coordination and Compound Risks in Central Asia, 14 April 2011,
Ben Slay, Senior economist,
UNDP Bureau for Europe and CIS
The dynamics of social assistance benefit receiptOECD
Comparative evidence on the receipt of minimum-income benefits discussion of empirical assessment of state dependence / "scarring effects" in benefit receipt
KEYNOTE - Pezon - Trends in financing sustainabilityIRC
This document discusses financing sustainable water services and associated trends and challenges. It analyzes sources of financing including international development aid, taxes, and tariffs. Trends show increasing aid to low-income countries but declining aid for basic sanitation and water projects. Challenges include reducing dependence on subsidies as financial resources decline and improving efficiency while ensuring long-term sustainability of services through consistent cost sharing between stakeholders.
This document summarizes the proposed budget for the Greenwich Township School District for the 2010-2011 school year. It outlines the budget goals of continuing emphasis on curriculum, instruction, technology, and staff development. It also reviews revenues, expenditures, state aid amounts, the local tax levy analysis, and cost saving measures for the district.
On Tuesday 21 July 2020, Barra Roantree presented the findings from the report 'Income adequacy in retirement: Evidence from the Irish longitudinal study on ageing (TILDA)' in a live webinar.
The full report can be read here: https://www.esri.ie/publications/income-adequacy-in-retirement-evidence-from-the-irish-longitudinal-study-on-ageing
A video of the webinar is available to watch here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0lU8LjpoyU&t=1205s
Economic Impacts of Extreme Weather Events on Farm Households: Evidence from ...anucrawfordphd
1) The document analyzes the economic impacts of extreme weather events like floods and droughts on farm households in Thailand.
2) It finds that crop income is highly sensitive to rainfall shocks, but households are able to smooth consumption to some degree. Having savings and non-farm income helps households cope with risks.
3) The effects of rainfall shocks vary across households based on their assets and livelihoods. Wealthier households with more diverse income sources are better able to cope with extreme weather impacts.
Output Composition of the Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism: Is Australi...anucrawfordphd
This document analyzes differences in how monetary policy transmission mechanisms impact output composition in Australia compared to the Euro area and US. It uses VAR models and impulse response analysis on quarterly data from 1982-2007 to examine responses of consumption, investment, housing investment, durable consumption, and other GDP components to interest rate changes. Results show Australia's investment channel is stronger, while the Euro area and US channels are similar. This is largely attributable to stronger housing investment responses in Australia and the US, and Australia having a higher investment share of GDP than the US.
1) The document analyzes how health care financing systems, payment methods, and public/private roles impact health care expenditures (HCE) across countries.
2) It finds that tax-based systems have lower HCE than social security/insurance systems, and global budgeting and capitation payments are linked to lower costs than fee-for-service.
3) Over time, the effect of increased public financing on HCE has declined, though remains significant, while factors like urbanization and technology growth contribute to rising HCE.
Household energy, water vulnerability in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan: What we h...UNDP Eurasia
UNDP Presentation - Third Inter-Agency Conference on Regional Coordination and Compound Risks in Central Asia, 14 April 2011,
Ben Slay, Senior economist,
UNDP Bureau for Europe and CIS
The dynamics of social assistance benefit receiptOECD
Comparative evidence on the receipt of minimum-income benefits discussion of empirical assessment of state dependence / "scarring effects" in benefit receipt
KEYNOTE - Pezon - Trends in financing sustainabilityIRC
This document discusses financing sustainable water services and associated trends and challenges. It analyzes sources of financing including international development aid, taxes, and tariffs. Trends show increasing aid to low-income countries but declining aid for basic sanitation and water projects. Challenges include reducing dependence on subsidies as financial resources decline and improving efficiency while ensuring long-term sustainability of services through consistent cost sharing between stakeholders.
This document summarizes the proposed budget for the Greenwich Township School District for the 2010-2011 school year. It outlines the budget goals of continuing emphasis on curriculum, instruction, technology, and staff development. It also reviews revenues, expenditures, state aid amounts, the local tax levy analysis, and cost saving measures for the district.
On Tuesday 21 July 2020, Barra Roantree presented the findings from the report 'Income adequacy in retirement: Evidence from the Irish longitudinal study on ageing (TILDA)' in a live webinar.
The full report can be read here: https://www.esri.ie/publications/income-adequacy-in-retirement-evidence-from-the-irish-longitudinal-study-on-ageing
A video of the webinar is available to watch here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0lU8LjpoyU&t=1205s
The fiscal sustainability of long-term care and its impact on health systems ...OECD Governance
This presentation was made by Tim Muir, OECD, at the 4th meeting of the Joint DELSA/GOV-SBO Network on Fiscal Sustainability of Health Systems, held in Paris on 16-17 February 2015.
Town Hall Meeting, hosted by Congressman Jim Moran, Alexandria, VA July 28, 2008
Presented by:
David M. Walker, President and CEO, The Peter G. Peterson Foundation and Former Comptroller General of the United States
The Future in Mind: Aspirations and Forward-Looking Behaviour in Rural Ethiopiaessp2
Africa Meeting of the Econometric Society
June 29 – July 1, 2017
Ecole Supérieure de Banque, Algiers
Tanguy Bernard (Bordeaux/IFPRI) Stefan Dercon (Oxford)
Kate Orkin (Oxford) Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse (IFPRI)
Ageing: Fiscal implications and policy responses -- Chris James, OECDOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Chris James, OECD Secretariat, at the 6th Meeting of the Joint OECD DELSA-GOV Network on Fiscal Sustainability of Health Systems, held at the OECD Conference Centre, Paris, on 18-19 September 2017
The document is a term project analyzing the health of U.S. household consumer finances using data from the 2007 Survey of Consumer Finances. It examines household income, net worth, assets, and debt. The analysis finds that median income increased while mean income decreased, indicating a wider income distribution. Income is influenced by factors like age, education, and race. Those with college degrees earn much more than those with only high school diplomas. White households earn almost double what non-white or Hispanic households earn. The analysis also looks at different types of household debt like housing debt, education debt, and credit card balances.
o14 WIAM - Addressing the challenges that lie ahead v0Joey Loke
This document discusses the challenges facing water infrastructure asset management in Australia. Major investments over the past decade have increased operating costs for maintaining assets. With financial constraints, the priority will be optimizing existing assets over new capital projects. Population growth and climate variability increase uncertainty, while aging assets require more maintenance. Rising costs threaten affordability. Asset managers must balance service, costs and sustainability as the industry shifts from expanding to maintaining infrastructure.
The role of transaction costs in 'cash versus food' debateessp2
Kalle Hirvonen, IFPRI, Ethiopia Strategy Support Program (ESSP)
with John Hoddinott, Cornell University
Nordic Conference in Development Economics, Gothenburg, June 2017
The Pennsylvania state budget for 2017-18 authorized $2 billion more in spending than estimated revenues, leaving a budget gap. Negotiations to raise recurring revenues broke down without a deal. The spending plan allows spending until funds run out next spring, at which point cuts may be required without new revenues. Total education spending increased by $442 million (3.4%), with increases for basic education, special education, and early childhood programs, while career and technical education funding remained flat for the eighth straight year.
Financing public health in India is a vital challenge. As a response, the Union government transfers funds to the lower tiers of government, specifically meant to improve the public health services. The stated goal of specific transfers is to ensure that at least certain minimum standards of healthcare are achieved all across the country. However, our analysis of this category of funds in the period 2005 to 2015 highlights several problems that make this goal difficult to achieve.
First, the transfers are poorly targeted, as these are not linked to health indicators. Instead, such transfers by and large tend to be incremental. Second, the specific purpose transfer system has not been very helpful in offsetting the fiscal disabilities of the poorer states. Third, there is evidence to suggest that States substitute grants received from the Union government for their own spending with the result that there has not been a commensurate increase in overall spending on healthcare.
Where does your tax dollars go? Who pays federal taxes? What are tax expenditures? We explain the U.S. federal tax system in a few easy-to-understand charts. See more resources at http://www.fixthedebt.org/tax-reform-resource-page
This document summarizes a study examining Ethiopian farmers' perceived impact of advice from agricultural extension agents. The study finds:
1) There is a positive perceived impact of most extension agent advice on both crop yields and income. However, the effectiveness of different types of advice depends on farmer and farm characteristics.
2) Advice on fertilizer use has a greater impact on crop yields than income, possibly because of cost factors. Some advice works better in drought-affected areas while other advice is more effective in non-drought areas.
3) A farmer's level of education increases their ability to implement advice effectively. The impact of advice also varies according to individual and farm characteristics.
Microsimulation as a tool to integrated SDG-based development planningMicrosi...UNDP Policy Centre
The IPC-IG’s Research Coordinator, Rafael Osório, participated in the Inter-Regional Workshop Experiences and Lessons Learned from ECOSOC National Voluntary Presentations, held in Kingston, Jamaica, from 2 to 4 December.
Mr. Osório joined the painel “Economy-wide modelling and microsimulation to inform development policy”, which aimed at discussing the experience of the specific application of these methodologies and at identifying issues that can be used in future applications. Mr. Osório delivered a presentation on “Microsimulation as a tool to integrated SDG-based development planning”.
This document is a thesis submitted by Jessica Clark to the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree in Applied Economics. The thesis examines the relationship between income inequality and health indicators in the United States at the county level from 2006 to 2010, a period that includes the Great Recession. The thesis provides background on rising income inequality in the US and reviews previous literature finding links between inequality and poorer health outcomes. The objective is to re-examine this relationship at the county level and during a time of economic crisis to add new insights to the topic. The thesis presents data sources and methodology for analyzing the relationship while controlling for other factors.
‘Putting a Value On It’. The value that New Zealand educational entrepreneurs...anucrawfordphd
The document discusses a study on the value created by social entrepreneurs in New Zealand's educational system. It defines social entrepreneurship and examines how educational entrepreneurs plan to improve welfare. The researcher interviewed 9 sponsors of partnership schools to understand the value they aim to create through innovative strategies. The sponsors seek to provide education tailored to underserved groups' needs and address wider factors impacting achievement. The findings suggest educational entrepreneurs could improve disadvantaged students' outcomes through new combinations of resources.
Social capital and campaign participation in Australia: the curious role of NESBanucrawfordphd
1) The study examines how being from a non-English speaking background (NESB) affects social capital and political participation in Australia.
2) It finds that NESB individuals have higher levels of social capital, such as interacting with people from different ethnic/cultural backgrounds online. However, higher social capital does not fully explain their greater offline political participation.
3) The study uses survey data to compare social capital and participation between those born in English-speaking countries and NESB. It finds NESB individuals are more likely to engage in certain offline political acts, even after controlling for social capital and other factors.
Facing our demons: Do mindfulness skills help people deal with failure at work?anucrawfordphd
The document summarizes research on whether mindfulness skills help people cope with failure at work. Three studies were conducted among university students to test if mindfulness interventions facilitated more adaptive coping behaviors. The results showed that for individuals reporting high levels of perceived stress, mindfulness predicted less avoidance coping and greater approach coping. Specifically, brief mindfulness inductions led to less avoidance coping. Additionally, a mindfulness acceptance induction led to greater approach coping. Thus, the research suggests mindfulness can help people cope more adaptively with stress and failures, especially for those experiencing high stress.
This document discusses the lack of data on non-state healthcare providers in fragile states. It notes that while non-state providers play an important role, there is little research quantifying their contributions. The author plans to help address this "great void" by conducting fieldwork in Burma, Timor-Leste, and Cambodia to qualitatively assess healthcare provision at the margins of fragile states using a health systems framework. Understanding non-state providers is important for developing effective policy around universal access and regulation within pluralistic healthcare systems.
Pareto Improvements under Matching Mechanisms in a Public Good Economy (discu...anucrawfordphd
This document summarizes and discusses the paper "Pareto Improvements under Matching Mechanisms in a Public Good Economy" presented on November 4, 2013. The paper models voluntary public good provision as a two-stage matching game and finds conditions where Pareto-improving equilibria always exist compared to Nash equilibria without matching. The discussant notes that the results are clearly visualized but questions whether the findings apply to the real world and if two matching equilibria could be compared in terms of Pareto improvements.
The Impact of large price increase on welfare and poverty in Bangladesh (disc...anucrawfordphd
The document discusses the impact of large price increases on welfare and poverty in Bangladesh. It presents a model to examine how changes in expenditures from price increases are related to adult equivalent expenditures and other demographic factors. The results show first round losses in entitlements that vary by household type, and second round changes in consumption and production up to 17% of first round impacts. Higher expenditures had a positive effect, though the impact was quadratic and varied between agricultural and non-agricultural households. While price rises increased poverty gaps, they did not increase overall poverty incidence. Suggestions are made to better capture expenditures and consumption changes, and how people might cope with price increases through substitution.
The fiscal sustainability of long-term care and its impact on health systems ...OECD Governance
This presentation was made by Tim Muir, OECD, at the 4th meeting of the Joint DELSA/GOV-SBO Network on Fiscal Sustainability of Health Systems, held in Paris on 16-17 February 2015.
Town Hall Meeting, hosted by Congressman Jim Moran, Alexandria, VA July 28, 2008
Presented by:
David M. Walker, President and CEO, The Peter G. Peterson Foundation and Former Comptroller General of the United States
The Future in Mind: Aspirations and Forward-Looking Behaviour in Rural Ethiopiaessp2
Africa Meeting of the Econometric Society
June 29 – July 1, 2017
Ecole Supérieure de Banque, Algiers
Tanguy Bernard (Bordeaux/IFPRI) Stefan Dercon (Oxford)
Kate Orkin (Oxford) Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse (IFPRI)
Ageing: Fiscal implications and policy responses -- Chris James, OECDOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Chris James, OECD Secretariat, at the 6th Meeting of the Joint OECD DELSA-GOV Network on Fiscal Sustainability of Health Systems, held at the OECD Conference Centre, Paris, on 18-19 September 2017
The document is a term project analyzing the health of U.S. household consumer finances using data from the 2007 Survey of Consumer Finances. It examines household income, net worth, assets, and debt. The analysis finds that median income increased while mean income decreased, indicating a wider income distribution. Income is influenced by factors like age, education, and race. Those with college degrees earn much more than those with only high school diplomas. White households earn almost double what non-white or Hispanic households earn. The analysis also looks at different types of household debt like housing debt, education debt, and credit card balances.
o14 WIAM - Addressing the challenges that lie ahead v0Joey Loke
This document discusses the challenges facing water infrastructure asset management in Australia. Major investments over the past decade have increased operating costs for maintaining assets. With financial constraints, the priority will be optimizing existing assets over new capital projects. Population growth and climate variability increase uncertainty, while aging assets require more maintenance. Rising costs threaten affordability. Asset managers must balance service, costs and sustainability as the industry shifts from expanding to maintaining infrastructure.
The role of transaction costs in 'cash versus food' debateessp2
Kalle Hirvonen, IFPRI, Ethiopia Strategy Support Program (ESSP)
with John Hoddinott, Cornell University
Nordic Conference in Development Economics, Gothenburg, June 2017
The Pennsylvania state budget for 2017-18 authorized $2 billion more in spending than estimated revenues, leaving a budget gap. Negotiations to raise recurring revenues broke down without a deal. The spending plan allows spending until funds run out next spring, at which point cuts may be required without new revenues. Total education spending increased by $442 million (3.4%), with increases for basic education, special education, and early childhood programs, while career and technical education funding remained flat for the eighth straight year.
Financing public health in India is a vital challenge. As a response, the Union government transfers funds to the lower tiers of government, specifically meant to improve the public health services. The stated goal of specific transfers is to ensure that at least certain minimum standards of healthcare are achieved all across the country. However, our analysis of this category of funds in the period 2005 to 2015 highlights several problems that make this goal difficult to achieve.
First, the transfers are poorly targeted, as these are not linked to health indicators. Instead, such transfers by and large tend to be incremental. Second, the specific purpose transfer system has not been very helpful in offsetting the fiscal disabilities of the poorer states. Third, there is evidence to suggest that States substitute grants received from the Union government for their own spending with the result that there has not been a commensurate increase in overall spending on healthcare.
Where does your tax dollars go? Who pays federal taxes? What are tax expenditures? We explain the U.S. federal tax system in a few easy-to-understand charts. See more resources at http://www.fixthedebt.org/tax-reform-resource-page
This document summarizes a study examining Ethiopian farmers' perceived impact of advice from agricultural extension agents. The study finds:
1) There is a positive perceived impact of most extension agent advice on both crop yields and income. However, the effectiveness of different types of advice depends on farmer and farm characteristics.
2) Advice on fertilizer use has a greater impact on crop yields than income, possibly because of cost factors. Some advice works better in drought-affected areas while other advice is more effective in non-drought areas.
3) A farmer's level of education increases their ability to implement advice effectively. The impact of advice also varies according to individual and farm characteristics.
Microsimulation as a tool to integrated SDG-based development planningMicrosi...UNDP Policy Centre
The IPC-IG’s Research Coordinator, Rafael Osório, participated in the Inter-Regional Workshop Experiences and Lessons Learned from ECOSOC National Voluntary Presentations, held in Kingston, Jamaica, from 2 to 4 December.
Mr. Osório joined the painel “Economy-wide modelling and microsimulation to inform development policy”, which aimed at discussing the experience of the specific application of these methodologies and at identifying issues that can be used in future applications. Mr. Osório delivered a presentation on “Microsimulation as a tool to integrated SDG-based development planning”.
This document is a thesis submitted by Jessica Clark to the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree in Applied Economics. The thesis examines the relationship between income inequality and health indicators in the United States at the county level from 2006 to 2010, a period that includes the Great Recession. The thesis provides background on rising income inequality in the US and reviews previous literature finding links between inequality and poorer health outcomes. The objective is to re-examine this relationship at the county level and during a time of economic crisis to add new insights to the topic. The thesis presents data sources and methodology for analyzing the relationship while controlling for other factors.
‘Putting a Value On It’. The value that New Zealand educational entrepreneurs...anucrawfordphd
The document discusses a study on the value created by social entrepreneurs in New Zealand's educational system. It defines social entrepreneurship and examines how educational entrepreneurs plan to improve welfare. The researcher interviewed 9 sponsors of partnership schools to understand the value they aim to create through innovative strategies. The sponsors seek to provide education tailored to underserved groups' needs and address wider factors impacting achievement. The findings suggest educational entrepreneurs could improve disadvantaged students' outcomes through new combinations of resources.
Social capital and campaign participation in Australia: the curious role of NESBanucrawfordphd
1) The study examines how being from a non-English speaking background (NESB) affects social capital and political participation in Australia.
2) It finds that NESB individuals have higher levels of social capital, such as interacting with people from different ethnic/cultural backgrounds online. However, higher social capital does not fully explain their greater offline political participation.
3) The study uses survey data to compare social capital and participation between those born in English-speaking countries and NESB. It finds NESB individuals are more likely to engage in certain offline political acts, even after controlling for social capital and other factors.
Facing our demons: Do mindfulness skills help people deal with failure at work?anucrawfordphd
The document summarizes research on whether mindfulness skills help people cope with failure at work. Three studies were conducted among university students to test if mindfulness interventions facilitated more adaptive coping behaviors. The results showed that for individuals reporting high levels of perceived stress, mindfulness predicted less avoidance coping and greater approach coping. Specifically, brief mindfulness inductions led to less avoidance coping. Additionally, a mindfulness acceptance induction led to greater approach coping. Thus, the research suggests mindfulness can help people cope more adaptively with stress and failures, especially for those experiencing high stress.
This document discusses the lack of data on non-state healthcare providers in fragile states. It notes that while non-state providers play an important role, there is little research quantifying their contributions. The author plans to help address this "great void" by conducting fieldwork in Burma, Timor-Leste, and Cambodia to qualitatively assess healthcare provision at the margins of fragile states using a health systems framework. Understanding non-state providers is important for developing effective policy around universal access and regulation within pluralistic healthcare systems.
Pareto Improvements under Matching Mechanisms in a Public Good Economy (discu...anucrawfordphd
This document summarizes and discusses the paper "Pareto Improvements under Matching Mechanisms in a Public Good Economy" presented on November 4, 2013. The paper models voluntary public good provision as a two-stage matching game and finds conditions where Pareto-improving equilibria always exist compared to Nash equilibria without matching. The discussant notes that the results are clearly visualized but questions whether the findings apply to the real world and if two matching equilibria could be compared in terms of Pareto improvements.
The Impact of large price increase on welfare and poverty in Bangladesh (disc...anucrawfordphd
The document discusses the impact of large price increases on welfare and poverty in Bangladesh. It presents a model to examine how changes in expenditures from price increases are related to adult equivalent expenditures and other demographic factors. The results show first round losses in entitlements that vary by household type, and second round changes in consumption and production up to 17% of first round impacts. Higher expenditures had a positive effect, though the impact was quadratic and varied between agricultural and non-agricultural households. While price rises increased poverty gaps, they did not increase overall poverty incidence. Suggestions are made to better capture expenditures and consumption changes, and how people might cope with price increases through substitution.
Applying reinforcement learning to single and multi-agent economic problemsanucrawfordphd
This document discusses applying reinforcement learning techniques to economic problems. It provides an overview of reinforcement learning and how it can be used to learn optimal policies for problems modeled as Markov decision processes. As an example, it discusses how reinforcement learning can be applied to learn policies for single-agent and multi-agent water storage problems. It also describes some specific reinforcement learning algorithms like fitted Q-iteration that are well-suited for economic problems.
Marital assimilation of Central Java people in separate destinations: Investi...anucrawfordphd
This document summarizes a study investigating patterns of exogamous marriage and status exchange among people from Central Java who migrate to two destinations: BBK and JMR. The study analyzed census data on married couples, measuring assimilation by ethno-migration status and ethnicity. Preliminary results found that percentages of Central Java people in exogamous marriages varied across destinations and measures. Central Java people were more likely than other groups to intermarry with locals. Education positively impacted exogamous marriage likelihood. Educational homogamy, not status exchange, dominated patterns of inter-marriage for Central Java migrants.
Revenue efforts in mineral producing districts In Indonesia: is there a resou...anucrawfordphd
This document summarizes a study that examines the impact of natural resource endowment on local revenue effort in mineral producing districts in Indonesia. The study aims to test whether natural resource revenues negatively impact own tax revenue, as suggested by the "resource curse" hypothesis. The analysis uses data from 302 mineral districts over 2001-2012. Results found that natural resource wealth does not discourage revenue effort. However, larger forest size, a proxy for forestry resources, was found to negatively impact revenue effort. Unrestricted fiscal transfers were found to positively correlate with revenue effort and not act as substitutes, but their presence may increase dependence. The study concludes that diversifying local revenue sources is important for quality public services.
This document presents a theoretical model analyzing the optimal regulatory regime for state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in a transition economy like China. It discusses two types of regulatory regimes: an integrated regime with fewer regulators and concentrated power, and a separated regime with more regulators and dispersed power. The model examines how the choice of regulatory regime, level of competition faced by SOEs, and potential for collusion between regulators and SOEs impact the state's objectives. It hypothesizes that a separated regime reduces collusion but also regulatory effort, while an integrated regime increases effort but also risk of collusion, with higher competition favoring an integrated regime by discouraging collusion.
Could order and ambition emerge from the fragmented climate governance complex?anucrawfordphd
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Small states, big effects? Oil price shocks and economic growth in small isla...anucrawfordphd
Small States, Big Effects? analyzes the impact of oil price shocks on economic growth in small island developing states (SIDS). The document contains the following key points:
1) Previous studies have found that oil price increases reduce GDP in oil-importing countries, but their effect on SIDS is unclear and may contradict theories.
2) The empirical analysis of 7 SIDS from 1980-2012 finds that oil price increases generally have a positive effect on real GDP growth, even after controlling for global GDP, oil intensity, and fiscal policy.
3) Oil price shocks unambiguously increase consumer prices in all 7 SIDS economies. Exchange rates also adjust differently based on whether the country is an oil exporter or importer
Water affordability and state water concessions in Australiaanucrawfordphd
This document summarizes the key points from a PhD presentation on water affordability and state water concessions in Australia. It finds that single parents, renters, and those living in flats or rural areas are most vulnerable to water affordability issues. It also finds both horizontal and vertical inequities in eligibility criteria and benefits across state water concession programs. Specifically, large households are disadvantaged and many poor households are not eligible for concessions. The targeting efficiency of "category-based" concessions is low, and significant savings could be achieved with a switch to need-based targeting.
Pareto Improvements under Matching Mechanisms in a Public Good Economyanucrawfordphd
1) The document discusses how matching mechanisms can be used to provide public goods in a voluntary contribution system. It focuses on whether small matching rates can lead to Pareto-improving equilibria.
2) It presents a model with two players who value private and public goods differently and have initial incomes. It defines Nash, matching, and Pareto-improving equilibria in this setting.
3) The results show that as long as the income difference between players is not too large, lying within a "neutrality zone", there always exist small matching rates that can generate Pareto-improving outcomes compared to the initial Nash equilibrium.
Is men’s out-migration empowering women farmers in rural Nepal?anucrawfordphd
The document discusses a study on whether men's out-migration from rural areas empowers women farmers left behind. The study was conducted in three districts in Nepal, interviewing 326 households, half of which were women-headed. It measured women's empowerment using a Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index across five domains. The results found that the proportion of empowered women was higher in women-headed households than men-headed households. Additionally, longer-term male migration and higher economic activity was associated with greater women's empowerment. The presence of men in households did not necessarily endanger women's empowerment. Thus, male out-migration does not always lead to women-headed households but can boost empowerment through
Global public goods and coalition formation under matching mechanisms (discus...anucrawfordphd
This discussant provides comments on a paper about coalition formation for global public goods. The discussant summarizes the two-stage game model, where players first choose a coalition and then contribute to a public good. The discussant notes that coalition formation depends on income distribution and the matching rate between coalition contributions. Higher matching rates and incomes favor coalition formation. The discussant suggests introducing idiosyncratic public good preferences to model differences between players. Overall, the discussant finds the paper offers useful insights but could be strengthened by explicitly modeling the coalition choice stage and exploring policy implications of preference differences.
The document analyzes the relationship between mental health, economic engagement, and disadvantage among Australian youth. It finds that disadvantaged youth experience poorer mental health and greater economic inactivity. Poor mental health is correlated with lower economic engagement, but only for disadvantaged youth. This suggests mental health may be an important factor in the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage.
Does Humanitarian Aid Crowd Out Development Aid? A Dynamic Panel Data Analysi...anucrawfordphd
This document summarizes a discussion of a paper that examines whether humanitarian aid crowds out development aid using dynamic panel data analysis. The discussant notes that the paper found a small crowding-in effect of humanitarian aid on development aid, contrary to expectations. Issues raised for consideration include the channels through which humanitarian aid may impact development aid, differences in how countries define and report humanitarian aid expenditures, and potential methodological issues around the use of a gravity model framework, treatment of zero values, endogeneity, and choice of instruments.
Giving rights to nature: A new institutional approach for overcoming social d...anucrawfordphd
This document outlines a presentation on giving legal rights to nature as a new approach to overcoming social dilemmas. It discusses using the Whanganui River in New Zealand as a case study. The river was granted the legal status of a person and given legal rights through the Te Awa Tupua Act. This established a new governance framework where the river is represented by guardians from both the Crown and local iwi, advised by representatives from local iwi and authorities. The aim is to improve river health and wellbeing by addressing issues from both ecological and indigenous perspectives through this new rights-based institutional arrangement.
The document provides an overview and analysis of global progress towards the Sustainable Energy for All initiative's objectives of universal energy access, increasing the share of renewable energy, and improving energy efficiency by 2030. It finds that while access to electricity and clean cooking fuels has increased significantly since 1990, over 1 billion and 2.8 billion people still lack access, respectively. Renewable energy consumption has grown in absolute terms but its share of the global energy mix has only increased modestly. Non-conventional renewables like solar and wind have experienced strong growth driven by policy support and finance. Most progress is still needed in Africa and developing Asia to achieve universal access goals by 2030.
The project involves finding the intersection between major global economic and social challenges and business’s unique ability to resolve them. It is about creating value – value that endures -- through an interconnected system of stakeholders where business takes the lead
Energy Efficiency and Household Behavior: The Rebound Effect in the Residenti...nilskok
This document summarizes a study that examines the rebound effect for residential heating in the Netherlands. The study uses a large panel dataset containing actual gas consumption and predicted consumption based on dwelling characteristics for over 500,000 dwellings from 2008-2011. It finds an average rebound effect of 27% for homeowners and 41% for tenants, meaning improved efficiency leads to increased heating consumption that offsets about a quarter to over a third of expected energy savings. The rebound effect is found to vary based on household income and wealth, with higher income households exhibiting a larger rebound.
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Trend of Utility Affordability and Impacts of State Utility Concessions in Victoria
1. Trend of Utility Affordability and
Impacts of State Utility Concessions in
Victoria
PhD(Public Policy) (work in progress)
Crawford PhD Conference 2013
4 November 2013
Noel Wai Wah CHAN
Supervisor panel:
Prof. Quentin Grafton, Dr Hoa Nguyen, Dr Karen Hussey,
Prof Michael Ward (advisor), Dr David Stanton (advisor)
4. Water price trends
Note: Consumer price index water and sewerage series,
deflated by the consumer price index for all groups at major Australian cities.
Source: ABS, Consumer price index, Cat. No. 6401.0
4
5. Electricity price trends
Note: Consumer price index electricity series,
deflated by the consumer price index for all groups at major Australian cities.
Source: ABS, Consumer price index, Cat. No. 6401.0
5
6. Gas price trends
Note: Consumer price index gas series,
deflated by the consumer price index for all groups at major Australian cities.
Source: ABS, Consumer price index, Cat. No. 6401.0
6
7. Change of real price index (1998 to 2013)
Water
Electricity
Gas
Sydney
42%
102%
65%
Melbourne
71%
72%
50%
Brisbane
85%
71%
80%
Adelaide
62%
96%
69%
Perth
33%
24%
86%
Hobart
33%
66%
32%
Darwin
111%
44%
31%
Canberra
88%
73%
69%
Australia
59%
78%
60%
Note: Consumer price index, deflated by the consumer price index for all groups at major Australian cities.
Source: ABS, Consumer price index, Cat. No. 6401.0
7
8. Distribution of water and energy expenses among
Australian households (2009-10)
Household Income Quintile
Q1
Mean gross household
income per week (AUD$)
367
Q2
785
Q3
1327
Q4
2,024
Q5
3,937
Average
1,688
Energy supply – domestic fuel and power (includes purchase of wood, heating oil etc)
2009-10
$/week
22.34
28.11
31.44
36.55
44.21
32.52
4.00
3.45
2.69
2.47
2.05
2.63
$/week
4.89
6.32
7.97
9.53
12.26
8.19
% expenditure
0.87
0.78
0.68
0.64
0.57
0.66
27.23
34.43
39.41
46.08
56.47
40.71
4.87
4.23
3.37
3.11
2.62
3.29
% expenditure
Water and sewage service
2009-10
Total energy and water
2009-10
$/week
% expenditure
Source: ABS Household Expenditure Survey (2011)
8
10. Victoria State utility concession policy
Water concession
Energy concession
Main and non-main water
concession
- 50% on water consumption,
sewerage disposal and service
charge up to a maximum annual
cap
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Annual Energy Concession
Winter Energy Concession
Off-peak concession
Service to Property Concession
Medical Cooling Concession
Life support concession
Electricity Transfer concession
10
11. Research Questions
• What is the trend of utility affordability?
Increasing, decreasing, or unchanged?
• Who are the vulnerable groups with risk of utility
affordability problem?
• What are the impacts of State utility concession
to address utility affordability problem?
• Whether the utility concession policy effectively
target the vulnerable groups?
11
12. Theoretical Framework: Affordability analysis
• Affordability Utility-burden ratio (rh) (OECD 2003)
– Actual expenditure as a proportion of household income
• ‘Excessive burden’ if its expenditure share for utilities exceed
the critical ‘burden-threshold’ level r u
• Head count index (HI) is the fraction of households with rh ≥ r u
where N is the total number of households,
1(.) equals one if its argument is true, zero otherwise
12
13. Theoretical Framework - Benchmark
• UK Affordability benchmark
– 3% for water (Breisach 2004; DEFRA 2012)
– 10 % for energy (electricity and gas) (Boardman 1991; Fankhauser
and Tepic 2007)
– 13% for utility (total water and energy)
• Bottom 40% of the income distribution (equivalised
disposable household income) (Harding 2004)
– Exclude non-poor households who consume large amount of water
and energy (i.e. over-consumption)
13
14. Theoretical Framework:
Evaluation of Concession policy
(i) Change of utility burden ratio for concession HHs
(ii) Targeting analysis (Sumarto and Suryahadi 2001)
Utility burden ratio and Poverty status
High utility burden &
Low utility burden
poor household
ratio / non-poor
(bottom 40% of income
household
distribution)
Concession
State utility
concession
program
HHs
Success
targeting
Inclusion error
(leakage)
Non-Concession
Exclusion error
HHs
(under-coverage)
Success
exclusion
14
15. Data
• 2001 & 2007 Victorian Utility Consumption
Household Surveys
• 2013 data - adjusted from 2007 data
• Derived Gross Household Income
• Disposable Household Income
• Equivalisation process (OECD modified scale)
– Assigns a value of 1 to the household head, of 0.5 to
each additional adult member and of 0.3 of each
child.
15
17. Trend of utility affordability – Disposable household income
Utility burden
Distribution of Utility burden (water and energy),
under Disposal Household income
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
2001
2007
2013 (lower bound)
2013 (upper bound)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Income decile
7
8
9
10
17
18. Trend of utility affordability – Equivalised income
Distribution of Utility burden (water and energy),
Under Disposal household income in OECD modified scale
0.25
2001
2007
Utility burden
0.20
2013 (lower bound)
0.15
2013 (upper bound)
0.10
0.05
0.00
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Income decile
18
19. Decomposition of households in utility affordability stress
% Households in utility stress (2006/07) –
Melbourne vs Rural Victoria
Melbourne
Regional
Average HH income (AUD)
32,737
31,693
Average water burden ratio
Average energy burden ratio
Average utility burden ratio
0.019
0.061
0.078
0.022
0.057
0.077
% of HH with wburden >=3%
% of HH with eburden >=10%
% of HH with uburden >=13%
19.6%
12.3%
12.7%
25.2%
9.6%
9.3%
•
•
HH under bottom 40% of income distribution,
All computation is based on equivalised disposable household income (2006/07)
19
20. % Households in utility stress – by family type (2006/07)
Couple
only
Average HH income (AUD)
Couple w/
children
Single
parent
Lone
Person
Group
HH
21,713
21,185
17,064
19,399
20,653
Average utility burden ratio
0.118
0.120
0.136
0.084
0.119
Average water burden ratio
0.030
0.029
0.032
0.025
0.029
Average energy burden ratio
0.089
0.092
0.107
0.063
0.092
36.6%
40.4%
43.1%
38.3%
42.6%
25.0%
37.4%
41.7%
10.3%
32.0%
23.1%
35.3%
45.0%
12.5%
39.9%
% of HH with wburden
>=3%
% of HH with eburden
>=10%
% of HH with uburden
>=13%
•
•
HH under bottom 40% of income distribution,
All computation is based on equivalised disposable household income (2006/07)
20
21. % Households in utility stress – by tenure type (2006/07)
Owner
outwright
Purchaser
Private
renter
Public renter
19,959
21,019
20,331
20,460
Average water burden ratio
0.113
0.029
0.127
0.033
0.090
0.019
0.078
0.020
Average energy burden ratio
0.084
0.094
0.077
0.064
36.1%
41.6%
42.7%
47.3%
23.4%
33.1%
27.4%
17.6%
26.4%
34.6%
20.1%
20.4%
Average HH income (AUD)
Average utility burden ratio
% of HH with wburden
>=3%
% of HH with eburden
>=10%
% of HH with uburden
>=13%
•
•
HH under bottom 40% of income distribution,
All computation is based on equivalised disposable household income (2006/07)
21
22. % Households in utility stress – by concession type
Aged
Concession
Non-aged
concession
All
Concession
Nonconcession
20,789
20,227
20,491
20,083
Average utility burden ratio
0.084
0.103
0.094
0.123
Average water burden ratio
0.024
0.026
0.025
0.031
Average energy burden ratio
0.062
0.081
0.072
0.094
% of HH with wburden >=3%
31.2%
40.1%
35.9%
42.7%
% of HH with eburden >=10%
9.7%
26.2%
18.4%
32.7%
% of HH with uburden >=13%
12.3%
25.8%
19.5%
33.3%
Average HH income (AUD)
•
•
HH under bottom 40% of income distribution,
All computation is based on equivalised disposable household income (2006/07)
22
23. Summary findings
• Decreasing trend of utility burden (across all household
income deciles)
• bottom 40% households has high utility burden in 2001
• Within the bottom 40% income distribution, larger proportion
of certain HH types with utility affordability stress
Water affordability
stress
Fuel affordability
stress
Utility affordability
stress
Melbourne vs rural
Rural HH
Melb HH
Melb HH
Family type
Single parent
Single parent
Single parent
Tenure type
Public renter
Purchaser
Purchaser
Concession type
Non-concession
Non-concession
Non-concession
23
24. Evaluation of Concession policy
Reduction of utility expenditure and utility burden for concession
households
Water expenditure and water burden (hhwatcon=1)
Variable
Obs
Weight
Mean
wsbill
wsbillwcon
wsburden4
wsburdenwc4
932
932
932
932
711442
711442
711442
711442
540.3475
396.0082
.0136241
.0097458
Std. Dev.
221.1929
208.8816
.0099476
.0078371
Min
Max
13.2
6.6
.0005648
.0002824
1431.1
1389.3
.0704651
.0585774
Energy expenditure and energy burden (hhegcon=1)
Variable
Obs
Weight
Mean
egbill
egbillwcon
egburden4
egburdenwc4
1412
1412
1412
1412
1140390
1140390
1140390
1140390
1548.548
1438.286
.0358428
.0330528
Std. Dev.
653.1013
629.6529
.0246499
.0229791
Min
Max
180.4
58.3
.0044544
.0026638
8606.4
8390.8
.3897325
.3833695
.
24
25. Target analysis of State concessions
Distribution of utility concession beneficial across income quintiles (2006)
Concession coverage (%)
Among HH in different income quintile
Water
concession
Energy
concession
Q3
Q4
Q5
(Q3 to Q5)
Q1 to Q2
(Q2 to Q5)
Q1
Overall
Utility
concession
Q2
Ratio
non-poor to poor
Q1
66.8%
69.3%
75.0% 76.5% 62.7% 49.3%
0.87
0.95
40.0%
46.1%
47.9% 45.9% 35.3% 24.0%
0.75
0.83
64.2%
65.3%
72.5% 73.6% 60.1% 48.3%
0.88
0.98
25
26. Evaluation of Concession policy
Targeting analysis
Utility burden ratio and Poverty status
High utility burden &
Low utility burden
poor household
ratio / non-poor
(bottom 40% of income
household
distribution)
Concession
State utility
concession
program
HHs
Success
targeting
Inclusion error
(leakage)
Non-Concession
Exclusion error
HHs
(under-coverage)
Success
exclusion
26
27. Targeting outcome of Victorian utility concession to households in
utility stress and below 40% Income distribution (2006/07)
Success
targeting
Inclusion
error
Exclusion
error
(a)
(b)
(c)
Success Overall
exclusion success
(d)
Overall
error
(a) + (d)
(b) + (c)
Utility stress benchmark (13%) & hhucon = 1
Disposable income
Eq. Disposable income
1.6%
7.0%
65.1%
59.7%
0.9%
3.7%
32.3%
29.5%
33.9%
36.5%
66.0%
63.5%
37.2%
34.0%
5.6%
9.9%
54.4%
50.0%
57.2%
56.0%
42.8%
44.0%
1.4%
6.1%
58.6%
53.8%
59.7%
58.0%
40.3%
41.9%
Water stress benchmark (3%) & hhwcon = 1
Disposable income
Eq. Disposable income
2.8%
6.0%
Energy stress benchmark (10%) & hhecon = 1
Disposable income
Eq. Disposable income
1.1%
4.2%
38.9%
35.8%
27
28. Summary findings on State concession
evaluation
• Substantial reduction of water and energy bills, and
burden for eligible concession households
• Some proportions of HH in Q3 to Q5 also received water
and energy concession
• Target ratio with very low exclusion error, but higher
when adjusted with equivalised disposable income
• Target ratio with high inclusion error
generous State concession policy and eligibility criteria?
28
29. Limitations & future work
•
•
•
•
Refine data to reflect Victorian population
Combine datasets for pool regression analysis
Changed of Victorian concession policy in 2012, 2013
Affordability measures and standards - Burden ratio
versus other residual income or subjective methods
• Change of Victorian energy market (market offer vs
standard offer) (flexible pricing) (smart metering)
29
31. Limitations: Utility Affordability analysis
Utility-burden ratios (benchmark indicator)
Area 1
Non-under-consumption
Area 2
Willingness deficiency-related
under-consumption
Area 3
Under-consumption due to
deficiency of willingness and
of ability
Area 4
Purely ability deficiencyrelated under-consumption
Source: Gawel and Bretschneider (2011)
Concept of Indigence
Area
Burden share =
1a + 2a + 3a
(traditional) unaffordability +4a
Rationale
Household spends more on utility good
consumption than the target ratio
Budget restraints
3+4
Under-consumption
2+3+4
Household earns less than needed to
afford the subsistence bundle
Household consumes less than required
31
32. Theoretical Framework: Affordability analysis
– Utility-burden ratios (benchmark indicator)
• Actual expenditure as a proportion of household income (OECD
2003; Tepic 2008)
• Twice the median approach (Moore 2012 on fuel poverty)
• High cost/Low income approach (Hill 2011 on fuel poverty)
– Residual income methods (Budget standard approach)
• Residual income methods (Stone 2006 on shelter poverty,
Burke et al. 2012 on housing affordability)
• Potential Affordability indicator (Miniaci et al. 2008)
– Subjective approach
• E.g. Temple (2008) for housing affordability study; Price et al.
(2012) for fuel poverty study
32
33. Victoria concession policy
Eligibility
Card holders of Pensioner Concession Card, Health Care Card,
DVA Gold Card
Water Concession Concession entitlements
2001
PCC/DVA card holders + owner occupiers:
Concessions of 50%, up to a maximum of $67.5 per year, on service
charge and up to $67.5 per year on volume charges.
HCC card holders and tenants with PCC or DVA card:
Concessions of 50% up to a maximum of $67.5 per year, on water
usage charges and where applicable, up to $67.5 for sewerage
disposal charges.
2007
All concession cardholders: 50% on water consumption, sewerage
disposal and service charge up to a maximum annual cap. The cap in
2006-07 was $154.
2013
Same rule as 2007, cap of max rebate $277.00 for 2012-13.
33
34. Eligibility
Card holders of Pensioner Concession Card, Health Care
Card, DVA Gold Card
Energy Concession
Concession entitlements (2006-07)
Annual Energy
Concession
17.5 % discount off household electricity bills all year round *
Winter Energy
Concession
17.5% discount off mains gas on usage from 1 May to 31
October of each year *
Off-peak concession
13% reduction on the off-peak on electricity bills
Service to Property
Concession
reduction on the electricity supply charge for concession
households with low electricity consumption
Medical Cooling
Concession
17.5 percent discount off electricity costs over a six month period
from 1 November to 30 April cardholders with multiple sclerosis
and other qualifying medical conditions
Life support concession
quarterly discount on electricity bills for cardholder's household
uses certain life support machines
Electricity Transfer
concession
full waiver of the fee when there is a change of occupancy at a
property
34