Untrained lay rescuers
Layrescuers trained in
chest compression–
only CPR
Lay rescuers trained in
CPR using chest
compressions and
ventilation (rescue
breaths)
Scene safety
Check for response
Activated EMS 1669, On speaker phone
Call for help or
Resuscitation team
Follow the dispatcher’s
instructions
Check no breathing or
only gasping
Check pulse
Chest compression–only
CPR
Chest compression–only
CPR
CPR + Rescue breaths
Follow and answer the dispatcher’s instructions
Use AED under dispatcher’s instructions
Use AED / Defib. as
indicated
Summary: Chest compression
▧Position: lower half of the sternum
▧ Depth: 5-6 cm
▧ Rate: 100-120
▧ Fully Recoil: do not leaning on chest
▧ Minimizing Interruptions in Chest Compressions
Initial assessment
▧ Preparation
▧Triage
▧ Primary survey (ABCDEs) with immediate resuscitation of patients with
life-threatening injuries
▧ Adjuncts to the primary survey and resuscitation
▧ Consideration of the need for patient transfer
▧ Secondary survey (head-to-toe evaluation and patient history)
▧ Adjuncts to the secondary survey
▧ Continued postresuscitation monitoring and reevaluation
▧ Definitive care
64.
Primary survey withsimultaneous resuscitation
▧ Airway maintenance with restriction of cervical spine motion
▧ Breathing and ventilation
▧ Circulation with hemorrhage control
▧ Disability(assessment of neurologic status)
▧ Exposure/Environmental control
65.
Airway maintenance withrestriction of cervical spine
motion
▧ signs of airway obstruction
inspecting for foreign bodies
identifying facial, mandibular, and/or tracheal/laryngeal fractures and
other injuries that can result in airway obstruction
suctioning
severe head injuries
▧ If the patient is able to communicate verbally, the airway is not
likely to be in immediate jeopardy
66.
▧ prevent excessivemovement of the
cervical spine
Airway maintenance with
restriction of cervical spine motion
Breathing and ventilation
▧Neck and chest
jugular venous distention
position of the trachea
chest wall excursion
▧ Auscultation, visual inspection, palpation, percussion
▧ Significantly injuries
tension pneumothorax
massive hemothorax
open pneumothorax
tracheal or bronchial injuries
71.
Breathing and ventilation
TensionPneumothorax
▧ hyperresonant note on percussion
▧ deviated trachea
▧ distended neck veins
▧ absent breath sounds
72.
Breathing and ventilation
Massivehemothorax
▧ >1500 mL of blood or ≥1/3 of the
patient’s blood volume
▧ continuing blood loss (200 mL/hr for
2-4 hours)
▧ persistent need for blood transfusion
73.
Breathing and ventilation
Openpneumothorax
▧ opening in the chest wall is
approximately ≥2/3 the diameter of
the trachea
Circulation with hemorrhagecontrol
Blood Volume and Cardiac Output
▧ Elements of clinical observation
○ Level of Consciousness
○ Skin Perfusion
○ Pulse
81.
Circulation with hemorrhagecontrol
Bleeding : External hemorrhage
▧ Direct manual pressure on the wound
▧ Tourniquets
○ massive exsanguination
○ risk of ischemic injury
○ when direct pressure is not effective and the patient’s life is threatened
▧ Blind clamping : damage to nerves and veins
82.
Circulation with hemorrhagecontrol
Bleeding : Internal hemorrhage
▧ Chest, abdomen, retroperitoneum, pelvis, and long bones
▧ Identified by physical examination and imaging
▧ Immediate management
83.
Resuscitation
▧ Vascular access: 2 large-bore peripheral venous catheters
(≥18G)
▧ Blood samples for baseline hematologic studies are obtained,
including
○ pregnancy test for all females of childbearing age
○ blood type and cross matching
▧ Assess shock : blood gases and/or lactate
84.
▧ Initiate IVfluid therapy
○ warm
○ crystalloids
○ bolus of 1 L
○ isotonic solution
▧ If a patient is unresponsive to initial
crystalloid therapy, he or she should
receive a blood transfusion.
Resuscitation
Adjuncts to theprimary survey with resuscitation
▧ continuous ECG, pulse oximetry, CO2 monitoring, and
assessment of ventilatory rate, and ABG measurement
▧ urinary catheters, gastric catheters
▧ blood lactate
▧ x-ray examinations and DPL
90.
Urinary and gastriccatheters
Urinary Catheters
▧ C/I : urethral injury
○ blood at the urethral meatus or perineal ecchymosis
▧ do not insert a urinary catheter before examining the perineum
and genitalia
Gastric Catheters
▧ C/I: fracture of the cribriform plate
▧ insert the gastric tube orally to prevent intracranial passage
91.
X-ray examinations anddiagnostic studies
▧ AP chest and AP pelvic films
▧ FAST, eFAST, and DPL
92.
Consider need forpatient transfer
▧ It is important not to delay transfer to perform an in-depth
diagnostic evaluation.
▧ Only undertake testing that enhances the ability to resuscitate,
stabilize, and ensure the patient’s safe transfer.