2. Outline
◈ Initial Assessment and Management
◈ Skill station
1. Cervical collar
2. Needle decompression
3. Tube thoracostomy
4. FAST
5. Application of pelvic binder or other pelvic
stabilization device
6. Oral endotracheal intubation
7. Principle of spine immobilization and logrolling
3. Initial assessment
◈ Preparation
◈ Triage
◈ Primary survey (ABCDEs) with immediate resuscitation of
patients with life-threatening injuries
◈ Adjuncts to the primary survey and resuscitation
◈ Consideration of the need for patient transfer
◈ Secondary survey (head-to-toe evaluation and patient
history)
◈ Adjuncts to the secondary survey
◈ Continued postresuscitation monitoring and reevaluation
◈ Definitive care
5. ◈ Airway maintenance with restriction of cervical spine
motion
◈ Breathing and ventilation
◈ Circulation with hemorrhage control
◈ Disability(assessment of neurologic status)
◈ Exposure/Environmental control
6. 10-second assessment
◈ asking the patient for his or her name, and asking
what happened
◈ appropriate response
○ no major airway compromise (i.e., ability to speak clearly),
○ breathing is not severely compromised (i.e., ability to generate
air movement to permit speech)
○ level of consciousness is not markedly decreased (i.e., alert
enough to describe what happened)
7. Airway maintenance with
restriction of cervical spine motion
◈ signs of airway obstruction
inspecting for foreign bodies
identifying facial, mandibular, and/or tracheal/laryngeal
fractures and other injuries that can result in airway
obstruction
suctioning
severe head injuries
◈ If the patient is able to communicate verbally, the
airway is not likely to be in immediate jeopardy
12. Breathing and ventilation
Massive hemothorax
◈ >1500 mL of blood or
≥1/3 of the patient’s blood
volume
◈ continuing blood loss
(200 mL/hr for 2-4 hours)
◈ persistent need for blood
transfusion
13. Breathing and ventilation
Open pneumothorax
◈ opening in the chest wall
is approximately ≥2/3 the
diameter of the trachea
14. Breathing and ventilation
◈ Use pulse oximeter
◈ Simple pneumothorax, simple hemothorax, fractured
ribs, flail chest, and pulmonary contusion
○ compromise ventilation to a lesser degree
○ identified during the secondary survey
16. Circulation with hemorrhage control
Blood Volume and Cardiac Output
◈ Elements of clinical observation
Level of Consciousness
Skin Perfusion
Pulse
17.
18. Circulation with hemorrhage control
Bleeding : External hemorrhage
◈ direct manual pressure on the wound
◈ Tourniquets
massive exsanguination
risk of ischemic injury
when direct pressure is not effective and the patient’s life is
threatened
◈ Blind clamping : damage to nerves and veins
19. Circulation with hemorrhage control
Bleeding : Internal hemorrhage
◈ Chest, abdomen, retroperitoneum, pelvis, and long
bones
◈ identified by physical examination and imaging
◈ Immediate management
20. Resuscitation
◈ Vascular access : 2 large-bore peripheral venous
catheters (≥18G)
◈ Blood samples for baseline hematologic studies are
obtained, including
○ pregnancy test for all females of childbearing age
○ blood type and cross matching
◈ Assess shock : blood gases and/or lactate
22. Resuscitation
◈ initiate IV fluid therapy
○ warm
○ crystalloids
○ bolus of 1 L
○ isotonic solution
◈ If a patient is unresponsive to initial crystalloid
therapy, he or she should receive a blood
transfusion.
28. ◈ continuous ECG, pulse oximetry, CO2 monitoring,
and assessment of ventilatory rate, and ABG
measurement
◈ urinary catheters, gastric catheters
◈ blood lactate
◈ x-ray examinations and DPL
29. Urinary and gastric catheters
Urinary Catheters
◈ C/I : urethral injury
○ blood at the urethral meatus or perineal ecchymosis
◈ do not insert a urinary catheter before examining the
perineum and genitalia
30. Urinary and gastric catheters
Gastric Catheters
◈ C/I: fracture of the cribriform plate
○ insert the gastric tube orally to prevent intracranial passage
31. X-ray examinations and diagnostic studies
◈ AP chest and AP pelvic films
◈ FAST, eFAST, and DPL
33. ◈ It is important not to delay transfer to perform an in-
depth diagnostic evaluation.
◈ Only undertake testing that enhances the ability to
resuscitate, stabilize, and ensure the patient’s safe
transfer.
39. Cervical collar
◈ supine position
◈ extended fingers against the patient’s neck
◈ Your little finger should almost be touching the
patient’s shoulder
◈ Count how many of your fingers it takes to reach the
jawline.
◈ Find the appropriately sized collar
◈ Have another provider restrict the patient’s cervical
spinal motion
40. Cervical collar
◈ Slide the posterior portion of the collar behind the
patient’s neck
◈ Place the anterior portion
◈ Secure the collar with the hook and loop fasteners
42. Needle decompression
◈ 4th-5th ICS anterior to midaxillary line
◈ over-the-needle catheter 3 in. (5 cm for smaller
adults; 8 cm for large adult) with a Luer-Lok 10 cc
syringe attached
◈ Adding 3 cc of saline may aid the identification of
aspirated air.
◈ prepare for chest tube insertion
43. Tube thoracostomy
◈ chest tube: 28-32 F
◈ site
○ 4th-5th ICS or level of the nipple/inframammary fold
○ Between anterior and midaxillary lines
◈ estimated depth: placing the tip near the clavicle
with a gentle curve of chest tube toward incision.
◈ finger sweep
48. Application of pelvic binder or other pelvic
stabilization device
◈ Landmarks: greater trochanters
◈ Internally rotate
◈ Slide the device from caudal to cephalad, entering it
over the greater trochanters.
◈ Alternative: Logroll
◈ If using a sheet, cross the limbs of the sheet and
secure with clamps or towel clamp.
54. Principles of Spine Immobilization and
Logrolling
◈ 4 people
○ restrict cervical motion
○ restrict motion of the torso (including the pelvis and hips)
○ pelvis and legs
○ direct the procedure and insert the spine board
56. Principles of Spine Immobilization and
Logrolling
◈ apply semirigid cervical collar
◈ logroll the patient as a unit toward the two assistants
at the patient’s side
◈ Place the spine board beneath the patient
57. Principles of Spine Immobilization and
Logrolling
◈ Padding and tape the
patient’s head and neck
◈ straps
○ across the patient’s thorax
○ just above the iliac crests
○ across the thighs
○ just above the ankles
58. Take home message
◈ Primary survey (ABCDEs)
◈ Resuscitation
◈ Adjuncts to primary survey and resuscitation
◈ Consideration of the need for patient transfer
59. Reference
◈ ATLS 10th Student Manual
◈ EMS -- A Practical Global Guidebook by Tintinalli,
Cameron, and Holliman
Editor's Notes
Jeopardy : อันตราย
Assemble = รวบรวม
Assemble = รวบรวม
FIGURE VIII-2 The pericardial view.
FIGURE VIII-3 The right upper quadrant view.
FIGURE VIII-4 The left upper quadrant view.
FIGURE VIII-5 The suprapubic view.
SAM-Pelvic-Sling
SAM-Pelvic-Sling
1st: maintaining alignment of the patient’s head and neck
2nd: grasps the patient at the shoulder and wrist
3rd: grasps the patient’s hip just distal to the wrist with one hand, and with the other hand firmly grasps the roller bandage or cravat that is securing the ankles together