Transportation in Africa
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Africa is the second largest continent covering deserts, forests, and grasslands full of wildlife. Transport has historically been challenging due to Africa's geography and poverty. In ancient times, Egyptians used camels for desert trade routes while bullocks pulled carts across the Sahara. The development of the internal combustion engine in the 1920s transformed motor transportation and distribution across Africa. Early railways were partially built to access remote regions and transport supplies and exports, helping facilitate administration and trade. Recent infrastructure projects have sought to improve road networks through initiatives like the Trans-African Highway system.
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Slave Trade
The political, economic, and social structures of sub-Saharan Africa
were well developed when the Europeans opened up the West African
coast to international trade at the beginning of the fifteenth century.
Advanced civilizations existed throughout the continent, most regions
to the Cape had been settled, and the basic plants and animals had
been domesticated for several centuries. Throughout the continent,
advanced mining and industrial activity existed alongside agriculture
and herding. Gold had been exported to the European and Middle
Eastern markets for centuries, and iron was smelted from local ores
throughout the continent. A large part of this region had already been
in direct contact with North Africa and the Mediterranean world since
the classic civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Even before 1400
its eastern coast had been in contact with India and the Pacific islands.
Finally, along the southern fringes of the Sahara from coast to coast it
was a basic part of the Islamic world order.
Sub-Saharan society and economy developed later than North
Africa. Complex societies, urban centers, and the spread of plants, ani-
mals, and technology to all regions from the savannas of the Sudan to
the Cape of Good Hope were not achieved until the post-Christian
era. It took from 200 b.c. to a.d. 500 for advanced agricultural, grazing,
and mining culture to reach all of central and southern Africa. By then
there were complex stratified societies based on settled village agricul-
ture everywhere in Africa. Moreover, not until the end of the great Bantu
migrations by around a.d. 700 did the linguistic map of Africa finally
become firmly established in its broadest aspects. Although increasingly
sophisticated markets introduced ever wider regions into contact with
each other after this date, migrations tended to be local, except for the
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EBSCO Publishing : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 1/31/2019 9:50 AM via
EXCELSIOR COLLEGE
AN: 331300 ; Klein, Herbert S..; The Atlantic Slave Trade
Account: s4946256
50 THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
slave trade and some modest movement of pastoralists responding to
ecological change, and the map of population distributions remained
fairly stable.
Most of the eastern and western Sudan above the equator, the best
known regions to the Mediterranean world, were in contact with that
culture from the earliest times. Even prior to the final desiccation of
the Sahara around 2000 b.c., the Sudan was tied to North African
developments, and the closing of this frontier did not end contact
between these two worlds. Iron smelting, for exa.
Ancient Africa
This document provides a timeline and overview of major events and developments in African history from ancient times through the 1600s AD. It notes that ancient civilizations like Kush and Axum emerged in Northeast Africa as early as 2500 BC. Major empires like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai rose and fell in West Africa between 400-1500 AD, controlling important trade networks. The Bantu migrations spread new peoples and languages across Central and Southern Africa between 500 BC-1500 AD. East African city-states like Kilwa and Sofala flourished as trading hubs. The slave trade intensified between 1500-1800, transporting over 11 million Africans across the Atlantic.
Early African History
Early African history involved people living as hunter-gatherers who later began herding livestock and farming. Around 3000 BC, the Bantu migration spread Bantu people, language, culture, and technology from Nigeria to other parts of Africa. In East Africa, the Kush kingdom developed along the Nile River in Sudan in 800 BC and traded gold, ivory, and iron as far as Egypt. The Axum kingdom located in Ethiopia prospered from trade starting in the AD 300s due to its strategic location on the Red Sea. Axum converted to Christianity in the AD 300s and remained an important center of African Christianity even after losing connections to neighbors in the AD 600s. The Great Zimbabwe civilization supplied gold
7 east africa
The Aksum Kingdom and Swahili Coast were located in East Africa between 100-1500 CE. The Aksum Kingdom used terrace farming due to hilly terrain and established the port of Adulis, through which they traded goods like gold, ivory, and emeralds with places like India and Rome. The Swahili Coast cities of Zanzibar and Kilwa were major trading ports that connected East Africa to trade networks due to their location along the Indian Ocean coast. Ideas and goods spread throughout the region via these trade routes and ports.
Africa Review
African civilizations from 500 BC to 1500 AD were influenced by trade, technology, and religion. Key developments included the spread of Islam through trans-Saharan trade routes connecting North and sub-Saharan Africa. Major West African kingdoms like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai grew wealthy from gold and salt trade. The Bantu migrations influenced the spread of Bantu languages in sub-Saharan Africa between 500 BC to 1500 AD. The Kingdom of Zimbabwe rose as a center of wealth and trade in Southeast Africa between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers.
Module 1.pptx
This document provides an overview of the historical development of land transportation used by humans. It describes how early humans first traveled on foot and then began using animals like donkeys, horses, and camels for transport around 4000-3000 BC. Various early modes of transportation are outlined, including carrying poles, back loads, sledges on rollers or runners, and travois. The document also lists domesticated animals from ancient times that were used for transportation, such as oxen, reindeer, dogs, donkeys, llamas, elephants, horses, camels, and yaks.
African civilizations a
The document summarizes the geography, early civilizations, and history of Africa. It describes Africa as a large, diverse continent with climatic zones ranging from desert to rainforest. It outlines evidence that modern humans emerged in Africa around 200,000 years ago before migrating worldwide. It then discusses several ancient African civilizations like Egypt along the Nile River, Kush and Axum in Nubia, as well as empires in West Africa like Ghana and Mali which engaged in trans-Saharan trade.
(Social) African Civilization A
The document summarizes the geography, early civilizations, and history of Africa. It describes Africa as a large, diverse continent with climatic zones ranging from desert to rainforest. It outlines evidence that modern humans emerged in Africa around 200,000 years ago before migrating worldwide. It then discusses several ancient African civilizations like Egypt along the Nile River, Kush and Axum in Nubia, as well as empires in West Africa like Ghana and Mali which engaged in trans-Saharan trade.
Caribbean Studies changing african responses to european contact.doc
The document summarizes pre-Atlantic and Atlantic trade in West Africa. It discusses how West Africans engaged in long distance trade of commodities like gold, salt, textiles and agricultural goods with other continents prior to European contact. When the Portuguese arrived in the 1440s, the trade in enslaved Africans began to surpass gold as West Africa's main export. While slavery existed previously, the transatlantic slave trade transformed it into a larger system for accumulating wealth. African rulers cooperated by supplying captives to European traders as long as prices remained high. The triangular trade system then developed to exchange enslaved Africans from Africa to the Americas for goods like cotton, cloth and rum.
T & T2111
The document summarizes information about four African countries - Egypt, Kenya, Tanzania, and South Africa. It provides details on their capitals, official languages, currencies, whether they drive on the left or right side of the road, and calling codes. It then gives brief overviews of the history and some popular tourist attractions in each country, including the pyramids in Egypt, Mount Kenya National Park, Masai Mara in Kenya, and Zanzibar in Tanzania.
Ch 7 Africa
Early civilizations emerged in Africa around 7-8,000 years ago including Egypt, Kush, and Axum. Kush developed an ivory and frankincense trade with Egypt by 2000 BC. In 750 BC, Kush conquered Egypt but was later driven out by the Assyrians. Axum rose to power in Ethiopia in the 4th century AD, conquering Kush and prospering from trade along the Red Sea. King Ezana converted Axum to Christianity in 330 AD. Later, powerful trading empires like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai emerged in West Africa between the 5th-15th centuries, growing wealthy from the trade of local goods like yams, animals, and minerals
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- 1. Report by Aleli F. Amburgo & Aubreyliu Abuan
- 2. Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most- populous continent. Second to Asia . Covered by deserts, swampy rainforest and grasslands full of wild animals. Transport is a perpetual problem in Africa because of its geography and poverty.
- 3. ANIMAL TRANSPORTATION (1500 B.C) Egyptians begin to use camels which had been domesticated a millenium earlier in Arabia for cross dessert trade and travel. Bullocks were used either as pack animals or to draw carts from the northern countries across the Sahara to the gold- producing areas of the ancient Sudan.
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- 6. MOTOR & RAILWAY TRANSPO.
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- 8. Old & New African Roads
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