The document provides instructions and materials for a classroom activity called the "Protein Necklace Activity." It explains key terms like mRNA, tRNA, codons, and amino acids. Students will use colored beads on pipe cleaners to model the process of translation and build protein sequences assigned to their group. They will complete worksheets to analyze normal and mutant protein sequences and identify different mutation types like substitutions, insertions, deletions and frameshifts. The activity aims to help students understand how genetic mutations can affect protein sequences.
1. The document is a cell comic that asks questions to teach about cell structure and function. It uses a shopping mall as an analogy to explain the different parts of the cell.
2. It explains that cells are the basic unit of all living things, including humans, and that a microscope is needed to see cells. New cells are produced from existing cells.
3. The questions describe the main cell parts - the cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuoles, nucleus, and chromosomes - and explains their functions in maintaining and regulating the cell, analogous to how different areas of a shopping mall function.
Lesson 3 module 8 how proteins are made 1CRCourseDev
The document discusses how proteins are made from DNA through a multi-step process. DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus, then the mRNA is translated into proteins on ribosomes. The genetic code stored in DNA is read using codons, sets of three nucleotide bases that correspond to specific amino acids. There are 64 possible codon combinations, 61 of which code for amino acids. Translation involves reading the mRNA codons and assembling the corresponding amino acid chains.
The document outlines the process by which DNA is translated into proteins. It begins with DNA in the nucleus containing genes which provide instructions. During transcription, mRNA is produced from DNA and transports the genetic code to the cytoplasm. Translation then occurs as the mRNA code is read by ribosomes to produce proteins according to the three-letter mRNA codons that correspond to specific amino acids. Proteins are essential to cells and carry out functions specified by the genes in DNA.
The document outlines the process of how genetic information in DNA is used to produce proteins. It discusses how DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell nucleus, and then how mRNA is translated into proteins with the help of transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomes in the cytoplasm. The mRNA code uses three-letter combinations called codons to specify which of 20 amino acids should be included in the protein chain.
Plz I need your Help With these Question on page 1 2 3 As.pdfshreedattaagenciees2
Plz I need your Help With these Question on page 1, 2, 3 As soon As Possible
How DNA Determines Traits A distant alien planet similar to earth has been discovered. The most
popular species on the planet are called "uoieriffins".A, which are some hybrid of birds, lions, and
unicorns. ScienFsts, have recently obtained DNA samples and have mapped out 10 genes so far.
Your job as science students is to analyze the DN sequences of the yrieriffio samples to determine
which features each sample codes for. Determine which traits each type of ynigriffin has by
decoding the DNA. There are a total of 10 genes, which could be two possible versions.Before you
can decode the ONA samples you must FiRST transcribe the DNA to its complimentary mRNA
strand. Using the mRNA codons, you can configure the amino acids to determine the traits. AUG
is a start codon, and it signals the beginning of each gene. UAA is a stop codon and signals the
end of a gene. Though these start and stop codes would typically be seen at the start and end of
each and every gene, to save time we can assume they have already been translated for us. Tip:
Transcribe the all the mRNA first, then go back and translate the amino acids, and lastly determine
traits. Ulla Unigrij DNA: I CAT AGG GAG I CAAGGG TGACTT TIT | AAT AAT GAC GGG I mRNA:
LGUA UCC CUC I GUTI CCC ACU GAA.AAA UUA UUA CUG CCC aminoacids: I yalser leu I val
pro thr Glu Jysi Leu Les Leu prol traits: Iround ears I short wings Bird like scaled front legs I DNA:
ICAC CGT CGA I GTA GTA I AGA GGG CAT I TTG TAA GGA GGG GGGTGT I mRNA: IGUG
GCA GCU CAU CAUIUCU COC GLAIAAC AUU CCU CCC CCC ACAL amino acids: IVAL ALA
ela | His Hisi I Ser Pro Val I Asolle Pro Ecouece Thel traits. Llong curved beak gnay Igreen eyes
(round pupils like a mammal DNA. I CAATTG TTA CGG I AAA AGA CCC I GCC ATA ACA TIT I
mRNA: GUUAAC AAU GCCI IUUUCU GGG CGGUAUUGUAAAUnique Unigriffin DNA: I
CAGTCG IIT | ATG GGG CTT CTT IIT | GAG AAT TCACGC | mRNA: amino acids: traits: DNA: |
GGA CAACAC | GTA GTA | CAA AAA ATG | TTA TAG AAT GAC GGG TGG | mRNA: amino
acids: traits: DNA: I TTA TIG TTACGG | AAA AGACCT | GCAGCCTTG TGT | mRNA: amino
acids: traits: Unruly Unigriffin DNA: I CATAGA TII I CAAGGATGACTTTC I GAAGAGGAGGGG I
mRNA: amino acids: traits: DNA: CAA CGC CGA | GTA TAG | CAT AAA ATA | TTG TAA GGA
GGG GGG TGT | mRNA: amino acids: traits: DNA: CAG TTA TIACGT I AAG AAA CCA | GCT
ATG ACA TIT | MRNA: amino acids: traits:Ulla Yoigriffia Unique Unigriffir: Unruly Unigris1. Where
are genes found? What does a gene do? 2. Distinguish between transcription and translation,
include where they occur. 3. List the detailed steps of protein synthesis (hint: the answer is not
initiation, elogation, and termination) a) b) c) 4. How does a ribosome know which protein to make
an dhow to make them? 5. Random mutations may occur that cause a change in the order of
nitrogen bases in a codon. One type of mutation involves the substitution of one of the nitrogen
bases in a codon. a) What amino aci.
DNA contains genes that code for proteins. Proteins are made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. There are 20 different amino acids. An amino acid chain is called a polypeptide. DNA is found in the nucleus, while proteins are made in the cytoplasm of cells by ribosomes. The process of protein synthesis begins with transcription of DNA into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. There are three main types of RNA involved in protein synthesis: mRNA carries the genetic code to ribosomes, rRNA makes up ribosomes, and tRNA transfers amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
The document summarizes key concepts related to the central dogma of biology. It describes how genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins. DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) by RNA polymerase. mRNA is then translated into proteins by ribosomes using transfer RNA (tRNA) and the genetic code found in mRNA codons. The central dogma involves several key molecular processes including transcription, translation, DNA replication, and mutations.
This document explains how DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA and then translated into proteins. It begins by establishing that DNA contains the genetic instructions, which are passed to RNA and then proteins. It then describes transcription, where DNA is copied into messenger RNA in the nucleus. The document explains how messenger RNA carries the genetic code to the cytoplasm to be translated by ribosomes into proteins, using transfer RNA to match mRNA codons to amino acids. In summary, it outlines the central dogma of molecular biology - that DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into functional proteins.
1. The document is a cell comic that asks questions to teach about cell structure and function. It uses a shopping mall as an analogy to explain the different parts of the cell.
2. It explains that cells are the basic unit of all living things, including humans, and that a microscope is needed to see cells. New cells are produced from existing cells.
3. The questions describe the main cell parts - the cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuoles, nucleus, and chromosomes - and explains their functions in maintaining and regulating the cell, analogous to how different areas of a shopping mall function.
Lesson 3 module 8 how proteins are made 1CRCourseDev
The document discusses how proteins are made from DNA through a multi-step process. DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus, then the mRNA is translated into proteins on ribosomes. The genetic code stored in DNA is read using codons, sets of three nucleotide bases that correspond to specific amino acids. There are 64 possible codon combinations, 61 of which code for amino acids. Translation involves reading the mRNA codons and assembling the corresponding amino acid chains.
The document outlines the process by which DNA is translated into proteins. It begins with DNA in the nucleus containing genes which provide instructions. During transcription, mRNA is produced from DNA and transports the genetic code to the cytoplasm. Translation then occurs as the mRNA code is read by ribosomes to produce proteins according to the three-letter mRNA codons that correspond to specific amino acids. Proteins are essential to cells and carry out functions specified by the genes in DNA.
The document outlines the process of how genetic information in DNA is used to produce proteins. It discusses how DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell nucleus, and then how mRNA is translated into proteins with the help of transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomes in the cytoplasm. The mRNA code uses three-letter combinations called codons to specify which of 20 amino acids should be included in the protein chain.
Plz I need your Help With these Question on page 1 2 3 As.pdfshreedattaagenciees2
Plz I need your Help With these Question on page 1, 2, 3 As soon As Possible
How DNA Determines Traits A distant alien planet similar to earth has been discovered. The most
popular species on the planet are called "uoieriffins".A, which are some hybrid of birds, lions, and
unicorns. ScienFsts, have recently obtained DNA samples and have mapped out 10 genes so far.
Your job as science students is to analyze the DN sequences of the yrieriffio samples to determine
which features each sample codes for. Determine which traits each type of ynigriffin has by
decoding the DNA. There are a total of 10 genes, which could be two possible versions.Before you
can decode the ONA samples you must FiRST transcribe the DNA to its complimentary mRNA
strand. Using the mRNA codons, you can configure the amino acids to determine the traits. AUG
is a start codon, and it signals the beginning of each gene. UAA is a stop codon and signals the
end of a gene. Though these start and stop codes would typically be seen at the start and end of
each and every gene, to save time we can assume they have already been translated for us. Tip:
Transcribe the all the mRNA first, then go back and translate the amino acids, and lastly determine
traits. Ulla Unigrij DNA: I CAT AGG GAG I CAAGGG TGACTT TIT | AAT AAT GAC GGG I mRNA:
LGUA UCC CUC I GUTI CCC ACU GAA.AAA UUA UUA CUG CCC aminoacids: I yalser leu I val
pro thr Glu Jysi Leu Les Leu prol traits: Iround ears I short wings Bird like scaled front legs I DNA:
ICAC CGT CGA I GTA GTA I AGA GGG CAT I TTG TAA GGA GGG GGGTGT I mRNA: IGUG
GCA GCU CAU CAUIUCU COC GLAIAAC AUU CCU CCC CCC ACAL amino acids: IVAL ALA
ela | His Hisi I Ser Pro Val I Asolle Pro Ecouece Thel traits. Llong curved beak gnay Igreen eyes
(round pupils like a mammal DNA. I CAATTG TTA CGG I AAA AGA CCC I GCC ATA ACA TIT I
mRNA: GUUAAC AAU GCCI IUUUCU GGG CGGUAUUGUAAAUnique Unigriffin DNA: I
CAGTCG IIT | ATG GGG CTT CTT IIT | GAG AAT TCACGC | mRNA: amino acids: traits: DNA: |
GGA CAACAC | GTA GTA | CAA AAA ATG | TTA TAG AAT GAC GGG TGG | mRNA: amino
acids: traits: DNA: I TTA TIG TTACGG | AAA AGACCT | GCAGCCTTG TGT | mRNA: amino
acids: traits: Unruly Unigriffin DNA: I CATAGA TII I CAAGGATGACTTTC I GAAGAGGAGGGG I
mRNA: amino acids: traits: DNA: CAA CGC CGA | GTA TAG | CAT AAA ATA | TTG TAA GGA
GGG GGG TGT | mRNA: amino acids: traits: DNA: CAG TTA TIACGT I AAG AAA CCA | GCT
ATG ACA TIT | MRNA: amino acids: traits:Ulla Yoigriffia Unique Unigriffir: Unruly Unigris1. Where
are genes found? What does a gene do? 2. Distinguish between transcription and translation,
include where they occur. 3. List the detailed steps of protein synthesis (hint: the answer is not
initiation, elogation, and termination) a) b) c) 4. How does a ribosome know which protein to make
an dhow to make them? 5. Random mutations may occur that cause a change in the order of
nitrogen bases in a codon. One type of mutation involves the substitution of one of the nitrogen
bases in a codon. a) What amino aci.
DNA contains genes that code for proteins. Proteins are made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. There are 20 different amino acids. An amino acid chain is called a polypeptide. DNA is found in the nucleus, while proteins are made in the cytoplasm of cells by ribosomes. The process of protein synthesis begins with transcription of DNA into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. There are three main types of RNA involved in protein synthesis: mRNA carries the genetic code to ribosomes, rRNA makes up ribosomes, and tRNA transfers amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
The document summarizes key concepts related to the central dogma of biology. It describes how genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins. DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) by RNA polymerase. mRNA is then translated into proteins by ribosomes using transfer RNA (tRNA) and the genetic code found in mRNA codons. The central dogma involves several key molecular processes including transcription, translation, DNA replication, and mutations.
This document explains how DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA and then translated into proteins. It begins by establishing that DNA contains the genetic instructions, which are passed to RNA and then proteins. It then describes transcription, where DNA is copied into messenger RNA in the nucleus. The document explains how messenger RNA carries the genetic code to the cytoplasm to be translated by ribosomes into proteins, using transfer RNA to match mRNA codons to amino acids. In summary, it outlines the central dogma of molecular biology - that DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into functional proteins.
Mighty flower transcription and translationpunxsyscience
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis in a cell. DNA in the nucleus contains the code for proteins. This code is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA then moves to the cytoplasm where ribosomes read the mRNA code and translate it into a chain of amino acids. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA code. The amino acids are linked together into a protein chain and then folded into a unique protein structure.
1) DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into protein with the help of tRNA and ribosomes.
2) Translation is the process where the mRNA codon sequence is read by the ribosome and tRNA to produce a chain of amino acids or a polypeptide.
3) The steps of translation are: a) mRNA binds to the ribosome and a codon is read, b) a tRNA with the complementary anticodon binds and its amino acid is added to the chain, c) this repeats until a stop codon is reached.
This document presents a model of protein synthesis. It shows RNA polymerase transcribing a DNA strand to produce an mRNA strand in the nucleus. The mRNA strand then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores and binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. The ribosome reads the mRNA and uses it as a template to assemble amino acids into a protein chain through peptide bonds. Finally, the amino acids fold into a three-dimensional tertiary structure that gives the protein its functional shape.
Oh, that's how you make a cake! The fundamentals of going from gene to protein.Brianna Bibel
Animated slides covering the fundamentals of protein expression as a bakery analogy. Covers concepts including transcription, translation, alternative splicing, exon shuffling, recombinant protein expression, and more.
The document discusses protein synthesis in cells. It explains that RNA polymerase in the cell nucleus reads DNA and synthesizes mRNA. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores and binds to ribosomes. At the ribosomes, tRNA matches codons on the mRNA and releases amino acids, forming peptide bonds between amino acids to create a polypeptide chain. When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, the polypeptide releases and folds into its tertiary structure to become a functional protein.
The document provides information about protein synthesis, including:
1. Protein synthesis involves transcription of DNA into mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA into proteins at ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
2. Key molecules involved include DNA, mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, and amino acids. DNA contains the genetic code. mRNA carries the code to the ribosomes. tRNA brings amino acids and pairs with mRNA codons.
3. Transcription and translation involve initiation, elongation, and termination steps. During transcription, RNA polymerase copies DNA onto mRNA. During translation, ribosomes read mRNA and link amino acids using tRNA.
DNA and RNA both contain nucleotides made up of sugars, phosphates, and nitrogen bases. However, DNA is double stranded and located in the nucleus and chromosomes, while RNA is single stranded and can leave the nucleus. There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries instructions from DNA to the cell, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which makes up ribosomes, and transfer RNA (tRNA) which transfers amino acids during protein synthesis. Proteins are made through two steps - transcription of DNA to mRNA which can then leave the nucleus, and translation of mRNA to a protein chain.
The document summarizes key concepts in nucleic acid chemistry and the central dogma of biology. It describes DNA replication as semiconservative, with each parental strand serving as a template for a new daughter strand. Transcription involves DNA being copied into RNA, and translation involves RNA being used to build proteins according to the genetic code. Mutations can occur through point mutations or frameshift mutations, sometimes resulting in changes to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
The document summarizes key concepts in nucleic acid chemistry and the central dogma of biology. It describes DNA replication as semiconservative, with each parental strand serving as a template for a new daughter strand. Transcription involves DNA being copied into RNA, and translation involves RNA being used to build proteins according to the genetic code. Mutations can occur through point mutations or frameshift mutations, sometimes resulting in changes to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis which occurs in two main steps: transcription and translation. During transcription, DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell nucleus. The mRNA then transports the genetic code to the cytoplasm where ribosomes read the mRNA during translation and assemble amino acids to make a protein based on the code. Transfer RNA molecules deliver amino acids to the ribosome and assemble them into a protein chain based on the mRNA codons.
Week4-RNA and Protein Synthesis - Final Updated.pptxShammaAhmed7
This document discusses RNA and the process of transcription and translation. It begins by comparing RNA and DNA, noting their differences in structure. It then describes the three main types of RNA - messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA - and their functions. Messenger RNA carries copies of DNA instructions to the ribosome. Ribosomal RNA and proteins make up the ribosome where protein synthesis occurs. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome during protein production. The document explains how RNA is synthesized through transcription and can require editing before being read. It finishes by describing the genetic code, how codons specify amino acids, and the process of translation where proteins are assembled based on mRNA instructions.
1. The document outlines the process of translation, which involves mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes working together to produce proteins from genetic instructions.
2. Translation occurs in three stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. During initiation, the ribosome and first tRNA bind to the mRNA start codon. Elongation adds additional amino acids one by one. Termination releases the finished protein.
3. Point mutations like substitutions, insertions, or deletions can potentially alter the genetic code and change the resulting protein sequence, but some changes may have no effect depending on redundancy in the genetic code.
The document discusses how genetic information passes from DNA to proteins. It explains that the DNA code is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into proteins. During translation, the mRNA codons bind to complementary tRNA anticodons, which bring amino acids. The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain, which then folds into a functional protein that carries out the genetic trait specified by the DNA.
The document is a flipbook that summarizes the process of transcription and translation. It shows how DNA in the nucleus is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA is then able to travel through the nucleus into the cytoplasm where it is translated into a protein with the help of tRNA and ribosomes. The mRNA codes for a protein with the amino acid sequence START ALA LEU SER VAL ARG TRP HIS TYR STOP.
This document provides an overview of protein synthesis. It describes how DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus, then transported to the cytoplasm where it is translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. Transcription involves RNA polymerase copying the DNA template into mRNA. Translation involves mRNA binding to ribosomes, where transfer RNA (tRNA) delivers amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codon sequence to synthesize a protein.
The document discusses transcription and protein synthesis. It explains that DNA contains the genetic code to make proteins, and transcription is the process of copying this code from DNA to mRNA in the nucleus. Translation then uses the mRNA code to assemble amino acids in the cytoplasm. The key steps are: 1) DNA unzips and mRNA nucleotides pair with the DNA template, 2) mRNA exits the nucleus where ribosomes read its code 3) Transfer RNA delivers amino acids to the ribosome based on mRNA codons to form a polypeptide chain. Mutations can occur during transcription or DNA replication and result in substitutions, deletions or insertions of genetic code.
The document describes the process of protein synthesis. DNA in the nucleus is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA strand exits the nucleus and binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. tRNA molecules matching the mRNA codons bring amino acids to the ribosome. The amino acids are linked together through peptide bonds to form a protein chain that eventually folds into a functional three-dimensional structure.
The genetic message of DNA is transcribed into mRNA and then translated into proteins. During transcription, the DNA unwinds and mRNA is produced that carries the protein code out of the nucleus. There are three types of RNA: mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm where ribosomes read the mRNA codons and join amino acids specified by each codon into proteins via peptide bonds. tRNA molecules match amino acids to codons to enable protein assembly according to the DNA's genetic instructions.
Transcription is the process by which a strand of mRNA is produced using DNA as a template. Key steps include:
1) The promoter region activates transcription and RNA polymerase produces the mRNA strand.
2) The mRNA strand exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore.
3) The mRNA attaches to the ribosome where tRNAs read its codon sequences and add complementary amino acids.
4) The amino acids join together via peptide bonds to form a protein chain.
Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)Marilen Parungao
- Transcription must occur before translation. Transcription involves copying DNA into mRNA, which is then used as a template for translation.
- The LAC operon is activated under conditions where glucose is low/lactose is high. It is inactivated when glucose is high/lactose is low.
- The DNA sequence provided would be transcribed into an RNA sequence where all Ts would be replaced with Us: 3'-UAC GGC AUU GCA CAU UUU AGG GGC AAU AUU-5'
This document provides instructions for a student to create an analogy poster comparing a cell to a man-made structure. The student must sketch, color, and label the parts of the structure and their analogous cell organelles. The poster will be graded on criteria such as neatness, creativity, comprehensibility of the analogy, labeling accuracy, and inclusion of all required organelles. The student is encouraged to plan thoroughly and strive for excellence in completing the assignment.
Mighty flower transcription and translationpunxsyscience
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis in a cell. DNA in the nucleus contains the code for proteins. This code is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA then moves to the cytoplasm where ribosomes read the mRNA code and translate it into a chain of amino acids. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA code. The amino acids are linked together into a protein chain and then folded into a unique protein structure.
1) DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into protein with the help of tRNA and ribosomes.
2) Translation is the process where the mRNA codon sequence is read by the ribosome and tRNA to produce a chain of amino acids or a polypeptide.
3) The steps of translation are: a) mRNA binds to the ribosome and a codon is read, b) a tRNA with the complementary anticodon binds and its amino acid is added to the chain, c) this repeats until a stop codon is reached.
This document presents a model of protein synthesis. It shows RNA polymerase transcribing a DNA strand to produce an mRNA strand in the nucleus. The mRNA strand then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores and binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. The ribosome reads the mRNA and uses it as a template to assemble amino acids into a protein chain through peptide bonds. Finally, the amino acids fold into a three-dimensional tertiary structure that gives the protein its functional shape.
Oh, that's how you make a cake! The fundamentals of going from gene to protein.Brianna Bibel
Animated slides covering the fundamentals of protein expression as a bakery analogy. Covers concepts including transcription, translation, alternative splicing, exon shuffling, recombinant protein expression, and more.
The document discusses protein synthesis in cells. It explains that RNA polymerase in the cell nucleus reads DNA and synthesizes mRNA. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores and binds to ribosomes. At the ribosomes, tRNA matches codons on the mRNA and releases amino acids, forming peptide bonds between amino acids to create a polypeptide chain. When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, the polypeptide releases and folds into its tertiary structure to become a functional protein.
The document provides information about protein synthesis, including:
1. Protein synthesis involves transcription of DNA into mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA into proteins at ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
2. Key molecules involved include DNA, mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, and amino acids. DNA contains the genetic code. mRNA carries the code to the ribosomes. tRNA brings amino acids and pairs with mRNA codons.
3. Transcription and translation involve initiation, elongation, and termination steps. During transcription, RNA polymerase copies DNA onto mRNA. During translation, ribosomes read mRNA and link amino acids using tRNA.
DNA and RNA both contain nucleotides made up of sugars, phosphates, and nitrogen bases. However, DNA is double stranded and located in the nucleus and chromosomes, while RNA is single stranded and can leave the nucleus. There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries instructions from DNA to the cell, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which makes up ribosomes, and transfer RNA (tRNA) which transfers amino acids during protein synthesis. Proteins are made through two steps - transcription of DNA to mRNA which can then leave the nucleus, and translation of mRNA to a protein chain.
The document summarizes key concepts in nucleic acid chemistry and the central dogma of biology. It describes DNA replication as semiconservative, with each parental strand serving as a template for a new daughter strand. Transcription involves DNA being copied into RNA, and translation involves RNA being used to build proteins according to the genetic code. Mutations can occur through point mutations or frameshift mutations, sometimes resulting in changes to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
The document summarizes key concepts in nucleic acid chemistry and the central dogma of biology. It describes DNA replication as semiconservative, with each parental strand serving as a template for a new daughter strand. Transcription involves DNA being copied into RNA, and translation involves RNA being used to build proteins according to the genetic code. Mutations can occur through point mutations or frameshift mutations, sometimes resulting in changes to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis which occurs in two main steps: transcription and translation. During transcription, DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell nucleus. The mRNA then transports the genetic code to the cytoplasm where ribosomes read the mRNA during translation and assemble amino acids to make a protein based on the code. Transfer RNA molecules deliver amino acids to the ribosome and assemble them into a protein chain based on the mRNA codons.
Week4-RNA and Protein Synthesis - Final Updated.pptxShammaAhmed7
This document discusses RNA and the process of transcription and translation. It begins by comparing RNA and DNA, noting their differences in structure. It then describes the three main types of RNA - messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA - and their functions. Messenger RNA carries copies of DNA instructions to the ribosome. Ribosomal RNA and proteins make up the ribosome where protein synthesis occurs. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome during protein production. The document explains how RNA is synthesized through transcription and can require editing before being read. It finishes by describing the genetic code, how codons specify amino acids, and the process of translation where proteins are assembled based on mRNA instructions.
1. The document outlines the process of translation, which involves mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes working together to produce proteins from genetic instructions.
2. Translation occurs in three stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. During initiation, the ribosome and first tRNA bind to the mRNA start codon. Elongation adds additional amino acids one by one. Termination releases the finished protein.
3. Point mutations like substitutions, insertions, or deletions can potentially alter the genetic code and change the resulting protein sequence, but some changes may have no effect depending on redundancy in the genetic code.
The document discusses how genetic information passes from DNA to proteins. It explains that the DNA code is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into proteins. During translation, the mRNA codons bind to complementary tRNA anticodons, which bring amino acids. The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain, which then folds into a functional protein that carries out the genetic trait specified by the DNA.
The document is a flipbook that summarizes the process of transcription and translation. It shows how DNA in the nucleus is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA is then able to travel through the nucleus into the cytoplasm where it is translated into a protein with the help of tRNA and ribosomes. The mRNA codes for a protein with the amino acid sequence START ALA LEU SER VAL ARG TRP HIS TYR STOP.
This document provides an overview of protein synthesis. It describes how DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus, then transported to the cytoplasm where it is translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. Transcription involves RNA polymerase copying the DNA template into mRNA. Translation involves mRNA binding to ribosomes, where transfer RNA (tRNA) delivers amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codon sequence to synthesize a protein.
The document discusses transcription and protein synthesis. It explains that DNA contains the genetic code to make proteins, and transcription is the process of copying this code from DNA to mRNA in the nucleus. Translation then uses the mRNA code to assemble amino acids in the cytoplasm. The key steps are: 1) DNA unzips and mRNA nucleotides pair with the DNA template, 2) mRNA exits the nucleus where ribosomes read its code 3) Transfer RNA delivers amino acids to the ribosome based on mRNA codons to form a polypeptide chain. Mutations can occur during transcription or DNA replication and result in substitutions, deletions or insertions of genetic code.
The document describes the process of protein synthesis. DNA in the nucleus is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA strand exits the nucleus and binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. tRNA molecules matching the mRNA codons bring amino acids to the ribosome. The amino acids are linked together through peptide bonds to form a protein chain that eventually folds into a functional three-dimensional structure.
The genetic message of DNA is transcribed into mRNA and then translated into proteins. During transcription, the DNA unwinds and mRNA is produced that carries the protein code out of the nucleus. There are three types of RNA: mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm where ribosomes read the mRNA codons and join amino acids specified by each codon into proteins via peptide bonds. tRNA molecules match amino acids to codons to enable protein assembly according to the DNA's genetic instructions.
Transcription is the process by which a strand of mRNA is produced using DNA as a template. Key steps include:
1) The promoter region activates transcription and RNA polymerase produces the mRNA strand.
2) The mRNA strand exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore.
3) The mRNA attaches to the ribosome where tRNAs read its codon sequences and add complementary amino acids.
4) The amino acids join together via peptide bonds to form a protein chain.
Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)Marilen Parungao
- Transcription must occur before translation. Transcription involves copying DNA into mRNA, which is then used as a template for translation.
- The LAC operon is activated under conditions where glucose is low/lactose is high. It is inactivated when glucose is high/lactose is low.
- The DNA sequence provided would be transcribed into an RNA sequence where all Ts would be replaced with Us: 3'-UAC GGC AUU GCA CAU UUU AGG GGC AAU AUU-5'
This document provides instructions for a student to create an analogy poster comparing a cell to a man-made structure. The student must sketch, color, and label the parts of the structure and their analogous cell organelles. The poster will be graded on criteria such as neatness, creativity, comprehensibility of the analogy, labeling accuracy, and inclusion of all required organelles. The student is encouraged to plan thoroughly and strive for excellence in completing the assignment.
This document provides information about cell structures and their functions. It defines key terms like organelles, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and vacuoles. For each structure, it describes their shape, components, and main roles within the cell. The document also compares and contrasts the processes of photosynthesis within chloroplasts and respiration within mitochondria.
Defining life lesson plan with graphic organizerMichael Robbins
This document provides details for a two-part biology lesson on defining life. The lesson will involve students brainstorming and refining rules that characterize living things. To start, the teacher will propose that anything able to hula hoop defines life. Students will then sort example cards into this rule or not. Next, students will improve upon the rule by proposing their own, which will be tested in the same way. The goal is to collaboratively develop a rule that classifies all examples as living or not. Key concepts, essential questions, vocabulary, and detailed activities are outlined.
This document provides an overview of the major organelles found within an animal cell, including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and cell membrane. It lists each organelle and provides a link to a cell organelle quiz to test understanding of their various functions in maintaining cellular processes and structure.
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Scientific research method graphic organizersMichael Robbins
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1. Glossary for the Protein Necklace Activity
Please turn to page 339 in your book.
Messenger RNA (mRNA): Carries the message from DNA about how to make proteins.
Translation: The process of reading the message in mRNA to make proteins (by linking amino acids
together).
Amino acids: Chemical building blocks used to make proteins. Amino acids contain carbon, nitrogen,
oxygen, hydrogen and sometimes sulfur.We will use colored beads to represent the different amino acids.
Ribosome: Organelle where proteins are made.In this activity, your desks will serve as ribosomes.
Transfer RNA (tRNA): Special key-shaped RNA molecules that deliver amino acids to the ribosome for
protein synthesis.The cups in the back of the room that are carrying the beads represent the differenttRNAs.
Codon: groups of three ribonucleotides in mRNA that indicate which amino acid will be placed on a growing
protein chain.
Start Codon: AUG codes for methionine which is the first amino acid in all proteins.No false starts or you’re
disqualified!
Stop Codons: UAA, UAG, and UGA indicate that protein translation should stop. There should be no amino
acids added to a protein once a stop codon is reached.
2. Protein Necklace Activity
Instructions
1.
Each pair ofstudents will be assigned a color and the information for one amino acid
sequence, in the form of an mRNA “map.” We’ll give you a pipe cleaner that matchesyour
color. You’ll be stringing amino acid “beads” along the pipe cleaner. Roll one end as
instructed so the beads won’t fall off.
2.
Get out the protein coding table that shows the codon sequence for each amino acid. (It is
also on page 338 of your book).
3.
The amino acid beads are in cups around the classroom in alphabetical order. The cups are
transfer RNAs (tRNAs) because they hold specific amino acids. Notice that the cups have
tRNA molecules drawn on them.
4.
Your desk is the ribosome. You may only assemble the protein necklace at your ribosome.
5.
One of you may move one cup at a time from its place in the back of the room. Your
partner should stay at the ribosome to do the assembly. Put the cups back immediately
after you add new amino acids to your protein, so they will be available for the
construction of other proteins, elsewhere in the cell.
6.
On your worksheet page 1, identify the normal and mutant sequences for your group’s
color. Right now we are making the necklace for theNoRMAL sequence. Later you will
make the necklace for the mutant sequence and compare them, but not yet.
7.
On the worksheet, circle the start codon, AUG, which codes for methionine. All proteins
begin with methionine.
8.
Find and underline the stop codon which is the first instance of UAA, UGA, or UAG that
comes after (to the right of) the methionine. You should stop making your protein necklace
when you reach a stop codon.
9.
Start assembling your necklace. When finished, check with your teacher to see if you made
the correct protein. If correct… good job!You may continue on to step 10.
10. Get a white pipe cleaner and build the protein foryour mutant sequence. If you were the
code reader last time, switch with your partner so that he/she reads the code and you
deliver the amino acids. Check with your teacher to ensure that you have correctly
assembled the protein.
11. Next, consider how your mutation may have affected you protein’s sequence. On page 2,
answer the questions for your group’s color.We will fill the rest of the table out as a class.
When filling out the mutation type(s) column try to choose correctly from types given in
bold face text above the table. Please be aware that in some cases we are looking for two
answers for a mutation type. For example, an insertion or deletion can also cause a frame
shift.
12. Turn in Pages 1 and 2. Pay attention to the class discussion because it will make your
homeworkeasier.
3. Protein Necklace Worksheet
Name___________________________Block_________p. 1
GROUP
MRNA SEQUENCES
PINK
AC UAGCAAGCUCUCAGGCCUGGCAUCAUGGUGCAUUUUACUGCU GAG GAA CCC GUCUGA CCC AUUAUUU
NORMAL
PINK
MUTANT
AC UAGCAAGCUCUCAGGCCUGGCAUCAUGGUGCAUUUUACUGCU GAG G UA CCC GUCUGA CCC AUUAUUU
GREEN
GCAGCGAAUAAGUUAUGUUAAUCGGAUGGCGG CCC AUAAGAGUUUAGUAUGG
NORMAL
GREEN
MUTANT
GCAGCGAAUAAGUUAUGUU G AUCGGAUGGCGG CCC AUAAGAGUUUAGUAUGG
ORANGE
AC CGCGGAGCCCUUGCAGCCAUGAGGGAA CAG AAAGGC GAG ACUCAAACAUGAAAA CCCACUUGCUGG
NORMAL
ORANGE
MUTANT
AC CGCGGAGCCCUUGCAGCCAUGAGGGAA CAG UAAGGC GAG ACUCAAACAUGAAAA CCC ACUUGCUGG
YELLOW
AAUCUUACAAAAUGUGUGACGAAGAAGUUCUGAAAUUGGUUGUCUGAGACAACGGC
NORMAL
YELLOW
MUTANT
BLACK
UUAAAAAAUUUAUGUGUGACGAAGAAGUUCUGAAAUUGGUUGUCUGAUUUUUUUUU
AU UAAGCAAUGUCAGGCGUCCGAUAG CCC AUCAUCAACGGUAAG CCC AUUAAC CCC CGG CCC C
NORMAL
BLACK
MUTANT
AU UAAGCAAUGUCAGGC CGUCCGAUAGCCCAUCAUCAACGGUAAGCCCAUUAA CCC CCGGCCCC
BROWN
GGAGGGCAUG CAG GAG UUCACG GAG UUCUAGACAAGACCG
NORMAL
BROWN
MUTANT
GGAGGGCAUG CAG GAG UUCGAG AAG CCC UUCACG GAG UUCUAGACAAGACCG
BLUE
UUGGACCU CCC AUGGAC GAG ACAACAGGUUGAGCGGGACUAUUGAGGCGACGGCAA
NORMAL
BLUE
MUTANT
RED
UUGGACCU CCC AUGGAC GAG AAA CAG GUU GAG CGGGACUAUUGAGGCGACGGCAA
AAAAGCCCAACUAGAA GAG AUGUCAGUUUUC CGU UAC GCC UAUCAUUUUUGGUGAUUCUAAC
NORMAL
RED
MUTANT
AAAAGCCCAACUAGAA GAG AUGUCAGUUUUCUAUCAUUUUUGGUGAUUCUAAC
PURPLE
NORMAL
UAUAUUUUGAUAUG CCC AGCAUU G AUAUUGAAGUAGAAUGACACUUGAGCAAC
PURPLE
MUTANT
UAUAUUUUGAUAUG CCC AGCAUUAUAUUGAAGUAGAAUGACACUUGAGCA AC
4. Protein Necklace Worksheet
Name_____________________________Block__________ p.2
Mutation Types
Substitution: A swap of one nucleotide for another
Insertion: Extra nucleotides
Deletion: Missing nucleotides
Missense: A substitution resulting in a different amino acid
Nonsense: A substitution that changes an amino acid into a stop codon
Frame Shift: When an insertion or deletion causes changes the downstream codons resulting in a
different amino acid sequence
Silent: When a mutation does not alter the amino acid sequence
GROUP
MISSENSE
NONSENSE
INSERTION
DELETION
FRAMESHIFT
SILENT
(IS THERE A
(IS THERE A
(WITH A
DIFFERENCE IN
THE AMINO ACID
SEQUENCE)
(WITH A
DIFFERENCE IN
THE AMINO
(DOES THE AMINO
ACID SEQUENCE
READ DIFFERENTLY
FOLLOWING AN
INSERTION OR
DELETION ?)
(ISTHERE NO
MUTATION
TYPE(S)
CHANGE TO
(WRITE THE
THE A MINO
MUTATION TYPE ( S)
ACID
SEQUENCE ?
USING THE ANSWERS
SUBSTITUTION
RESULTING IN
AMINO
ACID ?)
A NEW
SUBSTITUTION
RESULTING IN
A NEW STOP
CODON ?)
ACID
SEQUENCE)
TO THE LEFT OF THIS
COLUMN AS YOUR
GUIDE .)
PINK
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
PURPLE
NO
NO
RED
NO
NO
BLUE
YES
NO
BROWN
YES
NO
BLACK
YES
NO
YELLOW
YES
NO
ORANGE
YES
NO
GREEN
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
5. Translation Homework
Name___________________________Block_________ p. 3
1) Underline the start and stop codons for each sequence.
2) Underneath the mRNA sequences, write the amino acid sequence for the proteins.
3) Continue on to p. 4.
GROUP
MRNA SEQUENCES
#1
AC CGCGGAGCCCUUGCAGCCAUGAGGGAA CAG AAAGGC GAG ACUCAAACAUGAAAA CCCACUUGCUGG
NORMAL
#1
MUTANT
AC CGCGGAGCCCUUGCAGCCAUGAGGGAA CAG UAAGGC GAG ACUCAAACAUGAAAA CCC ACUUGCUGG
#2
AC UAGCAAGCUCUCAGGCCUGGCAUCAUGGUGCAUUUUACUGCU GAG GAA CCC GUCUGA CCC AUUAUUU
N ORMAL
#2
MUTANT
AC UAGCAAGCUCUCAGGCCUGGCAUCAUGGUGCAUUUUACUGCU GAG G UA CCC GUCUGA CCC AUUAUUU
#3
AAAAGCCCAACUAGAA GAG AUGUCAGUUUUC CGU UAC GCC UAUCAUUUUUGGUGAUUCUAAC
N ORMAL
#3
MUTANT
AAAAGCCCAACUAGAA GAG AUGUCAGUUUUCUAUCAUUUUUGGUGAUUCUAAC
#4
GGAGGGCAUG CAG GAG UUCACG GAG UUCUAGACAAGACCG
N ORMAL
#4
MUTANT
GGAGGGCAUG CAG GAG UUCGAG AAG CCC UUCACG GAG UUCUAGACAAGACCG
#5
AU UAAGCAAUGUCAGGCGUCCGAUAG CCC AUCAUCAACGGUAAG CCC AUUAAC CCC CGG CCC C
N ORMAL
#5
MUTANT
AU UAAGCAAUGUCAGGC CGUCCGAUAGCCCAUCAUCAACGGUAAGCCCAUUAA CCC CCGGCCCC
#6
UAUAUUUUGAUAUG CCC AGCAUU G AUAUUGAAGUAGAAUGACACUUGAGCAAC
N ORMAL
#6
MUTANT
UAUAUUUUGAUAUG CCC AGCAUUAUAUUGAAGUAGAAUGACACUUGAGCA AC
#7
AAUCUUACAAAAUGUGUGACGAAGAAGUUCUGAAAUUGGUUGUCUGAGACAACGGC
N ORMAL
#7
MUTANT
UUAAAAAAUUUAUGUGUGACGAAGAAGUUCUGAAAUUGGUUGUCUGAUUUUUUUUU
#8
N ORMAL
GCAGCGAAUAAGUUAUGUUAAUCGGAUGGCGG CCC AUAAGAGUUUAGUAUGG
#8
MUTANT
GCAGCGAAUAAGUUAUGUUG AUCGGAUGGCGG CCC AUAAGAGUUUAGUAUGG
#9
N ORMAL
UUGGACCU CCC AUGGAC GAG ACAACAGGUUGAGCGGGACUAUUGAGGCGACGGCAA
#9
MUTANT
UUGGACCU CCC AUGGAC GAG AAA CAG GUU GAG CGGGACUAUUGAGGCGACGGCAA
6. Translation Homework
Name___________________________Block_________
p. 4
Complete the table below. Please be aware that in some cases there will be two answers for “mutation type.”
For example, an insertion or deletion mutation might cause a frame shiftmutation.
Mutation Types
Substitution: A swap of one nucleotide for another
Insertion: Extra nucleotides
Deletion: Missing nucleotides
Missense: A substitution resulting in a different amino acid
Nonsense: A substitution that changes an amino acid into a stop codon
Frame Shift: When an insertion or deletion causes changes the downstream codons resulting in
a different amino acid sequence
Silent: When a mutation does not alter the amino acid sequence
#
MISSENSE
(IS THERE A
NONSENSE
INSERTION
DELETION
FRAMESHIFT
SILENT
(IS THERE A
(C AUSING A
DIFFERENCE IN
THE AMINO ACID
SEQUENCE)
(C AUSING A
DIFFERENCE IN
THE AMINO ACID
SEQUENCE)
(DOES THE AMINO
ACID SEQUENCE
READ DIFFERENTLY
FOLLOWING AN
INSERTION OR
DELETION ?)
(ISTHERE NO
MUTATION
TYPE(S)
CHANGE TO
(WRITE THE
THE AMINO
MUTATION TYPE ( S)
ACID
SEQUENCE ?
USING THE ANSWERS
SUBSTITUTION
SUBSTITUTION
RESULTING IN A
RESULTING IN
NEW STOP
AMINO
ACID ?)
CODON ?)
A NEW
TO THE LEFT OF THIS
COLUMN AS YOUR
GUIDE .)
1
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
9
NO
NO
8
NO
NO
7
YES
NO
6
YES
NO
5
YES
NO
4
YES
NO
3
YES
NO
2
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
7. Translation Homework
Name___________________________Block_________
p. 3
4) Underline the start and stop codons for each sequence.
5) Underneath the mRNA sequences, write the amino acid sequence for the proteins.
6) Continue on to p. 4.
GROUP
MRNA SEQUENCES
#1
AC CGCGGAGCCCUUGCAGCCAUGAGGGAA CAG AAAGGC GAG ACUCAAACAUGAAAA CCCACUUGCUGG
NORMAL
MetArgGluGlnLysGlyGluThrGlnThr
#1
MUTANT
AC CGCGGAGCCCUUGCAGCCAUGAGGGAA CAG UAAGGC GAG ACUCAAACAUGAAAA CCC ACUUGCUGG
#2
AC UAGCAAGCUCUCAGGCCUGGCAUCAUGGUGCAUUUUACUGCU GAG GAA CCC GUCUGA CCC AUUAUUU
N ORMAL
MetValHisPheThrAlaGluGluProVal
#2
MUTANT
AC UAGCAAGCUCUCAGGCCUGGCAUCAUGGUGCAUUUUACUGCU GAG G UA CCC GUCUGA CCC AUUAUUU
#3
AAAAGCCCAACUAGAA GAG AUGUCAGUUUUC CGU UAC GCC UAUCAUUUUUGGUGAUUCUAAC
N ORMAL
MetSerValPheArgTyrAlaTyrHisPheTrp
#3
MUTANT
AAAAGCCCAACUAGAA GAG AUGUCAGUUUUCUAUCAUUUUUGGUGAUUCUAAC
#4
GGAGGGCAUG CAG GAG UUCACG GAG UUCUAGACAAGACCG
N ORMAL
MetGlnGluPheThrGluPhe
#4
MUTANT
GGAGGGCAUG CAG GAG UUCGAG AAG CCC UUCACG GAG UUCUAGACAAGACCG
#5
AU UAAGCAAUGUCAGGCGUCCGAUAG CCC AUCAUCAACGGUAAG CCC AUUAAC CCC CGG CCC C
N ORMAL
MetArgGluGln
MetValHisPheThrAlaGluValProVal
MetSerValPheTyrHisPheTrp
MetGlnGluPheGluLysProPheThrGluPhe
MetSerGlyValArg
#5
MUTANT
AU UAAGCAAUGUCAGGC CGUCCGAUAGCCCAUCAUCAACGGUAAGCCCAUUAA CCC CCGGCCCC
#6
UAUAUUUUGAUAUG CCC AGCAUU G AUAUUGAAGUAGAAUGACACUUGAGCAAC
N ORMAL
MetProSerIleAspIleGluValGlu
#6
MUTANT
UAUAUUUUGAUAUG CCC AGCAUUAUAUUGAAGUAGAAUGACACUUGAGCA AC
#7
AAUCUUACAAAAUGUGUGACGAAGAAGUUCUGAAAUUGGUUGUCUGAGACAACGGC
N ORMAL
MetSerGlyArgProIleAlaHisHisGlnArg
MetProSerIleIleLeuLys
MetCysAspGluGluValLeuLysLeuValVal
#7
MUTANT
UUAAAAAAUUUAUGUGUGACGAAGAAGUUCUGAAAUUGGUUGUCUGAUUUUUUUUU
#8
N ORMAL
GCAGCGAAUAAGUUAUGUUAAUCGGAUGGCGG CCC AUAAGAGUUUAGUAUGG
#8
MUTANT
GCAGCGAAUAAGUUAUGUU G AUCGGAUGGCGG CCC AUAAGAGUUUAGUAUGG
#9
N ORMAL
UUGGACCU CCC AUGGAC GAG ACAACAGGUUGAGCGGGACUAUUGAGGCGACGGCAA
#9
UUGGACCU CCC AUGGAC GAG AAA CAG GUU GAG CGGGACUAUUGAGGCGACGGCAA
MetCysAspGluGluValLeuLysLeuValVal
MetLeuIleGlyTrpArgProIleArgVal
MetLeuIleGlyTrpArgProIleArgVal
MetAspGluThrThrGly