The Impact of Science & Technology on Victorian LondonJIM MUKERJEE
Paper submitted for course on History of London, England, at University of Oxford, UK, July 31, 2013. The paper describes the innovative technical contributions of Sir Joseph Bazalgette in designing and deploying the "intercepting sewers", in mid-1860s, which diverted surface water and sewage from the Thames, in the face of insurmountable technical and political odds. The resulting drainage systems under the Victoria, Albert, Thames and Chelsea Embankments helped eradicate cholera epidemics in London. "Bazalgette did more good and saved more lives than any single Victorian public official"!
Презентация проектной работы по английскому языку Кожина Никиты, учащегося 6 "А" класса, "Великие люди Британии. Король Артур".
Руководитель проекта: Евланова Анна Борисовна.
The Impact of Science & Technology on Victorian LondonJIM MUKERJEE
Paper submitted for course on History of London, England, at University of Oxford, UK, July 31, 2013. The paper describes the innovative technical contributions of Sir Joseph Bazalgette in designing and deploying the "intercepting sewers", in mid-1860s, which diverted surface water and sewage from the Thames, in the face of insurmountable technical and political odds. The resulting drainage systems under the Victoria, Albert, Thames and Chelsea Embankments helped eradicate cholera epidemics in London. "Bazalgette did more good and saved more lives than any single Victorian public official"!
Презентация проектной работы по английскому языку Кожина Никиты, учащегося 6 "А" класса, "Великие люди Британии. Король Артур".
Руководитель проекта: Евланова Анна Борисовна.
By Brandon FooThe Race Across America The First Trans.docxhumphrieskalyn
By Brandon Foo
The Race Across America: The First Transcontinental Railroad
Introduction:The transcontinental railroad was an innovated technology by conveniently and efficiently letting people travel across the country. Replacing months of travel to mere weeks, it allowed communication and trade across vast amounts of distances. It employed both Chinese immigrants and Irish workers who helped build the railroad. After it was completed, it united the country together and helped build the way for commerce, people and ideas to travel from the east to the west.
Union Pacific Railroad
Part 1: How it was builtThe Union Pacific Railroad would start at Omaha, Nebraska and go west
Central Pacific RailroadThe Central Pacific Railroad would start at Sacramento, California and go east
Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 and 1864It outlined how the railroad was going to be built, the route it was going to take and how it was going to get funded. The path that they would go through followed the established Oregon and California trails, which was used at the time by wagon trains, stagecoach lines and the Pony Express.
Black Powder/Nitroglycerin
Part 2: Technology UsageBlack powder was usually used to blast through the hard rock, but some situations, nitroglycerin had to be used. Nitroglycerin at the time was fairly new as a blasting tool and was very dangerous to transport, so they had to make it on the site.
Telegraph LinesBrought instant communication to people working along the tracks to people across the nationUsed on the day the railroad was completed where telecommunication lines were wrapped around the last spike on the track and whenever the person struck the spike, the sound pulsated across the nation.
Snow sheds
Part 2 ContinuedSnow and avalanches were delaying construction and supervisors had to devise a plan to overcome it. Snow sheds were built by making a shelter over the tracks so the snow would not interfere the construction of the railroad
Bridges/Trestle BridgesTrestle bridges were built when there was a deep gorge that the railroad had to go over and was usually built with timber until it could have been replaced with iron, which is more durable and permeant.
Chinese Immigrants
Part 3: Social ImpactThe Chinese were the backbone of building the tracks for the Central Pacific and compromised nearly 80% of the workforce They worked in eight hour shifts and only stopped when another person had to put in the black powder, where they lit fuse and would then run to a safe distance to avoid the explosion.
Irish Immigrants and Civil War VeteransOn the Union Pacific Railroad, it mostly consisted of Irish immigrants and Civil War Veterans.The Irish workers and veterans constantly got drunk, went to brothels and gambling dens which brought a lot of vices to the towns that the tracks went through.
Mormons
Part 3 ContinuedThe main reason why the Mormons worked on the railroad was because it would go through the Utah territ ...
Lake Ontario And Finger Lakes International Living History Maritime And Saili...SudoreG
Lake Ontario And Finger Lakes International Living History Maritime And Sailing Center; a living history 'museum' and center whose purpose is to bring the 1800's era maritime and sailing (schooners, sloops, brig, yawls, tall ships, etc.) history of Lake Ontario and the Finger lakes alive. The mission of the Center is "Celebrating the past to awaken our future". It is anticipated that once the Center is established, it will create more than 9,000 permanent jobs and contribute over $11 billion dollars in revenue to the local and regional economy, providing a significant economic boost for the greater Rochester NY and Finger Lakes region community.
2. · Railroad companies raced to lay tracks to the mines in order to supply the miners. The Transcontinental Railroad J j
3. "End of Track, near Humboldt Lake," circa 1868, showing a construction train stopped, headed eastbound, with lots of tents in the foreground. These tents were probably occupied by Chinese, whose contribution to the construction of this railroad made the Transcontinental Railroad a reality. May of 1997; it appears as if the freight trail can still be seen
4. . . x Omaha, Nebraska Sacramento, California Promontory Point, Utah Union Pacific Railroad Central Pacific Railroad · In 1863, two companies, the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific, began building the first transcontinental railroad. J j
5. · Labor was scarce due to the hard, dangerous work and low pay. · Therefore, immigrant labor was used. Union Pacific - hired many Irish immigrants Central Pacific - approximately 90% of their workforce were Chinese immigrants “ White manpower, the kind employers preferred, was in desperately short supply, diverted by the call to arms or the shout of “Eureka!” in the goldfields. The few white recruits who did straggle in…leaned on their picks when the boss rode away and shouldered their shovels on payday.” Immigrant Workers
6. “ The Central Pacific management even considered importing 5,000 Rebel prisoners (the Civil War’s end foiled the plan) and peons from Mexico (rejected as too lazy). Diligent beyond a doubt were some 40,000 Chinese already in California. But “rice eating weaklings”? "The Chinese Question" Harper’s Weekly, February 18, 1871 by, Thomas Nast
13. Chinese railroad workers perform their duties in the snow. · The workers endured scorching deserts, blinding snowstorms, and blasted through mountains.
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15. “ This ‘cape’ was a wall of rock 2,700 feet high, rising steeply from the American River and largely innocent of even a toehold. But the Chinese wove large wicker baskets, marked them with bright symbols to ward off evil spirits, and at the sound of the sunrise whistle marched silently off to the ridgetop. From one end of their bamboo carrying poles hung discarded kegs filled with strong tea; from the other, their woven baskets…Lowered in the baskets hundreds of feet down the cliff they chipped and chiseled small nooks out of the rock, inserted charges of black powder, then nimbly scampered up the ropes, pulling their baskets out of harm’s way as the fuses crackled and flashed.”
16. On May 10, 1869, a golden spike was hammered into a track joining the two tracks in Promontory Point, UT.
17. Gold-plated Golden Spike that was donated by the governor of Arizona Territory. Spike is now owned by the Museum of the City of New York. Photo by poster, 12/06
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19. “ At Promontory Point, Utah, on May 10, 1869 – when the rival rails were joined with great fanfare – the Chinese finished the job. But there and elsewhere, Crocker’s Asians were excluded from the festivities. (Charles Crocker was the chief overseer of the Central Pacific Railroad’s works.) At San Francisco’s grand celebration, the keynote speaker attributed the railroad’s existence to ‘the commingled blood of the four greatest nationalities of modern days’ – the French, Germans, English, and Irish of America. And at a centennial observance in 1969, Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe echoed the sentiment: “Who else but Americans,” he intoned, “could drill ten tunnels in mountains thirty feet deep in snow? Who else but Americans…?”