training report

B. Tech., Electrical Engineering Seldom India
Poornima University,Jaipur
A
REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
Taken At
Seldom India
(From 26/11/2014 to 17/01/2015)
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
of
Poornima University, Jaipur
Session: 2014-15
Submitted By:
Ashish Patidar
2012PUSETBEEX00720
III Year, EE
Submitted To:
Department of Electrical Engineering
School of Engineering & Technology, Poornima University
Ramchandrapura, Sitapura Ext., Jaipur, Rajasthan

Certificate
Of
Industrial Training 2014-15
This is to certify that Mr. Ashish Patidar student of 5th
semester in school of Engineering
&Technology,Branch Electrical has successfully completed the industrial training from
Seldom India to at Jaipur.
He has also submitted the report for partial fulfilment of the Engineering degree course
prescribed in the teaching scheme of Poornima University.
Mr. Gaurav Soni Dr. Manoj Gupta
HOD (Electrical Engineering) Dean (School of Engg. & Tech.)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have undergone an Industrial Training which was meticulously planned and guided at
every stage so that it became a life time experience for me. This could not be realized
without the help from numerous sources and people in the Poornima University and
Seldom India.
I am thankful to Dr. Manoj Gupta, Provost, Poornima University and Dean, SET &
SBA and Ms. Dipti Lodha, T.P.O, Poornima University for providing us a platform to
carry out this activity successfully.
I am also very grateful to Mr. Gaurav Soni (HOD, Electrical Engineering) for his kind
support and guidance.
I would like to take this opportunity to show our gratitude towards Mrs. Garima Mathur
who helped me in successful completion of my Industrial Training. She has been a guide,
motivator & source of inspiration for us to carry out the necessary proceedings for
completing this training and related activities successfully.
I am also privileged to have Mr. Surendra Sharma who have flourished us with their
valuable facilities without which this work cannot be completed.
I would also like to express my heart felt appreciation to all of my friends whom direct
or indirect suggestions help me to develop this project and to entire team members for
their valuable suggestions.
Lastly, thanks to all faculty members of Department of Electrical engineering for their
moral support and guidance.
Ashish Patidar

Abstract
During the 45 days of my industrial training, in the first day of the week in this industry, I
was given a task to learn about kitting system that I must know all the tools which is necessary
for every electrical engineer. Indeed, I had to prepare a set of tools by according tooling list.
After a week, I was given a manual book to learn how to operate those machines. There were
a lot of machines at my sub-department; AC Machine, AC Drives, Circuit Breakers, Control
Contactors power Contactors, SMPS, PLC .
After several weeks, I was starting to learn some new things. There were some technical
skills, tooling maintenance and drive functions. During the training period I learn about my
field’s fresh thing electrical audit of different branches of axis bank and drive function. I also
learnt about industry automation with drive and control logic development using contactors
for their inter locking. In the duration of 45 days I learnt so much fresh things of my field
like Auditing, Panel drawing, Inter locking of connections and the Automation of AC Motor
through AC Drive

Table of Contents
Certificate of University………………………………………………………………….....ii
Certificate of Company……………………………………………………………………..iii
Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………………………iv
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………...v
Table of contents……………………………………………………………………………vi
List of figures………………………………………………………………………………..x
CHAPTER 1-Introduction...................................................................................................1
1.1 Aims and Objectives .....................................................................................................1
1.2 Scope.............................................................................................................................1
1.3 Selection of the Industry/ Organization ........................................................................1
1.4 Duration of Training .....................................................................................................2
1.5 Training Program /Schedule .........................................................................................2
CHAPTER 2-About Industry /Organization .....................................................................3
2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................3
2.2 Vision and Mission of Company ..................................................................................3
2.3 Background of Company ..............................................................................................3
2.4 Location of organization ...............................................................................................3
2.5 Organizational structure:...............................................................................................3
2.6 Products.........................................................................................................................4
2.7 Services .........................................................................................................................4
2.8 Major Projects...............................................................................................................5
CHAPTER 3- About the Learning of Training .................................................................6
3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................6
3.2 Contactor...........................................................................................................................6
3.2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................6

3.2.2 Construction...............................................................................................................7
3.2.3 Operation and working: .............................................................................................8
3.2.4 Types of contactors ....................................................................................................9
3.2.5 Power Contactors.......................................................................................................9
3.2.6 Control Contactors.....................................................................................................9
3.2.7 Applications ...............................................................................................................9
3.3 DOL (Direct Online Starter)...........................................................................................10
3.3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................10
3.3.3 Advantages of DOL starter ......................................................................................11
3.3.4 Dis-advantages of DOL starter.................................................................................12
3.3.5 Features of DOL starter............................................................................................12
3.3.6 Applications .............................................................................................................12
3.4 RDOL (Reverse Direct Online Starter) ..........................................................................13
3.4.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................13
3.4.2 Principle and working ..............................................................................................14
3.5 Star-Delta Starter ............................................................................................................16
3.5.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................16
3.5.2 Principle and Working .............................................................................................16
3.5.3 Star Delta starter units..............................................................................................17
3.5.4 Power circuit diagram of star-delta starter...............................................................17
3.5.5 Control diagram of star-delta starter ........................................................................19
3.5.6 Advantages of star-delta starter................................................................................20
3.5.7 Dis-advantages of star-delta starter..........................................................................20
3.5.8 Applications of star-delta starter..............................................................................21
3.6 Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)...................................................................................21
3.6.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................21
3.6.2 Principle and Working .............................................................................................22
3.6.3 Variable Frequency Drive rating and types……………………………………….23
3.6.4 List of parameters of variable frequency drive (ABB -V1000).............................24

3.7 Power and Control Diagram ...........................................................................................28
3.7.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................28
3.7.2 Power Diagram ........................................................................................................28
3.7.3 Control Diagram ......................................................................................................29
3.7.4 Symbols used in control and power diagrams .........................................................30
3.8 Power Generation ...........................................................................................................31
3.8.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................31
3.8.2 Energy source...........................................................................................................31
3.8.3 Generation, Transmission & Distribution of Power ................................................34
3.8.4 Steps of Power Generation, Transmission & Distribution.......................................35
3.8.5 Power plants and types of power plant ....................................................................37
3.9 Energy Management and Audit......................................................................................38
3.9.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................38
3.9.2 What is energy management? ..................................................................................38
3.9.3 Why Energy Management?......................................................................................39
3.9.4 Objectivems of Energy Management.......................................................................39
3.9.5 Energy Security........................................................................................................40
3.9.6 Energy Conservation................................................................................................41
3.9.7 Energy Efficiency ....................................................................................................41
3.9.8 Benefits of Electricity Efficiency.............................................................................42
3.9.9 Energy Conservation and Efficiency in India: Some Facts .....................................42
3.9.10 Important features of energy conservation act 2001..............................................43
3.9.11 Establishment of Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) ..........................................44
3.9.12 Objective of BEE ...................................................................................................44
3.9.13 Functions of BEE...................................................................................................45
3.9.14 What is energy audit?.............................................................................................45
3.9.15 Need for Energy Audit...........................................................................................46
3.9.16 The Role of an Energy Audit .................................................................................46
3.9.17 Steps of Energy Audit Practice ..............................................................................46

3.10 Office Management………………………………………………………………….47
3.10.1 Introduction............................................................................................................47
3.10.2 What is office management?..................................................................................47
3.10.3 Functions of office management............................................................................48
3.10.4 Importance of Office Management ........................................................................48
3.11 Panel Designing............................................................................................................50
3.11.1 Introduction............................................................................................................50
CHAPTER 4-Activities In Industrial Training................................................................51
4.1 introduction…………………………………………………………………………….51
CHAPTER 5-Conclusion ...................................................................................................52
5.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….52
5.2 Challenges/Weakness/Limitations……………………………………………………..52
5.3 Future Goals……………………………………………………………………………52
5.4 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………..52
CHAPTER 6-Refrence……………………………………………………………………53

List of figure
Figure 1 Power Contactor 6
Figure 2 Control Diagram of DOL Circuit with Contactors 9
Figure 3 Practical Diagram of RDOL Circuit 13
Figure 4 Control Diagram of RDOL with Contactors 14
Figure 5 Power Diagram of RDOL Contactor 15
Figure 6 Star Delta Starter 16
Figure 7 Power Diagram of Star Delta Starter 18
Figure 8 Control Diagram of Star Delta Starter 20
Figure 9 Structure of Variable Frequency Drive 22
Figure 10 Topology of Drive 22
Figure 11 Drive with Power Card 23
Figure 12 Block Diagram of Drive 24
Figure 13 Single Line Diagram of Operating Motor with DOL
and Drive
29
Figure 14 Transmission Path Symbols 30
Figure 15 Fundamental Symbols 30
Figure 16 Different Switches and Relays 31
Figure 17 Basic Network of Power System 34
Figure 18 Defining Energy Management 41

1 Poornima University,Jaipur
CHAPTER 1-Introduction
1.1 Aims and Objectives
The scope of this training is to gain knowledge on the basics of electrical, understanding of
electrical analysis and design combined with the advancement of sensor, power system and
electrical equipment’s as well as standardization of electrical network. This training also
creates awareness on Electrical as well as electronics engineering and related to electrical
machine concepts and also train them to use software skills, analyze issues, and improve
performance and quality. Training of Electrical machinery, a flexible engineering that enable
the engineer to fit anywhere in the automotive industry.
This industrial training will provide knowledge and improve skill-sets in:
 Developing the process of learning through a comprehensive industry plan
 Fault Diagnosis
 Providing industrial work experience for students with appropriate atmosphere to create
and distinguish
 Introducing the importance of this advanced technology to the public
1.2 Scope
Electrical is the core branch of engineering.it has a wide future scope in whole world.
Electrical engineers can be appointed as design engineer, quality control engineer, test
engineer, reliability engineer, process and manufacture engineer, transmission and
distribution field engineer and generation field engineer
1.3 Selection of the Industry/ Organization
There are several types of industry or an organization in the electrical engineering field,
which provide different kind of job opportunity. Selection of industry depends upon the
people’s area of interest. There are many industries which works on the field of automation,
testing, controlling, instrumentation, designing etc.

1.4 Duration of Training
We had done our training for 45 working days. It was started from 26 December 2014 to 17
January 2015.and training timing was generally 6 hours.
1.5 Training Program /Schedule
Electrical Basics
• Basic Concepts • Electrical Elements • Digital Signals and Logic • Time and Frequency
•Measurements • Single Phase • Three Phase • 11KV • 33 KV • Safety Phenomena •
Selection of Electric Items
AC Motors & AC Drives
• AC motors, operations & Limitations • Motor Starters: DOL, Star-Delta • Motor control
circuits, interlocking circuits • Introduction to AC drives & applications •Criteria for drives
selection • Parameter Programming • Fault finding / troubleshooting
Instruments
• Working Principal •Type of Instruments • Electrical connections • Panel designing •
Symbol reading • Drawing reading • Sizing of panel • Troubleshooting in panel
Panel Designing & Drawing
• Basics of control & power drawings •General protection involved in panel • Load
management (connected load, running load, load factor) • Electrical protection •Preparation
of power & control circuits • General wiring guidelines / practices •Maintenance &
troubleshooting of control circuits in live panels • Designing Power & Control Drawing
1.6 Conclusion
In conclusion, I would like to conclude that I have learned a lot of knowledge which I
cannot obtain in the books or references. Even though it is only 45 days of training, the
experience in the industry during 45 days is valuable for me. I have learned to be
responsible for my position and be punctual on work. It can be said that “Patience is bitter,
but its fruit is sweet.”

CHAPTER 2-About Industry /Organization
(MOGU ENGINEERS)
2.1Introduction
MOGU Engineers is a corporation which has been working in the field of automation,
control &instrumentation in electrical and communication field for a long time with
quality of work and satisfaction of their customers.
2.2Vision and Mission of Company
“Deliver Creative and Value added Solutions for our customers in the field of Industrial
Automation using PLC, DCS, DRIVES, and Panels, SCADA and PROCESS CONTROL
INST. (Hardware/Software) and project execution on turnkey basis.”
2.3Background of Company
MOGU ENGINEERS was established in 2001 by two passionate engineers MR.
Abhinandanmodi and MR. Devendragupta. Today company has a turnover of around 50
crore Rs.
MOGU ENGINEERS Company constituted by group of Engineers well qualified and
having an experience in the field of Control & Instrumentation, Electrical, and
Communication Engineering.
2.4Location of organization
Company’s registered head office situated in Delhi following the two branches in Jaipur
and Jodhpur.
2.5Organizational structure:
 MARKETING : ABHINANDAN MODI
: RAJIV GUPTA
 OPERATION : DEVENDRA GUPTA
 COMMERCIAL : O.P. GUPTA

 ADMIN. G.M. : ABHAY SINGH SANJETI
 TRAINING : KARTAVYA JAIN
Besides it company has a team of 5 Sales Engineers, 25 Commissioning Engineers&2
Service Engineers who are dedicated to fulfill the vision and mission of company.
2.6Products
 AC/DC Drives
 Servo Drives
 Controller
 DCS/ PLCs
 HMI/MMI
 Soft Starter
 Energy Management Software
 Analytical and Advance Solution (Gas Analyzers )
 All types of Sensors and Cables
 All types of field instruments
 Electrical Panel
2.7Services
 Support Services for Supervision & commissioning of system, Drives, Panels Etc.
 Provide Engineering input for Up- gradation and Retrofitting in existing system at
customer end.
 Provide Technical guidance and Design to cater the recent trend of technical
requirements of the Customers in today’s Competitive environment.

2.8Major Projects
Project Client
Energy Management System RVPNL, Rajasthan
Drive/Panel , Gas Project HPCL,
Drive/Panel, TTL HPCL,
Drive/Panel , Refinery IOCL, Panipat
Drive/Panel , Refinery IOCL, Mathura
Energy Management System MSETCL, Maharashtra
Drive/Panel, Depot BPCL, Ajmer/Meerut/Jammu
Up gradation Vasa Dutta Cement,
Energy Management NTPC, Dadri (UP)
Drive/Panel Birla White, Rajasthan
Up gradation Grasim Cement, Rajasthan

CHAPTER 3- About the Learning of Training
3.1 Introduction
In this chapter We are learning about the principle,construction,working and application of
contactors, direct on-line starter, reversible direct on-line starter, star delta starter, variable
frequency drive and its parameter, control and power drawing, power generation,
transmission and distribution, energy management and audit, office management and panel
designing.
3.2 Contactor
3.2.1Introduction
A contactor is an electrically controlled switch used for switching a power circuit, similar
to a relay except with higher current ratings. A contactor is controlled by a circuit which
has a much lower power level than the switched circuit. Contactors typically have multiple
contacts, and those contacts are usually (but not always) normally-open, so that power to
the load is shut off when the coil is de-energized.
Figure 1: Power Contactor

Contactors come in many forms with varying capacities and features. The basic work of a
contactor is to interrupt a short circuit current. So they can use as circuit breakers. Contactors
range from those having a breaking current of several amperes to thousands of amperes and
24 V DC to many kilovolts. The physical size of contactors ranges from a device small
enough to pick up with one hand, to large devices approximately a meter (yard) on a side.
Contactors are used to control electric motors, lighting, heating, capacitor banks, thermal
evaporators, and other electrical loads.
3.2.2 Construction
A contactor has five components:-
1. Contacts
2. Electromagnet(or coil)
3. Enclosure
4. Magnetic blowouts
5. Economizer circuit
1) The contacts: are the current carrying part of the contactor. This includes power contacts,
auxiliary contacts, and contact springs. The power contacts carry high current and auxiliary
contacts receives signal to make the contactor open or close or send the status of the contactor
(on or off) to external systems. The contact springs provide mechanical force to make the
contact on or off.
2) The electromagnet (or coil): provides the driving force to close the contacts. It contains a
metallic moving core made of iron alloy which situated over the magnetic coil. When circuit
is closed, it forced to connect with magnetic coil due to magnetic property.
3) The enclosure: is a frame housing the contact and the electromagnet. Enclosures are made
of insulating materials like Bakelite, Nylon 6, and thermosetting plastics to protect and
insulate the contacts and to provide some measure of protection against personnel touching
the contacts.
4) Magnetic blowouts: use blowout coils to lengthen and move the electric arc. These are
especially useful in DC power circuits. AC arcs have periods of low current, during which
the arc can be extinguished with relative ease, but DC arcs have continuous high current, so
blowing them out requires the arc to be stretched further than an AC arc of the same current.

5) Economizer circuit:
It is installed to reduce the power required to keep a contactor closed; an auxiliary contact
reduces coil current after the contactor closes. A somewhat greater amount of power is
required to initially close a contactor than is required to keep it closed. Such a circuit can
save a substantial amount of power and allow the energized coil to stay cooler. Economizer
circuits are nearly always applied on direct-current contactor coils and on large alternating
current contactor coils.
3.2.3Operation and working:
The basic difference between a relay and a contactor is current carrying capacity. Relays tend
to be of lower capacity and are usually designed for both normally closed and normally
open applications. Devices switching more than 15 amperes or in circuits rated more than a
few kilowatts are usually called contactors.
When current passes through the electromagnet, a magnetic field is produced, which attracts
the moving core of the contactor. The electromagnet coil draws more current initially, until
its inductance increases when the metal core enters the coil. The moving contact is propelled
by the moving core; the force developed by the electromagnet holds the moving and fixed
contacts together. When the contactor coil is de-energized, gravity or a spring returns the
electromagnet core to its initial position and opens the contacts.
For contactors energized with alternating current, a small part of the core is surrounded with
a shading coil, which slightly delays the magnetic flux in the core. The effect is to average
out the alternating pull of the magnetic field and so prevent the core from buzzing at twice
line frequency.

3.2.4 Types of contactors
There are basically two types of contactors:
 Power contactors
 Control contactors
3.2.5 Power Contactors
Power contactors are used to control high power devices. They are basically use for
controlling of electric motors.It contains of three terminals on both input and output sides,
called L1, L2 &L3 and T1, T2 & T3. They are used for providing 3-phase supply to
contactor depend upon the ratings.
3.2.6 Control Contactors
Control contactors are basically used as magnetic switches. They use in low power
applications. It contains several normally-opened (NO) and normally-closed (NC) terminals
which use as controlling switches of contactor. The main property of contactor is that its
terminal works either as NO or NC at a time. This property is used to inter lock two or more
contactors used in various applications.
3.2.7 Applications
The basic application of contactors is to develop the control logic for requirement of electric
motors of different power ratings in industries for different tasks. Contactors are also using
as circuit breakers in some applications.it is also used as circuit protection for electrical
equipment’s.
Figure 2:Control Diagram of DOL Circuit with Contactors

1. Lighting control
To reduce power consumption in the contactor coils, latching contactors are used, which have
two operating coils. One coil, momentarily energized, closes the power circuit contacts,
which are then mechanically held closed, the second coil opens the contacts.
2. Safety purpose
Long life to motor then contractor are used. To any fault any damage to save to use contactor.
3. Magnetic starter
A magnetic starter is a device designed to provide power to electric motors. It includes a
contactor as an essential component, while also providing power-cutoff, under-voltage, and
overload protection.
4. Vacuum contactor
Vacuum contactors utilize vacuum bottle encapsulated contacts to suppress the arc. This arc
suppression allows the contacts to be much smaller and use less space than air break contacts
at higher currents. As the contacts are encapsulated, vacuum contactors are used fairly
extensively in dirty applications, such as mining.
3.3 DOL (Direct Online Starter)
3.3.1 Introduction
The simplest form of motor starter for the induction motor is the Direct on Line starter. The
Direct on Line Motor Starter (DOL) consist a MCCB or Circuit Breaker, Contactor and an
overload relay for protection. Electromagnetic contactor which can be opened by the thermal
overload relay under fault conditions.
Typically, the contactor will be controlled by separate start and stop buttons, and an auxiliary
contact on the contactor is used, across the start button, as a hold in contact. I.e. the contactor
is electrically latched closed while the motor is operating.
3.3.2 Principle and working of Direct on Line Starter (DOL)

To start, the contactor is closed, applying full line voltage to the motor windings. The motor
will draw a very high inrush current for a very short time, the magnetic field in the iron, and
then the current will be limited to the Locked Rotor Current of the motor. The motor will
develop Locked Rotor Torque and begin to accelerate towards full speed.
As the motor accelerates, the current will begin to drop, but will not drop significantly until
the motor is at a high speed, typically about 85% of synchronous speed. The actual starting
current curve is a function of the motor design, and the terminal voltage, and is totally
independent of the motor load.
The motor load will affect the time taken for the motor to accelerate to full speed and
therefore the duration of the high starting current, but not the magnitude of the starting
current.
Provided the torque developed by the motor exceeds the load torque at all speeds during the
start cycle, the motor will reach full speed. If the torque delivered by the motor is less than
the torque of the load at any speed during the start cycle, the motor will stops accelerating. If
the starting torque with a DOL starter is insufficient for the load, the motor must be replaced
with a motor which can develop a higher starting torque.
The acceleration torque is the torque developed by the motor minus the load torque, and will
change as the motor accelerates due to the motor speed torque curve and the load speed torque
curve. The start time is dependent on the acceleration torque and the load inertia.
This may cause an electrical problem with the supply, or it may cause a mechanical problem
with the driven load. So this will be inconvenient for the users of the supply line, always
experience a voltage drop when starting a motor. But if this motor is not a high power one it
does not affect much.
3.3.3 Advantages of DOL starter
1. Most Economical and Cheapest Starter.
2. Simple to establish, operate and maintain.
3. Simple Control Circuitry.
4. Easy to understand and trouble‐shoot.
5. It provides 100% torque at the time of starting.
6. Only one set of cable is required from starter to motor.
7. Motor is connected in delta at motor terminals.

3.3.4 Dis-advantages of DOL starter
1. It does not reduce the starting current of the motor.
2. High Starting Current: Very High Starting Current (Typically 6 to 8 times the FLC of
the motor).
3. Mechanically Harsh: Thermal Stress on the motor, thereby reducing its life.
4. Voltage Dip: There is a big voltage dip in the electrical installation because of high in-
rush current affecting other customers connected to the same lines and therefore not
suitable for higher size squirrel cage motors
5. High starting Torque: Unnecessary high starting torque, even when not required by the
load, thereby increased mechanical stress on the mechanical systems such as rotor shaft,
bearings, gearbox, coupling, chain drive, connected equipment’s, etc. leading to
premature failure and plant down times.
3.3.5 Features of DOL starter
1. For low- and medium-power three-phase motors.
2. Three connection lines (circuit layout: star or delta).
3. High starting torque.
4. Very high mechanical load.
5. High current peaks.
6. Voltage dips.
7. Simple switching devices.
3.3.6 Applications
1. A direct on line starter can be used if the high inrush current of the motor does not
cause.
2. Excessive voltage drop in the supply circuit. The maximum size of a motor allowed on
a direct on
3. Line starter may be limited by the supply utility for this reason. For example, a utility
may require
4. Rural customers to use reduced-voltage starters for motors larger than 10 kW.

3.4 RDOL (Reverse Direct Online Starter)
3.4.1 Introduction
“RDOL [Reversible DOL] starters are simply two DOL starters in the same box and
allow the motor to be started in one direction then in the other direction”.
Figure 3:Practical Diagram of RDOL Circuit

3.4.2 Principle and working
RDOL made to two DOL circuit in series, both terminal of A2 are shorted to each other
and that point it’s called natural. Do the interlocking between both DOL circuits.
Interlocking are very important to both DOL circuit because if you are worked in at a time
only one contactor then will we use interlocking. RDOL circuit are also used to run motor
in forward and reverse direction.
Figure 4:Control Diagram of RDOLwith Contactors
RDOL [Reversible DOL] starters are simply two DOL starters in the same box and allow
the motor to be started in one direction and then in the other direction. Assume that we are
talking about three phase motors. Suppose a sheet-metal goods factory uses a 10 kW motor
to drive a set of rollers. When sheet metal goods are being made, it is sometimes necessary
to roll the sheet metal in one direction and then the other.

Figure 5:Power Diagram of RDOL Contactor
Above diagram is shown as in output three terminal are here that terminal are used to connect
to motor (U V W). P1 and P2 are two contactor are connected that is power contactor.When
supply is on then contactor is hold, now if P1 contactor is on then motor is run in forward
direction and when the contactor P2 is hold then the motor is run in reverse direction.Both
contactor is working same but only difference is that P1 is connected to direct connected
mean R to R, Y to Y and B to B, then motor is run in forward direction but in P2 contactor
in phase are change to each other mean R to R, Y to B and B to Y then the motor is reverse
direction.Now that circuit is very simple and run to motor reverse and forward very simply.

3.5 Star-Delta Starter
3.5.1 Introduction
“Most induction motors are started directly on line, but when very large motors are started
that way, they cause a disturbance of voltage on the supply lines due to large starting current
surges. To limit the starting current surge, large induction motors are started at reduced
voltage and then have full supply voltage reconnected when they run up to near rotated speed.
Two methods are used for reduction of starting voltage are star delta starting and auto
transformer stating.”
3.5.2 Principle and Working
When be motor is stat then is initially torque and current is very high mean When motor is
start then motor is taking double current in its rating, so in initially condition motor in high
current then we, we are use star delta starter.
This is the reduced voltage starting method. Voltage reduction during star-delta starting is
achieved by physically reconfiguring the motor windings as illustrated in the figure below.
During starting the motor windings are connected in star configuration and this reduces the
voltage across each winding 3. This also reduces the torque by a factor of three. After a period
of time the winding are reconfigured as delta and the motor runs normally.
Figure 6:Star Delta Starter
In star connection the current is same but the voltage is different.
Phase current = line current
Phase voltage = 1.73 line voltage

In delta connection the current is different but the voltage is same.
Phase voltage = phase voltage
Phase current = 1.73 line current
Star/Delta starters are probably the most common reduced voltage starters. They are used in
an attempt to reduce the start current applied to the motor during start as a means of reducing
the disturbances and interference on the electrical supply.
Traditionally in many supply regions, there has been a requirement to fit a reduced voltage
starter on all motors greater than 5HP (4KW). The Star/Delta (or Wye/Delta) starter is one
of the lowest cost electromechanical reduced voltage starters that can be applied.
The Star/Delta starter is manufactured from three contactors, a timer and a thermal overload.
The contactors are smaller than the single contactor used in a Direct on Line starter as they
are controlling winding currents only. The currents through the winding are 1/root 3 (58%)
of the current in the line.
There are two contactors that are close during run, often referred to as the main contractor
and the delta contactor. These are AC3 rated at 58% of the current rating of the motor. The
third contactor is the star contactor and that only carries star current while the motor is
connected in star. The current in star is one third of the current in delta, so this contactor can
be AC3 rated at one third (33%) of the motor rating.
3.5.3 Star Delta starter units
 Contactor
 Time relay
3.5.4 Power circuit diagram of star-delta starter
The main circuit breaker serves as the main power supply switch that supplies electricity to
the power circuit.
The main contactor connects the reference source voltage R, Y, B to the primary terminal of
the motor U1, V1, and W1.
In operation, the Main Contactor (KM3) and the Star Contactor (KM1) are closed initially,
and then after a period of time, the star contactor is opened, and then the delta contactor
(KM2) is closed. The control of the contactors is by the timer (K1T) built into the starter.

The Star and Delta are electrically interlocked and preferably mechanically interlocked as
well. In effect, there are four states.
The star contactor serves to initially short the secondary terminal of the motor U2, V2, and
W2 for the start sequence during the initial run of the motor from standstill. This provides
one third of DOL current to the motor, thus reducing the high inrush current inherent with
large capacity motors at startup.
Controlling the interchanging star connection and delta connection of an AC induction motor
is achieved by means of a star delta or wye delta control circuit. The control circuit consists
of push button switches, auxiliary contacts and a timer.
Figure 7:Power Diagram of Star Delta Starter

3.5.5 Control diagram of star-delta starter
The ON push button starts the circuit by initially energizing Star Contactor Coil (KM1) of
star circuit and Timer Coil (KT) circuit.
When Star Contactor Coil (KM1) energized, Star Main and Auxiliary contactor change its
position from NO to NC.
When Star Auxiliary Contactor (1)( which is placed on Main Contactor coil circuit )became
NO to NC it’s complete The Circuit of Main contactor Coil (KM3) so Main Contactor Coil
energized and Main Contactor’s Main and Auxiliary Contactor Change its Position from NO
To NC. This sequence happens in a friction of time.
After pushing the ON push button switch, the auxiliary contact of the main contactor coil (2)
which is connected in parallel across the ON push button will become NO to NC, thereby
providing a latch to hold the main contactor coil activated which eventually maintains the
control circuit active even after releasing the ON push button switch.
When Star Main Contactor (KM1) close its connect Motor connects on STAR and it’s
connected in STAR until Time Delay Auxiliary contact KT (3) become NC to NO.
Once the time delay is reached its specified Time, the timer’s auxiliary contacts (KT) (3) in
Star Coil circuit will change its position from NC to NO and at the Same Time auxiliary
contactor (KT) in Delta Coil Circuit (4) change its Position from NO to NC so Delta coil
energized and Delta Main Contactor becomes NO to NC.
Now Motor terminal connection change from star to delta connection.
A normally close auxiliary contact from both star and delta contactors (5&6)are also placed
opposite of both star and delta contactor coils, these interlock contacts serves as safety
switches to prevent simultaneous activation of both star and delta contactor coils, so that one
cannot be activated without the other deactivated first.
Thus, the delta contactor coil cannot be active when the star contactor coil is active, and
similarly, the star contactor coil cannot also be active while the delta contactor coil is active.
The control circuit above also provides two interrupting contacts to shut down the motor.
The OFF push button switch break the control circuit and the motor when necessary.
The thermal overload contact is a protective device which automatically opens
the STOP Control circuit in case when motor overload current is detected by the thermal

overload relay, this is to prevent burning of the motor in case of excessive load beyond the
rated capacity of the motor is detected by the thermal overload relay.
At some point during starting it is necessary to change from a star connected winding to a
delta connected winding. Power and control circuits can be arranged to this in one of two
ways – open transition or closed transition.
Figure 8:Control Diagram of Star Delta Starter
3.5.6 Advantages of star-delta starter
1. The operation of the star-delta method is simple and rugged.
2. It is relatively cheap compared to other reduced voltage methods.
3. Good Torque/Current Performance.
4. It draws 2 times starting current of the full load ampere of the motor connected.
3.5.7 Dis-advantages of star-delta starter
1. Low Starting Torque.
2. Sometime break In Supply.

3. Six Terminal Motor Required only connected in delta starter.
4. It provides only 33% starting torque.
5. In this method of starting initially motor is connected in star and then after change over
the motor is connected in delta. The delta of motor is formed in starter and not on motor
terminals.
6. Applications with a load torque higher than 50 % of the motor rated torque will not be
able to start using the start-delta starter.
3.5.8 Applications of star-delta starter
1. The star-delta method is usually only applied to low to medium voltage and light starting
Torque motors.
2. The received starting current is about 30 % of the starting current during direct on line
start and the starting torque is reduced to about 25 % of the torque available at a D.O.L
start. This starting method only works when the application is light loaded during the
start. If the motor is too heavily loaded, there will not be enough torque to accelerate the
motor up to speed before switching over to the delta position.
3.6 Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)
3.6.1 Introduction
Variable frequency drive is a combination of diode, dc and ac current, IGBT and three phase
supply.This is also called adjustable-frequency drive, variable-speed drive, AC drive, micro
drive or inverter drive.
“Variable frequency drive is electro-mechanical drive systems to control AC
motor speed and torque by varying motor input frequency and voltage.”
You can divide the world of electronic motor drives into two categories: AC and DC. A
motor drive controls the speed, torque, direction and resulting horsepower of a motor. A DC
drive typically controls a shunt wound DC motor, which has separate armature and field
circuits. AC drives control AC induction motors, and-like their DC counterparts-control
speed, torque, and horsepower.
Constant torque and constant power are fixed in variable frequency drive.

Figure 9:Structure of Variable Frequency Drive
3.6.2 Principle and Working
When we are given to AC supply to drive then in first stage the AC is passes through diode
(diode is convert is ac to dc) then AC is convert into pure DC supply, now in second stage
the IGBT is connected in series with diode. IGBT is a three terminal device that is convert
ac to dc and dc to ac accordantly. Then the pure or filter dc current is passes through in the
IGBT then the dc is again convert in ac current that current is also called controlled three
phase ac.
Figure 10:Topology of Drive

IGBT characteristics is very good compare with other material now we use IGBT.
Figure 11:Drive with Power Card
A variable-frequency drive is a device used in a drive system consisting of the following
three main sub-systems: AC motor, main drive controller assembly, and drive/operator
interface.
1. AC motor
2. Controller
3. Drive operation
VFD system is usually a three-phase induction motor. Some types of single-phase motors
can be used, but three-phase motors are usually preferred.
3.6.3 Variable Frequency Drive rating and type
 Voltage-source inverter (VSI) drive topologies
 Current-source inverter (CSI) drive topologies
 Six-step inverter drive topologies
 Load commutated inverter (LCI) drive topologies:

 Cyclone converter or matrix converter (MC) topologies
 Doubly fed slip recovery system topologies.
Figure 12:Block Diagram of Drive
3.6.4 List of parameters of variable frequency drive (ABB -V1000)
a) For group 01-
VALUES parameters
01 speed and direction
02 Speed
03 Output frequency
04 Motor current
05 Torque
06 Power
07 Dc voltage

10 Drive temperature
11 External reference 1(by port)
12 External reference 2
13 Control location
18 Di1-di3 status
19 Di4-di6 status
20 A1 (analog status)
21 A2(analog status)
22 Relay output(1-3 pin)
23 Relay output(4-6 pin)
40 Run time
45 Motor temp.
b) For group 10-
Values parameters
01 External command 1
02 External command 2
03 Direction(motor)
04 Jogging selection

c) For group 11-reference selection-
Values Parameters
01 Keypad reference selection 1
02 Keypad reference selection 2
d)For group 12-
Values parameters
01 Constant speed(motor)
02 Constant speed 1
03 Constant speed 2-7
e) For group 14-
Values parameters
01 Relay o/p
02 Relay o/p 2
03 Relay o/p 3
04 Relay o/p on delay
05 Relay o/p off delay
f) For group 16-
Values parameters
01 Run enable
02 Parameter lock

03 Passport
04 Fault reset
06 Local lock
g) For group 20-
Values parameters
01 Min. speed
02 Max. speed
03 Max. c/n
05 Over volt control
06 Under volt control
07 Min. frequency
08 Max. frequency
13 Min torque selection
14 Max torque selection
h)For group 21-
Values Parameters
01 Start function
02 Stop function
2104
(a)02
(b)01
Dc hold control(dc injection)
Enable
disable
07 Injection time

i) For group 22-acceleration time /deaccelaration time
Values Parameters
01 Acceleration/ deacceleration selection
02 Acceleration time 1
03 Deceleration time 2
3.7 Power and Control Diagram
3.7.1 Introduction
Power and control diagrams are the important parts of any industry. When any industry wants
to open, it requires a complete electrical panel for control of various electrical components.
Besides it, power and control diagrams are also useful in automation and instrumentation panel
diagram to understand the working and connection of different components using in electrical
panel.
3.7.2 Power Diagram
Power diagram is the representation of flow of power in different components using in
electrical panel.
In power diagram we show the connection of different components with main supply. When
power diagram shows the single phase connection than it is called Single Line Diagram
(SLD).If is shows the 3 phase connection then it is called 3 Phase Power Diagram.

Figure13:Single Line Diagram of Operating Motor with DOL and Drive
3.7.3 Control Diagram
Control diagram shows the controlling of each components used in electrical panel circuit. In
control diagram we shows the different switches, relays and other electrical components with
single line power supply.In control diagram we also shows the single line circuit with all blocks
and equipments with their interlocking.

3.7.4 Symbols used in control and power diagrams
Figure 14Transmission Path Symbols
Figure 15:Fundamental Symbols

Figure 16:Different Swiches and Relays
3.8 Power Generation
3.8.1 Introduction
“Energy cannot be created and cannot be destroyed, that only change in one form to another
form that is called energy.”
“Rate of doing work that is called power.”
“More various station to generate the power and that energy distribute too many field that is
called power energy or power generation.”
3.8.2 Energy source
Following type of energy sources are there-
1. Renewable energy source
2. Non- renewable energy source

1. Renewable energy source
Renewable energy includes Biomass, Wind, Hydro-power, Geothermal and Solar sources.
Renewable energy can be converted to electricity, which is stored and transported to our homes
for use.
When their sources are carbon neutral. This means they do not produce Carbon compounds
(such as other greenhouse gases). Renewable energy includes Biomass, Wind, Hydro-power,
Geothermal and solar sources. Renewable energy can be converted to electricity, which is
stored and transported to our homes for use.
Renewable energy is generally defined as: “energy that comes from resources which are
naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight,
wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat.” Renewable energy replaces conventional
fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels,
and rural (off-grid) energy services.
Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy
sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of
renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate
change mitigation, and economic benefits. In international public opinion surveys there is
strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power. At the
national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing
more than 20 percent of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to
continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond.
While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable technologies are also suited
to rural and remote areas and developing countries, where energy is often crucial in human
development. United Nations’ Secretary-General Ba Ki moon has said that renewable
energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity.

2. Non-Renewable energy source
Energy from the ground that has limited supplies, either in the form of gas, liquid or solid, are
called nonrenewable resources. They cannot be replenished, or made again, in a short period
of time. Examples include: oil (petroleum), natural gas, coal and uranium (nuclear).
A non-renewable resource (also called a finite resource) is a resource that does not renew itself
at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human time-frames.
An example is carbon-based, organically-derived fuel. The original organic material, with the
aid of heat and pressure, becomes a fuel such as oil or gas. Fossil fuels (such
as coal, petroleum, and natural gas), and certain aquifers are all non-renewable resources.In
contrast, resources such as timber (when harvested sustainably) and wind (used to power
energy conversion systems) are considered renewable resources, largely because their
localized replenishment can occur within timeframes meaningful to humans.
“Non-renewable energy is energy from fossil fuels (coal, crude oil, natural gas)
and uranium. Fossil fuels are mainly made up of Carbon. It is believed that fossil fuels were
formed over 300 million years ago, when the earth was a lot different in its landscape. It had
swampy forests and very shallow seas. This time is referred to as 'Carboniferous Period”.

Figure 17:Basic Network of Power System
3.8.3 Generation, Transmission & Distribution of Power
Power generation are generally generate in 11kv. First the energy is generate in 11kv then
11kv is convert 220kv with the help of step up transformer show by the above figure. That is
the first stage of the generation. That process is called primary transmission (the line to other
system). Now in second stage use the step down transformer, that transformer is convert to
220kv to 33kv. Then the energy is reached in receiving station (RS). That process is called
secondary transmission and in this secondary transmission are very large consumers are
connected. Now be the next stage again use step up down transformer, that is convert 33kv to

11kv, when that is process is complete then the energy is reached is reached to substation that
is SS. That is process is called primary distribution, in distribution are also connected many
consumers. Now we used distribution substation that process is last process of power system
(DS), in this distribution substation the energy is convert is 11kv to 400kv. That energy is
called secondary distribution and that is the last process. Now power system is provide to
energy is accordantly to using consumers.
Above diagram three main component of electrical system which are generating station,
transmission line and distribution system. Generation station and a distribution are connected
through transmission line, which also connected one power system.
Historically, transmission and distribution lines were owned by the same company, but starting
in the 1990s, many countries have liberalized the regulation of the electricity market in ways
that have led to the separation of the electricity transmission business from the distribution
business.
3.8.4 Steps of Power Generation, Transmission & Distribution
In this generation station the transmission and distribution are following occurs:-
1. Generation station
2. Primary distribution
3. Secondary distribution
4. Primary transmission
5. Secondary transmission
1.Generation station
Generation station the generating station where electrical power is produced by three phase
alternator operating in parallel. The usual generation voltage is 11kv.
The choice of proper transmission voltage is essentially a question of economics. Generally
the primary transmission is carried at 66kv, 132kv, 220kv or 440kv.

2.Primary transmission
The electric power at 220kv is transmitted by 3-phase, 3-wire overhead system to the outskirt
of the city. This is called the primary transmission. A transmission made to the public by the
transmitting facility whose signal are being received and further transmitted by the secondary
transmission service, regardless of where or when the performance or display was first
transmitted.
3.Secondary transmission
The primary transmission line terminates at the receiving station (RS) which usually lies at the
outskirt of the city. At the receiving station, the voltage id reduced to 33kv by step down
transformers. From this station electrical power is transmitted at 33kv by three phase, three
wire overhead system to various sub-station (SS) located at the strategic points in the city. That
process is called secondary transmission.
In secondary transmission are connected large consumers that is connected between receiving
station and step down transformer (that is convert 33kv to 11kv).
4.Primary distribution
The secondary transmission line terminates at the sub-station where voltage is reduced from
33kv to 11kv, three phase, and three wire. The 11kv lines run along the important road sides
of the city. This forms the primary distribution.
It may be noted that big consumers are generally supplied power at 11kv for further handling
with their own sub -station.That distribution is called primary distribution.
Primary distribution are connected to consumers. That is connected to substation and
distribution substation (that is convert 11kv to distribute in 400v to all consumers).

5.Secondary distribution
Secondary distribution are connected to all consumers. Many consumers are connected to
secondary distribution that are consumers to use energy to our capacity.
The electrical power for primary distribution line (11kv) is delivered to distribution sub –
station. These sub –station are located near the consumers localities and step down the voltage
to 400v, 3-phase, 4-wire for secondary distribution.
The voltage between any two-phase is 400v and between any phase and neutral is 230v.
Secondary distribution is last substation in the power system .the primary substation use in
convert the voltage11000v to 415 or430v.it is called secondary distribution.
TDistribution Rating voltage
Primary transmission 133KV
Secondary transmission 33KV
Primary distribution 11KV
Secondary distribution 430V /220V
3.8.5 Power plants and types of power plant
“A power plant or a power generating station, is basically an industrial location that is utilized
for the generation and distribution of electric power in mass scale, usually in the order of
several 1000 Watts.”
These are generally located at the sub-urban regions or several kilometers away from the cities
or the load centers, because of its requisites like huge land and water demand, along with
several operating constraints like the waste disposal etc.

For this reason, a power generating station has to not only take care of efficient generation but
also the fact that the power is transmitted efficiently over the entire distance. And that’s why,
the transformer switch yard to regulate transmission voltage also becomes an integral part of
the power plant.
At the center of it, however, nearly all power generating stations has an A.C. generator or an
alternator, which is basically a rotating machine that is equipped to convert energy from the
mechanical domain (rotating turbine) into electrical domain by creating relative motion
between a magnetic field and the conductors.
The energy source harnessed to turn the generator shaft varies widely, and is chiefly dependent
on the type of fuel used.
3.9 Energy Management and Audit
3.9.1 Introduction
Electricity is use to operate various type of machines in different field like domestic, industrial,
agriculture, transport etc. it takes a huge amount of electricity to operate heavy machines. As
we know major part of electricity is produced by fossil fuels which are limited. So it is
necessary that we should save the electricity so that we can save primary fuels. For this, it is
important to evaluate the electrical components after a certain level of time. The monitoring,
controlling, and conserving energy in a building or organization is called Energy
Management& an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows for energy conservation in
a building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without
negatively affecting the output(s) is called Energy Audit.
3.9.2 What is energy management?
The strategy of adjusting and optimizing energy, using systems and procedures so as to reduce
energy requirements per unit of output while holding constant or reducing total costs of
producing the output from systems.
In another words we can say that:

“The judicious and effective use of energy to maximize profits (minimize costs) and enhance
competitive positions.”
Energy management includes planning and operation of energy-related production and
consumption units. It is connected closely to environmental management, production
management, logistics and other established business functions. Another definition which
includes the economic dimension:
“Energy management is the proactive, organized and systematic coordination of procurement,
conversion, distribution and use of energy to meet the requirements, taking into account
environmental and economic objectives”
3.9.3 Why Energy Management?
Energy management is the key to saving energy in an organization. Much of the importance
of energy saving stems from the global need to save energy - this global need affects energy
prices, emissions targets, and legislation, all of which lead to several compelling reasons why
energy should be saved at an organization.
 Reduce the damage that we're doing to our planet, Earth. As a human race we would
probably find things rather difficult without the Earth, so it makes good sense to try to
make it last.
 For environment, global warming & acid rain.
 Reduce our dependence on the fossil fuels that are becoming increasingly limited in
supply.
 Oil & gas reserves for just 45 to 65 years.
 Coal is likely for 20 years.
3.9.4 Objectives of Energy Management
The objective of Energy Management is to achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement
and utilization, throughout the organization and:
 To minimize energy costs / waste without affecting production & quality
 To minimize environmental effects.

 In domestic level objectives of energy management are related to living conditions of
people
 Improve comfort and living conditions.
 Changing energy using behavior, introducing energy efficiency measures and develop an
energy management culture at the individual level.
 Reducing overall energy consumption and bills, and the risk of energy poverty in target
households.
 Saving energy and reducing CO2 emissions in each household benefitting from a visit.
 For a nation the main objective of energy management to maintain the desire level of
Energy Security, Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency.
3.9.5 Energy Security
The IEA (International Energy Agency) defines energy security as “the uninterrupted
availability of energy sources at an affordable price”.
The basic aim of energy security for a nation is to reduce its dependency on imported energy
sources for its economic growth.
As global demand for energy continues to rise – especially in rapidly industrializing and
developing economies - energy security concerns become ever more important. To provide
solid economic growth and to maintain levels of economic performance, energy must be
readily available, affordable and able to provide a reliable source of power without
vulnerability to long- or short-term disruptions. Interruption of energy supplies can cause
major financial losses and create havoc in economic Centre’s, as well as potential damage to
the health and wellbeing of the population.

Figure 18:Defining Energy Management
3.9.6 Energy Conservation
Energy conservation refers to reducing energy consumption through using less of an energy
service. For example, driving less is an example of energy conservation.
Energy conservation is achieved when growth of energy consumption is reduced. It can be
result of several process developments & technological progress.
3.9.7 Energy Efficiency
Energy efficiency is a way of managing and restraining the growth in energy consumption.
Something is more energy efficient if it delivers more services for the same energy input, or
the same services for less energy input. For example, when a compact florescent light (CFL)
bulb uses less energy (one-third to one-fifth) than an incandescent bulb to produce the same
amount of light, the CFL is considered to be more energy efficient.
Energy efficiency is achieved when energy in a specific process is reduced without affecting
output consumption or comfort levels.

3.9.8 Benefits of Electricity Efficiency
 Reduced energy bills-> visible gains!
 Increased productivity-> invisible benefits!
 Improved quality.
 Increase profits.
 Increase competitiveness.
 Ultimately, machine’s health improves by minimum energy input & maximum output
 Increase machine life.
3.9.9 Energy Conservation and Efficiency in India: Some Facts
Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation measures are beneficial at all levels -
• Industrial Level: Reduced cost means improved competitiveness
• National Level: Funds saved for Energy could be reused for social upliftment.
• Global Level: Reduced Energy Requirements would mean lesser Green House Gases and
control over Global Warming.
1. Below are few of the startling and interesting facts about Energy Scenario in India and
in general. Nearly 25,000 MW can be saved in India by Energy Efficiency and Energy
Conservation Measures.
2. One Unit of energy saved at consumption level reduces the need for fresh capacity
creation by around 2.5 times. This means that a Unit saved at your plant is equivalent
to 2-2.5 Units generated at the power station.
3. EE and EC measures can wipe out Energy Deficit in India. Total Energy Saving
Potential in India is 75,360 Million Units while the overall Energy Deficit is 73,090
Million Units.
4. Gujarat stands at 2nd position and Maharashtra at 4th position as far as the Energy
Saving Potential is concerned. The potential for Energy Savings in Gujarat is 7,928
Million Units and Maharashtra is 7,757 Million Units.

5. Electrical Motors consume 60% of all electricity generated and account for loss of 20%
of all electricity converted in mechanical energy. 1% Voltage unbalance increases
motor losses by 5%.
6. Voltage Fluctuations and poor PF are primary reasons for Energy Losses on HT side.
7. Even a small motor of 7.5 kW consumes electricity worth 26 Lakhs in 10 years. Initial
cost of a motor is only 1% of the running cost for 10 years.
8. Certain Energy Saving measures like VFD and APFCs could aggravate the problem of
Harmonics - another reason for Energy Losses.
9. Public lighting consumes almost 2-5% of entire electricity generated.
10. Saving through efficient use could be achieved at 1/5th the cost of fresh capacity
creation.
11. India's energy intensity per GDP is higher compared to Japan, USA and Asia by 3.7
times, 1.55 times and 1.47 times respectively. Which indicates highly inefficient use
of energy.
12. India's oil and natural gas reserves may last for only 20-25 years.
13. T&D Losses in India (33%) is one of the worst in the world.
14. Installed power plant capacity has to be 2.2 times the electrical load due to low plant
load factor and T&D Losses.
3.9.10 Important features of energy conservation act 2001
 Norms of processes & standard.
 Identification of designated industries.
 Accredited of energy auditors & auditing firms.
 Mandatory energy audits.
 Energy conservation Building codes.
 Certification of energy auditors.
 Comply with norms of processes & standard.
 Central energy conservation fund.
 Submit status report on energy consumption.
 Penalty for non-compliance.
 Bureau of energy efficiency (BEE).

3.9.11 Establishment of Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)
Under the provisions of the Act, Bureau of Energy Efficiency has been established with effect
from 1st March, 2002 by merging the erstwhile Energy Management Centre, a society under
the Ministry of Power. The Bureau would be responsible for spearheading the improvement
of energy efficiency of the economy through various regulatory and promotional instruments.
The mission of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency is to develop policy and strategies with a
thrust on self-regulation and market principles, within the overall framework of the Energy
Conservation Act, 2001 with the primary objective of reducing energy intensity of the Indian
economy. This will be achieved with active participation of all stake holders, resulting in
accelerated and sustained adoption of energy efficiency in all sectors of the economy.
3.9.12 Objective of BEE
The primary objective of BEE is to reduce energy intensity in the Indian economy through
adoption of result oriented approach. The broad objectives of the BEE are:
 To assume leadership and provide policy framework and direction to national energy
efficiency and conservation efforts and programmes;
 To coordinate policies and programmes on efficient use of energy and its conservation
with the involvement of stakeholders;
 To establish systems and procedures to measure, monitor and verify energy efficiency
results in individual sectors as well as at national level;
 To leverage multi-lateral, bi-lateral and private sector support in implementation of the
Energy Conservation Act and programmes for efficient use of energy and its
conservation;
 To demonstrate energy efficiency delivery mechanisms, through private-public
partnership,
 To plan, manage and implement energy conservation programmes as envisaged in the
Energy Conservation Act.

3.9.13 Functions of BEE
The functions of BEE can be classified as regulatory functions being recommendatory body
to the Central Government in implementing the provisions of the Energy Conservation Act
and facilitation, market development and market transformation functions such as:
 Arrange and organize training of personnel and specialists in the techniques for
efficient use of energy and its conservation;
 Develop testing and certification procedures and promote testing facilities;
 Strengthen consultancy services;
 Create awareness and disseminate information;
 Promote research and development;
 Formulate and facilitate implementation of pilot projects and demonstration projects;
 Promote use of energy efficient processes, equipment, devices and systems;
 Take steps to encourage preferential treatment for use of energy efficient equipment or
appliances;
 Promote innovative financing of energy efficiency projects;
 Give financial assistance to institutions for promoting efficient use of energy and its
conservation;
 Prepare educational curriculum on efficient use of energy and its conservation and
 Implement international co-operation programmes relating to efficient use of energy
and its conservation.
3.9.14 What is energy audit?
An energy audit is a preliminary activity towards instituting energy efficiency programs in an
establishment. It consists of activities that seek to identify conservation opportunities
preliminary to the development of an energy savings program.
Energy Audit is the key to a systematic approach for decision-making in the area of energy
management. It attempts to balance the total energy inputs with its use, and serves to identify
all the energy streams in a facility. It quantifies energy usage according to its discrete functions.
Industrial energy audit is an effective tool in defining and pursuing comprehensive energy
management programme.

As per the Energy Conservation Act, 2001, Energy Audit is defined as "The verification,
monitoring and analysis of use of energy including submission of technical report
containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency with cost benefit analysis and
an action plan to reduce energy consumption".
3.9.15 Need for Energy Audit
In any industry, the three top operating expenses are often found to be energy (both electrical
and thermal), labor and materials. If one were to relate to the manageability of the cost or
potential cost savings in each of the above components, energy would invariably emerge as a
top ranker, and thus energy management function constitutes a strategic area for cost reduction.
Energy Audit will help to understand more about the ways energy and fuel are used in any
industry, and help in identifying the areas where waste can occur and where scope for
improvement exists.
The Energy Audit would give a positive orientation to the energy cost reduction, preventive
maintenance and quality control programmes which are vital for production and utility
activities. Such an audit programme will help to keep focus on variations which occur in the
energy costs, availability and reliability of supply of energy, decide on appropriate energy mix,
identify energy conservation technologies, retrofit for energy conservation equipment etc.
3.9.16 The Role of an Energy Audit
To institute the correct energy efficiency programs, you have to know first which areas in your
establishment unnecessarily consume too much energy, e.g. which is the most cost-effective
to improve. An energy audit identifies where energy is being consumed and assesses energy
saving opportunities - so you get to save money where it counts the most.
In the factory, doing an energy audit increases awareness of energy issues among plant
personnel, making them more knowledgeable about proper practices that will make them more
productive. An energy audit in effect gauges the energy efficiency of your plant against “best
practices”. When used as a “baseline” for tracking yearly progress against targets, an energy
audit becomes the best first step towards saving money in the production plant.
3.9.17 Steps of Energy Audit Practice
 Identification of subject of Energy Audit.

 Data collection, analysis & evaluation of current status.
 Proposal of Energy Efficiency & RES measures.
 Economy & environmental evaluation of measures.
 Proposal of at least two variants for implementation of measures & recommendation
of optimal variant.
 Drafting of written report from Energy Audit.
Example of electrical audit of axis bank Jaipur branch-
We have to calculate some parameters with the help of formulas-
1. % kw load of main panel=p-p voltage *max c/n*1.73*power factor/1000
2. Ups load(kva)=VMAX(out)*Imax(out)/1000
3. % load=KVA*100/ups rating
4. Stabilizer load(KVA)=Vmax(out)*Imax(out)*1.73/1000
5. % load=KVA*100/capacity of load
3.10 Office Management
3.10.1 Introduction
In industry, there are many types of works done by the many people. From a peon to a manager
each person do its work with an organize manner. It is important for each and every person to
maintain their work progress and report about the work of a day. Also there should be a
department which can manage their work progress and report daily and keep a statistical record
for future analysis. Office management helps to maintain this type of analytical reports for
each company.
3.10.2 What is office management?
Office management is the administrative handling, controlling, and maintaining of a balanced
process of work inside the office of an organization, whether big or small, as necessary to
achieve its administrative goals. It is also the function of the office manager to control and
manage the office.

3.10.3 Functions of office management
 Budget development and implementation
 Purchasing
 Book Keeping
 Human resources
 Accounting
 Printing
 Records management
 Forms management
 Facilities management
 Space management
 Risk management
3.10.4 Importance of Office Management
1. Achievement of goals: Office management helps in increases office efficiency, smooth
flow of work, maintaining public relations, minimization of cost, managing change and
accepting the new challenges which help in achievement of goals of the organization.
2. Increases office efficiency: Office management focuses on office activities and helps office
in economic way.
3. Smooth flow of work: Office management helps in performing efficient and effective office
work. It helps in proper planning and effective control in office.
4. Public relations: There must be good public relation of the organization. The main purpose
of public relation is to make the organization look trust worthy to all people who deal with it
in all its action. It helps in increasing the goodwill of the organization.
5. Minimization of cost: Office management guides the use of capital, natural, financial,
human and other resources effectively without leakage and wastages which helps in
minimization of cost.
6. Managing change: Office management helps in implementation of plans in right time and
in right way. Bu there may be change in resources, need, technology, preferences and so on

which makes it necessary to bring about the change in plans. Office management makes the
office flexible which helps to manage the change.
7. New challenges: In an office, to achieve goals, many challenges should be faced. It helps
in improving the research and information system. It helps in managing all the rigid matters.
For example, Microsoft excel helps for effective office management by reducing time
consumption and error and also has record of data with protection. It includes various features
 Home-
It includes clipboard, font, alignment and number functions.
 Insert –
It includes symbols, text, links, filters, sparklines, charts, apps, tables, illustration and
report functions.
 Page layout-
It includes page setup, theme, scale to fit, sheet option arrange functions.
 Formulas –
It includes calculation, formula auditing, function library defined names and insert
function types.
 Data-
It has outline, data tools, sort and filter connections and get external data tools.
 Review-
It has language, proofing, comment and changes function tools.
 View-
It has show, workbook views, zoom, window and macros function.

3.11 Panel Designing
3.11.1 Introduction
Panel design is the basic elementary key of electrical network as well as electrical engineering
electrical panel are used at very large to small scale from industry to our houses. They protect
our electrical equipment as a safety for human as well as electrical appliances.
Today it’s very necessary for controlling purpose and fault detection.
The panel drawing is software based mostly using AutoCAD electrical. First of all it shows
the
 Panel dimension with front, bottom side and top view
 Single line diagram of panel
 Power circuit diagram of circuit
 Control diagram of circuit with whole cable and equipment references
 List of symbols
In panel designing first of all we have to consider the geographical area or land and physical
and environment conditions.after that we have consider the requirements related to our
demand,then draw the panel drawing in autocad software and related SLD and 3 phase power
diagram of panel. Panel drawing shows the cable enter area by hatching and top,bottom,front
ant rear view.

CHAPTER 4- Activities In Industrial Training
4.1 Introduction
Industrial training is incomplete without any practical activity. It ensures about our learning
and implementation tendency of theoretical knowledge about the work. It also helps to
understand the challenges and difficulties which have to be faced in industry practically.
Seldom India is one of the leading organizations in Rajasthan in electrical audits. It has many
contracts with different banks, companies and industries for electrical audit.
In our training period we went in different branches of Axis Bank in Jaipur. We studied the
methods and way of electrical auditing and learn about the methodology parameters used in
electrical auditing. We also learnt about the methods of calculation for load, power, efficiency
etc. for different electrical components used in bank. It also include the safety factors which
must be used for maintaining the mandatory security measures in the building.
We took the readings of servo stabilizers, U.P.S., D.G. and calculate the efficiency to check
their working conditions. Besides it, we also checked the temperature of all electrical
appliances used in electrical room. We also checked the security measurements in electrical
server room and give necessary recommendations to improve them.

CHAPTER 5-Conclusion
5.1Introduction
In this chapter we are studying aout challenges,weakness,limitations during
training in industry and the future scope of industrial training relevant to our
branch or field.
5.2 Challenges /Weaknesses/Limitations
Training is a key factor in enhancing the efficiency and expertise of the workforce.The
most effective challenge in industry for interns is to exploding his theoretical
knowledge. Some type of things are absolutely different from your theory. In industries
there are many limitations related to their department, production etc.
5.3 Future Scope
a. Observing the whole operation of this industry.
b. Doing operation’s work that is involved in unit production by using machine tool.
c. Work that involving instalment and fabrication of tool.
d. Visual inspection and quality control on the final product.
e. Repairing any damaged tool if still can use or buy a new tool to replace it.
f. Discussion and meeting with superior.
5.4 Conclusion
Industrial training plays a significant role in student’s life to develop new skills. Students
should be aware of what the present society holds for them and adapt accordingly. All

skills depends on your knowledge your ability and your determination. So adopt this
chance and utilize your knowledge during industrial training.

References
 en.wilkipedia.org
 www.circuiteasy.com
 www.khanacademy.com
 www.nptl.com

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