Traditional medicines comprise knowledge systems developed over generations within various societies before modern medicine. They include medicinal plants, minerals, animals and non-medication practices. While traditional medicines provide accessible primary healthcare in developing countries and are gaining popularity in developed countries, there is still a lack of standardized research on their safety and efficacy compared to orthodox medicines.
Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous or folk medicine) comprises medical aspects of traditional knowledge that developed over generations within the folk beliefs of various societies before the era of modern medicine.
to download this presentation form this link
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herbal medicine in Gaza .. use and side effect
this work first was done by a medic student in the islamic University .... because its a good work i shared it . and i never asked for the permission .... sorry
but this link will lead to the original one...
http://www.slideshare.net/FaToOoMaa/final-herbal-medicine
unani or Unani medicine (Urdu: طب یونانی tibb yūnānī) is the term for Perso-Arabic traditional medicine, practiced in Mughal India and in Muslim culture in South Asia and modern day Central Asia. The term is derived from Arabic Yūnānī "Greek", as the Perso-Arabic system of medicine was in turn based on the teachings of the Greek physicians Hippocrates and Galen.The medical tradition of medieval Islam was introduced to India by the 13th century with the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate and it took its own course of development during the Mughal Empire , influenced by Indian medical teachings of Sushruta and Charaka.
Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous or folk medicine) comprises medical aspects of traditional knowledge that developed over generations within the folk beliefs of various societies before the era of modern medicine.
to download this presentation form this link
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/11/herbal-medicine.html
herbal medicine in Gaza .. use and side effect
this work first was done by a medic student in the islamic University .... because its a good work i shared it . and i never asked for the permission .... sorry
but this link will lead to the original one...
http://www.slideshare.net/FaToOoMaa/final-herbal-medicine
unani or Unani medicine (Urdu: طب یونانی tibb yūnānī) is the term for Perso-Arabic traditional medicine, practiced in Mughal India and in Muslim culture in South Asia and modern day Central Asia. The term is derived from Arabic Yūnānī "Greek", as the Perso-Arabic system of medicine was in turn based on the teachings of the Greek physicians Hippocrates and Galen.The medical tradition of medieval Islam was introduced to India by the 13th century with the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate and it took its own course of development during the Mughal Empire , influenced by Indian medical teachings of Sushruta and Charaka.
Applied traditional knowledge of medicinal plantsShah Ummar
Brief History of Traditional Medicine
What is Traditional Knowledge
Dosage forms of Traditional medicines
Key differences between traditional and modern medicine
From a tree, a ‘miracle’ called Asprin
Indian system of Medicine
Selected modern drugs that come from traditional medicine
Evolution of Traditional (Ayurveda & Unani) Medicine in Kashmir
Artemisinin: traditional medicine's blockbuster drug
TKDL- A Tool of Protection of India’s Traditional Knowledge
Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL)
Diagnostic Methodology & Identification of Symptoms
Ayurveda (Sanskrit: आयुर्वेद Āyurveda , "life-knowledge"; English pronunciation /ˌaɪ.ərˈveɪdə/) or Ayurvedic medicine is a system of medicine with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent. Globalized and modernized practices derived from Ayurvedic traditions are a type of complementary or alternative medicine.Ayurveda is the ancient Indian system of natural and holistic medicine. When translated from Sanskrit, Ayurveda means “the science of life”
Traditional Healing Practices mainly emphasis on Sikkim :
Definition of Traditional medicine:
The World Health Organisation has referred to these systems as “holistic”- i.e., “that of viewing man in his totality within a wide ecological spectrum, and of emphasising the view that ill health or disease is brought about by an imbalance, or disequilibrium of man in his total ecological system and not only by the causative agents and pathogenic evolution”.
Basically, there are two systems of health care in the developing world: one is traditional and the other is Western in derivation.
Traditional medicine include all kinds of folk medicine, unconventional medicine and indeed any kind of therapeutic method that had been handed down by the tradition of a community or ethnic group.
Herbal medicine is the use of plants or plant extracts for medicinal purposes (especially plants that are not part of the normal diet).
Phytonutrient or nutraceutical or functional food
Natural substances that aid the body to maintaining health and combating disease such as anthocyanidins, isoflavones and carotenoids.
Natural product : is biosynthetic substances produced by living cells.
Crude Drug: It’s a medically useful drug of plant or animal origin without any further processing or modification.
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Yin – Yang /5elements/Herbalism/Acupuncture/Moxibustion/Cupping/Massage therapy/Qi gong/Tai – ji /Meditation/Massage
Acupuncture is a family of procedures involving the stimulation of specific points on the body using a variety of techniques.
The acupuncture technique that has been most often studied scientifically involves penetrating the skin with thin, solid, metal needles that are manipulated by the hands or by electrical stimulation.
Acupuncture involves the stimulation of anatomical points on the body with thin needled.
Acupuncture patients usually feel little to no pain.
Acupuncture needles are hair-thin and are manipulated either by hand or electricity.
Cupping
Cupping therapy is a form of CTM in which cups are placed on the skin to create suction.
The cups can be made of a variety of materials, including:
Glass
Bamboo
Earthenware
The suction of the cups mobilizes blood flow to promote the healing of a broad range of medical ailments
Moxibustion is a traditional Chinese medicine technique that involves the burning of mugwort, a small, spongy herb, to facilitate healing.
The purpose is to strengthen the blood and improve Qi flow.
Direct and indirect methods.
Traditionally used to treat colds.
But it is not for everyone.
Because it is used specifically for patients suffering from cold or stagnant constitutions, it should not be used on anyone diagnosed with too much heat.
Tui Na
Also known as Chinese massage
Uses wave-like motions to loosen joints and nourish muscles.
Brings awareness back to a person’s body, making it a first step in the healing process.
Stimulates the flow of Qi, blood and body fluids
Can be used to treat pain, stress or digestion problems.
Risks and SIde effects
complementary and alternative medicine includes practices such as massage, acupuncture, tai chi, and drinking green tea. Integrative medicine is an approach to medical care that combines conventional medicine with CAM practices that have shown through science to be safe and effective
Applied traditional knowledge of medicinal plantsShah Ummar
Brief History of Traditional Medicine
What is Traditional Knowledge
Dosage forms of Traditional medicines
Key differences between traditional and modern medicine
From a tree, a ‘miracle’ called Asprin
Indian system of Medicine
Selected modern drugs that come from traditional medicine
Evolution of Traditional (Ayurveda & Unani) Medicine in Kashmir
Artemisinin: traditional medicine's blockbuster drug
TKDL- A Tool of Protection of India’s Traditional Knowledge
Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL)
Diagnostic Methodology & Identification of Symptoms
Ayurveda (Sanskrit: आयुर्वेद Āyurveda , "life-knowledge"; English pronunciation /ˌaɪ.ərˈveɪdə/) or Ayurvedic medicine is a system of medicine with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent. Globalized and modernized practices derived from Ayurvedic traditions are a type of complementary or alternative medicine.Ayurveda is the ancient Indian system of natural and holistic medicine. When translated from Sanskrit, Ayurveda means “the science of life”
Traditional Healing Practices mainly emphasis on Sikkim :
Definition of Traditional medicine:
The World Health Organisation has referred to these systems as “holistic”- i.e., “that of viewing man in his totality within a wide ecological spectrum, and of emphasising the view that ill health or disease is brought about by an imbalance, or disequilibrium of man in his total ecological system and not only by the causative agents and pathogenic evolution”.
Basically, there are two systems of health care in the developing world: one is traditional and the other is Western in derivation.
Traditional medicine include all kinds of folk medicine, unconventional medicine and indeed any kind of therapeutic method that had been handed down by the tradition of a community or ethnic group.
Herbal medicine is the use of plants or plant extracts for medicinal purposes (especially plants that are not part of the normal diet).
Phytonutrient or nutraceutical or functional food
Natural substances that aid the body to maintaining health and combating disease such as anthocyanidins, isoflavones and carotenoids.
Natural product : is biosynthetic substances produced by living cells.
Crude Drug: It’s a medically useful drug of plant or animal origin without any further processing or modification.
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Yin – Yang /5elements/Herbalism/Acupuncture/Moxibustion/Cupping/Massage therapy/Qi gong/Tai – ji /Meditation/Massage
Acupuncture is a family of procedures involving the stimulation of specific points on the body using a variety of techniques.
The acupuncture technique that has been most often studied scientifically involves penetrating the skin with thin, solid, metal needles that are manipulated by the hands or by electrical stimulation.
Acupuncture involves the stimulation of anatomical points on the body with thin needled.
Acupuncture patients usually feel little to no pain.
Acupuncture needles are hair-thin and are manipulated either by hand or electricity.
Cupping
Cupping therapy is a form of CTM in which cups are placed on the skin to create suction.
The cups can be made of a variety of materials, including:
Glass
Bamboo
Earthenware
The suction of the cups mobilizes blood flow to promote the healing of a broad range of medical ailments
Moxibustion is a traditional Chinese medicine technique that involves the burning of mugwort, a small, spongy herb, to facilitate healing.
The purpose is to strengthen the blood and improve Qi flow.
Direct and indirect methods.
Traditionally used to treat colds.
But it is not for everyone.
Because it is used specifically for patients suffering from cold or stagnant constitutions, it should not be used on anyone diagnosed with too much heat.
Tui Na
Also known as Chinese massage
Uses wave-like motions to loosen joints and nourish muscles.
Brings awareness back to a person’s body, making it a first step in the healing process.
Stimulates the flow of Qi, blood and body fluids
Can be used to treat pain, stress or digestion problems.
Risks and SIde effects
complementary and alternative medicine includes practices such as massage, acupuncture, tai chi, and drinking green tea. Integrative medicine is an approach to medical care that combines conventional medicine with CAM practices that have shown through science to be safe and effective
African traditional medicine is a holistic health practice that uses indigenous herbalism combined with some aspects of spirituality. It involves the direct application of herbal remedies, animal parts, or mineral materials for healing purposes. It is still the main source of healthcare delivery in almost all Africa nations in spite of the growth of religious enlightenment, western civilization, and modern medicine. It is often regarded as an alternative or complementary system of medicine. This paper provides an introduction on African traditional medicine. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Tolulope J. Ashaolu | Sarhan M. Musa "African Traditional Medicine: A Primer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30927.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/30927/african-traditional-medicine-a-primer/matthew-n-o-sadiku
THE ROLE OF PHARMACOGNOSY IN TRADITIONAL SYSTEM OF MEDICINEDrugs of natural origin continue to be important for the treatment of many diseases worldwide.
Pharmacognosy a long-established pharmaceutical science, has played a diverse role in the discovery characterisation production and standardisation of these drugs.
herbal drugs play an important role as allopathic system drugs and also drugs of the traditional system of medicine
AYURVEDA- INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
CHINESE MEDICINE
UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
SIDDHA SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
HOMEOPATHY
AYURVEDA- INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
CHINESE MEDICINE
UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
SIDDHA SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
HOMEOPATHY
AYURVEDA- INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
CHINESE MEDICINE
UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
SIDDHA SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
HOMEOPATHY
Ayurvedic medicine Ayurveda for short is one of the world's oldest holistic whole-body healing systems.
It was developed more than 3000 years ago in India.
It's based on the belief that health and wellness depend on a delicate balance between the mind body and spirit.
Its main goal is to promote good health not fight disease But treatments may be geared toward specific health problems.
The different dosage forms available under Ayurveda system are followingLIQUID DOSAGE FORMS
SOLID DOSAGE FORMS.
SEMI- SOLID DOSAGE
Ayurveda believe every person is made of five basic elements found in the universe space, air, fire, water, and earth.
These combine in the human body to form three life forces or energies, called doshas.
They control how your body works.
They are Vata dosha (space and air)
Pitta dosha (fire and water)
Kapha dosha (water and earth).
Vata DoshaThose who practice Ayurveda believe this is the most powerful of all three doshas.
It controls very basic body functions like how cells divide.
It also controls your mind, breathing, blood flow, heart function and ability to get rid of waste through your intestines.
If vata dosha is your main life force, you're thought to be more likely to develop conditions like anxiety, asthma, heart disease, skin problems, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Pitta DoshaThis energy controls your digestion, metabolism (how well you break down foods), and certain hormones that are linked to your appetite.
Things that can disrupt it are eating sour or spicy foods and spending too much time in the sun.
If it's your main life force, you're thought to be more likely to have disease, heart disease, high blood pressure, and infections.
Kapha DoshaThis life force controls muscle growth, body strength and stability, weight, and your immune system.
You can disrupt it by sleeping during the day, eating too many sweet foods, and eating or drinking things that contain too much salt or water.
If it's your main life energy, practitioners believe you may develop asthma and other breathing disorders, cancer, diabetes, nausea after eating, and obesity.
Ayurvedic TreatmentAn Ayurvedic practitioner will create a treatment plan specifically designed for you.
He'll take
It is science of medicine from plants. It is far different from homeopathy and have various advantages over conventional medicine. Various traditional medicine system existed in past.
Professor Dr / ABDEL NASSER B. SINGAB
FACULTY OF PHARMACY
CHAIRMAN OF CENTRE OF DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH
AIN SHAMS UNIVERSITY
CAIRIO - EGYPT
1. A P R E S E N TAT I O N B Y P H A R M AC I S T
M O H A M M E D R A B I U U M A RU
P R E C E P TO R : P H A R M AC I S T BA S H I R A . S
P H A R M AC Y D E PA R T M E N T, N AT I O N A L
H O S P I TA L , A BU JA .
1 2 T H M AY 2 0 1 5
TRADITIONAL MEDICINES
1
2. OUTLINE
Definitions
History
Traditional Medicine Practices
Traditional Healers
Traditional medicines vs. Orthodox medicines
Case for & against Traditional medicines
summary
Conclusion
Acknowledgement and references
2
3. DEFINITIONS
Traditional medicine (also known as alternative,
complimentary, indigenous or folk medicine) comprises
knowledge systems that developed over generations within
various societies before the era of modern medicine.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines traditional
medicine as "the sum total of the knowledge, skills, and
practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences
indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used
in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention,
diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental
illness.
3
4. BRIEF HISTORY OF TRADITIONAL
MEDICINES
Emperor Sheng Nun (2730 BC
– 3000 BC) compiled the first
pharmacopoeia .
The Egyptian Papyrus Elber
dated to have been written at
about 1500 BC mentioned
some very prominent medicinal
plants still used today.
Hippocrates (460 BC); the
father of modern medicine
wrote a book known as Materia
Medica composed of over 400
simple remedies .
Theophrastus of Athens (370
BC); a biologist and botanist
known to have written the book
Historia Plantarium.
Traditional
medicine
practitioners
worthy of
mention
4
5. HISTORY cont’d
Other practitioners worthy of mention are; Dioscorides, Galen
Pliny the elder, Scribonius Largus and Avicenna.
Traditional medicines may be classified into;
1) Medication:
Medicinal plants, Mineral materials and Animal materials
2) Non-medication:
Acupuncture, Chiropractic, Osteopathy, Manual therapies,
Qigong, Taiji, Yoga, Physical, Mental & Spiritual therapies
5
7. TMP cont’d
7
Traditional African Medicine
(TAM): A holistic discipline
involving Indigenous Herbalism
and African spirituality delivered
by diviners, midwives and
herbalists. Diagnosis is reached
through spiritual means and a
treatment (usually consisting of a
herbal remedy with symbolic and
spiritual significance) is
prescribed.
8. Acupuncture: A treatment
derived from ancient
Chinese medicine in which
fine needles are inserted at
certain sites in the body for
therapeutic or preventative
purposes.
8
TMP cont’d
9. Ayurveda: One of the world’s
oldest holistic healing systems
developed over 5,000 years
ago in India. It is based on the
belief that health and wellness
depend on a delicate balance
between mind, body and spirit.
It is believed that the body
constitution (prakriti) is made
up of a combination of five
universal elements; space, air,
fire, water and earth.
9
TMP cont’d
10. TMP cont’d
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): A system of primary
health care that includes Acupuncture, Chinese herbal medicine,
Remedial massage (anmo tuina), Exercise & breathing therapy
(e.g qigong), Diet and Lifestyle advice. It originated from China
dating back thousands of years. The primary feature of modern
TCM is the premise that good health relies on the restoration
and maintenance of harmony, balance and order to the
individual.
Core disciplines which study traditional medicine include;
Herbalism, Ethnomedicine, Ethnobotany, and Medical
anthropology
10
11. TRADITIONAL HEALERS (TH)
The following are the categories of TH;
Herbalists
Traditional birth attendants
Bone-setters
Traditional medicinal ingredient dealers
Traditional psychiatrists
Practitioners of therapeutic occultism
11
12. WHY TRADITIONAL MEDICINES?
Traditional and modern medicine have much to offer each
other despite their differences. The time is right for the revival
of traditional medicine use.
For several millennia, THs around the world have healed the
wounded, ill and sick with herbal and/or animal-derived
remedies, handed down across generations.
In Africa and Asia, about 80% of the population still use
traditional remedies rather than modern medicine for primary
health care.
Only about 4% of existing plants have been researched on.
12
13. WHY TM cont’d
Populations in developing countries using traditional medicines for primary health care (courtesy WHO, 2010)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Nigeria Tanzania Rwanda India Benin Ethopia
Percentage
Percentage
13
14. WHY TM cont’d
Populations in developed countries who have used TM/CAM at least once (courtesy WHO, 2010)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
USA Australia France Canada Germany
Percentage
Percentage
14
15. WHY TM cont’d
In developed nations, TM is rapidly gaining appeal. Estimates
suggest up to 80% of the world population have tried a
traditional therapy such as Acupuncture or Homeopathy.
A survey conducted earlier this year found that 74% of US
medical students believe that western medicine would benefit by
integrating traditional/alternative therapies and practices.
The industry is also worth lots of money. In 2013, traditional
medicines worth US$14 billion were sold in China. And in 2007,
Brazil saw revenues of US$160 million from traditional therapies
which form part of a global market of more than US$60 billion.
15
16. WHY TM cont’d
In developing countries, TM represents an accessible and
affordable medium of Primary Health Care (PHC) for the
populace. A cross-section is shown below;
RATIO OF PRACTITIONERS TO POPULATION
Traditional Medical
Practitioner Doctor
Swaziland 1:100 1:10,000
Ghana 1:200 1:20,000
Uganda 1:700 1:25,000
Mozambique 1:200 1:50,000
16
17. TM vs. ORTHODOX MEDICINE(OM)
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE ORTHODOX MEDICINE
Traditional medicines may not have all
the answers. But a valid alternative
Modern medicine is desperately short of
new treatments
The drugs are readily available more
research should be carried out on them
It takes years for a new drug to pass
through research, development and
then manufacture.
It is more cost effective since it is
readily available to patients
Economic burden for manufacture and
procurement
The issue of drug resistance may not be
as pronounced although more research
should be conducted
Drug resistance has rendered many
drugs (especially antibiotics) less
efficacious
17
18. TM vs. OM cont’d
Traditional medicines provide an alternative approach to health
care in developed countries. This is necessary due to concerns
about orthodox drug safety and the potential for greater public
access to drug information.
These facts have led to the collaboration between scientists and
pharmaceutical companies to continuously research on/discover
new drug sources.
Major triumphs have stoked interest in TM as a source for highly
efficacious drugs. The best known of these is the discovery of
“Artemisinin” used to treat malaria.
18
19. THE CASE FOR TM
Tradition: Been used throughout history.
Natural: Perceived as gentler and safer.
Cost: Often less expensive than prescription medicine.
Access: Patient maintains control & no prescription(s)
necessary.
Synergism: A view that multiple ingredients working together
yield better results.
19
20. THE CASE AGAINST TM
Lack of FDA regulation and oversight leading to lack of
standardized dosages and potential for adulteration.
Safety and efficacy data are not always sufficient.
Lack of research data is mostly due to lack of adequate or
accepted research methodologies for evaluating TM.
Strong reservations and often frank disbelief about the benefits of
TM.
Increased use of TM/CAM has not been accompanied by an
increase in the quantity, quality and accessibility of clinical
evidence to support claims of TM.
20
21. MEDICINAL PLANTS AND THEIR
USES
21
DRUG BIOLOGICAL SOURCE USES
Acacia gum Acacia senegal Emulsifying agent
Aloe Aloe spp Purgative
Belladonna Atropa belladona Antispasmodic mydriatic
Caffeine Thea sinensis CNS stimulant
Caraway fruit Carum carvi Flavoring agent and calmative
Cascara bark Rhamnus purshiana Laxative
Castor oil Ricinus communis Purgative, vehicle of eye drop
Cinchona bark Cinchona succirubra Bitter tonic quinidine for atrial
fibrillation
Coca leaf Erythroxylon coca Local anesthetic
22. EXAMPLES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS AND THEIR USES
22
DRUGS BIOLOGICAL SOURCES USES
Digitalis Digitalis purpurea Myocardial stimulant
Ephedra Ephedra sinesis For relief of asthma and hay
fever
Ergot sclerotium Claviceps purpurea Uterine stimulant
Gentian root Gentiana lutea Bitter used to stimulate
appetite
Ginger Zingiber officinale Calmative and aromatic
Rauwolfia root Rauwolfia serpentina Psychiatric cases and anti
hypertensive
Theophylline Thea sinensis Diuretic mild CNS stimulant
Tubocurarine Chondodendron tomentosum Muscle relaxant
23. SUMMARY
Traditional medical knowledge is widely prevalent around the world
and a large percentage of the public have integrated them for their
various health needs.
Although, continued community and public patronage is sustaining
and fostering growth in developing and developed countries, there
still exists a gap between public choice as well as national and
institutional efforts for TM integration.
High technology/external resource orientation and use in the
development and distribution (markets) of medicines continues to
marginalize traditional medical cultures in the health-care systems.
The various stakeholders (regulators, consumers and practitioners)
also see the challenges and issues differently.
23
24. SUMMARY Cont’d
It is evident that any model of health-care based on a single
system of medicine will find it difficult to cope with the health
care demands in the near future.
It is also obvious that traditional and cultural medical knowledge
has a catalyzing effect in meeting health sector development
objectives and will continue to be so.
There exists major differences in the usage of TM in the
developed and developing nations. While safety is the primary
concern in developed countries, access and cost seem to be
critical issues in developing countries.
24
25. CONCLUSION
There is scant data on utilization of TM and a dearth of research
policy and good integration models in the sector.
It is essential not to romanticize TM use but seriously consider
issues of safety, efficacy and quality, access and rational use.
Integrate them into the mainstream health system without
compromising the diversity and unique aspects.
25
27. REFERENCES
27
Bodeker, G., C. K. Ong, C. Grundy, G. Burford, K. Shein, WHO Global Atlas of
Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, World Health
Organization, Kobe, 2005.
Bodeker, G., and G. Burford, Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Policy and Public Health Perspectives, Imperial College Press, London, 2007.
Cohen, M., Bodeker, G., eds., Understanding the Global Spa Industry: Spa
Management, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008.
Janska, E., What Role Should Traditional Medicine Play in Public Health Policy,
UNU-IAS working paper no.142, UNU-Institute of Advanced Studies, Yokohama,
2005.
JOICFP, Household Medicine Distributors in Rural Japan, JOICFP, Tokyo, 1983.
Patwardhan, B., Traditional Medicine: A Novel Approach for Available, Accessible
and Affordable Health Care, A paper submitted for Regional consultation on
Development of Traditional Medicine in the South-East Asia Region, Korea, World
Health Organization, 2005.
WHO, WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002─2005, World Health
Organization, 2002
28. REFERENCES
28
Barnes, J., “Pharmacovigilance of Herbal Medicines: A United Kingdom
Perspective,” in G. Bodeker and G. Burford eds., Traditional, Complementary and
Alternative Medicine Policy and Public Health Perspectives, Imperial College
Press, 2007, pp. 101─144.
Bodeker, G., “Medicinal Plant Biodiversity and Local Health Care: Rural
Development and the Potential to Combat Priority Diseases,” in B. Haverkort, and
S. Rist eds., Endogenous Development and Biodiversity, Compass, Leusden, 2007
(a), pp. 241─255.
Bodeker, G., Kronenberg, F., and Burford, G., Policy and Public Health Perspectives
on Complementary and Alternative Medicine: An Overview in G. Bodeker and G.
Burford eds., Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Policy and
Public Health Perspectives, Imperial College Press, 2007 (b), pp. 9─38.
El-Gendy. A. R., “Regional Overview: Eastern Mediterranean Region,” in G.
Bodeker, C. K. Ong, C. Grundy, G. Burford and K. Shein eds. WHO Global Atlas on
Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, WHO Centre for Health
and Development, Kobe, 2005, pp. 153─158.
Farnsworth, N., “Screening Plants for New Medicines,” in Wilson. E. O. ed.,
Biodiversity,. National Academy Press, Washington D. C, 1988, pp. 83─97.
Gaitonde, B. K., Kurup, P. N. V., “Regional Overview: South-East Asia Region,” in G.
Bodeker, C. K. Ong, C. Grundy, G. Burford and K. Shein eds.,