This document summarizes information about the basal insulin Toujeo and compares it to Lantus. It discusses Toujeo's flat and prolonged activity profile, its ability to lower HbA1c levels similarly to Lantus while reducing hypoglycemic events and weight gain. Real-world evidence shows patients switching to Toujeo experienced an average 0.96% drop in HbA1c without changing their basal insulin dose. Toujeo provides flexibility in dosing time and has the potential to improve glycemic control while minimizing side effects for patients.
Recently, several novel glucose-lowering targets have had drugs developed. This has resulted in several new drugs that have been approved for the local market to treat hyperglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes.
This presentation will attempt to provide:
A concise summary of these drugs for an Intensive Care Physician.
A pragmatic framework for what the non-Endocrinology Doctor should do with these drugs whilst the patient is in, and being discharged from, the Intensive Care Unit.
An outline of current trials evaluating glycaemia in the Intensive Care Unit.
Recently, several novel glucose-lowering targets have had drugs developed. This has resulted in several new drugs that have been approved for the local market to treat hyperglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes.
This presentation will attempt to provide:
A concise summary of these drugs for an Intensive Care Physician.
A pragmatic framework for what the non-Endocrinology Doctor should do with these drugs whilst the patient is in, and being discharged from, the Intensive Care Unit.
An outline of current trials evaluating glycaemia in the Intensive Care Unit.
Achieving Hba1c targets: Strategies For Initiating and Intensifying Diabetes ...Nemencio Jr
This module highlights the appropriate HbA1c targets that reduce microvascular and macrovascular complications in appropriate populations and how to safely achieve them with current anti-hyperglycemic agents
Strict Glycemic Control in Critically ill patients: The Demise of another ver...Prof. Mridul Panditrao
Prof. Mridul M. Panditrao tries to explain the pros and cons about the good strategy, whcih became controversial and almost obsolete. He also tries to tract the whole aspect of the phenomenon and reviews/ RCTs/
Strict (Tight) Glycemic control (SGC/TGC), as it is called, was and still is a good strategy. It can be defined as maintenance of the blood glucose level in the range of 80-110 mg /dl. with help of dose variable and intensive insulin therapy (IIT). Since its introduction, there have been conflicting reports of its efficacy and complications. This resulted in slow but steady neglect of this very good idea leading to its almost complete demise.
An effort has been made in this review, to impartially analyze all the available evidence and try to find the reasons for the negative publicity which led to the neglect or worse still, the wrong use of this protocol. Some suggestions for fair and proper implementation of the strategy are put forward.
etc/
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), guided by molecular studies and personalised medicine are changing the face of clinical medicine. They hold the promise of controlling diseases and improving survival whilst reducing the side effects of some ‘traditional’ therapies. MAbs are being used in conditions familiar to intensivists such as asthma, invasive candidiasis, RSV infection, reversal of novel anticoagulants and clostridium difficile infection as well as in those less commonly seen by intensivists such as multiple sclerosis, migraine, rheumatoid arthritis and numerous malignancies. Side effects of MAb treatment pose particular challenges for intensivists and range from cytokine release syndrome to autoimmune states (such as colitis, endocrinopathies, skin reactions), pneumonitis, thromboemboli, and infections. Pharmcokinetic interactions of MAbs with other drugs remain poorly studied and may be immune dependent, cytokine dependent or target dependent. Our traditional approach of triaging patients for ICU, based on organ failures and ‘prognosis of underlying disease’ is going to be challenged by MAbs with their disease modifying properties and unique side effects.
Insulin intensification : the usage of premixed insulin after basal fails mataharitimoer MT
Insulin intensification : the usage of premixed insulin after basal fails
EDDY SUPRIADI, MD | MARZOEKI MAHDI , MD. HOSPITAL.BOGOR
Disampaikan pada acara PIT VI IDI Kota Bogor | 9 Nopember 2013
Achieving Hba1c targets: Strategies For Initiating and Intensifying Diabetes ...Nemencio Jr
This module highlights the appropriate HbA1c targets that reduce microvascular and macrovascular complications in appropriate populations and how to safely achieve them with current anti-hyperglycemic agents
Strict Glycemic Control in Critically ill patients: The Demise of another ver...Prof. Mridul Panditrao
Prof. Mridul M. Panditrao tries to explain the pros and cons about the good strategy, whcih became controversial and almost obsolete. He also tries to tract the whole aspect of the phenomenon and reviews/ RCTs/
Strict (Tight) Glycemic control (SGC/TGC), as it is called, was and still is a good strategy. It can be defined as maintenance of the blood glucose level in the range of 80-110 mg /dl. with help of dose variable and intensive insulin therapy (IIT). Since its introduction, there have been conflicting reports of its efficacy and complications. This resulted in slow but steady neglect of this very good idea leading to its almost complete demise.
An effort has been made in this review, to impartially analyze all the available evidence and try to find the reasons for the negative publicity which led to the neglect or worse still, the wrong use of this protocol. Some suggestions for fair and proper implementation of the strategy are put forward.
etc/
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), guided by molecular studies and personalised medicine are changing the face of clinical medicine. They hold the promise of controlling diseases and improving survival whilst reducing the side effects of some ‘traditional’ therapies. MAbs are being used in conditions familiar to intensivists such as asthma, invasive candidiasis, RSV infection, reversal of novel anticoagulants and clostridium difficile infection as well as in those less commonly seen by intensivists such as multiple sclerosis, migraine, rheumatoid arthritis and numerous malignancies. Side effects of MAb treatment pose particular challenges for intensivists and range from cytokine release syndrome to autoimmune states (such as colitis, endocrinopathies, skin reactions), pneumonitis, thromboemboli, and infections. Pharmcokinetic interactions of MAbs with other drugs remain poorly studied and may be immune dependent, cytokine dependent or target dependent. Our traditional approach of triaging patients for ICU, based on organ failures and ‘prognosis of underlying disease’ is going to be challenged by MAbs with their disease modifying properties and unique side effects.
Insulin intensification : the usage of premixed insulin after basal fails mataharitimoer MT
Insulin intensification : the usage of premixed insulin after basal fails
EDDY SUPRIADI, MD | MARZOEKI MAHDI , MD. HOSPITAL.BOGOR
Disampaikan pada acara PIT VI IDI Kota Bogor | 9 Nopember 2013
National Diabetes Audit (NDA) Care Processes and Treatment Targets 2013-15 Laura Fargher
The National Diabetes Audit (NDA) continues to provide a comprehensive view of Diabetes Care in England and Wales and measures the effectiveness of diabetes healthcare against NICE Clinical Guidelines and NICE Quality Standards, in England and Wales.
This national report presents the key findings and recommendations on care processes and treatment target achievement rates from 2013-2015 in all age groups in England and Wales along with information on offers and attendance for structured education places.
Our aim is to reduce morbidity and mortality related to Non communicable diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, Obesity, Cancer and lifestyle diseases among those least able to withstand the burden of the disease.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. 1. Yki-Jarvinen H, et al. (Poster #946) presented at EASD, Vienna, September 15–19 2014. Available from: http://www.easdvirtualmeeting.org/resources/19180. Date accessed: April 2015. 2. Riddle MC, et al. Diabetes Obes Metab.DOI: 10.1111/dom.12472. epub 2015. 3. Bergenstal R, et al. (Poster #949) presented at EASD, Vienna, September 15–19 2014. Available from:
http://www.easdvirtualmeeting.org/resources/18574. Date accessed: April 2015. 4. Yki-Jarvinen H, et al. Diabetes Care 2014;37:3235–3243. 5. Becker RH, et al. Diabetes Care 2015;38(4):637–643. 6. EU, Toujeo® Summary of Product Characteristics. February 2015. 7. Ritzel R et al. (Poster #963) presented at EASD, Vienna, September 15–19 2014. Available from:
http://www.easdvirtualmeeting.org/resources/18908. Date accessed: April 2015. 8. Gerstein HC, et al. New Eng J Med 2012;367:319–328. 9. Ritzel R et al. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015. 10. Shiramoto M et al. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015.11. Lantus® EU SPC, June 2013; 12Jeandidier N et al. Poster presentation at EASD 2014; Abstract 961 Available at:
http://www.easdvirtualmeeting.org/resources/18792 Accessed September 2014
Toujeoשל המורשת את ממשיךLantus
3. 3
לוואי לתופעות יעילות בין איזון נדרש בזאלי באינסולין בטיפול
1. Shar VN et al Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013
2. Giordana C. Minerva Endocrinol 2013
5. הסוכרתיים בקרב חשש הוא המשקל
1. Peyrot M, Skovlund. Poster presented at ADA 2014; Abstract 56-LB. Available at http://ada.scientificposters.com/epsSearchADA.cfm Accessed July 2014
• DAWN2: 8,274 patients with T1DM and T2DM from 17 countries
53.7 55.1 56.4 52.7 51.5
54.8 52.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
T2DM no
medication
T2DM
OADs
T2DM
insulin
T1DM T2DM no
medication
T2DM
OADs
T2DM
insulin
T1DM
Medication beliefs, mean (0=fully disagree; 100=fully agree)
“Insulin causes weight gain”“I feel very anxious about my weight”
Not
applicable
7. מאינסולין החלפהבזאליל-Toujeo,האיזון בשיפור מלווההגליקמי
• Real world evidence - retrospective, observational study of data obtained by physician
survey and from medical charts of patients with T2D, in the US, switching to Toujeo from
other basal insulins (mean duration of treatment with Toujeo – 4 months).
Adapted from Tong L. et al. AMCP Sep 2016 Poster
Mean HbA1c
before
initiation of Toujeo (n=176)
Mean HbA1c
after
initiation of Toujeo (n=70)
7.61%
8.57%
-0.96%
P<0.0001
8. ה ברמות דומה ירידה-HbA1cלאחר6חודשים
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8.0
8.2
8.4
LS mean difference at Month 6:
0.00 (95% CI –0.08 to 0.07) %
Toujeo
Lantus®
Mean (SE) HbA1C, % HbA1C, mmol/mol
Baseline Week 12 Month 6
53
55
57
59
61
63
65
67
69
• Data were pooled from EDITION 1,2,3 studies conducted in patients with T2DM
(n=2,400). Average A1c – 8.31%, BMI – 34.7kg/m^2, DM Duration - 12.7 years.
1. Ritzel R et al , Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism 17 : 859-867 2015
9. ה ברמת משמעותי הבדל-A1c,מטופלי לטובתToujeoלאחר12חודשים
Adapted from Ritzel R et al. Poster presentation at ADA 2015; Abstract 1030-P;
LS mean difference at Month 12:
–0.10 (95% CI –0.18 to –0.02) %
P=0.0174
8.8
8.0
7.4
7.0
BL W12 M9 M12
Mean (SE) HbA1C, %
M6
8.6
8.4
8.2
7.8
7.6
7.2
Toujeo
Lantus®
10. Hypoglycaemia Basal Insulin Dose
מאינסולין החלפהבזאליל-Toujeo,אירועי במספר בהפחתה מלווה
ההיפוגליקמיההאינסולין במינון שינוי ללא וזאתהבזאלי
Tong L. et al. AMCP Sep 2016 Poster
P<0.0001
0.75
0.17
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Before Switch After Switch
HypoglycaemicEvents(npts-year)
0.7
0.61
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Before Switch After Switch
DailyBasalInsulinDose(U/kg)
n = 159
P=0.1395
-77%
n = 169 n = 71 n = 95
11. Toujeoל בהשוואה יותר וארוך שטוח פעילות פרופיל בעל הינו-Lantus
Becker RH et al. Diabetes Care 2015;38:637–643
12. EDITION 1-2-3 T2DM Pooled Analysis
ב בשימוש ההיפוגליקמיה היארעות-Toujeoבמשך24שעות
Lantus
Toujeo
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
0 to 2 2 to 4 4 to 6 6 to 8 8 to 10 10 to 12 12 to 14 14 to 16 16 to 18 18 to 20 20 to 22 22 to 24
Clock time, hours
Patients with ≥1 confirmed (≤70 mg/dL [3.9 mmol/L]) or severe hypoglycemia, %
Lantus®
Nocturnal
hypoglycemia
Ritzel R et al. Poster presentation at EASD 2014; Abstract 963 Available at: http://www.easdvirtualmeeting.org/resources/18908 Accessed September 2014
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
SAGLB.DIA.14.06.0065a(1) / 2014.09
13. ב בשימוש במשקל פחותה עלייה-Toujeoל בהשוואה-Lantus
Mean (SE) weight change from baseline, kg
LS mean difference at Month 6:
–0.28 (95% CI –0.55 to –0.01) kg
P=0.039
1.0
–0.5
BL
0.5
0.0
W2 W4 W8 W12 M4 M6
Toujeo
Lantus®
1.5
LOV
1/Ritzel R et al , Diabetes Obes and Metab 17:859-867 , 2015
EDITION 1-2-3 T2DM Pooled Analysis
14. ב בטיפול במשקל פחותה עליה-Toujeo
בהשוואהל-Lantusמסוג סוכרת בחולי1
EDITION JP 1
LS mean difference at Month 6:
–1.0 (95% CI –1.5 to −0.5) kg
P=0.0003
U300
–1.0
0.0
1.0
–0.5
0.5
BL LOVM6W2 W4 W8 W12 M4
Mean (SE) weight change from baseline, kg
Lantus®
Terauchi Y et al. Poster presentation at EASD 2014; Abstract 976 Available at:
http://www.easdvirtualmeeting.org/resources/19078 Accessed September 2014
15. המתן בזמן גמישות
Jeandidier N et al. Poster presentation at EASD 2014; Abstract 961 Available at: http://www.easdvirtualmeeting.org/resources/18792 Accessed September 2014
Toujeoביום פעם ניתן,יום בכל שעה באותה רצוי.
במידתהצורך,את להזריק ניתןToujeoעד3או לפני שעותהקבוע הנטילה זמן אחרי.
3+שעות
3-שעות
ההזרקה שעת
הקבועה
21. סיכום-Toujeo
1. Yki-Jarvinen H, et al. (Poster #946) presented at EASD, Vienna, September 15–19 2014. Available from: http://www.easdvirtualmeeting.org/resources/19180. Date accessed: April 2015. 2. Riddle MC, et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. DOI: 10.1111/dom.12472. epub
2015. 3. Bergenstal R, et al. (Poster #949) presented at EASD, Vienna, September 15–19 2014. Available from: http://www.easdvirtualmeeting.org/resources/18574. Date accessed: April 2015. 4. Yki-Jarvinen H, et al. Diabetes Care 2014;37:3235–3243. 5. Becker RH,
et al. Diabetes Care 2015;38(4):637–643. 6. EU, Toujeo® Summary of Product Characteristics. February 2015. 7. Ritzel R et al. (Poster #963) presented at EASD, Vienna, September 15–19 2014. Available from: http://www.easdvirtualmeeting.org/resources/18908.
Date accessed: April 2015. 8. Gerstein HC, et al. New Eng J Med 2012;367:319–328. 9. Ritzel R et al. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015.
Lower weight gain (–0.28 kg) with Toujeo vs Lantus®
16
23
נא למלא הסטוריה משפחתית רק במידה ורלוונטי.
ניתן להכניס גם את הפסקה הבאה, במידה ורלוונטי.
טיפול תרופתי לאיזון סוכרת – אשר הופסק בעבר
תרופה 1 (לפני X שנים, וסיבה במידה וידועה)
תרופה 2 (לפני X שנים, וסיבה במידה וידועה)
ניתן לצלם טבלת סוכרים של המטופל ולשים במקום הטבלה הנ"ל.
בהערות הכלליות נא לציין כל דבר שנראה רלוונטי לצורך הצגת המקרה. לדוגמא: המטופל סובל מת"ל לוואי GI, המטופל לא מתמיד בביצוע פעילות גופנית וכו'.
אופציות טיפוליות שהרופא שקל לתת למטופל. יהווה בסיס לדיון ולהחלטה מדוע החליט על הטיפול שיוצג בשקפים הבאים.