Topic 01 - Introduction.pptx

IHS 514
SAFETY, HEALTH &
ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION

2
IHS 514 - Safety, Health & Environmental Legislation
Four Causes of Accidents
• I Didn't See
• I Didn't Think
• I Didn't know
• I Didn’t Ask

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Some Definitions
• Health: a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely
the absence of disease and infirmity
• Safety: condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury
• Health & Safety: regulations and procedures intended to prevent accident or injury
in workplaces or public environments
• Term Health and Safety is generally used to describe Occupational Health and
Safety (OSH), and relates to the prevention of accidents and ill health to employees
and those who may be affected by their work
• Environment: surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives
or operates
• Legislation: the process of making or enacting laws

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Environmental Health
• Environmental health refers to limiting health hazards in the workplace. This involves examining an
environment to identify potentially hazardous agents and putting measures in place that protect
workers
• Biological Hazards: Come from organisms, including people, animals and plants, and threaten
human health. Examples of biological hazards include mold, sewage, blood and bodily fluids. These
dangers can result in diseases and allergic reactions and limit employees’ ability to carry out their
work.
• Chemical Hazards: Chemicals can be toxic, corrosive, flammable and combustible. As such, they
can pose health risks to workers and become hazards if workers inhale, ingest or absorb them
through their skin. Chemical hazards can cause acute harm, such as burns, irritation and vomiting, or
create chronic health issues, such as asthma, liver damage and cancer.
• Physical Hazards: Include activities or natural substances in a work environment that pose health
risks. Extreme temperatures, poor air quality, excessive noise and radiation in the workplace can all
harm workers, potentially causing respiratory problems, hearing loss and cancer, among other
problems

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Some Statistics
• 5,333 fatal work injuries recorded in the United States in 2019, a 2% increase from
2018
• A worker died every 99 minutes from a work-related injury in 2019
• Falls, slips, and trips increased 11 percent in 2019 to 880
• Nearly 1 out of every 5 fatally injured workers was employed as a driver/sales
worker or truck driver
• Statistical data show that, worldwide, the highest rates of occupational deaths occur
in agriculture, forestry, mining and construction

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Labor, Management, & Safety
• Workplace is a balance between management and labor, with the safety function
often thrust into the middle
• Management is production driven, dollar cognizant, quality motivated, and salary
paid
• Labor consists of a number of individuals who perform specific work tasks, are
responsible for individual job functions, and are paid by the hour
• Diverse interests between Management & Labor – labor and management can
conflict, creating adversarial situations that encompass the safety function
• Safety professionals can be the link between management and labor
• Safety professional is employed to minimize risks and save money for the company
or organization

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Elements of Successful Management Practice
• Five elements of successful management practice
– Planning
– Organization
– Control
– Monitoring
– Review

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• Planning: Employers should set up an effective health and safety management
system to implement their health and safety policy which is proportionate to the
hazards and risks
• Involves:
– Adopting a systematic approach to the completion of a risk assessment
– Selecting appropriate methods of risk control to minimize risks
– Establishing priorities and developing performance standards both for the
completion of risk assessment(s) and for the implementation of preventive and
protective measures

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• Organization. This includes
– Involving employees and their representatives in carrying out risk
assessments, deciding on preventive and protective measures and
implementing those requirements in the workplace
– Establishing effective means of communication and consultation in which a
positive approach to health and safety is visible and clear
– Securing competence by the provision of adequate information, instruction
and training and its evaluation, particularly for those who carry out risk
assessments and make decisions about preventive and protective measures

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• Control. Establishing control includes:
– Clarifying health and safety responsibilities and ensuring that the activities of
everyone are well coordinated
– Ensuring everyone with responsibilities understands clearly what they have to
do to discharge their responsibilities, and ensure they have the time and
resources to discharge them effectively
– Setting standards to judge the performance of those with responsibilities and
ensure they meet them. It is important to reward good performance as well as
to take action to improve poor performance
– Ensuring adequate and appropriate supervision, particularly for those who are
learning and who are new to a job

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• Monitoring. Employers should measure what they are doing to implement their
health and safety policy, to assess how effectively they are controlling risks, and
how well they are developing a positive health and safety culture
• Monitoring includes:
– Having a plan and making adequate routine inspections and checks to ensure
that preventive and protective measures are in place and effective
– Adequately investigating the immediate and underlying causes of incidents
and to ensure that remedial action is taken, lessons are learnt and longer-term
objectives are introduced

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• Review. Review involves:
– Establishing priorities for necessary remedial action that was discovered as a
result of monitoring to ensure that suitable action is taken in good time and is
completed
– Periodically reviewing the whole of the health and safety management system
including the elements of planning, organization, control and monitoring to
ensure that the whole system remains effective

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Key Elements of Successful Health & Safety Management
Policy
Organizing
Planning &
Implementation
Measuring
Performance
Reviewing
Performance
Auditing
Health & Safety
Policy development
Organizational
development
Developing
techniques of
planning, measuring
and reviewing
Feedback loop to
improve performance

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Accident Prevention
• Active monitoring
– Proactive or pre-accident strategies are concerned with the prevention of
accidents, incidents and ill health. They include the implementation of well-
established ‘safe place’ and ‘safe person’ strategies
• Reactive monitoring
– Involves a number of post-accident strategies, directed at identifying the
causes of accidents and ill health and obtaining feedback for incorporation in
future proactive strategies. The reporting, recording and investigation of
accidents is a common reactive strategy

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Safety Monitoring
• Safety monitoring is a proactive area of health and safety practice directed at
identifying hazards and assessing and evaluating safety performance. Safety
monitoring systems form part of the ‘arrangements’ for health and safety in the
organization’s statement of health and safety policy
• Safety monitoring may take the form of:
– Safety inspections
– Safety audits
– Safety surveys
– Safety tours
– Safety sampling exercises

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Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment
• Hazard – any source of potential injury, disease, harm, damage to people, properties, or the
environment
• Risk – the likelihood or probability of a hazard causing injury, disease, harm, or damage to people,
properties, or the environment
• Risk management – the process of identifying, assessing and prioritizing of risks followed by the
application to minimize, monitor and control their impact
• Risk assessment – the process of determining the likelihood of identified hazards being realized
and the magnitude of their consequences if they do occur
• Control measures – ways of reducing the risk of a hazard, injury or ill health
• Incident – work-related event, which, under slightly different circumstances, may have resulted in
injury, illness, death or destruction of property
• Accident – work-related unplanned event that resulted in injury or ill health of people or the damage
or loss of property
• OSH responsible – person employed by a company who has relevant background and experience
in OSH

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Why is Risk Management Important?
• Risk management helps organizations to:
– Protect the safety and health of employees, in addition to preservation of
property and the environment
– Provide overall benefit through working on reducing real risks – both those
that arise more often than others, and those with serious consequences
– Increase efficiency & productivity or work, in addition to reduce staff turnover
and occupational absence
– Enhance employer’s awareness of occupational safety and health for better
management and control measures of risks

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Who is Responsible For Risk Management?
Employers
(management)
OSH
responsible
Employees
Roles Responsibilities
Ensure that safety
measures are in place
Ensure all OSH activities and
regulations are followed
Ensure safety of employees and
civilians around a workplace
Manage risk and perform risk
assessment
Identify risk and install control
measures
Report any accidents or injuries
that arises in the workplace
Plan, coordinate, execute, lead
and monitor all risk management
activities
Co-operate with employer on
safety and health
Report any situation which could
present a hazard
Participate in controlling and
eliminating risks as per the OSH
responsible instructions
Comply with instruction given by
the OSH responsible
Risk Assessment
Responsibility

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Detailed Roles & Responsibilities of OSH Responsible
• Develop the plan needed to remove and/or limit the risk
• Institute suitable OSH management arrangements appropriate to the work
environment
• Coordinate with the responsible authority to establish effective communication
channels
• Conduct, record, review and continuously update risk assessments
• Consult the employees about OSH related topics and raising OSH awareness

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Risk Management Is a Continuous Cycle Consisting of 6 Steps

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How To Assess & Manage Risk At The Workplace
Step 1: Identify the hazards
One of the most important aspects of risk management is looking for any potential hazards
This step needs to be undertaken on a continuous basis to ensure new activities processes
and/or substances are deemed safe for employee use
Step 2: Identify who might be harmed
Once the hazard has been identified, it is important to be clear about who is at risk of
getting harmed
This step is particularly vital as it identifies the best way to approach the risk and potentially
determine methods of managing it
Step 3: Assess/evaluate the risk
Having spotted the hazard, it is then time to decide how likely it is to happen, the degree of
potential harm, and choose what to do about it
The step is conducted by using the risk assessment

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How To Assess & Manage Risk At The Workplace
Step 4: Take action to control the risk
If a hazard cannot be removed, it is necessary to consider all possible ways to control the
risk so that harm is unlikely
There are 5 control measures that can be taken to control the risk: elimination, substitution,
engineering controls, administrative controls and the use of PPE
Step 5: Record and implement
Once the hazards have been identified and the potential way to control the risk assessed, it
is important to note the main findings down
This will help to communicate and better manage the risks at the workplace as well as to review
findings at a later date, for example if something changes
Step 6: Regularly review risk assessment and update if necessary
It is necessary to conduct a review on an ongoing basis and to ensure that the risk
assessment stays up to date
Few workplaces stay the same. Sooner or later, new equipment, substances and procedures
might be introduced that could lead to new hazards and risks

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Step 1:
Identify the
hazards
Step 2:
Identify who might
be harmed
Step 3:
Assess / Evaluate
the risk
Step 4:
Take action to
control the risk
Step 5:
Record and
implement
Step 6:
Regularly review
risk assessment
and update if
necessary
Walk around / observe the workplace
Ask employees about any problems they encounter at the workplace
Check manufacturer instructions
Review previous inspections, maintenance records, log books, incident and injury records etc
Consider long-term hazards to health
Contact relevant bodies to assists in identifying hazards
Successfully identifying the hazard is an introductory
step that sets the stage for effective risk management

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Step 1:
Identify the
hazards
Step 2:
Identify who might
be harmed
Step 3:
Assess / Evaluate
the risk
Step 4:
Take action to
control the risk
Step 5:
Record and
implement
Step 6:
Regularly review
risk assessment
and update if
necessary

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Step 1:
Identify the
hazards
Step 2:
Identify who might
be harmed
Step 3:
Assess / Evaluate
the risk
Step 4:
Take action to
control the risk
Step 5:
Record and
implement
Step 6:
Regularly review
risk assessment
and update if
necessary
Distinguish between worker and passer-by (i.e. people who might not permanently be in the
workplace)
Consider seniority of the employees and nature of work (new employee might have tailored risk
requirements compared to more expert employee)
Consider the safety of the general public around the workplace
Establish effective communication channels between parallel work-streams (if any)
Identifying people at risk ensures short- and long-term
safety in the workplace

26
Step 1:
Identify the
hazards
Step 2:
Identify who might
be harmed
Step 3:
Assess / Evaluate
the risk
Step 4:
Take action to
control the risk
Step 5:
Record and
implement
Step 6:
Regularly review
risk assessment
and update if
necessary

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Step 3: Assess / Evaluate the risk
Step 1:
Identify the
hazards
Step 2:
Identify who might
be harmed
Step 3:
Assess / Evaluate
the risk
Step 4:
Take action to
control the risk
Step 5:
Record and
implement
Step 6:
Regularly review
risk assessment
and update if
necessary
Look at existing activities, the nature of work and whether control measures are working
Assess risk by severity of harm and level of exposure to employee
Conduct a detailed risk assessment to evaluate the likelihood of the hazard causing harm, injury,
damage, etc
Consider level of training given to employees and their expertise during the handling of equipment
Consider if anything else can be done to mitigate the risk
Results of the risk assessments should be made
available to all employees

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Step 3: Assess / Evaluate the risk
Step 1:
Identify the
hazards
Step 2:
Identify who might
be harmed
Step 3:
Assess / Evaluate
the risk
Step 4:
Take action to
control the risk
Step 5:
Record and
implement
Step 6:
Regularly review
risk assessment
and update if
necessary

29
Step 1:
Identify the
hazards
Step 2:
Identify who might
be harmed
Step 3:
Assess / Evaluate
the risk
Step 4:
Take action to
control the risk
Step 5:
Record and
implement
Step 6:
Regularly review
risk assessment
and update if
necessary
Try a less risky option whenever possible
Try to prevent access to potential hazard
Organize work to reduce exposure to the hazard
Use personal protective equipment
Provide welfare facilities, for instance first aid and washing facilities for removal of contamination
Involve and consult with employees to ensure that what you propose to do will work in practice and
won't introduce any new hazards
Failure to take simple precautions can cost you a lot more if
an accident does happen.

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Step 1:
Identify the
hazards
Step 2:
Identify who might
be harmed
Step 3:
Assess / Evaluate
the risk
Step 4:
Take action to
control the risk
Step 5:
Record and
implement
Step 6:
Regularly review
risk assessment
and update if
necessary

31
Step 1:
Identify the
hazards
Step 2:
Identify who might
be harmed
Step 3:
Assess / Evaluate
the risk
Step 4:
Take action to
control the risk
Step 5:
Record and
implement
Step 6:
Regularly review
risk assessment
and update if
necessary
Keep it simple when writing down the results to ensure that the finding is easily understandable
Indicate who might be affected and how
Ensure that the record is comprehensive i.e. that you take into account a broad range of significant
hazards to be anticipated
Identify precautions measures already in place
If the risk assessment identifies a number of hazards, put them in order of importance and address
the most serious risks first, such as those risks most likely to cause accidents or ill health

32
Step 1:
Identify the
hazards
Step 2:
Identify who might
be harmed
Step 3:
Assess / Evaluate
the risk
Step 4:
Take action to
control the risk
Step 5:
Record and
implement
Step 6:
Regularly review
risk assessment
and update if
necessary
Identify necessary steps to be taken to control the risks
Determine whether there are improvements that can be implemented quickly, even temporarily, until
more reliable controls can be put in place
Involve your employees or their representatives in the process and raise awareness about OSH
related topics

33
Step 1:
Identify the
hazards
Step 2:
Identify who might
be harmed
Step 3:
Assess / Evaluate
the risk
Step 4:
Take action to
control the risk
Step 5:
Record and
implement
Step 6:
Regularly review
risk assessment
and update if
necessary

34
Step 1:
Identify the
hazards
Step 2:
Identify who might
be harmed
Step 3:
Assess / Evaluate
the risk
Step 4:
Take action to
control the risk
Step 5:
Record and
implement
Step 6:
Regularly review
risk assessment
and update if
necessary
Identify whether there have been any significant changes
Identify any improvements still needed to be made
Check with employees whether they have spotted any problems
Identify lessons learnt from previous accidents or near misses
Distribute and explain results to all relevant employees in the workplace
Make sure your risk assessment stays up to date

35
Step 1:
Identify the
hazards
Step 2:
Identify who might
be harmed
Step 3:
Assess / Evaluate
the risk
Step 4:
Take action to
control the risk
Step 5:
Record and
implement
Step 6:
Regularly review
risk assessment
and update if
necessary

36
Risk Assessment Steps
• Step 1: Identify the hazards
• Step 2: Identify who might be harmed
• Step 3: Assess / Evaluate the risk
• Step 4: Take action to control the risk
• Step 5: Record and implement
• Step 6: Regularly review risk assessment and update if necessary

37
Risk, Severity & Likelihood
• Severity is the amount of damage or harm a hazard could create and it is often ranked on a five-point scale
– Catastrophic / Severe – 5: can result in serious injuries or illnesses resulting in a fatality
– Major – 4: can cause injuries or illnesses that will require hospitalization or are certain to be fatal
– Moderate / Significant – 3: can cause injuries or illnesses that may require hospitalization or could be
fatal
– Minor – 2: can potentially cause injuries or illnesses, but only to a mild extent
– Insignificant / Superficial – 1: won’t cause serious issues like injuries or illnesses
• Probability is the likelihood of the hazard occurring and it is often ranked on a five-point scale
– Very Likely to happen / Frequent – 5: Likely to occur often in the life of an item
– Likely to happen / Probable – 4: Will occur several times in the life of an item
– Possible Could happen / Occasional – 3: Likely to occur sometime in the life of an item
– Unlikely to happen / Remote – 2: Unlikely but possible to occur in the life of an item
– Very unlikely to happen / Improbable – 1: So unlikely, it can be assumed an occurrence may not be
experienced

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Risk Matrix
• Likelihood is the probability that something might happen
• Consequence is defined as the most probable result of the potential incident
Likelihood
Consequence
/
Severity
Very likely to
happen
Likely to
happen
Possibly
could happen
Unlikely to
happen
Very unlikely
to happen
Catastrophic (e.g., fatal) Critical Critical High Moderate Moderate
Major (e.g., permanent
disability)
Critical High Moderate Moderate Low
Moderate (e.g., Hospitalization
/ short - or long -term disability
High Moderate Moderate Moderate Low
Minor (e.g., first aid) Moderate Moderate Moderate Low Very Low
Superficial (e.g., no treatment
required)
Moderate Low Low Very Low Very Low
Risk = Likelihood x Severity

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Risk Assessment Template
What are the
hazards?
Who might
be harmed
and how?
What are you
already doing
to control the
risks?
What further action
do you need to
take to control the
risks?
Who needs
to carry out
the action?
When is the
action
needed by?
Done

40
Risk Assessment Template

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Example Risk Assessment For Maintenance Work In a Factory
• Slips and trips
• Workplace transport
• Moving heavy objects
• Sharpening tools
• Working at
• Height
• Manual handling
• Noise
• Electricity
• Confined spaces
• Fire

42
Example Risk Assessment For An Office
• Sprains and strains
• Poor workstation ergonomics
• Indoor air-quality problems
• Insufficient or excessive lighting
• Noise
• Electrical hazards
• Slips and trips
• Stress
• Manual handling of equipment

43
Example Risk Assessment For Motor Vehicle Repair Workshop
• Hazardous substances
• Car engine running inside, toxic exhaust fumes, e.g., carbon monoxide
• Fire – Petrol and LPG fires
• Battery charging
• Electrical equipment – Portable appliances, e.g., hand lamps
• Mechanical equipment – Use of grinding equipment
• Falling objects – Car lift failure or car jack failure
• Compressed air – Explosion of equipment tires
• Vehicle movements

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Topic 01 - Introduction.pptx