Toeic training rc 730 combined

TOEICTRAINING
READINGCOMPREHENSION
730
ParkSeong-Uk
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Foreword
TheTOEICTest- Testof Englishfor InternationalCommunication- a standardisedtestgivingreliable
results,measuresproficiencyin internationalbusinessEnglish,at intermediateandadvancedlevels.lt
providesanaccuratemeasurementof.theEnglishcapabilitiesof non-nativespeakers.TheTOEICtest
measuresandcertifieslistening,readingandgrammarproficiencyin internationalbusinessEnglish.
TheTOEIGtests:
. Helpbusinessesbuilda moreeffectiveworkforce.Thereis,nowadays,ahighdemandfromleading
globalcorporationsforemployeesto communicateeffectivelyin English.Thatis,employeesmust
beableto communicateacrossbordersandcultureswithco-workersandclients.
. Allowemployersto makehiringdecisions,promotions,transfersdependingonjobseekers'qualifi-
cationsandEnglishlanguageproficiency.
. Enableuniversitiesto betterpreparestudentsfortheinternationalworkplace.
Inbrief,organizationsandjob seekersaroundtheworldtrustTOEICscoresto helpthemgetaheadof
thecompetition.
TOEICis a verychallengingexamination,andunfortunately,manystudentsfindit hardto achievethe
scorethey need.Onereasonfor this is that the TOEICquestionsuse manychallengingwords,so
studentsneeda considerablenumberof businessvocabularyitems.Theotherreasonis thatTOEIC
questionschallengestudentsinaverylogicalmanner.Manystudentsarenotcomfortablewiththistype
ofthinking,whichcanmakethetestverychallenging.
ThemaximumscoreonTOEICis990points.A reasonablescoreis above700points,a goodscoreis
anythingabove900points,anda greatscoreisanythingabove900points.
Beingawareofthepracticaldemandof learners,wehavedesignedtheseriesTOEICRCandLC- 730
and 860whosequestionsaretakenfromthe mostrecentTOEICtestswiththe aimof helpingthose
whowantto achievethe scoreof approximately700- 900points.Thisseriesof booksis hopefullya
verybeneficialandrewardingmaterialforclassusewiththeassistanceofaninstructororforself-study.
Tipsto helpyou prepanefor the TOEICtests:
. Listento music- Musichelpsyouacquiretherhythmandstresspatternsof spokenEnglish.
o Listento the radioandwatchTVandfilms- Thishelpsyoupickupthelanguage,anddoesnot
boreyoueither!
. Usethe language- Setasidehalfanhoureachdayto communicateonlyin English.lf youcan't
: dothisfaceto face,sendregulare-mailmessages.
. Read- Readingis the best way to improveyour vocabulary.Readnewspapers,magazines,
websites,novels,andnon-fictionbooks.Choosesomethingthatgenuinelyinterestsyouandisn't
toochallenging.
o Write- Trykeepinga dailyjournalwhereyoucanpractiseusingnewwordsandexpressions.This
helpsreinforcesentencestructuresandvocabulary.
Therearenoshortcuts- theonlywayto geta highscoreisbyworkinghard,practisingconstantlyand
patientlyto improveyourEnglishabilities.
Mayyousoonachieveyourdesiredgoal!
ParkSeong-Uk

TOEICTestFormat
Therearetwo separateTOEICtests:traditionalListeningand Readingtest and additionalWritingand
Speakingtest. Thesetwo types of TOEICtest are administeredindependentlyand thus you need to
register,pay fee for them separatelyand get separatetest score reports.Check with your employer/
companyor your university/collegewhat type of TOEICscorereportthey want (Listeningand Reading
onlyor both tests)beforetakingthe test.Alsocheckwith the test site if they offerWritingand Speaking
test.Technologyrequiresyou to haveall 4 Englishlanguageskillsfor workplacesuccess.
TOEIC Listening and Reading Test
TheTOEICListeningand Readingtest is a paper-and-pencil,multiple-choiceassessment.Thereare2
timedsectionsof 100questionseach.
Sectionl: Listening
Listeningskillsarerequiredfor face-to-facecommunication,meetings,videoconferencing,teleconferenc-
ing,podcastsandtelephoneconversations.
Testtakers listento a varietyof questionsand short conversationsrecordedin English,then answer
questionsbasedon what they haveheard(100itemsin total).
o Part1: Photographs
o Part2: Question& Response
o Part3: ShortConversations
r Part4: ShortTalks
Sectionll: Reading
Readingskillsarerequiredfor e-mail,written reports,newsletters,letters,memos,PowerPointpresen-
tationsand otherformsof businesscommunication.
Testtakersreada varietyof materialsand answer100 itemsin total at theirown pace.
o Part5: lncompleteSentences
o Part6:TextCompletion
o Part7: ReadingComprehension
Test Length
Thetest takesapproximately2Yzhours,with:
o 45 minutesfor SectionI
o 75 minutesfor Sectionll
. scorescale:5 - 495 for eachsection(10- 990 for both)
. approximately30 minutesto answerbiographicalquestions

Contents
TRAININGcoURsTA STUDYINGTYPESOFQUESTIONS
PARTS546 learningKeyPoints
UNIT1 Choosingtherightwordclass
Learningpoint 1 Nouns ..........................1o
Learningpoint 2 Adjectives ....................i6
Learningpoint 3 Adverbs ....................... r7
UNIT2 Verbforms
Learningpoint 4 Verbforms .................,.30
Learningpoint 5 Verbtenses ..............3'1
Learningpoint 6 Active& Passive..................................s2
Learningpoint 7 Subject-verbagreement.............sg
Learningpoint 8 Subjunctive ............ 34
UNIT3 Verbals
Learningpoint 9 Participles . ............42
Learningpoint10 To-infinitives.................................... 48
Learningpoint11 Gerunds .................44
UNIT4 Conjunctions
Learningpoint12 Co-ordinatingconjunctions......51
Learningpoint13 Correlativeconjunctions..............s2
Learningpoint14 Subordinatingconjunctions... sg
UNIT5 Prepositions
Learningpoint15 Prepositionsof reasonand
concession ....."......."....61
TRAININGCOURSEB
TRAININGCOURSEG ACTUALTESTS
ACTUALTEST1 ........................r52
ACTUALTEST2
ANSWERKEY . ... .......,..2o7
PRACTISINGALLTHEPOINTSLEARNT
PARTS5&6 PracticeTests
Learningpoint16 Prepositionsof time .........................62
Learningpoint17 Prepositionsof place.....".......... 6g
Learningpoint18 Otherprepositions............................64
UNIT6Pronouns
Learningpoint19 Personalpronouns......,...................,.7
Learningpoint20 Otherpronouns/determiners...zg
UNIT7 Relativepronouns/adverbs
Learningpoint21 Relativepronouns..........................Bl
Learningpoint22 Relativeadverbs.................................82
UNITSComparisons
Learningpoint23 Comparisonofequality/
Comparativeform.........................BB
Learningpoint24 Superlativeform...........................89
UNIT9 Vocabulary
Learningpoint25 Vocabulary- Verbs.........,..................96
Learningpoint25 Vocabulary- Nouns......................99
Learningpoint2T Vocabulary- Adjectives...........102
Learningpoint28 Vocabulary- Adverbs . . . ........1Os

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FoodandDrugAdministrationfor itsnewmedicine,
{ffi}apprcval
{Diapproved
{B}cernrpletes
{D}ccmpietely
4. Mr.Taylorstatedthat it was a
withinoneweek'stime.
{A}nears
{C}n*arby
{A}formai
{*}form*d
Thesecurityguardsmustendurea periodof intense-'
learneveryaspectof theirjob aswellas possible.
fromtheU.S.
{ffi}vi*itatian
{D}visitcrs
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ffi visiting
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StudyingTypesof Questions
Generally,thereare3 typesofquestionsrelatedtowordclassinsentencecompletionquestions.
TYPE1-! Wordclass
(A)compete (B)competition (C)competitivety (D)competitive
Thiskindof questionmainlyfocusesonwordsofthesamefamily:(A)verb,(B)noun,(C)adverb,(D)
adjective.Tochoosethe correctoption,youneedto understandthe functionof eachpartof speech
andlookatthepositionofthemissingwordinthesentence.
,
WfVpEel Wordclass+ understandingthemeaningofnounsW";...-:'*--"'"*
(A)interpreter (B)interpret (c) interpreting (D)interpretation
Both(A)interpreterand(D)interpretationarenouns.So,ifthemissingwordneedsa noun,youhaveto
distinguishbetweenthemeaningsofthesenounsto havetherightchoice.
ffifVee
Si Wordclass+ understandingverbforms
{A)signed (B)signing {C)signature (D)to sign
Thesearethevariantsofto sign,(A)pastform,(B)presentparticiple/gerund,(C)noun,(D)to-infinitive.
lf the missingwordneedsa verb,youhaveto understandthestructureof thesentenceto havethe
rightchoiceoftheverbform.

Weneedto hirean
(A)interpreter
(C)interpreting
- to helpusnegotiatewithanoverseascompany.
{B}interpret
(D)interpretation
Answ*r:{A}
TIPSTOCHOOSETHECORRECTOPTIONSIN PARTS5a5
ffi alan (indefinitearticles)isfollowedbyasingularcountrour; the@definitearticle)canbefollowed
byacountoruncountnoun,singularorplural.
anemployee(O),anemployment(X)
theemployee(O),theemployment(O)
fr$!&| ttrighlafteranarticle(alanlthe),themissingwordjsnotaiwaysanoun,butitcanbeanadjectiveoraparticiple
modifyingthencungiven.
Thefunctionsof nouns:
, subject
Theanalysisofthelabresultsisaccurate.
. objectofaverb
Heshowsresistanceto theproposal.
. objectofa preposition
Thedocumentwassentto theattendees.
- complement
Thepreventionof anillnessisourpriority.
Quiz1 Answer;page?11
------.-- in computertechnologyare giving
us a lot of advantagesand makingthings
easierfor us.
(A)Advance (B)Advancing
2. Theresultsof recentcustomersurveysshow
a highlevelof withourfoodand
services.
(A)satisfied
(C)satisfactory
(B)satisfying
{D)satisfaction{C}Advancement (D)Advances

AnsrentC)
TIPSTOCHOOSETHECORRECTOPTIONSINPARTS5a6
O nn attributiveadjectivecomesrightbeforethenounit modifies.
Hewonanawardfor hiscreatlveidea.
@ n predicativeadiectivecomesafterthewft inthesentence'tOmodff:
. thesubject
Thenewpubliclibraryisspacious.
. theobject
Audiencesfoundthe plottoo confusing.
Sl!@ Adjectivesarealsousedafterlinkingverbssuchasbecome,seem,look,etc.Furftermore,payattentiont0the
structuremake/find/keep+ object+ adj.Thisadjectivemodifiestheobject.
Quiz2 Answer;page211
The companyreturnedthe *-----* parts and
demandedthat its moneybe refunded.
2. Thosetwo automobilesare---------in price,
yetthesedanisa mr.rchmorecapablevehicle,
(A)compares (B)comparing
(Clcomparison (D)comparabie
(A)defect
{C)defects
(B)defective
{D)defectively

Answen{C}
TIPSTOCHOOSETHECORRECTOPTIONSIN PARTS5&6
Q AOverbsmodifyverbsoradjectives.
. Modifyinganadjective
Heis largelyresponsiblefor theincreaseinsales.
. Modiffingaverb
Youshouldspeakclearlywhenyoucall.
CM Alsopayattentiontoadverbsatthebeginningofasentencetomodiffthewhotesentence,likeGeneratty,
subject+ verb...Anadverbcanmodifya prepositionalphraseoranotheradverb,too.
@ Confusableadrrerbs
. late/latety
. hard/hardty
' nearlnearty
. high/highty
Quiz3
1, Tinycracksinthewallscanbe---------
repairedwithoutgettingthehelpof a
professional.
(A)easy
(Q easier
Thestoreopenedlatetoday.
Thestoreopenedlately.
Shestudieshard.
Ste hardlystudies.
Pbaseoomenear.
Theconstructionis neadyfinished.
Thebirdisflyinghigrh.
Heis highlysatisfiedwithhissalary.
(B)easily
{D)easiness
Answer:page211
2. Manyemployeeswere--------- criticalof the
mergerbetweenthe JohnsonCo. and the
RaymondGroup.
(A)highly
(Q height
{B)hish
(D)heighten

Performance-***-****areconducted
by manycompaniesto checktheir
employees'strengthsandweaknesses.
(A)evaluative
(B)evaluations
(Clevaluated
{D)evaluators
Therecentlyrenovatedloungeshould
improvemoraleamongthe
employeesat the company.
(A)great
(B)greatness
(C)greatly
iD)greatest
TomPeterson,the CEO,is an ---------
personwho is well knownfor takingcare
of hisemployees.
(A)admire
(B)admirable
{C)admiration
{D)admirably
Thechampionshipmatchwillstart
at eighto'clockthisSaturday
night.
(A)precisely
(B)preciseness
(C)precise
iD)precision
Salary areexpectedto be
receivedby workerseveryyear.
(A)increase
{B}increases
(C)increasing
{D}increasingly
6. Aftertakingmany*--*-***-,the
organizationwas ableto accurately
predictwho wouldwin the election.
{A)survey
(B)surveys
(C)surveying
(D)surveyed
7. Thecompanypresident,Stephen
Jackson, rejectedthe union's
demandsas beingtoo unreasonable.
(A)reportedly
(B)reporting
(C)report
(D)reports
Theconstructionof the new******-**was
delayeddueto a lackof funds.
(A)build
(B)builder
(C)to build
(D)buitding
Recruitingnewemployeesis neveran
issuefor the DayComCorporationdue
to the benefitsit offersevento
its low-levelemployees.
(A)attract
(B)attractive
(C)attracted
(D)attraction
Manymethodsof makingplasticsarenot
safe,so theirpracticeis being
discouragedby environmentalists.
(A)environmentally
(B)environmental
(C)environments
{D)environmentalists
10.

16.11. Youhaveto becomemore*****----with
the rulesand regulationsbeforeyou start
workinghere.
(Alfamiliarity
(Blfamiliarly
{C}familiar
(D)familiarize
Mr.Thompson'scompanyisthe main
of dairyproductsin the tri-state
region.
{A)distribution
{B)distributing
(Cldistributor
(D)to distribute
It was unanimouslyagreedthat Ms.
Perkins'sproposalwasthe most-*-- -- .
(A)persuasive
{B)persuasively
(C)persuade
(D)persuasion
14. Meeting theengineersnevergot
an opportunityto becomecomfortable
workingtogether.
{A)occasion
{B}occasions
{C)occasional
(Dioccasionally
15. Thelatesteconomic arebeing
metwith resistancefromthe citizens
becauseof the highertaxestheyare
beingforcedto pay.
(A)reformed
(B)reformer
(C)reforms
(D)reformatory
The latestappliancefrom Rudolph
Industrieshasextraordinary---------for
capturingmorethanhalfof thedomestic
marketshare.
(A)potent
(B)potentiality
(C)potentially
(D)potential
Ms. Romanovwas promotedto a
managerialposition afterjoining
thecompany.
{A)direct
{B)directly
{C)directed
(D)direction
18. Thanksto careful the scenes
filmedon the city'sstreetsdid not
interruptthe flow of traffic.
(A)plan
(B)planner
(C)planning
iD)planned
ProfessorGibbsgavean extremely
lectureto the studentswho had
assembledintheauditorium.
(A)information
(B)informative
(C)inform
(D)informer
Inorderto be reimbursed by the
AccountingDepartment,pleasesubmit
allof yourreceiptsas soonas possible.
{A)promptly
(B)prompt
{C)promptness
(D)prompts
12.
17.
13.
19.
20.

21. Feelfreeto contactthe --------- of this
productshouldyou haveany problems
operatingit.
(A)manufactured
(B)manufacturer
(Q manufacturing
{D)manufacture
The company'sheadquarterscan
be reachedby takinga taxi or a
busfromthe localtrainstation.
(A)easy
{B)easily
{C)ease
(D)easiness
DeniseSuttonwas chosenfor the
job mostlyon accountof her
laboratoryexperience.
(A)extend
(B)extensive
{Q extensions
(D)extending
EmilyRichardsonhasleft*-**---*-on
howto get in touchwith herwhileshe is
on vacation.
(A)instruct
(B)instructing
{C)instructions
(D)instructional
lf the bricksarenot aligned
straight,thenthe work willhaveto be
doneagain.
(A)perfectly
(B)perfect
(C)perfection
(D)perfecting
Mr.Stephensonreceiveda --------- on
account of his work that helped secure
the Chambersaccount.
(A)promotion
(B)promotes
(Q promoted
(D)promoting
The salesstaff at the sto'reis especially
which helpsincreasethe
numberof repeatcustomers.
(A)friend
{B)friendly
{C)friends
{D)friendship
Pleasecallahed to make----*-*-- to
ensurethat seatsareavailablefor the
musical.
(A)reserving
{B)reservations
(C)reserve
(D)reserved
Ms. Rheaprovedherselfto be a
very----*---- employeewhenshe
single-handedlyrecruitedtwo major
customers.
(A)valuably
(B)valuable
(Clvaluing
(D)value
Onepossible--------- is that no onewas
inthe laboratorywhenthe firestarted.
(A)conclusive
(B)conclude
(Q conclusion
(D)concluding
2€,.
27.n.

31.
32.
Most companiesdowntownhave
parkingfacilities,so they are lobbyingthe
governmentto constructa multi-story
parkinggarage.
(A)limit
(B)limited
(C)limitations
{D)limits
Any of our employeeswho provide
exceptional--------- to the companymay
be rewardedwith a cash bonus.
(A)serve
(B)server
(C)service
(D)serving
Severalreviewersof the new novelWhen
the Crow Cawshavecalledthe book's
characterstoo ---------.
{A)predict
(B)predicting
{C)predictable
{D)predictably
Thissalepriceis available-**---*--to
currentsubscribersof WildlifeM'agazine.
(A)exclusiveness
(B)exclusionary
{C)exclusive
(D)exclusively
of yourpurchasewill be sent
to yourmailingaddresswithinthe next
twenty-fourhours.
(A)Confirms
(B)Confirmed
(C)Confirming
(D)Confirmation
BowrnanConstruc'tionis--------- seeking
employeeswillingto worklonghours
doingphysicallabor.
(A)mostuqent
(B)urgent
{C)urgency
(D)urgently
Manyof Dr.Nelson's---------techniques
havebeenincorporatedintothe
company'soperatingpolicies.
(A)innovate
(B)innovative
(C)innovates
{D)innovatively
Alwayspresentyourselfina ---------
mannersoasto makethebestpossible
impression.
CI dignify
(B)dignified
(C)dignifies
(D)dignity
ScholasticEnterprises,Inc.**--**--*
publishesbookswrittenbyleading
academicsintheirfields.
(A)morefrequent
(B)frequency
{C)frequent
(D)frequently
NationalExpressguar€ntees---------of
yourlettersor packagesanywhereinthe
countryintwenty-fourhoursor less.
(A)deliverable
(B)deliverer
(C)deliver
(D)delivery
37.
3i|.
39.
40.

46.41.
47.
8.
43.
The contract is beingsent by a courier
andshouldbe aniving
(A)shortly
(B)shortness
(Q shorten
(D)short
Thecashiershaveasked not to
cut in lineand haverequestedthat they
wait patientlyfor theirturnto checkout.
{A)shopper
(B)shopping
{C)toshop
(D)shoppers
Themanageracted whenhe
organizedan effortto raisemoneyfor the
horneless.
(A)charity
(B)charities
(C)charitableness
(D)charitably
Whilemanydeemedit ------**-, Derrick
Wilsonrefusedto gle up hisdreamof
beingacceptedto the spaceprogram.
(A)impossible
(B)impossibility
(C)impossibly
(D)impossibleness
Ms.Alowolo'sproposalwillbe
implementedby the departmentdespite
the faatthat she no longerworks there.
(A)subsequent
(B)subsequentto
(Q subsequently
(D)subsequence
The govwn'menthastaken ---------
measuresto cut down on the amountof
insidertradingthat is occuning.
(A)signify.(B)
significant
(C)significantly
(D)significance
Thismanualshouldprovidebeginning
with some advice on how to take
exceptionalpictures.
(A)photographs
(B)photography
(C)photographic
(D)photographers
Workersin the AccountingDepartment
have a to ensurethat the
company'sfunds arenot wasted.
(A)responsibly
(B)responsible
(C)responsibility
(D)responsibilities
TheEZ-UsePaintbrushletsartists
spreadpaint more on the canvas
and helpspreventdripping.
(A)evens
(B)evenly
(C)evened
(D)evenness
It is necessarytor anyfrctory to produce
goodsmore*-**----- in orderto turn a
profit.
(A)efficiently
(B)efficiencies
(C)efficient
(D)efficiency

51. The localart gallery'ssummer
was the most successfulin its thifi-
seven-yearhistory.
(A)exhibition
(B)exhibitive
{C)exhibited
(D)exhibiting
to the engineeringconference
havebeensentto allof the individuals
who requestedthem.
(A)Invite
(B)lnviting
(Q Invitation
(D)lnvitations
Thepolicestatedthat --------- 200
peoplewerefinedfor disruptivebehavior
at the politicalrally.
(A)approximately
(B)approximate
(C)approximation
(D)approximated
The marketlngteam is composedof a
grcup of empfoyees,all of whom
havevariotrsstrengths.
{A)diverse
{B}diversity
(Q diversely
{D}diversify
Dr.Prersonard Dr.Watkinswillwork
in an effortto discovera vaccine
for the exotic disease.
(A)collaboration
(B)collaborates
(C)collaboratively
{D)collaborated
Mr.Brownb was unanimously
approvedby the boardof direators.
(A)recommendation
(B)recommendable
(C)recommending
{D)recommend
Mapsandotherbrochuresare---*-----
availableat anytourisminformationdesk
in the airport.
(A)readily
(B)readiness
(C)ready
(D)readying
Therearesome changesin the
marketthat arecausingmanufacturing
firmsto worry aboutthe future.
(A)alarms
(B)alarmed
{G}alarmingly
{D)alarming
Mr.Hendersonis a individual
who willworktirelesslyuntilthe projectis
complete.
(A)depend
(B)dependable
(Q dependability
(D)depending
Thanksto the suddenchangein --------,
the company'sstock has morethan
doubled in value.
{A)profitability
(B)profitable
{Q profited
(D)to profit
57.
60.

61. Oneof the most featuresof
the item is its abilityto shut itselfoff
should its internalcomputerdetect any
problems.
{A)impressively
(B)impressive
(Q impress
(D)impressiveness
Thewreckedautomobilemust be
examinedextremely beforeany
repairwork maybeginon it.
(A)carefully
(B)careful
(C)care
{D}morecarefully
The PTWCorporationbelievesthat client
is the most importantpart of
conductingbusiness.
(A)satisfy
(B)satisfaction
(Q satisfactory
(D)satisfactorily
Withthis plan,you shouldbe
ableto increaseyourfinancialassetsin a
short periodof time.
{A)save
(B)saved
(G)savings
(D)safely
Mr.Boninistoodandexpressedhis
for the actionsperformedby the
outgoingdirector.
(A)respect
(B)respected
(G)respecting
(D)respectable
Thatauthor'snovelsareso -------*- well
writtenthat the critics all prcclaimhim
the best writer of hisgeneration.
(A)exception
(B)exceptional
(C)except
(D)exceptionally
Althoughyow applicationis ------*--, w€
havefound someoneelsewho is even
morequalifiedthanyou a.re.
(A)impress
(B)impressed
{Q impressive
(D)impressively
Pleasesubmit all projectproposalsfor
no laterthanthe third Mondayof
the month.
(4 fund
(B)funded
(C)fundable
(D)funding
It is importantthat you be thorough
aboutyour backgroundand ---**----
whenfillingout yourjob application.
(A)qualified
(B)qualify
(G)qualifications
{D}qualifies
Membersof the MarketingDepartment
arecumentlytryrngto determinehow
the advertisingcampaignsare
performing.
(A)effect
{B)effective
(C)effectively
(D)effectiveness
66.
67.
68.
64.
65.

71. Janet'sacademic will investigate
hercomplaintsaboutoneof her
professors.
(A)advice
{B)advisor
(C)advise
(D)advising
Outgoingand ---------, SusanHeyward
is the obviouschoiceto leadUltimate
Fitness,Inc. into its seconddecadeas a
company.
{A)athlete
(B)athletically
{Q athletic
(D)athletics
Accordingto the most recentestimates,
the proposed--------- willcost morethan
ten milliondollars.
{A)expands
{B)expansion
{Q expansive
{D)expanded
Thejournalist-----** reportedthat the
firm was beingsold when it was not, in
fact, for sale.
(A)mistook
(B)mistake
(Q mistaken
(D)mistakenly
Mr.Daniels'individual--------- plan
guaranteeshim a secureincomeas soon
as he turns sixty-five.
(A)retired
(B)retires
{Q retire
{Diretirement
Uppermanagementbelievesit is*--------
to cutsalariessincethecompany
recordedlossesduringthepastthree
quarters..
{A)necessary
{B}necessarily
(C)necessitate
(D)necessity
Allsales mustconsultwiththeir
supervisorspriorto attemptingto contact
newclients.
(A)representational
(B)represent
{Q represents
(D)representatives
Thebudgetcommitteeneedsto comeup
witha soundplanwithinthenext
two weeks.
(A)finance
(B)financed'
(C)financial
{D).financially
Therewasa lackof noticeable
astheworkersattheconferencewent
abouttheirduties.
(A)enthusiasm
(B)enthusiast
(Q enthusiastic
(D)enthusiastically
Mr.Danversemphasizesthatan
important of anefficient
employeeistheabilityto usetimewisely.
(A)characteristic
(B)characterize
iQ characterizing
(D)characteristically
77.
73. 78.
74.

1, Thepackage--------- to theclientonlyminutesafterpaymentwasreceived.
DIAGNOSTICTEST
(A)sent
(C)wassent
(A)was
(Q hasbeen
2. Dr.Nelson intheoperatingroomfor mostofthedaytomorrow.
3. I believethat John
budgetis goingto looklike.
(A)see
(C)seen
(A)would haveseen
(Q see
(A)offering
(C)is offering
(B)beingsent
(D)wassending
(B)are
(D)willbe
the final numbers,so he is awareof what nextyear's
(B)hasseen
(D)seeing
(B)had seen
(D)saw
(B)be offered
(D)to otfer
4. lf we had reservedtickets in advance,w -*-------- the movieat thelMAJ(
5. TheAsanteDepartmentStore discountcouponsto shopperswho purchase
over$100worthof itemsonSatuday.
An*vers:1.{C) 2.tD} 3. {B) 4. (A} 5.(C)

il wPE 1 , Tense+ active/passiveverbformt t t t - - r v r
m
{A)aresending (B)havesent (C)willbesent (D)willsend
The4 optionshereare:(A)presentcontinuous,active,pluralverbform;(B)presentperfect,active,
pluralverbform;(C)future,passiveverbform;(D)future,activeverbform.Sincethereis nosingular
verbform in all theseoptions,subject-verbagreementdoesnot matter.You,therefore,needto
consider:first,whetherthesubjectisthedoeroftheactionor not;then,whattheappropriatetenseis.
ffirfqe
Z.t Therightverbform
(A)determine (B)determines (C)determining (D)determination
(A)submission (B)submitting {c)submitted {D)submit
Thesearethevariantsofa verbroot(infinitive,thirdpersonsingular,pastform,presentparticiple,noun).
lf youseethatthe missingwordneedsa verb,crossoutthe nounoptions;then,lookintosubject-verb
agreement+ activer/passive+ tenseto havetherightchoiceoftheverbform.
3 : Thepassiveform
(A)advised iB)advising (C)advisable (D)advisory
The4 optionsherearewordsof the samefamily:(A)past participle,(B)presentparticiple,(C)
adjective,(D)adjective/noun.Allofthese4 optionscancomeaftertheverbto be.You,firstly,decideif
it isthequestionfocussingonwordclass.lf it isnot,youcanconcludethatit isa questiononthepassive
form.
f r - - e A
ffifVPg+ ThepastsubjunctiveM
(A)arranged (B)would havearranged (C)werearranging (D)had arranged
Options(A)arranged,(C)werearranging,(D)had arrangedmayinitiallymisleadyouintochoosing
tenses.However,if anIf/ Unte.ssclauseexistsinthestatement,(B)wouldhavearrangediscertainlythe
rightchoice.
ffirqe

Dp LEARNINGKEypotNTS
Onceitakealook
promising.
(A)determine
(C)determining
atithe'proposals,.l
i'iri;;:'"'seem"
bethe most
A'i!wer iA)
TIPSTOCHOOSETHECORRECTOPTIONSIN PARTS5A6
Thedocumentdisappeared.
Shewillbecomea teacher.
Heestablishedthecompany.
Shegavemea present.
EveryonecallshimJim.
ffi n bareinfinitivecomesaftera modalverb:witllwoutd/shoutd/must/may/mightlcan/coutd/ought
to.
YoumustsubmityourreportbyThursday.
ffi n bareinfinitivecomesafterp/ease.
Pleaseacceptour apologiesfor any inconvenience.
OM' PteaseusedtoexpressapolilerequestisfrequentlyemployednctonlyindaiiylifebLltalsainbLlsjnesscontexts
It,withoutdoubt,occursintheTOflCtesiswithahighfrequency.
Quiz4 An*w*r';p*geli1
Afterconsideringthe most recentestimates,
the HumanResourcesDepartment- -------
that the companywill haveto hire100 new
employeesduringthe thirdquarter.
{A)anticipates
{Cianticipation
(B)anticipating
(D)toanticipate
{ts)forwards
{D)toforward
ffi Sentencepatterns:
Subject+ verb
Subject+ verb+ comptement
Subject+verb+object
Subject+ verb+ indirectobject+ directobject
Subjecl+ verb+ object+ objectivecomplement
2. Please anyimportantcallsto mewhile
I am out of the office,but just take messages
from everyoneelse.
{A)forward
{C)forwardinE

Answer:(C)
TIPSTOCHOOSETHECORRECTOPT}ONSIN PARTS546
$ fne simplepasttenseis usedwithpasttimeexpressionsyesterday,ago,lastweek/month/year,
Thesimplefuturetenseis usedwith futurctime expressionstomaffow,nextweeklmonth/ yean
...fromnow.
Ourofficemovedto a newplaceoneweekago.
Thegrocerystorewill be closedtomonow
@ fne presentperfecttenseis usedto express:1)anactionwhichstartedin thepastandgoeson
uptothepresent(adverbsused:srnce+ a pointoftime;forloverlinthelcsf+ a periodoftime);
2) anactionwhichalreadytookplacebutthedefinitetimeis notindicated;3) anactionthathas
justhappened(adverbsused:/ust,lately,recently).
Inthelasttenyears,thenumberofuniversitystudentshasrisen.
1. The satisfactionlevelof the employbes
tremendouslysincethe completion
of the renovationson the mainoffice
building.
{A)will increase (B)has increased
{Q increasing (D)increase
l$ fne pastperfecttenseis usedto talkaboutactionsthattookplacebeforea pasttimeor a past
action.
Bythetimewearrived,themeetinghadalreadybegun.
Quiz5 ......::Y:r.n:::l:
2. Bythetimethe policediscoveredthe location
of the criminals'headquarters,the maiorltyof
the individualstheywerelookingfor *-----.
{A)aredisappearing
(B)will havedisappeared
(C)disappear
(D)had disappeared

Answer:{B)
O |f thesubjectof thesentenceissingular,then-s/-esmustbeaddedto theverbsin thesimpb
presenttense.
Themuseumopensat9a.m.fromMondayto Friday.
Q fne followingexpressionsrequiresingularverbforms:
. every/each+ singularnoun+ singularverb
. Everyapplicantis requiredto submithisor herr6sum6.
. oneof+ pluralnoun+ singularverb
Oneoftheapplicantshasbeenhircd.
. thenumberof+ pturatnoun+ singularverb
Thenumberof applicantsis morethanexpected.
CIIEE anumberof+ pluralnoun* pluralverb
e.g,Anumberofapplicantsareinterviewed.
Quiz7 Answer:page21I
1. Visitorswishingto enterthebuilding
to handoveralloftheirelectronicequipment
forthedurationof theirstay.
2. Copiesof all employeecontracts*--;-----
keptina centraldatabase.
(A)are
(C)was
(B)to be
(D)being(A)require (B)requires
(Q arerequired (D)hasrequired

Answer:{C)
O fne pastsubjunctiveisusedto mentionsomethingwhichiscontrarytofacb inthepresent.
- lf + subject+ pastsubjunctive,subject+ modat(past)+ bareinfinitive
lf I finishedmywork,lwouldhelpyoucompletethereport.
l$ fne perfectsubjunctiveisusedio mentionsomethingwhichiscontrarytofactsinthepast.
- lf + subject+ had+ pastparticiple(pastperfect),subject+ modal(past)+ have+ pastparticipte
lf I hadcaughtthetrain,I wouldhaveattendedthemeeting.
€[Ud Thestructure/f+ subject+verb,please...occursfrequentlylnParts6and7.
QuizS Answer:page211
TIPSTOCHOOSETHECORRECTOPTIONS]N PARTS5&6
1. lf Janetlivedsomewherein the suburbs,she
most likely
get to and from her office.
2. lf Mr. Kim me that he visitedNew
Yorkfor the conference,I would havepicked
him up at the airport.
(A)informed (B)hadinformed
(C)informing (D)hasinformed
(A)use
(C)woulduse
(B)used
(D)willuse

Wk PRoGRESSTEST;'
Onaccountof Mr.Sanderson'sexcellent
presentation,the directors - him
forthejob of MarketingSupervisor.
{A}r***r*n:*r**ri
{l}}r***r"r:nr*n*s
{*} r***n:marrlinfr
{l}}t* r***m:"nend
Afterthe applicationshavebeen
submitted,FredandLisa - which
individualstheywouldliketo interview.
{&}rvili*h**$f;:
iffi)w** *hc,**rng
iil)*h*os*
{D}has*hr:ser:
Becauseassemblylineworkershave
beenworkingovertime,meeting
consumerdemandforthecompany's
high-endproducts
{Al
"vill
b* r*ma:ntng
{*i *r* r*rnainlngX
{C)r*rnain
(lli r*r*ain*
4. lf theorder
on schedule.
beforeclosingtime, 9.
thentherewillbe no problems.
{A}i* d*liv*re*
{[3]***liv*ry
{C}is d*liv*rin6
{il} d*liv*r*c*
BythetimeMs.Venardejoinedthe staff,
she - -- ina similarcapacityfor
manyyearsalready.
{A}hasw*rlqecl
{B}vrinrk*
{ilivrililvork
{ffi}h*d rvnrked
1. 6. Thefirm'shiringguidelineswere
- by the newvicepresidentafter
he listenedto complaintsby some
employeesinthe HumanResources
Deoadment.
{,&}r*vi*n
{13}r*vixt*cl
{*i n*vi*ing
{il}r*vi*i*n
7. Youshould the packageI mailed
no laterthantomorrowmorning.
{A}rec*rva*:f*
{ffi}rec*iving
{fi} ne**ive
{il,}r***iv*x
Thenominatingcommitteeunanimously
- EricCarpenterasthe company's
employeeof theyear.
{A}seleet
{*) *electing
{*}s*1ectecJ
{l}},r,r*lss*[**t*C
Powerto thewholebuilding
duringthe intensethunderstorm.
{A}l*ses
{ffiiis l*st
{t}was !*st
{D}l*sing
Thesecretary copypaperand
tonereveryMonday,so pleaselether
knowif sheneedsto procurea larger
amountthisweek.
{A}*rrl*rs
{*}*rc}ere*
{il}*rd*r
{l}i t* *rel*r
2.
.:llll
:,?)))
:ll!ja:
3.
8.
i.:i:i:,,. :,,.r
10.5.
::,::,.
.',i::
ti ll:,
:t:ltaa,
. ::::a::4.::,.::::.:

16.11. WhenMr.Marino to London
nextmonth,hewill meetwith several
influentialbusinessmenand politicians.
(A)goes
(B)to go
{C}wasgoing
(D)going
Everyonewho appliedfor an internal
transfer a letterlastweek
explainingthe statusof theirapplication.
(A)wassending
(B)wouldsend
(C)will be sent
(D)wassent
Sometimeduringthe nextweek,
HoffmanLegalServices--------- a new
programdesignedto providesome
comprehensiveyet inexpensiveservices
for its clients.
(A)will create
(B)was created
(C)havingcreated
(D)had beencreated
Theapplicants-*---*--*to visitthe
companyfor a face-to-faceinterview.
(A)require
(B)requires
{C)isrequiring
(D)arerequired
Thedirectors--*-***-*the numberof
hoursthat employeescanwork in the
courseof a week.
(A)regulates
(B)regulate
(C)regulating
(D)is regulated
Accordingto the latestgovernment
reports,manufacturingequipment
verywell right now.
(A)selling
{B}sold
(Q is selling
{D)aresold
Weatherforecasters that the
temperaturewouldcontinuedroppingfor
the nextfew days.
(A)predicted
(B)prediction
(C)predictable
(D)predictably
Severalof the best letterswill be
in eachmonthlyissueof the magazine.
(A)publish
(B)published
(C)publication
(D)publishing
AfterPeterSaks--------- the Sales
Department,he eliminatedthe policy
that let salesstaff usecompanycarsfor
personalbusiness.
{A)joins
{B)joined
(C)isjoining
(D)hasbeenjoining
Mr.Chapman**--*--**employedby
RegisElectronicsor its subsidiariesfor
the last22years.
{A)is
(B)has
(C)hasbeen
(D)couldbe
17.12.
13. 18.
19.
14.
20.
15.

21.
22.
23.
24.
The departmentmanagersare
whetherto cut back on operatingcosts
or to applyfor morefunding.
(A)consider
(B)considers
(C)considering
{D)considered
Thoseindividualshave--------- to
makingthe companymoreprofitable.
(A)contributed
(B)contributions
(C)contribute
(D)contributor
MakoConsultingusually
extremelyhighratesfor its clients,but it
accepteda lesseramountin returnfor a
guaranteedlong-termcontract with RTE
Electronics.
{A)charge
{B)charges
(C)charging
{D)is charging
lf the offer receivedin a timelier
manner,it mostlikelywould havebeen
accepted.
(A)has been
(B)hadbeen
(C)was being
(D)werebeing

> DIAGNOSTICTEST
1. Thatman by severalassistantshappensto be the presidentof the entire
corporation.
(A)willaccompany (B)accompanying
(C)to accompany (D)accompanied
2. Thedoctormentionedthat it willtakesometimefor Karen fromhermost
recentillness.
(A)willrecover
(C)to recover
3. LAX,Inc.is committedto our customerswith the highestqualityproducts
andoutstandingservice.
{A)provide
(C)prwided
4:, lt is rnandatoryfor allemployees--------- theircurrentworkbeforetheycanbegiven
anotherassignrnent.
{A)complete
(C)completed
5. On aecountof ------- rates;fewerpeopleareinterestedin securingpersonalloans
thesedays.
$) rising (B)rose
(Q risen (D)rise
Answersr1.{D} 2. {C} 3.{B) 4. (D) 5.{A}
{B)berecovered
(D)hasrecovered
{B)providing
{D)beprovided
(B)completing
{D)to complete

ffiffee
t.i Presentparticipteandpastparticipte
{A)known
(A)disappoint
Theoptionsin the firstquestionarevariousformsof a verbwhereasthosein the secondoneare
differentformsof a verbanditsnoun(drsappointment).Botha pastparticipleanda presentparticiple
aregiveninthesetwoquestions.lt is verylikelythatthesequestionstestyourabilityto identifythe
correctparticipleforminthestatement.lf a mainverbdoesexistinthesentence,youhaveto consider
therightparticipleformbasedontheactiveorpassivemeaningofthenounit modifies.
{B)knowing (C)knew (D)knows
(B)disappointed (C)disappointment (D)disappointing
ffirverz To-infinitive/gerund
{A)to improve (B}improved
{A)displayed (B)displaying
(A)to invite {B)invitation
Theoptionsinthesequestionsincludebareinfinitive,toinfinitive,pastparticiple,presentperfect,present
participle/gerund,thirdpersonsingular,noun,andadverb.lfthe missingwordreguiresa mainverb,then
to-infinitive,pastparticiple,presentparticiple/gerund,noun,andadverbcannotbetherightchoice.So,
omitthemrightawayandthinkofthe rest.Ontheotherhand,if a mainverbexists,it isverylikelythata
to-infinitiveora gerundbecomesthecorrectanswer.Last,seewhethertocomesbeforetheblankor not
to chooseeitherato-infinitiveora bareinfinitiveasthecorrectoption.
(C)hasimproved (D)improving
(C)display (D)displays
(C)invitingly iD)invited

>> LEARNINGKEYPOINTS
Answ*r:{S}
ffi fne presentparticiple(V-ing)ofa verbisusedwhenthenounbeforeit canperformtheaction.In
otherwords,thenounandthecorrespondingverbinthestatementhaveanactiverelation.Onthe
contrary,thepastparticipleisusedwhenthenounandtheverbhavea passiverelation.
* pr€s€htparticipte TheengineerinstallingtheprogramisMr.Lee.
* pastparticipte The programinstalledyesterdayis veryconvenient.
Heisa newresearcherjoiningourdepartment.
Weshouldkeepourcustomerssatisfied.
i Mostclients";*-***-**the visitors'par{<in$'lotaredispleasedwiftihow far they,haVoito
i
r walkto reachthe mainbuilding.
Ii
| {R}usel /
i tclused
S n participleusuallymodifiesa noun,canbeacomplement,orisusedinparticipialphrases.
. modifyinga noun
. beingacomptement
. startinga participialphrase Receivingtheorderform,wewillcallyouforconfirmation.
CsE| Whentwoclauseshavethesamesubject,weca*combinethemintoonesentencsbychangingtheverbinthe
firstclauseintoV-ing.Forexample,withlJponwereceivetheorclerfornt,wewitlcallyouforconfirmatian,wecanreduce
thefirstclauseintoa participialphrase:Upanreceivingtheorderform,mainclause.
Quiz9 Answer:page21I
1. Ms.Jacksonwillbewithyoujustafter
anotherapplicant.
iA)interview
(Ciinterviewing
2. Untilyou submitthose formsthat we
requested,nothingmorecan be done with
yourapplication.
{A)revise
(Clrevised
iB) interviews
{D)interviewed (B)revising
(D)revision

Answer:{A}
$ n to-infinitivephrasecanfunctionasanadverb,anadjective,ora noun.
. atfuerb
Tofinishtheeditingwork,theyworkedovertime
. adjective
Thecompanyannounceditsplanto builda newplant.
r hOUll
I wantto reschedulemyappointment.
€8GU Ato-infinitivephrasefunctioningasobjectusuallycomesaftertheseverbs:want,vrlsft,ptan,need,decide,intend,
agree,hope.
f) Expressionswithato-infinitivephrasethd frequentfy'occurintheTOEICtestsinclude:
beadvisedto
bepreparedto
beableto
expectA to
inorderto
wouldliketo
Quiz1O
I hope in personto Mr. Simpsonfor
the mistakethat I madeon the report.
(A)to apologize (B)apologize
beencoumgedto
be requiredto
belikdy to
askA to
inaneffortto
bereluctantto
Answer:page21I
2. The garneconsolesare likely out in
a matterof hours,but more of them will be
deliveredthe nextday.
(A)sell
(C)sold
(B)have
(D)to sell
(C)apologized (D)apologizing

Answer:{D}
$ n gerundactsasa nounandcanbethesubject,object,orcomplementinthestatement.
. subject
Reducingmarketingexpensesisessential.
. complement
Themostimportantthingisimprovingthedesign.
. object
Mr.Leesuggestedrevisingtheyearlybudget.
CilAE Agerundfunctioningasobjectoftencomesaftertheseverbs:suggest,recommend,consider,discontinue,include,
mind,deny,postpone.Also,eithera gerundora to-infinitivecancomeaftersuchverbsastike,'hate,start,stap,remember,
forget,regret,continue,butnotethatthemeaningofthestatementwillchange.
Q) expressionswithagerurdthatfrequentlyoccurintheTOEICtestsae:
inadditionto V-ing
becommittedto V-ing
spendtime(in)V-ing
Quiz| 1
1. The head engineerrecommended---------
a new computerchip that could store more
information.
(A)develop
(C)developing
deopiteV-ing
beres,ponsibleforV-ing
intheprocessofV-ing
Answer:page211
2. efficient methods of waste disposal
is the mainfocus of his research.
{A)Development (B)Developing
(B)developed
(D)development
(C)Developed (D)Develop

P PROGRESSTESTX
1. Thereis an job listingfor all
availablepositionson thecompany's
website.
{A)updated
{B)r.:pdate
{C)updating
{D}updates
A newfirmis responsiblefor ---
Miamiasa touristdestination.
{A}promoting
(B)prornote
(C)promotes
{D)prarnoted
AtlasSecuritiesjustannouncedits plans
to '- ------theJohnsonCorporation,its
maincompetitor.
{A)acquire
(B)acquired
{C}acquiring
{D}acquires
4. The postofficewill be
pricesdueto the increasinglyhighcost
of fuel. 9.
(A)increase
{B)increases
{C)increasing
{D)increased
5. Thecompany'scomputerequipment
hasbeenupgraded maintainits
reputationfor providingitsemployees 10.
withthe mostadvancedtechnologY
available.
(A)for
(B)because
{C)sothat
iD)in orderto
6. As "---- --- at thismorning'smeeting,all
departmentheadsnow mustapprove
overtimefor theiremPloYees.
{A}discuss
i8)discussion
{fi}discussing
{D}discussed
. its 30thanniversary,lnternational
NewsWeeklywill letsubscribersrenew
theirsubscriptionsfor halftheregular
price.
{A)Tocelebrate
{B}Incelebration
{C}Celebrates
{D)Celebration
TheFinancialNewsNetwork,also
- as FNN,isthe mostresPected
broadcasterof economicnews.
{A)knswn
{B)knowing
{C)knew
iD)knows
The FreshestBrewis oneof the coffee
stores inexpensive,Yetdelicious,
importedbrands.
{A)sell
{B)willsell
{C)selling
{D)be sold
TheconsultantaskedGreg---------the
repodbeforehewent homefor the day.
{A)type
(Biwilltype
{C)wastyping
{D}to type
7.2.
3.
8.

16.11. Thenumberof passengerstraveling
by raillastquarterwas higherthan
previously
(A)predict
(B)predicted
(C)predicting
(D)prediction
Since the companyin May,Ms.
Powershasmadeherselfa valuable
memberof theAccountingDepartment.
(A)joined
(B)tojoin
(C)hasjoined
{D)joining
Despitean enormousadvertising
campaign,salesof the itemwere
incredibly
{A)disappoint
(B)disappointed
{C}disappointment
(D)disappointing
Theannualsalesmeeting---------for
February19hasbeenmovedto February
26 dueto a schedulingconflict.
{A)hasbeenscheduled
{B)schedules
{C)scheduled
(D)willschedule
Dr.GregTownsend,the recently
presidentof WesternUniversity,has
promisedto makeimprovingthe
educationof the studentshis number-
onegoal.
(A)appointing
(B)appointment
(C)appoint
(D)appointed
itsplansto focusonits
coreproducts,theExoticMaterials
EngineeringCo.releaseditsplansforthe
upcomingyear.
(A)Confirms
(B)Confirmed
{C)Confirming
(D)Confirmation
Customersareadvisedto --*------to
thestoreimmediatelyifthereareany
problemswiththemerchandisethey
purchased.
(A)return
(B)returns
{C)returned
(D)returning
Becauseof ---------rentsdowntown,
moreyoungfamiliesarelivingfarther
awayfromthecity'scenter.
(A)rising
(B)rose
{C)risen
(D)rise
Placethedocuments--*--*---copiedin
thatfile,andIwillgetto themassoonas
I can.
{A)is
(B)was
{C)tobe
(D)hasbeen
Therestaurantmanagerhadconsidered
earlieratnightuntilthenumber
of patronsdramaticallyincreasedallof a
sudden.
{A)close
(B)wouldclose
(C)closing
(D)closed
12.
17.
18.
14.
15.
20.

1. Youcanattendthe lecture inthe afternoonor at night.
(A)unless
(C)either
{4so
(C)over
{Aiso
{Ciand
I needto know whetheryou want to driveyourselfto the airport**---*** have
someonedropyou offthereinstead.
a proposal is accepted, then both parties must sign a contract before a
professionalrelationshipcanactuallybegin.
{A)Like
{C)Unless
Ferryservicestartsat six inthe morning, it continuesuntilten at night.
{A)such {B)and
(C)either {D}with
Mr.Sanderswill arriveearlyin the morning---"------that he can see as manyof the
facilitiesas possiblebeforehis planeleavesinthe afternoon.
{B)both
{D)without
{B)concerning
(D)since
(B)nor
{D)or
{B)Once
{D}Despite
Answers:1"tcl 2.tB) 3.{A}4.{D}5.{B}

ffifVeet I Subordinatingconjunctions
{A)as if iB)eventhough (C)while {D)because
Complexsentencesconsistof onemainclauseandoneor severalsubordinate/dependentclauses.
Asubordinateordependentclausedependsona mainor independentclause.Thatis,it cannotexist
on itsown.A subordinatingconjunctionalwayscomesat the beginningof a subordinateclause.lt
introducesa subordinateclause,whichcanbean adverbialclause,an adjectiveclauseor a noun
clause.However,a subordinateclausecancomeeitherafterorbeforea mainclause.Inorderto select
the rightanswerinquestionsrelatedto clauses,youshouldanalysethestructureandunderstandthe
meaningofthesentence.
Correlativeconjunctions
(A)either (B)both {C)neither (D)notonly
Correlativeconjunctionsare pairedconjunctionsthat linkbalancedwords,phrases,or clauses.The
elementsconnectedbycorrelativeconjunctionsareusuallyparallel- that is,similarin leng[hand
grammaticalform.ThesearetheprimarycorrelativeconjunctionsinEnglish:
ffirverz
both...and
either.. . or
neither.. . nor
as...as
justas...so
themore...theless
Otherpairsthatsometimeshavea correlativefunctioninclude:
not.. . but
notonly...butalso
nosooner...than
so...as
whether.. . or
themore...themore
Youmustrecogniseoneelementofthesepairedconjunctionsinthestatementsoasto beableto
choosetheothbrcorrectly.
1 Co-ordinatingconiunctions
F) nut iBlso {c)yet (Diand
A co-ordinatingconjunctionjoinspartsof a sentence(forexample,wordsor independentclauses)that
aregrammaticallyequalor similar.A co-ordinatingconjunctionshowsthattheelementsitjoinsare
similarin importanceandstructure.Youneedto understandthe meaningofthestatementto choose
therightanswer.

bp LEARNTNGKEYPotNTS}.
Thespecialeventis beingsponsoredbythemayor'soffice thelocalchamberof
commerce.
ffi but
{Ciyet
{B}sc
{D}and
{*s*,*r'r{*;
ffi Co-orAinatingconiunctionsareusedtojointwopartsofa sentencethataregrammaticallyequal.
Thetwopartsmaybesinglewords,phrasesorclauses.
..Words, I will meetmy clienton Mondayor Tuesday.
" Phrases, I planto attendthe seminarand givea presentation.
'. Clauses' My computerwas broken,so I calledthe engineer.
ffiffi Theccn;unctionsscann*f;oinrr,irrrdt{lfpnrijse$bLilllausescnlv.
ffi co-oroinatingconjunctionsthatfrequenflyoccurintheToElctestsare:
to add somethingsimilarin irnportance
to give a choice
to mentionsomethingwhichiscontrary
toexpressresults
W" utzrl i,ll,,vnr l:*r;* l! l
1. The marketingteamwas supposedto arrive 2.
beforelunch. " bad traffic caused
themto be lateby overtwo hours.
{B}beyond
{s}that
I'm planningto be out of town nextweek,
-- you don't haveto completethat
repoduntilI returnfrommy businesstrip.
ffi br-.rt
{e}until
{A}so
{e}as
{E}furthern.:nre
{il} alth*ugh

We are currentlyrecruitingapplicantsfot positionsdt --*:*-***our domesticand
(A)so (B)neither
{Q eittrer
Answ*r:{l)}
ffi Correlativeconjunctionsareeitherof a pairof conjunctions,suchaseither...or or both...and,
thatconnecttwo partsof a sentenceandarenotusedadjacentto eachother.Thesecondof the
pairisalwaysa co-ordinatingconjunction.
Ms.Jeffersonisnotonlymotivatedbutalsocompetent.
ffi AeUwarecommoncorrelativeconjunctionsthatarefrequentlyseenintheTOEICtests:
CMd alsoinnotanly... but alsoissometimesomitteclinthetestquestion
subordinatingconjunctionintroducinga nolrnclause.
ln additior.not*lhatwhethercani;ea
iz13 An*ar*r:pn;* 31!
Neitherflyingbusinessclass renting
luxurycars is allowedby the Accounting
Department.
iA)or
{Ciand
is popularnot --*----'-with local
but also with many European
{B}ovor
{D)less
iB)nor
{D}either
2. Dynetech
investors
investors.
iA)alone
(Clonly

Answer:{B}
TIPSTOCHOOSETHECORRECTOPTIONSIN PARTS546
l! n subordinatingconjunctionjoinsa subordinateclause- adverbialclause,nounclause,adjective
clause- toa mainclause.Anadverbialclauseisalwaysintroducedbyasubordinatingconjunction.
Mr.Johnsonwaslatebecausehemissedthetrain.
mainclause subordinateclause
. Adverbialclause, Beforeyougo,signthelogbook.
. Nounclause, Heaskedif hecouldleaveearlY.
. Adjectiveclause' Thatisthe placewherehewaslastseen.
f) eeOwarecommonsubordinatingconjunctionsthatareseenintheTOEICtests:
Cllfid Notethefollowingprepositionsthataresimilarinmeaningtosubordinatingconjunctions'.dueto/ becauseaf,
despite/inspiteof.
1. sufficientfunds can be raisedquickly,
the parkwillbe forcedto close.
2. Gregdidn't understandthe question,
he expectedsomeoneelseto answerit.
{A)Unless
(Q Except
{B)Also
(D)Therefore
(A)Whether
(C)Since
(B)For
(D)Which

Breakfastwill be servedinthe cafeteria
fromsixto nine, lunchwillbegin
at eleveninthe morning.
{A)such
(B)and
{C)either
(D)with
Davidjoinedthesalesteam,he
hasbeenworkingtogetherwith Ruthand
Alice.
{A}Since
(B)Until
(C)Meanwhile
{D)Accordingly
somethingis done,the
governmentwillcontinueto wastethe
taxpayers'money.
(A)Unless
(3)Also
(C)Hxcept
(DiTherefore
TheEliteComputerCo.notonly
guaranteesallof its productsfor two
years will providea full refundto
anyunsatisfiedcustomers.
(A)but also
(B)or
(C)and
{D)even
the threecharityprogramsshare
the samefacility,theircoremissionsare
differentfromoneanother.
(A)Although
(B)Meanwhile
(C)Unlikely
(D)Already
6. Neitherimports exportsshow
anysignof increasingat the moment.
(Aleither
(B)nor
(C)and
(D)but
7. Employersoftenfind---------their
workersrespondpositivelyto cash
bonuqes.
(A)it
{B)the
(c) if
(D)that
the weatheris gettingwarmer,
morepeoplewill begintakingpartin
outdooractivities.
(A)However
(B)Whatever
(C)Becauseof
(D)Nowthat
Marciaarrivedonehourearly*-----*--
shecouldpreparefor the interviewwhile
shewaited.
(A)in order
(B)in case
(C)evenyet
(D)so that
All employeesmustprovidewritten
authorizationfromtheirsupervisor
removinganyvideoequipment
fromthisroom.
(A)before
(B)until
(C)from
{D)during
8.
3.
9.
10.
5.

16.11. the adveftisingcampaignbegins,
product recognitionis expectedto rise
rapidly.
(A)Nevertheless
(B)Despite
(c)stirl
(D)Once
ThepriceMr.Jensonwas quotedfor
the truckfailedto accountfor salestax
registrationfees.
(A)although
(B)or
(C)both
(D)neither
Mailservicealmostnevergets interrupted
even----*--**thereis inclementweather.
(A)which
(B)when
(C)in case
(D)in orderthat
All items, openedor unopened,
may be refundedso longas the customer
providesa receipt.
(A)neither
(B)whether
(Q unless
{D)besides
Theselectioncommitteedecidedto
choose Mr.Nakamuraor Ms.
Wilsonfor the newjob.
(A)either
(B)unless
{C}both
(D)without
Ms. Millerwentinsidethe station
hertrain had leftfive minutesbeforeshe
arrivedthere.
(A)asif
{B)eventhough
(Q while
{D)because
this is of the utmostimportance,
pleasefinishthis proiectas soonas you
can.
{A)However
(B)Despite
(C)Because
(D)Therefore
lwould liketo know---------youwillbe
visitingtomorrowmorningor laterinthe
afternoon.
{A)than
(B)whereas
(Q whether
{D)such
you wishto dineat the hotel's
restaurant,pleasecall at leasttwo hours
aheadto makea rcseruation.
{A)Whether
(B)Despite
(qr
{D)For
Employeesmustpassa safetycourse
priorto workingontheassemblyline
inorderto ensuretheirpersonalsafety
theiroverallproductivity.
(Aleventhough
(B)inorderto
(C)aswellas
{D)whether
17,12.
13. 18.
14.
15.
19.
20.

1. Thisspecialofferwillbegood thirtydays.
(A)of
(c)up
hisoutgoingpersonality,Jimis
time.
{AiDueto
{C)Asa result
(B)at
(D)for
knownfor beingincrediblyhelpfulwith his
(B)Inadditionto
{D)Becauseof
4. Thecity councildecidedto plantmoretreesandflowers the mainstreet.
the badweather,
buildingonschedule.
(AiDespite
(C)Inorderto
(A)from
{C)along
we completedthe constructionof the shoppingcenter
(B)Unless
{D)Aswellas
(B)among
(D)without
(B)exceptfor
(D)evenif
5. Everyiteminthe storeis on sale the computers,whicharebeingsoldat their
regularprices.
{A}unless
(C)without
Answers:1.(D)2.{B}3. {A}4.{C)5.{S)

TYPEI Prepositions
Thefollowingtablecontainsrulesforsomeofthe mostfrequently-usedprepositionsin English:
Prepositionsof Time:
* d&vg * ** io"i**#*y. ;_1i3&1#'y,::lJ
u f f t r r ; ; r ; i ; ! $ - l : , r i i ' i : ' i
* ifir ,l/0?ire?,13 i - gi i'* |y**{*'*#
. af fo*lf#;rsl::in*
t ., i * fr*ma**s;iinp*r*t*f ,.1rn*{p*.qttiitrn*w}i. smr* 7$**
* - ' , , ' , ' r ; ij n: . ] ' ' illr, , ( ' j , I tr;n e {n n St *i;l ^ lrsi } yt# ,,-
".,1t1ij.
**riir:rlt*.1-r:r{hsna **r'ain p*lr:t r;i iln* I. foef*r*l*ff*r i";lfr, " r",. -
--,.,,*.:.-_,,- -,,"-_l
lcliine;{h* tir:ieiing{h* ti*re
,* l*ljin*ii:*tin:* :'i*Rpesisix,#:1{1}
* r:arkingii:*i:*glnnrneean**nsjl;fa i. #cry|..4*nd*,,tfs,;fr#f1r:-f,:r:
I
I
t.
I
I
l-
I
I
* :nti:* s*fr$s*f r:*r,vl*.lg s*,x*i*ltg l;* I- Hs i:*r:: furtl:..lay::*ttl {,'i;,."i.,,,
* glnnthslg*as*ns
* lim* *f *:l;r1-
6 y**1'$
* *{?*r* c*r'tainp*ri*clr:ftin:c
* :n ih* $*n:';* *f *t t** /xf**f
* a..rr{3t* a r:***in tirn*
)* in Ae";Eust.r '*i*l*r
I" ln ffo*rn*rnr,;g
|. in F**$
I. ln al: fr*ur
I . I vyt{ *ri ,}{}il,l
1. #y I I *'ri*rii, !?,:,:tt'i:i,#rj *q*p*gr**
Prepositionsof Place:
:
:'*i:}rl.**i1tJi;:g,xtr**i, i*,sn" r:**ntry
i;**li, paper. *rl*.
l*r, i*xl
ili*i*r*. lv*rl*
e ; ? : I ; 4 - :
l { i t , " t } . 1 , ' , } , . , .
. ,
r lf; tl r;; , ,rlrii,
, . l* *t1*r:;:"r,lr:x la.::;
* . r ; : " / 1 ; : i : l r ' . . 1 i : : j , . , ; . f ) u , ] l : #
*
!::rjicr.tirt ir*l*r* *L:jsti: i*
f*r fx*Jr:
i*r'*v*nt*
i:1,*r* ,":r*fr"*y*t-:;.:f* ti ' ti* x**:*tir!ng
r.,';,illfi,:1i'.,v41*ha ill:r" r,:**y. vlir)fil.)
I* af f** ri**r. ,tl lhe sf*fu*;':
,. sl l*# t#fu1*
,* #l &**,q*s$. at tne"paft.y
,. xf iil* r:;c*l;:,;,*l *r,fo**i. *.1*t*rk

. attached
" for a placewith a river
. beingon a surface
" for a certainside {left,right}
. for a flaor in a house
. for publictransport
. for fe/evisian,radio
. fhe plcfure on fhe lvali
. London/ieson theThames.
. on the table
' oRfhe leff
. on the firstfloor
" on thebus, on a plane
" on W, on theradio
. leftor rightof somebodyor something
" on the ground,lowerthan (orcovered
by)somethingelse
" lowerthansomdhing elsebut above
ground
" coversdby somethingelse
. equivalentlomarethan
. gettingto the otherside(alsoacross)
, overcorningan obstacle
fhe fisfi are beiow fhe sudace of
water.
. Put ajacket overjrour shirt!
. over 16 yearsof age
. walkover thebridge
. climb sver ff,e fi/a/l
higherthansomethingelse,but not
directlyoverit
. gettingto theothersideialsoorer) . walkacross thebidge
. swim across thelake
. forsomethingwithlirnit*ontop,
bottomandthesides
. movementto a personor building
. movementto a placeorcountry
. forbed
" enteringa room/a building ' go rnfo the kitchenlfhe house
. rnovementinthedirectionof something
{butnotdinectlyto it)
; go 5 sfeps tawards fhe house
r movementto the top of something * jump onfo fhe fab/e
. a flawer from thegarden' in the ser'l$e*f r;yherefrom
Janeissfandingby/nextta/
besidethecar.
. 7he &ag rsunder fhe fable.
. a pathabove the lake
, drivethraughfhefunnel
. go fo the cinerna
r go fo Landonllreland
' go fo bed
Also,youneedto learnprepositionsfollowinga noun,anadjectiveor a verb;forexample,getridof,be
absentfrom,dependon,etc.
$BfVpgZ Prepositionsorsubordinatingconjunctions
{A}Desr:ite {S}hJeverth*l*ss iil}Alth*ugh iil] f"'{*wev*r
Theoptionsgivenaboveare prepositionDespite,adverbsNeverthelessandHowever,subordinating
conjunctionAlthouSh.Despiteandalthougharesimilarin meaningbuttheyare usedin different
structures:despite+ nounbutalthough+ clause.You,therefore,mustlookat whatfollowsthe blank
inthestatementsoasto chooseeitherdespiteor althouSh.Alsonotethe differencebetweenbecause
(=srnce,as)andbecauseof1=6u" to);andduringandwhile.

Answer:{D}
ffi erepositionalphrasescanbetheequivalentofadverbialclauses,especiallyphrasesbeginningwith
becauseof, andin spiteofldespite.
Becauseof hiscarelessness,helosthisjob.
- equivatentto Becausehewascareless,helosthisjob.
Despite/lnspiteof hisblindness,hemanagesto livea normallife.
- equivalenttoAlthoughheisblind,hemanagesto livea normallife.
ffi erepositionsofreasonandconcessionoftenoccurintheTOEICtests.
Cn@ Payattentiontothesesubordinatingconjunctionsandtheirslructures:nowthat/ becauseI as/ since;though/
althaugh+ clause.
Quiz15 &nswe;'rpaEe?11
the car accidentthat occurredat the intersectionof MainStreetand Maple
Avenue,trafficis backedup by abouttwentyminutes.
$) While
{C}ln case
{B}Inthat
{D)Dueto
All of the trainsarrivedat the stationon time
the snowstorm.
2. yourcontribution,ourproposalwas
acceptedbythegovernmentagency.
(A)eventhough
(C)inspiteof
iBlas lf
(D)nevedheless
{A)So that
{C)Thanksto
{B}Asa result
{D)Inaddition

Thechangesto thecomputerprogram
{A}on
(u)oerween
mustbecompleted
(B)by
(D)except
**--t
. l
lnursc,ayattnelatest. I, i
furswer:{B}
ffi theseprepositionsoftimeareoftenseenintheTOEICtests.
in March/in2010
on April2A/ on Monday
at 3 p.m./atalltimes
between10:00and11:00a.m.
withintwo weeks
beforethe weekend
afterfourmonths
throughoutthe day
ffi Thefollowingprepositionsrequireyourattention:
W-,i're
Thereportneedsto be rwiewed by the end of the week.
Thestoreremainsopenuntil10o'clockon Fridays.
He hasbeenemployedfor threeyearsas a repairtechnician.
It is difficultto findaccommodationsduringthetouristseason.
Answ*r:p*g* t'! 1
in thesenseof at the/afesf
in the senseol how long
somethingis going to lasf
overa certainperiodof time
(pasttill now)
throughthewholeof a period
of iime
1. Peterintendsto take a day off - -
September26 so that he can spend
timewithhisfamily.
{A}in {B}on
{C}to {D)at
2. Visitorsto the SunshineResortthisyearare
expectedto doublelastyear'snumbers
thesummer.
{A)while its}during
{C}wh*n {D}about
that

Allsalesstaffmembersarerequestedto assemble^--------theauditoriumto listen
speechbythepresidentintenminutes.
{B}cn
{D)as
toa I
i iA)
. U-,1
t_.--_
in
of
A*s.t*r:i.r
A l s r ^ r p a g i 2 r 1
$ trese prepositionsof placeareoftenseenintheTOEICtests.
in the confe€nce room
at the airport
on thefourthfloor
belowlbeneath the table
be*idefby the entrance
nearthepubliclibrary
along the ccast
between the two countries
arnongthe Europeancountries
throughoutthe city
NNpuyattentiontothecollocationsandmeaningsofthefollowingprepositions:
underthe currentcontract
underrepair
underthe seat
withina five-hundred-mileradius
within ten days
within the building
1. Severalhotelsmay be found .----.-----the
conventioncenter,which makesthem all
convenientlylocatedfor businesspeople.
Thenewhighwayis still--- -:--'-'construction,
so trafficcongestionwill not easeup until it
openssometimeduringthespring.
{A)throughout
{C)next
{B}against
(D)near
{A)into
{C)under
{Bioff
{D}outside
2.

l$ meseprepositionsareoftenseenintheTOEICtests.
() eeOwarecompoundprepositions:
@
F Qurz18. . . J . . " . . ; . . " . . . , . . . . .
1.having|unchde|iveredtotheoffice,2.Wecannotacceptapersonalcheck
they decidedto eat at a nearbyrestaurant.
(A)Accordingto (B)Further
(C)lnsteadof {D)However
two formsof pictureidentification.
{A)upon
(C)without
(B)until
{D)along

rep PRoGRESSTEST:.;
the nationalholiday,therewillbe
no mailservicetomorrow.
{A}A*e*rr}lngt*
{S}$}*c*u***i
i*) l-"{*w*v*r"
{l}}Th*r*f*r*
Severalbranchofficeswillbe opened
the nodhernpartof thecountry
overthe nextfew months.
{A}i*
lffi]up
{*J*g*inst
!l)] duri;rg
Feelfreeto forwardmessages-
headquartersto meassoonasyou
receivethem.
iAln*
il*)*L:t
tt'j t:P
{l}}fr*rn
Youmustletme knowwhetheror notyou
planto attendtheconcertat leastthree
daysprior
{A}*ftr*r
{ffi}i*
{llt *{
f*] nt:*ut
theevent.
Anyemployeesandtheirfamilymembers
wishingto visittheexhibitionmaydo so
- no cost.
{A}at
{m}i:y
{S}*ver
{il}fronr
1. 6. Mr.Lincolnpromisedto submithis
estimatefor the cost of the project
the endof nextmonth.
{$'*y
{ffi}*p
{*l*t
{il} *rncng
7. for approvedvisitors,no one
fromoutsidethecompanyis allowedto
gainentryto thefactoryfloor.
{A}Whii*
{f3}$*
{C}{:xcept
{D}As
2.
3.
8. Thenegotiationsarein
andshouldend
{A}pt'inr
{tri*}:*aC
{il} **riy
{l}i L:*f*rc
theirfinalstage
5 P.M.
4. 9. Theeafthquakeaffectedseveral
companres the regionand
causedsomeof themto closefor up to a
week.
{,41s**":*lr,rhel
{[3]r*arcnve*r
{il}9hrnughnxt
{il}*v*rywh*re
I needyouto finda solution
theproblembeforethe budgetmeeting
beginstomorrow.
iA)*v*r
i[3]*b*l;t
{{)}:l*
(*]*ut
5.
10.
,..a::::::.::',::.::::.,:',
.. .))))r::..::aa::.:::..
:ar.
rrl:::lrlrl
'.,l,tl11:l''t'tt,u.'t,
:a:::::,:::.:a::,:::.t:
. ..:.r,:,lll.l.llllllr.r
lllll.llrlr.l:.i,lf:,,,.,,rrr
':'t;:,.1,),
.il':li'
rlill,
..tttl,il
'ltll:'1"

16.11. A list of the benefitsyou will receiveand
an overviewof the company'spension
planareenclosed the letter.
{A)with
'(B)along
(C)from
(D)until
the risein tuition at most
colleges,fewerstudentsareelectingto
attendany institutesof higherlearning.
(A)Dueto
(B)Infact
(Q While
{D)Whether
Everyone of the district businessunits
the WelkerFinancialCorporation
is authorizedto act independently.
(A)as for
(B)between
(C)within
(D)because
hiringinternally,the firm decided
to utilizea headhunterto recruitnew
talentfrom elsewhere.
(A)Evenso
(B)Insteadof
(C)Because
(D)Rather
allthe applicantsfor the
position,onlythreefulfilledall of the
listedrequirements.
The law officeof Drake,Quinn,and
Stephensis located--------- the
intersectionof HenryRoadand Spring
Street.
{A)of
(B)at
(Q from
(D)about
workingwith the company's
engineers,the constructionworkerswere
ableto solvethe problemthat had been
slowingthemdown.
(A)Bv
(B)During
{C)Because
{D)Sothat
Itismandatory---------allemployeesto
signinanygueststhatvisitthebuilding.
(A)because
(B)that
(C)so
(D)for
Afterinsertingyourkey,youmustopen
thedoor thirtyseconds,or an
alarmwillsound.
(A)under
(B)within
(C)directly
{D)only
FinancialNewsMagazine,the
high-techindustryissetto makea
comebackinthenextfewmonths.
(A)Evenif
(B)Accordingto
CI Asthough
(D)Nowthat
12.
17.
13.
18.
19.
15.
n.
(4 ln
(B)of
(c)At
(D)Out

21. 1985,SportsShoes,Inc.has
concentratedon providingits customers
with the highestqualityin athleticshoes.
(A)Before
(B)Since
(C)on
{D)Bv
Thecompanyis unableto complete
processingyouremploymentapplication
theproperdocumentation.
(A)upon
(B)until
(Q without
(D)along
thebadweatheritheemployees
workedallthroughthenightto prepare
thegroundsforthenextday'sceremony.
{A)Despite
(B)tJnbss
(C)lnorderto
{D Aswellas
Mr.Patterson,thenewdirector,is known
workingashardasallofthe
employeesunderhiscontrol.
{A)along
(B)for
(C)as
(D)during
Anycompanyor individualinterestedin
advertising ourwebsiteshould
contactMs.Martinatextension42.
(A)during
{B)up
(C)as
(D)on
Leavingearlywithout permissionis
discouraged the supervisors
here.
(A)on
(B)to
(Q from
(D)bv
WendyJenkinshasbeenworkingat
thatarchitecturalfirm overeight
years.
(A)in
(B)for
(Q up
(D)from
Dr.Hurstsaidthathewillinformyou
theresultsofthelabtestswithin
forty-eighthours.
(A)of
{B)along
(Q over
(D)through
themeeting,Ms.Nelsonoffered
severalideasasto whatwentwrong
duringthefailedexperiment.
(A)When
{B)While
(C)Instead
(D)During
TherewaslittleI coulddoto assistthem
offeringencouragementto those
doingthework.
(A)asidefrom
(B)letalone
(Q accountingfor
(D)accordingto
27.
29.

':'
:' :. : ::a:.aa:.:,a:.::.::..:.:,,).
...:
1. Becauseof management'Shighexpectations, - wereobligatedto spendthe
weekendat theofficeworkingto finishtheproject.
2. Mr.Taylorwasableto purchaseticketsto theevent,but,'------' werenotasfortunate
as hewas.
{A}*th*r
i*)the oth*r
3. - individualswho are interestedin attendingthe speciallecturemustsignup
for it no laterthanthreeo'clockonThursdayafternoon.
{A}us
{*} *ur
{A}Which
{C}1trho*e
{A}oth*r
1 1 a ^ n ^ n { t " r n r
l v j J l r ; u r l t c l
i*i we
{D)*urs*lv*s
{ffi}*thers
iil) an*ther
{B}That
{D)Those
{S}its*lf
{i}ihim*elf
{$} anothen
{D}**rn* *th*r
4. Thestudentsweretold to writethe essaysby and not to let anyoneassist
them.
{A}henself
1r. +t ^*-^i.,^-
t L J / t l l f , 7 l l l ; ) C i v ( : ; '
5. Unsatisfiedwiththe buildingthatthe realtorshowedhim,Mr.Jeffersonaskedto see
buildingthathecouldpossiblyrent.
i ' , ' " ,x r : r

I
|*{gf*l""
Identifying differentpronouns
(A)her {B)hers {C)herself (D)she
Theoptionsgivenaboveare all aboutthe third personsingular:(A)objectivepersonalpronoun/
possessiveadjective;(B)possessivepronoun;(C)reflexivepronoun;(D)subjectivepersonalpronoun.
Withthiskindof question,lookrightawayat thewordsbeforeandafterthe blank:if the blankis in
the positionof an objector an adjective,then.(A)is verylikelythe rightchoice.lf the blankneedsa
possessivepronoun,then(B)istheanswer.lf the blankcomesbeforea mainverb,(D)istheanswer.
Last,ifthereisbybeforetheblank(orthereisnobyat all),then(C)isthecorrectchoice.
Nounsandtheiragreement
{A)itsett {B)himself (C)themselves (Diherself
Theseoptionsareall reflexivepronounsbutvaryin persons,numbersandgenders.(A)third person,
singular,thing;(B)third person,singular,masculine;(C)thirdperson,plural;(D)thirdperson,
singular,feminine.You,therefore,just payattentionto the nounin thesentenceto decidethe right
choice.
*IvF * Personatpronouns
(A)it (B)she (C)they (D)you
(A)and(D)canbe bothsubjectiveandobjectivepronouns.Bylookingat the blankto seewhetherit
needsasubjectoranobject,thenreferringtothenouninthestatement,youcanhavetherightdecision.
anothervs.other;oh€another
(B)other (C)oneanother (D)another
Anothercanbeusedinthefollowingways:
. asa determiner(followedbya singularcountnoun):CanI haveanothercupof tea,ptease?
' asa pronoun(withouta followingnoun):We'rechangingfromonesystemto another.
(followedbyof):I haveanotherof hisbookssomewhere.
Othercanbeusedinthefollowingways:
. asa determiner(followedbya pluralnoun):Hedoesn't|ikeotherpeopleinterfering.
(aftertheora possessivewordandfollowedbya singularorpluralnoun):
theothersideof thestreet
Sheinvitedall herotherfriends.
*mr-rl
(A)one

r asa pronoun(afterthe):Hesweryedfrom onesrdeof theroadto the other.
Haveyoutoldtheotherc?
(withouttheinthe plural):Somesystemsare betterthanothers.
Thepluralformothercwithouttheisthe pluralofthepronounanother.
Oneanotheris usedfor sayingthat eachof two or morepeopledoesthe samethingto the other
personortheotherpeople,or hasthesamerelationshipwiththem,e.g.Theyall shookhandswithone
another.
thatvs.those
{A)those (8)that {C)them (D)this
lftheoptionsincludeboththatandthose,thenoneofthemisverylikelyto betherightchoice.
Thatcanbeusedinthefollowingways:
' asa determiner(followedbya noun):Givemethathammer.
, asa demonstrativepronoun(withouta followingnoun):Whogaveyouthat?
. asa subordinatingconjunction(connectingtwoclauses):I didn'tknowthatshewasmarried.
. as a relativepronoun(formingthe subject,object,or complementof a relativeclause):lt's a songi
thatmymothertaughtme.
, asanadverb(beforeanadjectiveoradverb):Threeyears?I can'twaitthatlong.
Ihose- pluralformof that- canneitherbea relativepronounnora subordinatingconjunctionbutit
canbe usedwhenyouaresayingwhichpersonsor thingsyouare referringto, e.g.Ihosewhocould
notwalkwereleftto diebytheroadside.
Determinersor pronouns
(A)anyof (B)eacn {C)all (D)every
(A)isa pronounbecauseanyisfollowedbyoti(B)and(C)canbebothdeterminersandpronouns;(D)
is a determiner.Withtheseoptions,youshouldconsiderthe nounafterthe blank:after(B)or (D)is a
singularnoun,buttheremustbea pluralnounafter(C).

pp LEARNTNGKEYPotNTS3.
Customerswhorenew
percentdiscount.
ffi their
{C}they
subscriptionsfora three-yearperiodwillbeoffereda 20
{ffi}th*irs
iD)themselves
&!:r',ller !.4i
4rt3. -
rersonatpronouns
A subjectivepersonaIpronounindicatesthatthepronounisactingasthesubjectofthesentence.
Sheis on vacation.
Anobjectivepersonatpronounindicatesthatthepronounisactingastheobjectofaverb,compound
verb,preposition,or an infinitivephrase.
I senthiman email.
ffi n possessivepronounindicatesthatthepronounisactingasa markerof possessionanddefines
whoownsa particutarobjectorperson.
Ms.Songwillhelpmefinishmyworkaftershefinisheshers(=herwork).
ffi nelexivepronounsareused:
Thefirm hasproved
effectiveand efficient
demands.
{A}him*elf
{C}itself
,"'to givemoreemphasis.
Thedirectormadethe presentationhimself.
whenthecomptementoftheverbisthesameasthesubject.
Shecomparedherselfwiththeothercandidates.
6X by"r"reflexivelroilrunnreansalone,e.g.Shr:tliCitbyherself.tsherlirlrtaltre.)
2. Mr. Jeffersoninstructedhis secretaryto notify
as soon as the details of the contract
were made available.
{A}him {ffi}hims*lf
{C}he lE} his
to be both
at meetingitsclients'
{8}ours
{*}theirs

I
i ff'* womanbecameupsetwhenshe kept gettingtransferredfrom one telephone
operatorto ----
{A}one
{Cion* annther
{B)cther
iD)another
&n*wer:!{i}
ffi tnoetinitepronouns
*E
one the other
theother,oneof the two
another(indefinite+ singular)
others(indefinite+ plural)
theothers(definite+ plural)
E**E **
one another
f * l*-*I *
one others H*****
the others
ffiMl olfierandanathercanbeuseciasanadjective.anather+ singularncun;ofier+ pluralnoun
$ ttrosecanbeusedwhenyouaresayingwhichpersonsorthingsyouarereferringto: thosewho...,
thosewhich...
Thosewhoworkedovertimewillbegivenextrapayment.
$ many,few,all,any,somearewordsthatareusedto statequantityoramountofsomethingwithout
statingtheactualnumber.Theyarecalleddeterminers/quantifiers.
Quantifierscanbeusedwithpturalcountnounsanduncountnouns.
Quantifiersmustagreewiththenouns.Thereare3maintypesofquantifiers:quantifiersthatareused
withcountnouns,quantifiersthatareusedwithuncountnouns,andquantifiersthatareusedwith
eithercountnounsoruncountnouns.
I havesomequestions.
Doyouhaveanyquestion?
Cffi Asseenintheaboveexanrples,sorieisLrsedinaffirmativesentences,andanyisL.:serlinnsgalivesentencesof
cuestions.
,{n:wer:pxge?11
2.Althoughthe two proposalsare both
esting,one is simplytoo complicated
is manageableonlyif we can
competentengineer.
Employeeswho attendedbusinessschool
tendto be moreefficientworkersthan---------
who did not do anygraduatework.
inter-
while
finda
{A)oneanother
{C)theother
{B)eachother
(D)other
(A)those
(C)someone
(B)such
{D}any
1.

SinceEricneedsthis packageby
tomorrow,canyou pleasemailit to
by expressmail?
(A)himself
(B)his
iC)he
iD)him
Theemployeesin HumanResources
decidedto createsomebrochures
explainingcompanypolicyallby ---------.
iA)themselves
(B)they
{C}them
iD)theirown
Thisnewcomputerchip promisesto be
themostadvancedoneof -------*-kind.
(A)its
(B)our
{C)your
(D)their
Intomorrow'smeetingwithour
supervisorithereareseveraltopics
planto discuss.
(A)my
{B)me
(c)I
(D)mine
employeeinterestedin takinga
tour of the assemblylineshouldspeak
with RitaLewisin Room305.
iA) Both
(B)Any
iC) Few
(D)Arl
6. I knowthis is complicatedto do on
so feelfreeto askquestionsif
you needsomeassistance.
(A)yours
iB)yourself
(C)yourown
(D)you
who expressedan interestin
receivingadditionaltrainingmayapplyfor
companyfundsto payfor theircourses.
(A)Which
(B)That
(C)This
(D)Those
I hopethatI canreceive^--------final
decisionsometimebeforeyou go home
at the endof the day.
(A)your
{B)mine
(C)yours
(D)mv
Stacyhasbeengivingthoughtto
managing businessfor the past
few months.
{A)hers
{B}herself
(C)herown
{D}she
lf customersareunsatisfiedwitha
purchase,theymayreplaceit with
productof the sameor lesservalue.
(Alallother
iB)other
iC)another
(D)eachother
7.2.
8.3.
4.
9.
5.
10.

16.11. Markalreadyturnedin hisreport,but
Lucyhasyetto finish---------.
{A}hers
(B)her
(C)she
(D)herself
Accordingto Cindy,the new promotion
wasan ideaof own ratherthan
anyoneelse's.
(Alshe
(B)hers
(C)herself
{D}her
13. lf managementexpectsusto meetthis
deadline,then---------willneedto work
overtimefor the nextfew days.
iA) us
(B)we
{C)our
(Diourselves
Ms.Jacksonworkedon the advertising
campaignby ------*--becauseno one
elsewasavailableto assisther.
(A)her
(B)herself
(C)she
{D)hers
Themanagerssaidthatwe mayjoin
inthe meetingoncetheyfinish
discussingsomebudgetitems.
(A)they
(B)their
(C)them
(D)themselves
Afterlandingseveralnewcontracts,Mr.
Davidsonhasshown to be an
exceptionalsalesman.
(A)he
(B)him
(C)himself
(D)his
Wereallyneedto considersomewaysto
improve product'svisibilitywith
consumers.
(A)our
(B)ourselves
(C)us
(D)ours
Allthoseinterestedinattendingthe
conferenceareurgedto submit
moneyno laterthanthe endof the
month.
(A)they
{B)their
(C)theirs
(D)themselves
Aspirinandothermedicineareavailable
on requestfor------- - withanylingering
achesandpains.
(A)those
(Blthem
{C)whose
{D)which
vendorsareexpectedto apply
for andreceivethe necessarypermits
beforesellingtheirwares.
(A)Arl
{B)Each
(C)Every
(D)Whichever
12.
17.
18.
14.
15.
19.
20.

" "
- * , . " . t a
p DtAGNoslcrESTX
1. Anyone wantsto take a vacationthis monthmust get writtenpermission
fromhisor hersupervisor.
2- JamesBobo, researchfocuseson nanotechnology,is one of the most
promisingscientistsemployedat thelaboratory.
{A)who
{C)when
{A)when
{C)whom
3. I wouldliketo knowto -^-------
recentlybought.
{A}whoever
{C}what
{B}what
{D)who
{B)whose
{D)where
I shouldspeakif I havea complaintabouta productI
{B}whom
{D)where
{B}in it
{D}when
4- Theairport therunwaywasshutdownfor repairsis experiencinga declinein
the numberof passengersarrivinganddepartingdaily.
{A}where
{C}inthat
Everyemployeeat the companywas requestedto write down
workingon.
they are5.
(A)what
{C}when
{B)how
{D)which
.AngwersrL inl :. iA] 11.i$] ,1.iAj 1. {A)
;t*ijV,;,.,1..11;.ffi;;'*-ierr:iiri.:ltr',;t;ltliri:;;ttttiis#r,r,lll',i:t,-:rli:irr,rrrt:tlti:iiiii.rtll

!
TYP€1.1RelativePronouns
W which (Blwhat (C)whom (D)who
Asthe relativepronounrelatesto anothernounprecedingit inthesentence,it connectsa dependent
clauseto an antecedent(a nounthat precedesthis pronoun).Therefore,relativepronounsactasthe
subjectorobjectofthedependentclause.
Subjectivecase
Youusethesubjectivecasewhentheserelativepronounsarethesubject(initiatingthe action)of the
dependentclause:who/ which.
e.g.Thechefwhowonthecompetitionstudiedin Paris.
Here,whorelatesbackto (orisrelativeto)thenounchef.Whoalsoactsasthesubjectofthedependent
clauseandtheverbwon.
- Thedependentclause:whowonthecompetition.
- Theindependentclause:ThechefstudiedinParis.
Objectivecase
You use the objectivecase when these relativepronounsare the object (receivingthe action)of the
dependentclause:whom.
e.g.Ihts ,s the approach taken by journalists,whom some considerto be objective.
Whomrelatesbacktothenounjournalistsandistheobjectoftheverbconsider.Thesubjectofthedependent
cfauseissome.
Referringto a place,thing or idea:which,that
When usingrelativepronounsfor places,things or ideas,ratherthan determiningcase,the writer
must decidewhetherthe informationin the dependentclauseis essentialto the meaningof the
independentclauseor simplyadditionalinformation.
When informationis criticalto the understandingof the main clause,use that as the appropriate
relativepronounand do not set the informationoff bycommas.
e.g. American generalshavedelivereda messagethat is difficult to ignore.
Ihafrelatesbacktothenounmessageandis necessaryforthereaderto knowwhatmessagethesentence
isabout.

ffirvPr z Relativeadverbsf f i "
iA)where tB)init {C}inthat (il)when
Therelativeadverbswhere,when,andwhyintroducea relativeclause.
7.Therelativeadverbwherebeginsa clausethatmodifiesa nounof place.
e.g.Myfamilynowlivesin thetownwheremygrandfatherusedto be sheriff.
TherelativeadverbwheremodifiestheverbusedtoDe,buttheentireclausemodifiesthenounforyn.
2. Awhenclausemodifiesa nounoftime.
e.g.Myfavoritedayoftheweekis Friday,whentheweekendisabouttobegiin.
3. Awhyclausemodifiesthenounreason.
e.g.Doyouknowthereasonwhyschoolisouttoday?
Sometimesthe relativeadverbisleftoutoftheseclauses.andthewritersubstitutestfratinstead.
e.g.Doyouknowthereasonthatschoo/rsouttoday?

rep LEARNTNGKEYPoTNTS3
ThepersonrespoRsibletor all of this is BrendaCarter,
ensurethattonightwouldbea success.
worked
---'-'-'--'--'-----.....l
tir*lesslvto :
j
l
)
)
:
I
f,A)
iri
ffifiy*f"r*
whi*h*ver
{8}wh*me
{*} wh*t rj
l
,"': .'-" ,li
::tZ;l|netativepronouns
,,,lll:.,t..l..,'Casesof relativepronouns:
' Whentheantecedentisthesubjectoftheadjectivectause,usesubjectivecaseofrelativepronouns
who/which.
Themanwho was giventhe awardis Mr.Kim.
, lf theadjectivectauserequiresa possessiveform,usewhose.
Themanwhosebookbecamea bestselleris Mr. Kim.
' lf theadjectivectauserequiresan object,whombeginstheadjectivectause.
Themanwhom we interviewedis Mr.Kim.
,d,kr6ffi .,
liru 1;tenr;:;rititt*i ing v*rblar: lllre beft,r'ew/trtnl:il;icit,
*,11.l*: r,rl t:tlh',rltcnslg r,v*rklil [,1rKrn,
'#';;what(: thethingwhicfr)startsa relativeclausethat is the subject,object,or complementof
anotherclause.
Themanagerexplainedwhatweshoulddo.
Qulz21 *rg!i",*f #st* ;1''
1. We expectto receiveall of the computer
software- - we havepurchased.
{A}tha{ {Rithis
{*}wh*t {i}}vr***vsr
2. Jeremywas selectedbecausehe was the
individual experiencemostclosely
matchedwhatthe companywaslookingfor.
{A}rvh*
{C}wh*sn
{[3]vrh*r*
{ffi}whi*h

Thosewho arecuriousaboutour methodsmayvisitthe factoryfloorin orderto see
ourproductsaremade.
(A)during (B)about
(C)how (D)whom
Answer:i*)
The followingadverbscan be usedto join sentencesor clauses.They replacethe moreformal
structureof preposition+ which in a relativeclause:where: atI in which,when = on which,why
: for which, how.
, place(where) Thebuildingwhere(= in which)the conferenceis heldis nearthe station.
* time(when) HevisitedLondonon the daywhenthe newbranchopened.
. reason(why) Ms. Leeexplainedthe reasonwhy the contractwas canceled.
. method(how) Thismanualexplainshow the dishwasheroperates.
rc Wecanusethereasonwhybutneverus$tftewayh*w.
ffi Otnerrelativeadverbs:
. whenever
Pleasecontactuswheneveryouhaveanyquestions.
. wherever
YoucanaccesstheInternetwhereveryouare.
" however
Howeveruncomfoftableit is,yourseatbeltmustbefastened.
Alsw*r: p;lqn?11
1. The hotel the conferenceattendees
arestayingthisyearis a poshfive-starresort.
2. impolitea customermaybe,a good
salespersonnevergets angryor upsetwith
thatindividual.
(A)Almost
(ClSeldom
{A}where
{C)inthat
{8i in ii
{D}when {ts}Never
{D}l*lowever

6.1.
.r.t,,::i:iii, rirli::.3 , .it:r.:trut
ii::.a r::r-:.-{l:..rr...r,
-:'
ll:,lll;:illfi::lilr:.llli2.
lllllllllrl:l!::lii:rlll.:ln::ri':aa':
'irlii,l,r.i.,ll,,l,.i.iillrll.li::..:t
3.
:'.iir':'illtllll.iliilllll:1,:
,..:l:l:,::,:,,,:).::aa::a::::::::,::.
.::::::::l::::,:::l::::t::::::
)::,:..:::::.::::.::..::t:':.::
a::::::::::::a:::l:t::::::,:.:..:
iiilll.riiirl.li.i:iiiiii:ii:ii
t'lll,l'UU,]]UUUllU,U]]tl,
llil:lllrrll:u:r:iir'i::ttttt
:aa.a,a.
)t:t)::::
T PRoGRESSTEST>.'.
a
At eachorientationsession,a Human
Resourcesemployeeexplains
newemployeesneedto knowconcerning
theiremploymentpackage.
{,4)whi*h
(B)where
{*} h*ttv
{D}whnt
Themajorityof Anniston'scitizens
considerthecitya greatplacein
to workandto raisea familv.
{,4}what
fBltryhich
{C}where
{D)whose
Mr.Greenisthe manwhowilldetermine
proposalwillbeselectedat the
endof themonth.
{A}who
{ts}whon'r
{e)lvhoever
{D}whas*
TheMasonCorporation,-'-------is
locateddowntown,isconsideringmoving
itsofficesto the suburbsbecausemost
of itsemployeesandclientslivethere.
iA]where
iS)wh*n
ie)which
{0}vrhc
5. Thetechnologystockboughtby Ms.
Perkinslastyearwasan investment
roseinvalueby overseventy-five
percent.
{A)that
{ts}*hey
{C)what
{E}when
I needyouto providemewiththenames
of allstaffmembers '--- areaskino
for internaltransfersto ouroverseas
divisions.
{A-}whos*
{l})whc:
{il}where
{il,iwhen
7. Packagesthathavenotbeenpickedup
afteronemonthshouldbestored
thereis roominthe storagefacility.
{A}whoever
{S}wherever
{C}whatev*r
{S}n'hichever
8. DarrenMaas, latestbookwas
publishedin February,hasgivenup his
officejobto becomea full-timewriter.
{A}whatever
i8) whorrr
(Clwhat
iDlwhose
9. Customers purchasefour
paperbacksmayreceiveanotherlower-
pricedpaperbackfor free.
{A}who
{Biwhorn
iClwhcn':cver
{D}whose
Itshouldnottakelongfor Mr.Waketo
determine computeroptions
to orderto makesureyourmachineis
custom-builtto yourspecifications.
{A}which
{B}that
{e} how
{D}where
10.
:i:i:

1. Thisbookon marketingtechniquesisthe---------detailedonethatI amfamiliarwith'
(A)much (B)such
{C)so (D)most
2. ThelaptopthatSarais usingis as *--------asanyotherlaptopthatis currentlyonthe
market.
(A)reliant
(C)reliably
(B)reliable
(D)reliability
3. The salespeopleat the main branchare moreinformedaboutthe products
thanthosewho workelsewhere.
(A)such (Blvery
(C)too (D)much
4. The recentchangesmadein the way the computersareassembledresultedin more
productionproblems hadeveroccurredbefore.
(A)while (B)whether
(C)than {D)as
5. ThemoreI readaboutthat businesswoman,the more I am by how muchshe
hasaccomplishedina shortperiodof time.
(A)impression (B)imPressed
{C)impress (D)imPresses
Answers:1.{D)2.(B)3.{n) 4.{C)5.{B}

ffiWe5-1"1Comparativeformofadjectives
(Aidifficult (B)diificulty (C)moredifficult {D)muchdifficutt
(A)is an adjective;(A)is a noun;(C)is a comparativeform;and (D)is an adjectivemodifiedby an
adverb.Withtheseoptions,it isverylikelythat(C)isthe rightchoicebecauseyoumayseefhanafter
the blankinthestatement.Notethat if thereis thanafterthe blankandmorebeforethe blank.then
(A)mustbechosen.
KTVF a! Comp.rativeformofadjectivesandadverbs
{A)greater iB)greatly {C)moregreatly (D)asgreatas
lfthereisthaninthesentence,it iscertainthatthisquestiontestsyourabilityof usingthecomparative
form.Thepointisyoumustidentifythewordclassofthewordchosen:whetherit isanadjectiveoran
adverbto decidethecorrectchoice.
XffE-9--i Modifiersbeforecomparativeadjectivesandadverbs
(A)such (B)very {C)too (D)much
Very,too, andmuchareadverbsmodifyinganadjectiveor anotheradverb,andsuchoftenoccursin
thestructuresuch...that.lf youseea comparativeadjectiverightafterthe blank,then(D)mustbe
chosenasmuchisusedto modifya comparativeadjectivewhileveryandfoocannot.

I
ililPE a' Thanincomparativeform
(Aiwhile (B)whether (C)than {D)as
Theseoptionsareallconjunctions:whileandasshowtime;whetherstartsa nounclause,andfhanis
usedinthe comparisonstructure.Onsecondthought,we mayconsideras andthanbecausebothof
themcanbeusedincomparisons:as... as(comparisonofequality|more... than(comparativeform).
lnthestatement,oneoftheseconjunctionshascertainlybeengiven;it is,therefore,notsodifficultfor
youto decidetherightchoice.
ffilee 5 Supertativeform
{A}highly {B)highest (C)high iD)higher
(A)is an adverbl(B)is a superlativeform;(C)is an adjective;and (O)is a comparativeform.In
English,thesuperlativeformalwaysgoeswiththedefinitearticlethe.lf thecomesbeforethe blank,
thenyoumaythinkrightawayoftheoptionwitha superlativeform.Also,bearinmindthesestructures:
thedoubfecomparative:The+ comparativeform..., the + comparativeform,..,'andOf thetwo + a
pluralnoun,...the+ comparativeformto makea rightdecision.

pp LEARNTNGKEYPotNTS3
-- thanI hadexpectedit to be.
{ffi}diffiaulty
{S}rnuchdiffieult
r , , : . ! : , i , i
ffi Comparisonofequality
,,€rS* adjective/adverb+ as
Theprintershouldberepairedasquicklyaspossible.
,,as+ many/much/few/little+ noun+ as
I willinviteasmanyguestsas Iwant.
ffi Comparativeform
* Comparativeformofadjectives/adverbs
Itismoreconvenientto takea trainthana bus.
' Adverbsmodifyingcomparativeform,much,even,far,still,a lot,byfar
Thenewproductisfarmoredurablethanthepreviousone.
ffi fn. doesnotexistinthecomparativeform,butinthefollowingcases,it does.
, Thedoublecomparative'the+ comparativeform...,the+ comparativeform...
Theharderyouwork,thefasteryouwillfinishyourwork.
, Ofthetwo+ a pluralnoun,...the+ comparativeform.
Ofthetwocars,theblackoneisthemorepopular.
Quiz23
1. Theconfusionon theassemblylineledto the
workersmakingtwice mistakesas
theynormallydid duringthe courseof a shift.
{A}as many
{C)morethan
{8)muchrnore
{D}tccrnuch
&ri*"v*r-r**g*?tl
2. Of the two methods,the first is the -
choice,so I recommendthatyoustadfollowing
it.
(A)better
{C}too
{E} mt"*ch
{D}welf

lf yau areconsideringlearninga foreignlanguage,thenSpanishis the
upconsideringthatyoualreadyspeakFrench.
to piek
Arswer:{E}
iA)moreeasily
iCi masteasily
iB)easiest
iD)easy
ffi fne superlativeformofadjectivesandadverbs:the+ shortadjective/adverb+ -est;themost+
longadjective/adverb
Ourcompanyreceived.thehighestratingforcustomerservice.
Mr.Johnson'scardesignwasthemostinnovative.
ffi fne comparisonofequalityandcomparativeformcanbeusedwhenspeakingaboutthreeormore
objectsto showwhichobjectis'themost'ofsomequality.
. NothinglNo(other)+pluralnounl+ comparisonofequality
. Nothing[No(other)+pluralnoun]+ comparativeform
. Comparativeform+ thananyother+ singularnoun
Thisproductisthecheapest.
= Nothingisascheapasthisproduct.
= Nothingischeaperthanthisproduct.
= Thisproductischeaperthananyotherproduct.
W;virtr {ns1ugr page2l I
1. Manycompaniesbelievethat nothingis
thansatisfyingtheircustomers.
{A}nrostimpontant {B)important
{C)moreimpodant {D)irnpo*antly
2. Steve'sCopyShopalwaysprovidesitsclients
withthe qualityin printedmaterials.
{A}highly
(C)hish
{B)highest
{D}highen

1. TheOutdoorsmanDeluxeTentis
moredurablethanthosemadeby anyof
thecompany'scompetitors.
(Also
iB)much
{C}ven7
{D}such
2. lt wasclearto everyonethat Denisehad 7.
workedthe ,------- of alltheemployees
on theSandersonaccount.
{A)hardly
{B}harder
(C)hard*st
{D)harcJ
Accordingto ourcalculations,drivingto
theconferencewouldbe ---------than
flyingthere.
{A}cheaper
{B}ch*apest
(C)nrorecheaply
(Dimosteheaply
4. lt isclearthatDigitalManagementisthe
company's competitorinthe
consultingindustry.
(Alstrongly
{8)strenEth
{C}strongest
{D}moststrongly
Duringrecessions,it is imperativeto
examinetrendsinthefinanceindustry
thanduringtimesof prosperity.
{A}attentive
{Biattentions
(C)r,'roreattentive
{D)moreattentively
Mr.Collinswasresponsiblefor selling
moreinsurancepolicies---------any
othersalesmanduringthethirdquarter.
{A}as
{B)while
{C)than
{D)wheth*r
MarkSteinman,thecompany's
technician,wantsto orderthe^--------
possiblelampsfor everyoneof the
laboratoriesinthebuilding.
{A}briEht
(B)brightens
{C)brightest
{D)brightness
Figuringoutyourtaxesis easierthan
nowthanksto FirstCapital
Investor'supdatedcomputersoftware.
iA)once
{ts)never
{Cinot
{D)ever
Afterfinishingthisshortcourse,you
shouldbe ableto completetasksmuch
thaneverbefore.
{A}moreefficiently
{B)efficiently
{C)etficient
{D}mostefficiently
10. TheHendersonBuildingisthe" to
locatebecauseit isso muchhigherthan
anyotherskyscraperinthe downtown
area.
(A)moreeasily
{B}easiest
{C}mosteasiiy
{D}easy
6.
.,ruti{:
::::.>lnlttl8.
3.
9.
5.

.
tl
r.::€rr:'tlrliriiiiitit,uir::
.tl:*r,.. :t: ,t,r,r,,t:trl:f:,:tl

DIAGNOSTICTEST
1. Wehaveto a tablefor sevenpeopleto guaranteethatwe willbe ableto have
2.
dinnertheretomorrow.
{4,}resp*nd
{e} resenv*
Too manyemployeesare forgetting
AccountingDepaftment.
{A}pnoeedur*s
{C}clirections
As soonas the new recruitsarrive,
welcomehere.
{A)essentialiy
{C}exceptionally
{B}appeint
{il}connect
to turn in for reimbursementto the
{B}jounneys
{D)receipts
pleasegreetthem so that theywill feel
{B}personally
{D}considerably
-,-
'.:t"".,,,:
:iil.ir.:.::rr
'rllil]til,]]::
'::t::::::.:t:'t::'
i'ti:,:::i
:i:'iiliiiitli:
rtrt.trtt,t,ttiiti
3.
' .,;.,',:,,1;.:::lt:1
':":t.:::::L:::::.,.:),,,',,:
::'::,:,:::,'.
,'.1-,.,.,,,,.",t,,,,,,
.,,:1,,t:.::.r.'
1..,:.1t!l:,
I :-:j::r,.irlalr:itira:
4. Severalbuildingson MainStreetwillundergo-.-"------renovationsdueto thedamage
theysufferedinthe recentearthquake'
{B)producing
{Diconsumable
5. Nocarry-onitemsonthisflightmay thesizeof anaverage-sizedbriefcase.
ffi nratured
{O)suhstantial
{A}exceed
{C)prcmote
{B}excel
{D}interrupt
::.:a' :,::::',.:.::":.
;
.
:
::
. ,,|.::t:a.
,rrriu.i::ti t:::l:'r
/1il5i"*, i
.ir::....rX.

Vocabulary- Verbs
(A)deteriorate {B)raise (C)alleviate (D)assist
Upto thislevel,youhaveto beawareoftransitiveandintransitiveverbssothatyoucanhavethe right
choiceforthistypeof question:allthe optionsareverbs- first/secondperson/third personplural
+ pluralverbform.lf thereis no directobjectafterthe blank,then(A)is the correctchoice.Why?
Deteriorateisan intransitiveverbwhilethe restaretransitiveverbs.Onthecontrary,if a directobject
is available,theonlywayisyouhaveto understandthe meaningof thewholestatementandthatof
theverbsinorderto decidethecorrectoption.
Irver
z vocabutary-Nouns
(A)mistake (B)attention {C)description {D)information
Theseoptionsareallnouns.Todealwithquestionsofthiskind,youshouldbeableto knowwhichare
countnounsandwhichareuncountnouns.Before(B)attentionand(D)informafion,therecannotbe
anindefinitearticle(a/an)becausetheyareuncountnouns.Asfaras(A)mistakeand(O descriptionare
concerned,the indefinitearticlea mayexistbeforethe blank,youthenneedto translatethestatement
to decideeitheroftheseoptions.
Vocabulary- Adjectives
iA)variable (B)apparent (C)redundant (D)comprehensive
Adjectivesfunctionas subjectiveor objectivecomplementsand modifynouns.Withthe fouroptions
above,youhaveto understandtheirmeaningssothatyoucanhavetherightdecision.
i
KilP-E-x

Sv--qEJ*vocabulary- Adverbs
(A)extremely (Blcompletely (C)exclusively (D)continually
1.Function
Anadverbcanmodifya verb(Themanran quickly.).lt canalsomodifyan adjective(Tarais really
beautiful.),orevenanotheradverb(ltworksverywel/.).
Adverbshaveotherfunctions,too.Theycan:
" modifya wholesentence:Obviously,I can'tknoweverything.
" modifya prepositionalphrase:lt's immediatelyinsidethedoor.
2. Form
Manyadverbsendin-ly.Weformsuchadverbsbyadding-/yto adjectives.Herearesomeexamples:
quickly,softly,strongly,honestly,interestingly.
Butnotallwordsthatendin-lyareadverbs.Friendly,forexample,isanadjective.
Someadverbshavenoparticularform,forexample:well,fast,very,never,always,often,still.
3. Position
Adverbshavethreemainpositionsinthesentence:
Front(beforethesubject):Nowwewillstudyadverbs.
Middle(betweenthesubjectandthemainverb):Weoftenstudyadverbs.
End(aftertheverborobject):Westudyadverbscarefully.
Youneedto understandthe above-mentionedfeaturesof anadverbsoasto havethe rightanswerto
thiskindofquestion.

KoP LEARNTNGKEYPotNTSp"
ffi invit*d
{C}hostecl
{8}intended
iCIiexeu*ed
qit:{yrgf: il;l
ListofverbsthatareusuattythechosenoptionsintheTOEICtests
announce
attend
develop
increase
{ decrease
obtain
offer
postpone
provide
rl. provicleA withB
recommend
if. berecr:rrmendedfbr
reserve
retain
install
s. installationrl. installment
notify
;1"notifyA of S
replace
r:freplaceA withB
ir. replacelnent
represent
require
r:1.bc requiredto do
schedule
rl be scheduledto do
seek
accept
account
{. accountflor
address
deliver
n.itrelivery
enroll
exceed
grant
hold
implement
indicate

n anticipate
il appoint
cf appointAtoB
n Orrdn$e
n OSSUI.€
n attribute
rf attributeA to B
n authorize
n. avthonzationauthority
n charge
cf bechargedwith
n collaborate
cf collaboratewith
r. collaboration
n GOhS€fV€
n contain
n contribute
cf contributeto{=m6ksacontributionto)
r COV€I
n decline
n demonstrate
n diagnose
a €In€(f€
n enhance
r. enhancement
n €hSUfe
n €Xplf€
r. expiration
n feature
r forward
c/ forwardAtoB
n fulfill
il guarantee
u host
n institute
n load
n Peak
I pertain
cJpertainto
n pleS€rVO
n.preservation
n prOCeSS
u Prolong
n QualifY
r. qualification
n I€Ctuit
r. recruitment
n reject
H restore
n S€IV€
r substitute
cf substituteA forB

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Practice
theseminar
theprice
onthenewproject
to thecompany
illnesses
thehelpofexperts
deliveryinfourdays
(A)revising
(C)developing
{B)achieving
(D)contributing
Quiz25
1. WhitmanConstructionisconsidering---------
a newresidentialareanextto LakeLouise.
8._ theproposedcontract
9.Theconferenceis_.
10.Hewas_- to thepositionof director.
11.tipsonhowto -_._--**_thelifeofyourcomputer
12.Thewarrantywill_ nextmonth.
Answers:1.CI 2. O 3. O 4. O 5. & 6. @
7.CI 8.@ 9.@ 10.@11.CI12.0
Answer:page?11
2. RTPConsultingwill itscurrentname
despitethefactthatit is mergingwitha firm
largerthan it.
(A)receive
(C)grant
(B)inquire
{D)retain

ln aneffortto reduce , RobertsonandSonshashalvedtheamountof moneyits
salespeoplecanspendontheirbusinesstrips.
{A}values
{O)custor,ns
{B)expenses
{D}refunds
Answer;{S}
ListofnounsthatareusuattythechosenoptionsintheT0EICtests
appointment
discount
rddisoounton
estimate
expense
cf.iivingexpenses
groMh
y.grow
increase
opportunity
qf.giveanopportunityto do
l pf€s€ntdtion
cf make[give] apresentation
r: priority
.: ploCedure
ir f€CBipt
|j reference
* r€fund
r fOSUlt
; right
cJreservetherighttodo
r standard
.: charge
l: compliance
c{ in compliancervith
; facility
r fee
'-:form
: issue
i: oUtput
: policy
: precaUtion
rJ takesalbtyprecautions
:::preference

n access
$have accessto
il accordance
cJin accordancewith
r advance
u advantage
cf.takeadvantageof
u €l$f€€In9nt
u application
cf applicant
n budget
r. G€r€mOn!
cf.awardceremony
r:rchallenge
n commitment
c/ makeacommitrnentto
x competition
il conjunction
cJin conjunctionwith
n GOSI
cf operatingcost
n delegation
u deposit
n disruption
n distribution
r/ distributor
r: effort
cf.in aneffortto do
n €valuation
; cf. evahntionform
v.evaluate
il expansion
il expertise
r:::extension
n instruction
n interruption
a itinerary
n loYaltY
c/ customerloyalty
n maintenance
i: merchandise
n negotiation
n obligation
cf haveanobligationto do
n Point
cf tothepoint
u preparation
cJ in preparationfor
il promotion
n registration
n r€Qu€St
il requirement
cf meetfsatisfy]arequirement
n schedule
c/ onschedule
n Session
cJtrainingsession
r S€QU€IlG€
n subscription
cf subscriptionto
cJsubscriber
n Supervision
cf underthesupervisionof
v.supervise
r transition
cJtransitionfromAto B
n wdrr0flt]
n W€€lf

Practice
2.
3.
4.
1. deliverthe
at noextra
geta 30%
changeour
5. finishtheworkon
6. signthe
T. inaccordancewithyour
a approvethe
g.a consultantwith in mad<eting
10.take of emPloYeebenefits
rr. The isnotrefundable.
t2. Customerserviceisour
Answers:1.O 2. O 3. @ 4. O 5. 6 0. O
7.@ 8.@ 9.0 10.O 11.@12.O
(A)solution
{Q exception
(B)distribution
(D)repetition (B)access
(D)impression
--.-
-
W Quiz26 Answer:Pase211
...-.....;.......... ".
1. Thatcorporationisinvolvedinthemanufacture,
sale,and ofhigh-qualitycosmetics.
2. Therewasa significant in salesin
themanufacturingsectorduringthepasttwo
months.
(A)increase
(C)eccer*

atthis{m€.
' '
...'
{A)unfavorable
.{C}*PPosii:fi6r":'
{B},unwilling
{F-}retuetant
Answer{A)
ListofadjectivesthatareusuatLythechosenoptionsintheTOEICtests
: additional
':;affordable
: beneficial
ru.benefit
: cornplete
:: confidential
cJ,confident
'; appdrent
r available
{. unavailable
: Comprehensive
r €O$el
r,{beeagerto do
'r eligible
cf beeligibletodo
r increasing
: outstanding
r pleasant
cJpleased
: l
t :
:
l:
n
currerlt
detailed
ru.detail r.:detail
limited
responsible
cJberesponsiblefor
substantial
productive
ru.production productivity
1,.produce
qualified
cf be qualifiedfbr
related
cf.berelatedto
routine
surplus
unfavorable
useful
cl.beusefulfor

n accessible
n administrative
n ambitious
i: appropriate
n complimentary
r considerable
n continuous
n deliberate
u delicate
n desirable
r: disappointed
c/ bedisappointedwith
n dissatisfied
cf bedissatisfiedwith
n due
n eQuol
c/ beequalto
n €SSeotidl
c/ beessentialto
r €xceptional
n following
n idle
r improper
r: incidental
x indicative
n initial
n interactive
u interested
cJbeinterestedin
r: leading
r: minOr
n native
cf benativeto
n notable
n hUrTl€IOUS
n o]1$oln$
r.roptimistic
n orderlY
r::outgoing
n potential
il protective
L:rrelevant'
n reliable
n"reliability
r repetitive
n S€CU|€
n sensitive
n sincere
r: skilled
il Spacious
n strategic
r stringent
r subject
c/ besubjectto
* subsequent
il superior
cf besuperiorto
;: Ullceftain
n uoBxp€Ct€d
r: unstable
r upcoming
n vercdtil€
u vital
n vulnerable

Fractice
f. is_ to yourhealth
2. accordingto the document
g. putin effort
4, it hasbecome_ that
s. themost employee
6. becauseof its_ cost
7. a_ internationalcompany
Quiz27
1. Duty-freestorestypicallyotferqualitygoods
at ---------prices.
8. listof-- customers
9.a-developmentplan
10.is_ aboutgrowthinsales
tr. Sheis- to receivetheaward.
12.Thisprogramis_ to itspreviousrrersion.
Answers:f. O 2. O 3. O {. @ 5. CI 6. @
7.08.O9.@ 10.O r'r.O 12.CI
Answer:page2iI
2. Documentsof a --------- natureare not to
be copied without the written permissionof
a seniormanager.
{A)confidential {B)former
{C)limited {D)mandatory
{A}relative
{Q willing
(B)valuable
(D)reasonable

Theplumbingsystemistested.:- r: to ensurethattherearenoprablems.
{A}frequently
iC)lately
{B}truly
(D)relatively
Answer:{A}
ListofadverbsthatareusuatlythechosenoptionsintheTOEICtests
r: approximatelY
r.:Cuffentl!
r: finally
i: Ol'lC€
r: PromPtlY
r: r€C€[tl]
r re$ularly
r still
, Well
.::immediately
r: h€€tfl! (=almost)
: Il€C€SS€ldl!
: p€rSOndlly 1=in Person,l
r properl!
,::rapidly
i.: S€P€lrot€lY
: shortly
: temporarily
4.temporary
r unexpectedly
r l€t
: closely
c. close
i:: comPletely
:: definitely
a.definite
a.definitive
n dramatically
n also
r alwaYs
* consistentlY
I convenientlY
a.convenient
r: easily
I especiallY
* €xclusivelY
re.exclusive
r: frequently
c. frequent
r highly
r: absolutely
I accordinglY
n adversely
r already
* briefly
n carefullY
il cautiously
r: clearly

il effectively
n.effectiveness
r: etficiently
s. efficient
il generously
r:rindirectly
n individually
n mutually
il occasionally
n originally
lr particularly
; perfectly
n previously
c. previous
r: primarily
Practice
__,, inspectthesystem
3oo/oof consumers
workmore
@provisionally@reasonably @closely
@dramatically@nearly Ooccasionally
; probably
r provisionally
t quickly
: r€"Son€lbl!
cr.reasonable
r relatively
r sporingly
;; specially
: suddenly
r SUr€lY
r then
r thoroughly
;: unbearably
c.{.bear
r usuall!
8. is associatedwith
f. is ***__ priced
to. is *_ valid
11.Saleshaveincreased_*,_.
12. ____ affectyour health
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
leave_,_ after9 a.m.
travel forbusiness
wasmade of steel
workovertime
Quiz28
Ar:swers:1.g 2. 6) 3. & 4. 0 5. S 6. O
?.o 8.o s,G) 10.@11"O 12"O
Answer:page21I
1. Shopperswillfind our store located
on MapleAvenuerightacrossfromthe
RiversideTheater.
{A)marginally {B)conveniently
{C)gradually {D}quickly
2. The conferencebegins at 9:00with a
speechfromthe presidentof the organization.
(A)promptly
(C)openly
{B)vocally
(D)neutrally

il effectively
r,.eflectiveness
n efficiently
a.efficient
n $en€rously
n indirectly
o individually
n mutually
n occasionally
n originally
n particularly
r perfectly
n previously
a.previous
n primarily
Practice
leave_after9a.m.
travel for business
wasmade of steel
workovertime
Quiz28
1. Shopperswillfind our store located
on MapleAvenueright acrossfrom the
RiversideTheater.
(A)marginally {B)conveniently
(Clgradually (D)quickly
n probably
n provisionally
n quickly
n r€dsonably
a.reasonable
n relatively
n sparingly
n specially
n suddenly
n Sur€lY
n then
n thoroughly
n unbearably
cf.bear
n usuallY
8. is -- associatedwith
f. is _ priced
rO.is_ valid
tt. Saleshaveincreased
12._ affect your health
Answerg:l.O 2. O 3.6 4. O 5. O 6.0
7.O 8.O 9.O 10.@11.@12.@
Answer:page2lI
2. The conferencebegins at 9:00with a
speechfromthe presidentof the organization.
1.
2.
3.
4.
inspectthesystem
3Oo/oof consumers
workmore
5.
6.
7.
(A)promptly
(C)openly
{B)vocally
(D)neutrally

P PRoGRESSTEST>ffi
1. TheMarketingDepartmentis currently 6.
applicationsforthe positionof
seniordirectorof marketing.
(A)advising
(B)renovating
(Claccepting
{D}running
2. lt is ---------thatthe negotiationswiththe 7.
DrummondCorporationgo as smoothly
as possible.
{A)prone
{B)vital
{C)poised
(D)real
Anycompanywitha - --****-working
environmentwillseemoraleamongstits
employeesimprove.
(A)pleasant
(Bltender
{C)competent
{D)fragile
Mr.Mikadois usedto dealingalmost
withcontractuallaw.
{A)impulsively
(B)exclusively
(C)rnutually
(D)generously
Oncetheelectricianshave----*---^the
lightingon thethirdfloor,thenthe repairs
to the restof the buildingmayproceed.
{A)installed
(B)entered
(Clhired
{D}called
8.3.
The-------*-fromthe latestanalysis
provethatthe countryhasmoreoil
reservesthanwas previouslythought.
{A}results
(B)stages
iOideductions
(D)products
Thelackof interestby the public
for the low ratingsbeingreceivedby the
newtelevisiondrama.
(A)accounts
{Biexplains
{C)states
(D)adapts
AG Steward,Inc.hasotfered
servicesto allof its clientsfor the past
twenty-sevenyears.
{A)impending
{B)comprehensive
(C)unaccustomed
{D)elapsed
Thanksto the password to you,
youshouldbe ableto accessvirtually
anyroomintheentirebuilding.
(Aiprovided
iB)required
(C)equipped
{D)requested
Thegovernmenthas-***----*not
releasedthe budgetfiguresfromthe past
year.
(A)once
iB)soon
(C)almost
{D)still
9.4.
5.
10.

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