This document provides a scenario about a 20-year-old college student named Abby who is experiencing ongoing anxiety and worry for the last 3 months without a specific cause. She visited the university counseling center and spoke with Dr. Smith, who listened to her concerns and gave her a homework assignment to log her negative thoughts. The document then provides 13 short answer questions about theoretical models, potential DSM-5 disorder labels, and concepts of informed consent based on variations of Abby's reported symptoms. It concludes with a copyright statement.
Causal inference for complex exposures: asking questions that matter, getting...Ellie Murray
Slides from Dec 3, 2021 talk at University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Epidemiology department.
Lecture topic: how do we ask good causal questions & once we've got our questions framed, how do we answer them?
Lecture recording will be posted to YouTube - date tbd.
Causal inference for complex exposures: asking questions that matter, getting...Ellie Murray
Slides from Dec 3, 2021 talk at University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Epidemiology department.
Lecture topic: how do we ask good causal questions & once we've got our questions framed, how do we answer them?
Lecture recording will be posted to YouTube - date tbd.
Conference Abstract: Did you know that there are measurement experts who spend their lives researching the validity of different question styles and formats? How ’bout we spend 30 minutes reviewing some of the most relevant findings in survey methods research!? During this presentation, you will learn about fascinating topics such as the validity of true/false questions, when to use “none of the above” style questions, and which question styles will help you assess the information you are actually trying to asses (read= minimize bias and error)! Participants will be asked to vote on sample question strength, and recraft “before’s” into highly valid “after’s.”
Why bother with evidence-based practice?PaulGlasziou
An introduction to evidence-based medicine (EBM) with short section in history and why EBM? Then a brief overview of the 4 steps of EBM.
These slides have been used for starting a 1-day workshops in EBM
P-values the gold measure of statistical validity are not as reliable as many...David Pratap
This is an article that appeared in the NATURE as News Feature dated 12-February-2014. This article was presented in the journal club at Oman Medical College , Bowshar Campus on December, 17, 2015. This article was presented by Pratap David , Biostatistics Lecturer.
Pico framework for framing systematic review research questions - PubricaPubrica
P Patient, problem, population
I ‑ Intervention, prognostic factor, exposure
C ‑ Comparison
O ‑ Outcome
Continue Reading: https://bit.ly/3igMAQ4
For our services: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/systematic-review/
Why Pubrica:
When you order our services, We promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Biostatistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44- 74248 10299
1 1 unread reply. 1 1 reply. Information system proj.docxhoney725342
1 1 unread reply. 1 1 reply.
Information system projects range from very small, end-user development projects, to major implementations of enterprise systems. Regardless of size, they all have some common characteristics.
First, they require the effective use of project management tools and technologies that help keep the project on time, within budget, and meet objectives. The success rate for implementing a new information system is not good. This very poor success rate is due to a lack of proper project management.
Every project includes the same five variables that must be properly managed:
• Scope: what work is or is not included in a project.
• Time: establish timeframes for each component of a project.
• Cost: the amount of time multiplied by the cost of human resources required of a project.
• Quality: does the project improve organizational performance and decision making?
• Risk: potential problems that may threaten the project"’s success.
After reading the Managing Projects chapter in your text, respond to the following points and questions:
1.How much does project management impact the success of a new information system?
2.In your opinion, why do builders of new information systems need to address implementation and change management?
3.Why is it important to consider the end users in a new systems project?
4.It has been said that most information systems fail because system builders ignore organizational behavior problems. Why is this true?
5.Assume you are a project manager in a company that operates in many countries. What factors would you consider in order to effectively manage an information-systems project in a global setting as opposed to a project located only here in the USA? (You may want to read the Summary in this unit before you formulate your response.)
6.When you reply to your classmates, compare and contrast their findings and decisions with yours, paying particular attention to #4 and #5.
Title
ABC/123 Version X
1
Week 5 Programmatic Assessment
PSY/410 Version 5
University of Phoenix MaterialWeek Five Programmatic AssessmentScenario
Abby is a 20-year-old female college student. For at least the last 3 months, Abby has experienced ongoing anxiety and worry without a specific cause for these feelings. She has been restless and has noticed that her muscles feel tense and that these symptoms are beginning to affect her behavior in a way that is causing her to become distressed and that is preventing her from being able to complete her normal tasks. Abby correctly believed that it was normal to feel a little anxious sometimes; however, as the semester has progressed, she has not begun to feel significantly more comfortable.
On the recommendation of a friend, Abby visited the university’s counseling center and talked to Dr. Smith. Dr. Smith was warm and welcoming and, after discussing the limits of confidentiality with Abby and obtaining informed consent, encouraged Abby to describe her concerns. Dr. S ...
University of Phoenix Material Original workWeek Five Progra.docxbreaksdayle
University of Phoenix Material
Original work
Week Five Programmatic Assessment
Scenario
Abby is a 20-year-old female college student. For at least the last 3 months, Abby has experienced ongoing anxiety and worry without a specific cause for these feelings. She has been restless and has noticed that her muscles feel tense and that these symptoms are beginning to affect her behavior in a way that is causing her to become distressed and that is preventing her from being able to complete her normal tasks. Abby correctly believed that it was normal to feel a little anxious sometimes; however, as the semester has progressed, she has not begun to feel significantly more comfortable.
On the recommendation of a friend, Abby visited the university’s counseling center and talked to Dr. Smith. Dr. Smith was warm and welcoming and, after discussing the limits of confidentiality with Abby and obtaining informed consent, encouraged Abby to describe her concerns. Dr. Smith listened attentively and asked Abby a few questions. They both agreed on an appointment date and time for the next week. Dr. Smith gave Abby a homework assignment to keep a written log of the negative thoughts or assumptions she has during the week and the circumstances under which those thoughts occurred. Abby was asked to bring the log with her to her next appointment.
Short-Answer Questions
Answer the following questions based on the scenario above. Answers should be short and concise.
1.
Which DSM-5 disorder matches the symptoms Abby is reporting?
2.
Which theoretical model does the homework assigned by Dr. Smith match?
3.
If Dr. Smith recommended medications only, which theoretical model would this match?
4.
If Dr. Smith recommended medications in addition to therapy, which theoretical model would this match?
5.
If Dr. Smith completed a free association exercise with Abby, which theoretical model would this match?
6.
If Dr. Smith used unconditional positive regard in the treatment, which theoretical model would this match?
7.
If instead of the symptoms listed in the scenario, Abby reported the following:
She had been in a car accident where she feared for her life. She had sleep disturbances including nightmares and became uncomfortable at the thought of driving, to the point that she avoided driving. She now believes she is a horrible driver, although her friends assure her this is not true. If these symptoms have lasted for longer than a month, which DSM-5 disorder label might match her symptoms?
8.
If instead of the symptoms listed in the scenario, Abby reported the following:
Every day for the past 2 weeks she felt down or sad for most of the day, had noticed an increase in her appetite, had been unable to sleep or concentrate, and felt tired. Additionally, this was interfering with her goals and tasks, and she reported that she had never felt manic or hypomanic. Which DSM-5 disorder label might match her symptoms?
9.
If instead of the symptoms l.
Decision TreeNumber of Pages 5 (Double Spaced)Number of s.docxvickeryr87
Decision Tree
Number of Pages: 5 (Double Spaced)
Number of sources: 5
Writing Style: APA
Type of document: Research Paper
Academic Level:Master
Category: Nursing
VIP Support: N/A
Language Style: English (U.S.)
Order Instructions:
Assignment : Practicum: Decision Tree
For this Assignment, as you examine the client case study in this week’s Learning Resources, consider how you might assess and treat pediatric clients presenting symptoms of a mental health disorder.
Learning Objectives
Students will:
•
Evaluate clients for treatment of mental health disorders
•
Analyze decisions made throughout diagnosis and treatment of clients with mental health disorders
The Assignment:
Examine Case the case study: You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the diagnosis and treatment for this client. Be sure to consider co-morbid physical as well as mental factors that might impact the client’s diagnosis and treatment.
At each Decision Point, stop to complete the following:
Decision #1: Differential Diagnosis
o
Which Decision did you select?
o
Why did you select this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
o
What were you hoping to achieve by making this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
o
Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #1 and the results of the Decision. Why were they different?
Decision #2: Treatment Plan for Psychotherapy
o
Why did you select this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
o
What were you hoping to achieve by making this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
o
Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #2 and the results of the Decision. Why were they different?
Decision #3: Treatment Plan for Psychopharmacology
o
Why did you select this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
o
What were you hoping to achieve by making this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
o
Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #3 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?
•
Also include how ethical considerations might impact your treatment plan and communication with clients and their families.
The Case study: Anxiety disorder, OCD, or something else?
BACKGROUND
Tyrel is an 8-year-old black male who is brought in by his mother for a variety of psychiatric complaints. Shaquana, Tyrel’s mother, reports that Tyrel has been exhibiting a lot of worry and “nervousness” over the past 2 months. She states that she notices that he has been quite “keyed up” and spends a great deal of time worrying about “germs.” She states that he is constantly washing his hands because he feels as though he is going to get s.
Conference Abstract: Did you know that there are measurement experts who spend their lives researching the validity of different question styles and formats? How ’bout we spend 30 minutes reviewing some of the most relevant findings in survey methods research!? During this presentation, you will learn about fascinating topics such as the validity of true/false questions, when to use “none of the above” style questions, and which question styles will help you assess the information you are actually trying to asses (read= minimize bias and error)! Participants will be asked to vote on sample question strength, and recraft “before’s” into highly valid “after’s.”
Why bother with evidence-based practice?PaulGlasziou
An introduction to evidence-based medicine (EBM) with short section in history and why EBM? Then a brief overview of the 4 steps of EBM.
These slides have been used for starting a 1-day workshops in EBM
P-values the gold measure of statistical validity are not as reliable as many...David Pratap
This is an article that appeared in the NATURE as News Feature dated 12-February-2014. This article was presented in the journal club at Oman Medical College , Bowshar Campus on December, 17, 2015. This article was presented by Pratap David , Biostatistics Lecturer.
Pico framework for framing systematic review research questions - PubricaPubrica
P Patient, problem, population
I ‑ Intervention, prognostic factor, exposure
C ‑ Comparison
O ‑ Outcome
Continue Reading: https://bit.ly/3igMAQ4
For our services: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/systematic-review/
Why Pubrica:
When you order our services, We promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Biostatistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44- 74248 10299
1 1 unread reply. 1 1 reply. Information system proj.docxhoney725342
1 1 unread reply. 1 1 reply.
Information system projects range from very small, end-user development projects, to major implementations of enterprise systems. Regardless of size, they all have some common characteristics.
First, they require the effective use of project management tools and technologies that help keep the project on time, within budget, and meet objectives. The success rate for implementing a new information system is not good. This very poor success rate is due to a lack of proper project management.
Every project includes the same five variables that must be properly managed:
• Scope: what work is or is not included in a project.
• Time: establish timeframes for each component of a project.
• Cost: the amount of time multiplied by the cost of human resources required of a project.
• Quality: does the project improve organizational performance and decision making?
• Risk: potential problems that may threaten the project"’s success.
After reading the Managing Projects chapter in your text, respond to the following points and questions:
1.How much does project management impact the success of a new information system?
2.In your opinion, why do builders of new information systems need to address implementation and change management?
3.Why is it important to consider the end users in a new systems project?
4.It has been said that most information systems fail because system builders ignore organizational behavior problems. Why is this true?
5.Assume you are a project manager in a company that operates in many countries. What factors would you consider in order to effectively manage an information-systems project in a global setting as opposed to a project located only here in the USA? (You may want to read the Summary in this unit before you formulate your response.)
6.When you reply to your classmates, compare and contrast their findings and decisions with yours, paying particular attention to #4 and #5.
Title
ABC/123 Version X
1
Week 5 Programmatic Assessment
PSY/410 Version 5
University of Phoenix MaterialWeek Five Programmatic AssessmentScenario
Abby is a 20-year-old female college student. For at least the last 3 months, Abby has experienced ongoing anxiety and worry without a specific cause for these feelings. She has been restless and has noticed that her muscles feel tense and that these symptoms are beginning to affect her behavior in a way that is causing her to become distressed and that is preventing her from being able to complete her normal tasks. Abby correctly believed that it was normal to feel a little anxious sometimes; however, as the semester has progressed, she has not begun to feel significantly more comfortable.
On the recommendation of a friend, Abby visited the university’s counseling center and talked to Dr. Smith. Dr. Smith was warm and welcoming and, after discussing the limits of confidentiality with Abby and obtaining informed consent, encouraged Abby to describe her concerns. Dr. S ...
University of Phoenix Material Original workWeek Five Progra.docxbreaksdayle
University of Phoenix Material
Original work
Week Five Programmatic Assessment
Scenario
Abby is a 20-year-old female college student. For at least the last 3 months, Abby has experienced ongoing anxiety and worry without a specific cause for these feelings. She has been restless and has noticed that her muscles feel tense and that these symptoms are beginning to affect her behavior in a way that is causing her to become distressed and that is preventing her from being able to complete her normal tasks. Abby correctly believed that it was normal to feel a little anxious sometimes; however, as the semester has progressed, she has not begun to feel significantly more comfortable.
On the recommendation of a friend, Abby visited the university’s counseling center and talked to Dr. Smith. Dr. Smith was warm and welcoming and, after discussing the limits of confidentiality with Abby and obtaining informed consent, encouraged Abby to describe her concerns. Dr. Smith listened attentively and asked Abby a few questions. They both agreed on an appointment date and time for the next week. Dr. Smith gave Abby a homework assignment to keep a written log of the negative thoughts or assumptions she has during the week and the circumstances under which those thoughts occurred. Abby was asked to bring the log with her to her next appointment.
Short-Answer Questions
Answer the following questions based on the scenario above. Answers should be short and concise.
1.
Which DSM-5 disorder matches the symptoms Abby is reporting?
2.
Which theoretical model does the homework assigned by Dr. Smith match?
3.
If Dr. Smith recommended medications only, which theoretical model would this match?
4.
If Dr. Smith recommended medications in addition to therapy, which theoretical model would this match?
5.
If Dr. Smith completed a free association exercise with Abby, which theoretical model would this match?
6.
If Dr. Smith used unconditional positive regard in the treatment, which theoretical model would this match?
7.
If instead of the symptoms listed in the scenario, Abby reported the following:
She had been in a car accident where she feared for her life. She had sleep disturbances including nightmares and became uncomfortable at the thought of driving, to the point that she avoided driving. She now believes she is a horrible driver, although her friends assure her this is not true. If these symptoms have lasted for longer than a month, which DSM-5 disorder label might match her symptoms?
8.
If instead of the symptoms listed in the scenario, Abby reported the following:
Every day for the past 2 weeks she felt down or sad for most of the day, had noticed an increase in her appetite, had been unable to sleep or concentrate, and felt tired. Additionally, this was interfering with her goals and tasks, and she reported that she had never felt manic or hypomanic. Which DSM-5 disorder label might match her symptoms?
9.
If instead of the symptoms l.
Decision TreeNumber of Pages 5 (Double Spaced)Number of s.docxvickeryr87
Decision Tree
Number of Pages: 5 (Double Spaced)
Number of sources: 5
Writing Style: APA
Type of document: Research Paper
Academic Level:Master
Category: Nursing
VIP Support: N/A
Language Style: English (U.S.)
Order Instructions:
Assignment : Practicum: Decision Tree
For this Assignment, as you examine the client case study in this week’s Learning Resources, consider how you might assess and treat pediatric clients presenting symptoms of a mental health disorder.
Learning Objectives
Students will:
•
Evaluate clients for treatment of mental health disorders
•
Analyze decisions made throughout diagnosis and treatment of clients with mental health disorders
The Assignment:
Examine Case the case study: You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the diagnosis and treatment for this client. Be sure to consider co-morbid physical as well as mental factors that might impact the client’s diagnosis and treatment.
At each Decision Point, stop to complete the following:
Decision #1: Differential Diagnosis
o
Which Decision did you select?
o
Why did you select this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
o
What were you hoping to achieve by making this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
o
Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #1 and the results of the Decision. Why were they different?
Decision #2: Treatment Plan for Psychotherapy
o
Why did you select this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
o
What were you hoping to achieve by making this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
o
Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #2 and the results of the Decision. Why were they different?
Decision #3: Treatment Plan for Psychopharmacology
o
Why did you select this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
o
What were you hoping to achieve by making this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
o
Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #3 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?
•
Also include how ethical considerations might impact your treatment plan and communication with clients and their families.
The Case study: Anxiety disorder, OCD, or something else?
BACKGROUND
Tyrel is an 8-year-old black male who is brought in by his mother for a variety of psychiatric complaints. Shaquana, Tyrel’s mother, reports that Tyrel has been exhibiting a lot of worry and “nervousness” over the past 2 months. She states that she notices that he has been quite “keyed up” and spends a great deal of time worrying about “germs.” She states that he is constantly washing his hands because he feels as though he is going to get s.
Running head SMITH TREATMENT PLAN1SMITH TREATMENT PLAN3.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: SMITH TREATMENT PLAN
1
SMITH TREATMENT PLAN
3
Treatment Plan Grading Rubric
Element
Criteria
Points
Possible
Points Earned
Instructor’s Comments
Content of Treatment Plan
Additional screening and assessment instruments identified with BioPsychoSocialSpiritual (BPSS) and explained
Diagnoses clearly identified and are accurate. (DSM codes needed). Consideration of self-report vs other sources of information appropriately Comment by Jill: See bubbled comments below Comment by Jill: See bubbled comments below and read comments this page
Treatment Plan: Clearly address current functioning, mental health, substance use, and faith/spirituality with thorough recommendations with plan following Comment by Jill: See bubbled comments below and read comments this page
Relevant details identified from Perkinson, Jongsma, and Bruce (2014) and other course resources
Clearly identified best treatment setting Comment by Jill: See bubbled comments below and read comments this page Comment by Jill:
Conclusions
32
23
Co-Occurring Disorder (COD) is actually the concern here with 3 areas operating related to alcohol, opioids, and depression. Benzodiazepenes could be added as a 4th, but can be determined after detox. Further investigation is needed after suicidality and overdosing more than once regarding self reported, but unconfirmed, BiPolar mental illness, as well. It would not be appropriate to ignore any one of the areas above especially in one with suicidal ideations and her past history of comas. Future opioids should come through her psychiatrist only unless communication is established between you, psychiatrist and pain doctor. You will need third party waivers signed by client from start of therapy to communicate with any previous psychiatrist and pain doctors, who can be determined. These plans always offer ongoing evaluation and continual review open to additions and changes as the case moves forward to prioritize necessities and meet previously undisclosed or unknown concerns. These can be updated in the treatment plan and are also noted in the progress notes. Your codes needed to be more specific on both of the substances and depression.
Diagnostic Impressions is not the same as the diagnostic portion. Setting is not clear other than detox. Spirituality is addressed but would not be a coded problem. Conclusion is noted
APA Format
Title Page in current APA format with running head in correct APA style
Font, level headings, margins are in correct APA Style
Citations properly used in all needed places and match reference list
If quotations are include, all APA requirements are met, not used unnecessarily/excessively.
Plagiarism free*
Reference Page is in current APA format
* Higher deduction and other consequences might be applied for plagiarism.
10
10
Most of your attention to APA detail is fine for a paper of this nature.
Grammar/Writing
Sentences: coherent, varied, complete, clear, and concise wording
Punctuation including prop ...
SW 210Virtual Field Trip Assignment InstructionsFor this assignmAlleneMcclendon878
SW 210
Virtual Field Trip Assignment Instructions
For this assignment, you will explore the impact of transportation issues on child welfare, from the point of view of a parent. Consider the situation outlined below:The Situation
You are a single parent with three children (ages 2, 6, and 7). You and your children live in public housing (McKenzie Courts, Tuscaloosa, Alabama). You have very limited resources – nothing extra most months. You rely on public transportation for the majority of your errands. However, your sister has a car and is willing to help when she can, but she works. Her schedule changes weekly. You also have a caseworker at DHR that can access some support services if you plan ahead. Today you have an appointment at DHR at 9:30 a.m. but your youngest child is home not feeling well. You have made her an appointment at University Medical Center. They can see her at 1:00 p.m. Your other two children will be getting home from school around 3:30. Today is also the day you have parenting classes that are court-ordered. Your classes are held at Tuscaloosa’s One Place at 5:00 p.m. for one hour. Childcare is provided at these classes.Questions
After reviewing the situation, compose answers to the following questions:
1. Can you make all your appointments today using public transportation? (Refer to tuscaloosatransit.com)
2. How much will it cost?
3. What other options do you have?
4.
What will you do if you are running behind?
Nursing 211
Mental Health Nursing
Clinical Homework on Communication
Read
Chapter 9 (Therapeutic Communication) of your required textbook, Varcarolis'
Foundations of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing by M.J. Halter. Based on your reading,
respond to the following questions
(must be typed, 12-point font size, double-spaced with proper grammar/spelling, and pages stapled). A hard copy of the paper must be submitted in clinical next week. Be prepared to discuss your answers.
1. Identify at least six therapeutic verbal communication techniques.
Explain each one and
come up with your own example.
2. Identify at least six nontherapeutic verbal communication techniques.
Explain each one and provide an example.
Nursing 211
Mental Health Nursing
Student Name _________________________________________ Date___________________
Case Study
Myles is a 20-year-old man who was brought to the emergency room by the campus police of the college from which he had been suspended several months ago. A professor had called and reported that Myles walked into his classroom yelling and accusing him of taking his tuition money.
Although Myles had much academic success as a teenager, his behavior has become increasingly odd during the past year. He quit seeing his friends and no longer seems to care about his appearance or social pursuits. He began wearing the same clothes each day and seldom bathed. He lives with several family members but rarely ...
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• Paranoid Schizophrenia
After clicking a disorder, click the Diagnostic Overview tab in the left column. This will cover the major diagnostic features of the disorder. After that, click the DSM-5 Features tab. You can then go though the Case History, Interview, and Treatment sections on the website. Finally, in the Assessment section, you can complete an optional multiple-choice quiz. You have to write a case report for each case study.
The format for the sample report is as follows:
Your Name
Instructor's Name
Class/Section Number
Background
• Outline the major symptoms of this disorder.
• Briefly outline the client's background (age, race, occupations, etc.).
• Describe any factors in the client's background that might predispose him or her to this disorder.
Observations
• Describe any symptoms that you have observed that support the diagnosis. You can include direct quotes or behaviors that you may have observed.
• Describe any symptoms or behaviors that are inconsistent with the diagnosis.
• Provide any information that you have about the development of this disorder.
Diagnosis
• Did you observe any evidence of general medical conditions that might contribute to the development of this disorder?
• Did you observe any evidence of psychosocial and environmental problems that might contribute to this disorder?
• As per your observations, what is the client’s overall level of safety regarding potential harm to self or others (suicidality or homicidality)?
• What cross-cultural issues, if any, affect the differential diagnosis?
Therapeutic Intervention
• In your opinion, what are the appropriate short-term goals of this intervention?
• In your opinion, what are the appropriate long-term goals of this intervention?
• Which therapeutic strategy seems the most appropriate in this case? Why?
• Which therapeutic modality seems the most appropriate in this case? Why?
APA format
Diagnostic overview
Schizophrenia is the most debilitating form of mental illness . This disorder which can come on quite suddenly distorts a person thoughts , perceptions and mood, and leaves them unable to meet the ordinary demands of life .
There is no single test to determine who suffers from schizophrenia. Instead the diagnoses is made when a person expresses a collection set of symptoms. The symptoms can be divided into three categories. One positive symptoms two negative symptoms and three social dysfunction.
One positive sentence
Positive symptoms include overt behaviors that are unusual and that interferes with the persons ability to interact in a daily life. The Two most common types of positive symptoms include delusional and hallucinations. It is essential to understand the difference between these two.
A delusion is a firmly held beliefs that is not grounded in real life. There are many types of delusions for example when a person vastly overestimate his or her importance we would ...
Chief compliant(CC) Joshuas hyperactive and attentional difficultJinElias52
Chief compliant(CC) Joshua's hyperactive and attentional difficulties have been exhibited both at school and at home.
HISTORY: Joshua is a Hispanic or Latino 10-year-old boy. This evaluation was requested because
mother is worried about patient's aggressive behavior toward his younger brother and ADHD
symptoms. Mother report that patient was diagnosed at age 6 by pediatrician with ADHD,
medication was started at that time (mother unable to remember name) until age 9. Mother stopped
administering medication because it caused decrease appetite, insomnia and weight loss. Patient
is not currently taking any medication at this time.
Behavior Described In:
Symptoms/ behavior Joshua exhibits symptoms of inattention. He reports difficulty sustaining attention. His mind
wanders or he forgets. He does not seem to listen when spoken to directly. He often needs
directions repeated. Joshua is easily distracted by noises. by the radio. by other people. Joshua
needs supervision or frequent redirection. He has a short attention span.
Joshua exhibits signs of hyperactivity. He exhibits restlessness or fidgety behavior. This
behavior is evident during school hours. He tends to frequently leave his seat. He is
easily bored and changes activities frequently. Joshua 's excessive movement has been noted. He
is fidgety or squirms when required to sit still for a period of time. He frequently jumps or climbs.
Joshua exhibits signs of impulsive behavior. He frequently interrupts others. He often acts
in a reckless manner. He has difficulty accepting limits.
Joshua has other exhibited symptoms.
He exhibits stubborn or willful behavior.
EXAM: Joshua appears flat, inattentive, distracted, normal weight, He exhibits speech that is
normal in rate, volume, and articulation and is coherent and spontaneous. Language skills are
intact. Affect is appropriate, full range, and congruent with mood. Associations are intact and
logical. There are no apparent signs of hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behaviors, or other
indicators of psychotic process. Associations are intact, thinking is logical, and thought content
appears appropriate. Suicidal ideas or intentions are denied. Homicidal ideas or intentions are
denied. There are signs of anxiety. A short attention span is evident. Judgment appears to be
poor. Insight into problems appears to be poor. He is easily distracted. Joshua is restless. Joshua is
fidgety. There is physical hyperactivity. Joshua displayed defiant behavior during the examination.
Joshua made poor eye contact during the examination. Vocabulary and fund of knowledge indicate
cognitive functioning in the normal range. Cognitive functioning and fund of knowledge are intact
and age appropriate. Short- and long-term memory are intact, as is ability to abstract and do
Assignment 2: Comprehensive Psychiatric Evaluation and Patient Case Presentation
Comprehensive psychiatric evaluations are a way to reflect on your practicum experiences and connect the experiences ...
As a clinical social worker it is important to understand group .docxwraythallchan
As a clinical social worker it is important to understand group typology in order to choose the appropriate group method for a specific population or problem. Each type of group has its own approach and purpose. Two of the more frequently used types of groups are task groups and intervention groups.
For this Assignment, review the “Cortez Multimedia” case study, and identify a target behavior or issue that needs to be ameliorated, decreased, or increased. In a 2- to 4-page report, complete the following:
Choose either a treatment group or task group as your intervention for Paula Cortez.
Identify the model of treatment group (i.e., support, education, teams, or treatment conferences).
Using the typologies described in the Toseland & Rivas (2017) piece, describe the characteristics of your group. For instance, if you choose a treatment group that is a support group, what would be the purpose, leadership, focus, bond, composition, and communication?
Include the advantages and disadvantages of using this type of group as an intervention.
By Day 7
Submit
your Assignment.
Required Readings
Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen, S. M. (Eds.). (2014).
Social work case studies: Concentration year
. Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing [Vital Source e-reader].
“Working With Groups: Latino Patients Living With HIV/AIDS” (pp. 39–41)
Toseland, R. W., & Rivas, R. F. (2017). An introduction to group work practice (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Chapter 11, “Task Groups: Foundation Methods” (pp. 336-363)
Chapter 12, “Task Groups: Specialized Methods” (pp. 364–395)
Himalhoch, S., Medoff, D. R., & Oyeniyi, G. (2007). Efficacy of group psychotherapy to reduce depressive symptoms among HIV-infected individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
AIDS Patient Care and STDs,
21
(10), 732–739
Lasky, G. B., & Riva, M. T. (2006). Confidentiality and privileged communication in group psychotherapy.
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
,
56
(4), 455–476.
Toseland, R. W., & Rivas, R. F. (2017).
An introduction to group work practice
(8th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Chapter 1, “Introduction” (pp. 1–42)
Chapter 2, “Historical and Theoretical Developments” (pp. 45–66)
Required Media
Walden University. (n.d.). Cortez multimedia: A meeting of an interdisciplinary team.
MSW Interactive Homepage
[Multimedia file]. Retrieved from https://class.waldenu.edu
Note:
The approximate length of this media piece is 8 minutes.
A Meeting of an Interdisciplinary Team
Paula has just been involuntarily hospitalized and placed on the psychiatric unit, for a minimum of 72 hours, for observation. Paula was deemed a suicidal risk after an assessment was completed by the social worker. The social worker observed that Paula appeared to be rapidly decompensating, potentially placing herself and her pregnancy at risk.
Paula just recently announced to the social worker that she is pregnant. She has been unsure whet.
Running head: Depression disorder 1
2
Depression disorder
Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression Disorder
August 6, 2019
Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression Disorder
Depression is a mental disorder that has both social and health effects to individuals worldwide. Reports from the WHO suggest that depressive disorders form a significant percentage of the total number of deaths reported in both developed and developing countries. Depressive disorders are also a major cause of disability (U.S. Department of Health, 2017). Depression is treatable. The commonly used treatments of depression include psychotherapy and drugs. Studies suggest that there are various effective strategies available for use to improve the depression symptoms such as the integration between specialist and primary health care. The severity of depression varies from patient to patient. DSM-5 is the commonly used diagnostic criteria used to differentiate depressive disorders from sadness (Gore & Widiger, 2013). The criterion was developed in the United States and has been used extensively in psychiatric research. The model stipulates the threshold that the signs and symptoms of depression must meet to justify a diagnosis. This research analyzes Eliza Doolittle’s psychosocial assessment and treatment plan.
Intake
Eliza Doolittle is an eighteen years old girl. Her residence at the time of the visit was a school dormitory where she lived with her friends. Eliza stated the reason for her visit was due to being sent home from school. The depressive symptoms that Eliza experienced were anxiety or stress and low self-esteem. Eliza is the only child in her family. Her father is Burt, and her mothers name is Joan. She denied being on any medication for mental health at this time. She also added that she had not encountered any stressful experiences in her life.
Eliza completed the DSM-5 Self-Rated Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure (CCM-1) for adults, which is a questionnaire with the various depressive symptoms. This questionnaire enables the healthcare professional to identify the depressive symptoms that Eliza might have had in the last two weeks before her visit. According to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, Eliza must have experienced at least five symptoms of depression in the same two weeks period. Eliza must have at least one of the following symptoms to warrant a diagnosis. These include: loss of pleasure in usual activities, loss of self-worth or suicidal, fatigue, weight loss, tiredness, inability to think correctly, loss of energy and loss of appetite.
Biopsychosocial Assessment
Eliza was identified as a Caucasian female who was a first-year college student studying engineering. Eliza’s parents live in a town, which is about two hours away from the health center. Eliza was sent to counseling because she was found with alcohol in the dormitory although she claimed she w ...
Assignment 1 Creating a Single-System (Subject) Design StudyThe.docxcarlibradley31429
Assignment 1: Creating a Single-System (Subject) Design Study
The steps at the heart of single-system (subject) research are part of the everyday practice of social work. Each day social workers implement interventions to meet clients’ needs and monitor results. However, conducting proper single-system (subject) research entails far more than these simple day-to-day practices. Proper single-system research requires a high degree of knowledge and commitment. Social workers must fully understand the purpose of single-system (subject) research and the variations of single-system (subject) design. They must develop a hypothesis based upon research and select the right design for testing it. They must ensure the reliability and validity of the data to be collected and know how to properly analyze and evaluate that data. This assignment asks you to rise to the challenge of creating a proposal for a single-subject research study.
To prepare for this Assignment, imagine that you are the social worker assigned to work with Paula Cortez (see the case study, “Social Work Research: Single Subject” in this week’s resources). After an initial assessment of her social, medical, and psychiatric problems, you develop a plan for intervention. You also develop a plan to monitor progress in your work with her using measures that can be evaluated in a single-system research design. As a scholar practitioner, you rely on research to help plan your intervention and your evaluation plan.
Complete the Cortez Family interactive media in this week’s resources. Conduct a literature search related to the chronic issues related to HIV/AIDS and bipolar mental disorder. Search for additional research related to assessing outcomes and theoretical frameworks appropriate for this client. For example, your search could include terms such as motivational interviewing and outcomes and goal-oriented practice and outcomes. You might also look at the NREPP database identified in Week 1, to search for interventions related to mental health and physical health.
Submit
a 5-page proposal/research plan for single-system (subject) evaluation for your work with Paula Cortez. Identify the problems that you will target and the outcomes you will measure, select an appropriate intervention or interventions (including length of time), and identify an appropriate evaluation plan.
Include a description of:
·
The problem(s) that are the focus of treatment
·
The intervention approach, including length of time, so that it can be replicated
A summary of the literature that you reviewed that led you to select this intervention approach
·
The purpose for conducting a single-system (subject) research evaluation
·
The measures for evaluating the outcomes and observing change including:
Evidence from your literature search about the nature of the measures
The validity and reliability of the measures
How baseline measures will be obtained
How often follow-up measures will be ad.
Assignment Assessing and Treating Patients With ADHDNot onl.docxsalmonpybus
Assignment: Assessing and Treating Patients With ADHD
Not only do children and adults have different presentations for ADHD, but males and females may also have vastly different clinical presentations. Different people may also respond to medication therapies differently. For example, some ADHD medications may cause children to experience stomach pain, while others can be highly addictive for adults. In your role, as a psychiatric nurse practitioner, you must perform careful assessments and weigh the risks and benefits of medication therapies for patients across the life span. For this Assignment, you consider how you might assess and treat patients presenting with ADHD.
To prepare for this Assignment:
Review this week’s Learning Resources, including the Medication Resources indicated for this week.
Reflect on the psychopharmacologic treatments you might recommend for the assessment and treatment of patients with ADHD.
The Assignment: 5 pages
Examine
Case Study: A Young Caucasian Girl with ADHD.
You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the medication to prescribe to this patient. Be sure to consider factors that might impact the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.
At each decision point, you should evaluate all options before selecting your decision and moving throughout the exercise. Before you make your decision, make sure that you have researched each option and that you evaluate the decision that you will select. Be sure to research each option using the primary literature.
Introduction to the case (1 page)
Briefly explain and summarize the case for this Assignment. Be sure to include the specific patient factors that may impact your decision making when prescribing medication for this patient.
Decision #1 (1 page)
Which decision did you select?
Why did you select this decision? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
Why did you not select the other two options provided in the exercise? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources (including the primary literature).
Explain how ethical considerations may impact your treatment plan and communication with patients. Be specific and provide examples.
Decision #2 (1 page)
Why did you select this decision? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
Why did you not select the other two options provided in the exercise? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and referenc.
Final Test and AssessmentNameUniversityDat.docxAKHIL969626
Final Test and Assessment
Name
University
Date
Running Head: FINAL TEST AND ASSESSMENT 1
FINAL TEST AND ASSESSMENT 6
Client: Barbara B.
Date of birth: 2/20/1993
Evaluated by:
Case No.: 1234
Date of Evaluation: 3/25/15
Date of Report: 2/25/18
PURPOSE FOR EVALUATION:
Barbara is a 22-year-old recent college graduate. She is currently employed as an entry-level account representative in a large advertising agency, a job she recently started about three months ago in a large city in the Northeast. She made a self-referral for assessment, reporting that she has been feeling tired and lacking in energy for about four weeks. Barbara reported that two months ago she started missing college life and friends and was also feeling a dislike for her job. She further reported a loss of interest in socializing, making new friends, performing daily routines such as exercising and trouble with concentration. Barbara also found herself questioning her vocational choice and finds she has difficulty keeping her mind on her work. Barbara recognizes that this is not normal and realized the need to refer herself for professional help. A psychological assessment was requested to gain more information about her present functioning and to aid in a diagnosis and treatment plan for Barbara.
BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATIONS
Barbara arrived for her appointment on time and was open in discussing her history and present concerns. She did note that she had overslept and rushed to keep the appointment, so she had not eaten that morning. She completed the assessments in a thoughtful manner, occasionally asking clarifying questions. She had some difficulty in responding to the projective tests, stating she was worried she would give incorrect answers.
ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES
Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale - Fourth Edition
Clinical Assessment of Depression (CAD)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® Personal Impact Report
Sentence Completion Test
House Tree Person Test
Holland Code Career Test
INFORMATION ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES
Development History Form
Interviews
Primary Sources Inventory
Review of medical reports
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Family/Social:
Barbara reports no family history of emotional, behavioral, educational, substance or medical difficulties.
Education History:
Barbara finished elementary and high school with no reported issues and grades consisted of A’s and B’s. Barbara completed college and received her BA and reported grades of A’s and B’s. There was no history of learning or behavioral problems in school.
Medical History:
Barbara reports normal birth with no prematurity. No difficulties reported in birth. No reported use of alcohol or drugs while in utero. All developmental milestones were reached as normal. Barbara reports no history of injury or illness.
Current medical concerns Barbara reports are fatigue, sleep problems and low energy.
Psychiatric History:
Barbara reports ...
As a clinical social worker it is important to understand group .docxssusera34210
As a clinical social worker it is important to understand group typology in order to choose the appropriate group method for a specific population or problem. Each type of group has its own approach and purpose. Two of the more frequently used types of groups are task groups and intervention groups.
For this Assignment, review the “Cortez Multimedia” case study, and identify a target behavior or issue that needs to be ameliorated, decreased, or increased. In a 2- to 4-page report, complete the following:
Choose either a treatment group or task group as your intervention for Paula Cortez.
Identify the model of treatment group (i.e., support, education, teams, or treatment conferences).
Using the typologies described in the Toseland & Rivas (2017) piece, describe the characteristics of your group. For instance, if you choose a treatment group that is a support group, what would be the purpose, leadership, focus, bond, composition, and communication?
Include the advantages and disadvantages of using this type of group as an intervention.
REQUIRED resource for assignment
A Meeting of an Interdisciplinary Team
Paula has just been involuntarily hospitalized and placed on the psychiatric unit, for a minimum of 72 hours, for observation. Paula was deemed a suicidal risk after an assessment was completed by the social worker. The social worker observed that Paula appeared to be rapidly decompensating, potentially placing herself and her pregnancy at risk.
Paula just recently announced to the social worker that she is pregnant. She has been unsure whether she wanted to continue the pregnancy or terminate. Paula also told the social worker she is fearful of the father of the baby, and she is convinced he will try to hurt her. He has started to harass, stalk, and threaten her at all hours of the day. Paula began to exhibit increased paranoia and reported she started smoking again to calm her nerves. She also stated she stopped taking her psychiatric medications and has been skipping some of her
HIV
medications.
The following is an interdisciplinary team meeting being held in a conference room at the hospital. Several members of Paula’s team (HIV doctor, psychiatrist, social worker, and OB nurse) have gathered to discuss the precipitating factors to this hospitalization. The intent is to craft a plan of action to address Paula's noncompliance with her medications, increased paranoia, and the pregnancy.
Click one the above images to begin the conversation.
Physician
Dialogue 1
Paula is a complicated patient, and she presents with a complicated situation. She is HIV positive, has Hepatitis C, and multiple foot ulcers that can be debilitating at times. Paula has always been inconsistent with her HIV meds—no matter how often I explain the need for consistent compliance in order to maintain her health. Paula has exhibited a lack of insight into her medical conditions and the need to follow instructions. Frankly, I was astonished an.
Amplified Adolescent Anxiety During A PandemicCyndy McDonald
In normal times teenagers experience a great amount of stress and anxiety. This stress and anxiety has been amplified during the pandemic. One of the greatest contributors has been the uncertainty around standardized testing options. If students can't go to school, how are they supposed to go take an exam?
Reply to Comment· Collapse SubdiscussionEmilia EgwimEmil.docxlillie234567
Reply to Comment
·
Collapse SubdiscussionEmilia Egwim
Emilia Egwim
8:33amDec 21 at 8:33am
Manage Discussion Entry
Discussion for Comprehensive Focused Soap Psychiatric Evaluation
Hello Lovelyne
Great presentation; I really enjoy reading your presentation about your patient Joey which is very informative. Autism Spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is associated with tenacious predicaments in social communication and interaction in addition with limited, continual model of behaviors. According to study by Fitzpatrick et al; indicated that aggression behavior are noted to be increased in individual with ASD than when compared with other neurodevelopmental impairments (2016). This aggressive behavioral issues has been indicated by studies to relate with obstructive consequences for children diagnosed with ASD and their care providers resulting in reduced quality of life, heightened stress levels and decreased accessibility of educational and social adaptation/acceptance. Studies indicated that establishing effective therapeutic and pharmacological intervention approach for treatment as well as preventing aggressive behavior is imperative for reaching to better outcomes for individual with ASD. The patient in this case presentation had history of ASD and endorses aggression and self-injuries behaviors which have been indicated by various studies to associated with ASD and other manifestation including hyperactive, impulsive, inattentive behavior, unusual mood or emotional reaction.
To answer your question “
Is Risperidone FDA approved for patients with Autism”
Based on various studies, Risperidone and aripiprazole are approved by FDA and recommended for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar for adult and adolescent including children with Autism Spectrum disorder around age 5 to 16 years. The Risperidone an antipsychotic medication was recommended to treat the aggression, irritability and mood swings associated with ASD. According to study; Risperidone has been effecting in treating symptoms of aggression and irritability between the age of 5 and 6 years distinctly that is associated with ASD, however, there’s no FDA approved medication for treatment of core sign and symptoms of ASD (Alayouf et al, 2021). There have been several controversy surrounding the use of Risperidone in which several clinician trials conducted reported that the medication was effective for the agitation, aggression and irritability often observed in autism patient, but was less effective in treating the core symptoms of Autism and other argument including the undesirable side effects that are associated with the medication and most significant of which is weight gain from an increased appetite. Other several medication as well as off-label prescription has been indicated to be effective such as treatment with SSRIs, CNS stimulants, NMDA-receptor antagonists, and including other agents (LeClerc & Easley, 2015). I completely agree with th.
Similar to Title abc123 version x1week 5 programmatic assessment (20)
(Need in 2 hours) 100 plagiarism freeIn our society as we deal .docxraju957290
(Need in 2 hours) 100% plagiarism free
In our society as we deal on a daily basis with threats and opportunities we often don’t consider the events that got us to where we are today. We just try to work ahead and make something that is new or better than what we perceive we have now. In doing so we may be repeating mistakes from the past and we may be overlooking some success that has already occurred. Itis important to know the history of the type of venture that we are engaged in so that we can use our time and resources efficiently. This can certainly be said of police/citizen relations.
For this week’s assignment consider how American policing has evolved from its earliest beginnings until now. Analyze the memorable events and remarkable people who influenced the development of our system and describe why changes were made and how effective they have been. Critically examine the early founding principles of policing, such as those suggested by Sir Robert Peel and apply those principles to what is actually happening today.
Write a 1 page APA style paper. Only the body of the paper will count toward the word requirement (title page and references are in addition to the 1 pages)
In your paper, cite at least 2-3 references using the APA style guide format for in-text citation.
Only one reference may be found on the internet. The other references must be found in the library (this includes EBSCO Host and the Gale Criminal Justice
Collection
).
Click
here
to view your assignment rubric.
.
(Minimum of 250 words with peer review reference ) I am a nurse.docxraju957290
(Minimum of 250 words with peer review reference )
I am a nurse working in the emergency room)
In your own words, define
translational research
and how it connects to your role, either individually or in collective practice. Describe how you might use it in your current or anticipated future setting.
.
(minimum of 250 words with peer review reference) Topic 8 DQ 1.docxraju957290
(minimum of 250 words with peer review reference)
Topic 8 DQ 1
Open and clear communication is critical for the effective functioning of the interprofessional team and the delivery of safe patient care. Discuss the way communication technologies can enhance coordination of care by interprofessional teams. Be sure to discuss a specific communication technology in your response.
.
(Links to an external site.) (Links to an external site.) (Links.docxraju957290
(Links to an external site.)
(Links to an external site.)
(Links to an external site.)
(Links to an external site.)
(Links to an external site.)
(Links to an external site.)
(Links to an external site.)
Feminism
We will be working on strengthening our ability to properly cite our philosophers with this discussion post looking again specifically at author-date in-text citations. We will not be providing bibliographic entries for this post.
I have provided a copy of the notes from our earlier discussion below for reference.
For in-text citations we will use this recipe:
"These are some example words as might be quoted by a student of philosophy" (Author's Last Name Most Recent Copyright Date of the actual Text you are referencing, page number again from the actual text you are referencing). i.e. "But enough. It is now time to leave---for me to die, and for you to live--though which of us has the better destiny is unclear to everyone, save only to God" (Plato 2011, 50). This is a reference to our class's textbook so notice it is that copyright date and that page. Think of these citations as breadcrumbs that can lead your reader to the exact quote in the exact book so they can read more if they so choose.
Assignment:
This assignment is going to be a bit different than what we have done in the past as it will involve trying to put yourself into the headspace or mindset of another classmate.
Two Texts:
We have two (2) texts for this module on feminist theory and epistemologies. We have the French existential feminist philosopher Simone De Beauvoir whose introduction to the
The Second Sex
asks us to take a critical look at what society claims, demands, and promulgates that a woman is. We are introduced to a concept of gender as possibly being different than sex. We are provided with an idea that biology might be different than the socialization or social construction involved in performing a gender or being gendered. Her thoughts center around notions of freedom and the opposite, what is named by her (and also written about by Jean Paul Sartre) as acting in "bad faith". We often avoid our freedom by giving our choices to others. We treat ourselves (like we might poorly treat others) as objects rather than being authentic and participating in our own expansive transformative growth. Beauvoir provocatively then suggests that one is not born a woman but rather becomes one.
Maria Lugones and Elizabeth Spelman provide an overview and critique of feminist theories and the practices born of them. They expose the difficulties of theorizing for a broad array of women as though there might be some one-size-fits-all way of talking about the lives of women. They connect this historical difficulty in a delightful way to their own working relationship as being a Latina and a white/Anglo woman. Through their discussion we are given a retelling of the ongoing disappointment, not only of women often not being allowed a place to speak from, b.
(Need in 5 hours no essay short answer 100 plagiarism free)De.docxraju957290
(Need in 5 hours no essay short answer 100% plagiarism free)
Describe how other ethical systems define what is moral- specifically, ethics of virtue, natural law, religion, and ethics of
care
.
What are the principles of ethical decision making?
Describe the steps in analyzing an ethical dilemma.
Under corrective justice, distinguish between substantive and procedural justice.
What steps should organizational leaders take to encourage ethical decision making on the part of employees?
Provide justification for police power and the basic ethical standards that derive from this justification and what are the ethical issues involved in proactive & reactive investigations?
Describe the types of misconduct by community corrections professionals and provide some of the explanations for this misconduct.
What are the elements of any ethical system?
Discuss three of the five types of police misconduct, with examples of each type.
.
(minimum of 250 words with peer review reference) What t.docxraju957290
(minimum of 250 words with peer review reference)
What types of obstacles/objections do leaders face from stakeholders when implementing change within an organization? What strategies can leaders use to work with stakeholders, remove obstacles, and address objections?
.
(Page 132) G. Prewriting Using the Toulmin Model to Get Ideas for.docxraju957290
(Page 132) G. Prewriting: Using the Toulmin Model to Get Ideas for a Position Paper
You have used the Toulmin model in Exercises B through F to read and analyze other people’s argument. Now use it to identify the main parts of an argument you will write. You may use the model to help you plan any argument paper. Use the Toulmin model as a prewriting exercise to help you develop ideas for a position paper.
1. Write the claim. All of the rest of your paper will support this claim.
2. Write the support. Write two or three subclaims you will develop in the paper. To help you do this, write the word “because” after the claim, and list reasons that support it. Also jot down ideas for specific support for these subclaims, such as examples, facts, opinions, or visual images that come from your reading of the essays or from your own experience.
Student Paper #1
Sofia Diallou
Professor Miller
English 101
12 Feb. 2016
Toulmin Analysis of the “Road Trip” Cartoon
Identifies claim and support.
The reader has to infer the claim of this cartoon since it is not directly stated. The claim is that screens have replaced face-to-face conversation as the primary way people now interact with each other. The support is provided by the driver of the car, who notes how much lonelier car trips have become, and the other passengers, all of whom are focused on their smartphones and tablets.
Analyzes warrant.
The implied warrant is that screen-based technology makes us more isolated and disconnected from each other.
Identifies backing.
The backing is also implied and reinforced by the picture. It suggests that road trips are valuable opportunities for connection and conversation that many families are giving up. It also reinforces the common belief that interacting with screens is more appealing than interacting directly with people face-to-face.
Infers rebuttal.
No direct rebuttal or qualifier appears in this cartoon. I think, however, that this cartoon could be considered as a rebuttal to those who think that screen-based communication is always superior to face-to-face communication. As a rebuttal, this cartoon highlights the negative consequences of embracing screen-based communication.
3. Write the warrants. Decide whether to spell out the warrants in your paper or to leave them implicit so that the reading audience will have to infer them.
4. Decide on the backing. Assume that your classmates are your audience. They may be reading drafts of your paper. In your judgment, will some of them require backing for any of your warrants because they will not agree with them otherwise? If so, how can you back these warrants? Write out your ideas.
5. Plan rebuttal. Think about the positions others may hold on this issue. You identified some of these positions in your exploratory paper. Write out your strategies for weakening these arguments.
6. Decide whether to qualify the claim to make it more convincing to more people. Write one or more qualifiers that might work.
Read what.
(Normal Curves, 2013)In the video, Normal Curves, there is .docxraju957290
(Normal Curves, 2013)
In the video, Normal Curves, there is a discussion about how and why different types of data are normally distributed. (A simple Internet search will give you several good examples.
For your initial post, identify (but don't collect) a type of dataset that might be normally distributed, and then answer the following questions:
What is brief description of the data?
Is the data normally distributed? Specifically, why is the data not uniformly distributed, or distributed in some other way?
Normal data is clustered around the mean; what might cause the data you identified to have a different shape and not be clustered around the mean?
Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with citations and references in APA format.
.
(minimum of 250 words with peer review reference) Review HIPAA.docxraju957290
(minimum of 250 words with peer review reference)
Review HIPAA, protected health information (PHI), and requirements for privacy and confidentiality in EHRs. Discuss one ethical and one legal issue related to the use of EHRs that directly impact advanced registered nursing practice. Discuss possible consequences for compromising patient data and measures you can implement in your own practice to protect patient privacy and confidentiality.
.
(minimum of 250 words with peer review reference)Topic 8 DQ .docxraju957290
(minimum of 250 words with peer review reference)
Topic 8 DQ 1
How could Christian perspectives prevent an employee from performing their required duties? As an HR representative, what legal and ethical responsibilities do you have to ensure all employees views and beliefs are being considered?
.
(minimum of 250 words with peer review reference)Topic 7 D.docxraju957290
(minimum of 250 words with peer review reference)
Topic 7 DQ 2
Review HIPAA, protected health information (PHI), and requirements for privacy and confidentiality in EHRs. Discuss one ethical and one legal issue related to the use of EHRs that directly impact advanced registered nursing practice. Discuss possible consequences for compromising patient data and measures you can implement in your own practice to protect patient privacy and confidentiality.
.
(Sample) Safety and Health Training Plan 1.0 Intro.docxraju957290
(Sample)
Safety and Health Training Plan
1.0 Introduction
Training is one of the most important components within our company’s safety management system. It gives
employees an opportunity to learn their jobs properly, bring new ideas into the workplace, reinforce existing ideas
and practices, and it helps to put our Safety and Health Program into action.
Everyone in our company will benefit from safety and health training through fewer workplace injuries and illnesses,
reduced stress, and higher morale. Productivity, profits, and competitiveness will increase as production costs per
unit, turnover, and workers compensation rates lower.
2.0 Management commitment.
We (or company name) will provide the necessary funds and scheduling time to ensure effective safety and health
training is provided. This commitment will include paid work time for training and training in the language that the
worker understands. Both management and employees will be involved in developing the program.
To most effectively carry out their safety responsibilities, all employees must understand (1) their role in the program,
(2) the hazards and potential hazards that need to be prevented or controlled, and (3) the ways to protect themselves
and others. We will achieve these goals by:
• educating everyone on the natural and system consequences of their actions;
• educating all managers, supervisors and employees on their safety management system responsibilities;
• educating all employees about the specific hazards and control measures in their workplace;
• training all employees on hazard identification, analysis, reporting and control procedures; and
• training all employees on safe work procedures and practices.
Our training program will focus on health and safety concerns that determine the best way to deal with a particular
hazard. When a hazard is identified, we will first try to remove it entirely. If that is not feasible, we will then train
workers to protect themselves, if necessary, against the remaining hazard. Once we have decided that a safety or
health problem can best be addressed by training (or by another method combined with training), we will follow up by
developing specific training goals based on those particular needs.
Employees. At a minimum, employees must know the general safety and health rules of the worksite, specific site
hazards and the safe work practices needed to help control exposure, and the individual's role in all types of
emergency situations. We will ensure all employees understand the hazards to which they may be exposed and how to
prevent harm to themselves and others from exposure to these hazards.
We will commit available resources to ensure employees receive safety and health training during the circumstances
below.
• Whenever a person is hired --general safety orientation including an overview of company safety rules, and
why those r.
(SLIDES)Rohingya People Living Conditions---(Housing) and .docxraju957290
(SLIDES)
Rohingya People : Living Conditions---(Housing) and Access to Services (Healthcare)
1. Historical Content
2. Living Conditions (Housing)
3. Access to Services (Healthcare)
4. Capabilities Approach taken to help them
5. Conclusion
6. Questions (3) on their living conditions (housing) and Access to services (Healthcare)
Running Head: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 1
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2
Artificial Intelligence, the Monster we are feeding-outline
Students Name
Professors Name
Course title
Date
The monster called Artificial Intelligence
Thesis: Major laboratories have been built all over the world to prototype and generate intelligent machines through deep learning. In this paper, I will argue that Artificial Intelligence is a monster that the humans are feeding and it will one day turn and overthrow man, leaving the world in the hands of machines.
I. Introduction
A. Thesis
B. Definition the terms intelligence, deep learning, programing, machine learning
C. History of artificial intelligence.
D. Major scientists who developed AI.
E. Trends in AI
II. Machine learning
A. Supervised learning
B. Non supervised learning
C. Comparison between supervised and non-supervised learning
III. Major advantages of AI
A. Real time assistance
B. In the business field
C. Industrialization
D. Efficiency
E. Accuracy
IV. Limitations of AI
A. Cost implication
B. Threats prevention
C. Loss of metal capability
D. Social factors
E. Ethical factors
F. Men becoming slaves
G. Emotions not guaranteed
H. Rigidity in thinking and execution of instructions
V. Criticism
The divine instruction was for man to steward and subdue the world, such innovations makes the human being achieve the divine instruction. This criticism is worth because it discusses part of the work in AI as divine instruction.
There is power and happiness if a creator creates something more powerful than itself. It is the happiness of a teacher to see their students do well and even pursue a course far much better. With such social theories supporting the work of artificial intelligence, it is making sense that the same AI should not be demonized but rather be seen as a human achievement.
VI. Conclusion
All the sections and subsections are discussed in a brief, precise and clear way ranging from the definitions, the implications and how negative artificial intelligence should be depicted in this section.
References
Boddington, P. (2017). Towards a code of ethics for artificial intelligence. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Lu, H., Li, Y., Chen, M., Kim, H., & Serikawa, S. (2018). Brain intelligence: go beyond artificial intelligence. Mobile Networks and Applications, 23(2), 368-375.
Osoba, O. A., & Welser IV, W. (2017). An intelligence in our image: The risks of bias and errors in artificial intelligence. Rand Corporation.
Rosé, C. P. (2017). Artificial intelligence: A social spin on language analysis. Nature, 545(7653), 166.
Russell, .
(Need in 8 hours 100 plagiarism free) Read the following es.docxraju957290
(Need in 8 hours 100% plagiarism free)
Read the following essay from Becoming a Critical Thinker (p. 129).
Create
a 1-2 page (title page and references page not included) paper in APA format to substantiate your viewpoint (pro or con as it relates to the essay).
Base
your paper on the W.I.S.E approach (from Becoming a Critical Thinker, Chapter 2). Look for errors in thinking and explore viewpoints that are different from those expressed in the essay. Conduct research to support your viewpoint and include three references in your paper.
How the Media Distort Reality
TV and movie apologists are forever telling us that we have no business criticizing them because they are only holding a mirror up to reality. Many people buy that explanation, but they shouldn’t.
It would be more accurate to say the media hold a magnifying glass to carefully selected realities—namely, the most outrageous and sensational events of the day, such as the tragic deaths of John F. Kennedy Jr. and Princess Diana, or the trials of celebrities such as O.J. Simpson, Kobe Bryant, and Michael Jackson.
Consider how this happens. The first platoon of media people report the latest sensational story as it unfolds, squeezing each new development for all the airtime or newsprint it will yield. Meanwhile, agents and attorneys are negotiating the sale of movie and TV rights to the story. The sleazier the story, the greater
the payoff
. After the movie is produced, every situation comedy, detective show, and western drama builds an episode around the successful theme.
In this way a single despicable, disgusting act—real or imagined—can generate months of sensational media fare.
In short, the media exploit our social problems for ratings, feed us a steady
diet
of debasing material,
celebrate
irresponsible behavior, and then have the audacity to blame parents and teachers for the social problems that result.
.
(note I am a nurse working in a hospital) Develop a synopsis.docxraju957290
(note: I am a nurse working in a hospital)
Develop a synopsis of your outcomes for acquiring, developing, training, and leveraging on human capital within your organization.
and develop a synopsis of your take-away from the process. Integrate any plans for preparing for a position as an HR specialist or manager within an organization.
.
(minimum of 250 words with peer review reference) Topic 8 DQ 2.docxraju957290
(minimum of 250 words with peer review reference)
Topic 8 DQ 2
Virtual care and telehealth technologies have the capability to greatly expand access to quality health care. Discuss some benefits and drawbacks of virtual care/telehealth particularly related to the collaboration and coordination of care and the role of the advanced registered nurse.
.
(See detail instruction in the attachment)This is a music pape.docxraju957290
(See detail instruction in the attachment)
This is a music paper to talk about the latest artists, music genres, or club scenes that excite your interests.
Cite AT LEAST ONE source from the course reading (I attached them down below) and TWO additional outside academic sources. In total, you should cite at lease SIX sources. You must include a reference cited list (bibliography) at the end of your essay. (please cite them carefully and easy to find, our TA read our paper very carefully and he will check every citation one by one)
A significant portion of your research will be the course readings, lectures, and listening assignments.
Use MLA citation please.
1200 words, (not including the title or the references cited list), double spaced
Answer the questions listed in the paper instruction that I attached.
I also include a class note document that I took throughout the course which includes all the music genre that I learn.
.
(please scroll all the way to bottom to see info covered in u3-4.docxraju957290
(please scroll all the way to bottom to see info covered in u3-4 below)
Over the course of the class, you will be retrieving and evaluating current event articles (in the last 5 years); making connections between the units we are currently studying and today. You will be responsible for finding an online article from a reputable news source. For example: Time.com, USA Today, The
New York Times
, etc.
See the attachment for specific details and grading criteria for the
Current Events Journal Assignment for Units 3-4
In Unit 3, we will be focusing on change and reform brought about as a result of the rapid social and economic changes of industrialization and urbanization. While the U.S. looked great from an outside perspective, with its rich flaunting their wealth and industry booming, it was riddled with exploitation of the people and political corruption, thus earning the name the Gilded Age. This brought in a sense of moral obligation and led to a reform movement that swept across the nation, with organization developing locally and nationally. This period of reform is known as the Progressive Era.
It was a time to expose the underlining errors of the U.S. society and to make changes for the good of the people. The Progressive Era would address a variety of issues, including factory and living conditions, agriculture reform, child labor, women’s rights, political reform, conservation, and other social concerns. While not perfect in its initial steps of change, this period will pave the way for continued social justice in our nation’s history.
Objectives:
Discuss the impact of political corruption on the U.S. government and evaluate the effectiveness of political reform.
Identify the leading reformers of the Progressive Era and evaluate the effectiveness of the reform movements.
Describe the problems facing farmers in the late 19th century and evaluate the effectiveness of the reform movement by the Populists and other farmers’ organizations and alliances.
Compare the Progressivism domestic and foreign policies of Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and William Howard Taft.
Unit 4 Imperialism and WWI
In Unit 4, we will focus on the role of the United States in World affairs. In the late 19th century, the United States not only sought to redefine itself as American, but also to establish its place in the global political arena. Foreign policies paralleled those of many European nations, with a focus on imperialism and preserving foreign interests and markets, specifically in the Western hemisphere. It will be the United States positioning in the Spanish-American war that marks the beginning of its imperial power, with future expansions and political involvement in Latin America and the Pacific Ocean.
At the turn of the century, the United States will feel the long-term effect of its imperialistic decisions. Being recognized as a World leader, involvement in international affairs now spanned beyond the Western Hemispher.
(Insert Student Name) / (Insert Student Number) - PPMP20011 Portfolio template for Week 9
PPMP20011 Portfolio Template – Week 9
Description of topics including reading samples
Learning outcomes of the unit
Learnings from your experience, this and prior unit reading, assignments
Supporting documentation including your prior learning
Week 9 Topic: Applying Project Management Standards and Frameworks.
Collaborative Project Procurement Arrangements (2015) by Derek H. T. Walker and Beverly M. Lloyd Walker;
6. Evaluate project management tools that help avoid or provide conflict resolution via negotiated solutions.
The objective of this week’s topic is to make sure you have an appreciation of the Role of the Project Manager in Commercial Negotiation.
Try to ask yourself the questions that were in the slides in this week’s lecture:
1. In what way would Project Management Standards and Frameworks impact on Commercial Negotiation?
Walker & Walker (2015) discuss the general thrust of this investigations in Chapter 7 (p 137) what are your thoughts regarding:
2. Do the conclusions in Chapter 7 p 137 seem reasonable to you?
Walker & Walker (2015) then in Chapter 7 talk about a “PraXitioner” what are your thoughts regarding:
3. Do you agree with the authors that a PraXitioner is the way forward?
Continuing the theme of the PraXitioner Walker and Walker look at Implications for PM Education and Skills; what are your thoughts regarding:
4. Do you think that there will be a future shortage of good PraXitioner’s in Commercial Negotiation situations?
In the last part of Chapter 7 is a Summary of the Walker and Walker book; what are your thoughts regarding:
5. Do you agree with the authors?
6. Do you think that RBP is a good framework for Commercial Project Negotiation?
In conclusion to this week:
7. Do the ideas in Chapter 7 help in structuring your thoughts around Commercial Project Negotiation?
PPMP20011 Unit Profile
PPMP20011 Moodle Web site
Have you any insights you can add from other units you have studies or readings you’ve made?
References
Kerzner H. 2013. Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Control, 11th Edition. Hoboken, USA: John Wiley & Sons.
Peña-Mora F., and Tamaki T. 2001. "Effect of Delivery Systems on Collaborative Negotiations for Large -Scale Infrastructure Projects”. Journal of Management in Engineering. April 2001 pp.105-121
PMI. 2013a. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide) 5th Edition. USA: Project Management Institute.
Wikipedia Channel Tunnel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Tunnel
1 of 2
BUS 300 - The American Economy
Student’s Name: __________________________________________________ Date: _____________________________________
USA: Measures of Economic Well-Being 2016 2017 2018 Increase or Decrease?
Worker Productivity:
Inflation:
Unemployment (rate):
Gross Domestic Product (GDP):
Unemployment rate:
U..
(Just I need APA format and simple Paragraph for each question a.docxraju957290
(Just I need APA format and simple Paragraph for each question and less than 20% plagiarism, two reference, sent me in word for edit please)
(Preferential Medical journal American psiquiatric association)
A 38-year-old woman presents to the office with complaints of weight
loss, fatigue, and insomnia of 3-month duration. She reports that she has
been feeling gradually more tired and staying up late at night because
she can’t sleep. She does not feel that she is doing as well in her occupation
as a secretary and states that she has trouble remembering things.
She does not go outdoors as much as she used to and cannot recall the
last time she went out with friends or enjoyed a social gathering. She
feels tired most of the week and states she feels that she wants to go to
sleep and frequently does not want to get out of bed. She denies any
recent medication, illicit drug, or alcohol use. She feels intense guilt
regarding past failed relationships because she perceives them as faults.
She states she has never thought of suicide, but has begun to feel increasingly
worthless.
Her vital signs and general physical examination are normal, although
she becomes tearful while talking. Her mental status examination is significant
for depressed mood, psychomotor retardation, and difficulty attending
to questions. Laboratory studies reveal a normal metabolic panel, normal
complete blood count, and normal thyroid functions.
➤ What is the most likely diagnosis?
➤ What is your next step?
➤ What are important considerations and potential complications of
management?
.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Title abc123 version x1week 5 programmatic assessment
1. Title
ABC/123 Version X
1
Week 5 Programmatic Assessment
PSY/410 Version 6
University of Phoenix Material
Week Five Programmatic Assessment
Scenario
Abby is a 20-year-old female college student. For at least the
last 3 months, Abby has experienced ongoing anxiety and worry
without a specific cause for these feelings. She has been restless
and has noticed that her muscles feel tense and that these
symptoms are beginning to affect her behavior in a way that is
causing her to become distressed and that is preventing her from
being able to complete her normal tasks. Abby correctly
believed that it was normal to feel a little anxious sometimes;
however, as the semester has progressed, she has not begun to
feel significantly more comfortable.
On the recommendation of a friend, Abby visited the
university’s counseling center and talked to Dr. Smith. Dr.
Smith was warm and welcoming and, after discussing the limits
of confidentiality with Abby and obtaining informed consent,
encouraged Abby to describe her concerns. Dr. Smith listened
attentively and asked Abby a few questions. They both agreed
on an appointment date and time for the next week. Dr. Smith
gave Abby a homework assignment to keep a written log of the
negative thoughts or assumptions she has during the week and
the circumstances under which those thoughts occurred. Abby
2. was asked to bring the log with her to her next
appointment.Short-Answer Questions
Answer the following questions based on the scenario above.
Answers should be short and concise.
1. Which DSM-5 disorder matches the symptoms Abby is
reporting?
2. Which theoretical model does the homework assigned by Dr.
Smith match?
3. If Dr. Smith recommended medications only, which
theoretical model would this match?
4. If Dr. Smith recommended medications in addition to
therapy, which theoretical model would this match?
5. If Dr. Smith completed a free association exercise with Abby,
which theoretical model would this match?
6. If Dr. Smith used unconditional positive regard in the
treatment, which theoretical model would this match?
7. If instead of the symptoms listed in the scenario, Abby
reported the following:
She had been in a car accident where she feared for her life. She
had sleep disturbances including nightmares and became
uncomfortable at the thought of driving, to the point that she
avoided driving. She now believes she is a horrible driver,
although her friends assure her this is not true. If these
symptoms have lasted for longer than a month, which DSM-5
disorder label might match her symptoms?
8. If instead of the symptoms listed in the scenario, Abby
3. reported the following:
Every day for the past 2 weeks she felt down or sad for most of
the day, had noticed an increase in her appetite, had been unable
to sleep or concentrate, and felt tired. Additionally, this was
interfering with her goals and tasks, and she reported that she
had never felt manic or hypomanic. Which DSM-5 disorder
label might match her symptoms?
9. If instead of the symptoms listed in the scenario, Abby
reported the following:
Every day for at least the past week she felt irritable with
persistently increased energy and talkativeness, was easily
distracted, did not seem to need sleep, and noticed that this
behavior was interfering with her job. She reported that she has
felt these symptoms before in her past and that she has also felt
depressed sometimes. Which DSM-5 disorder label might match
her symptoms?
10. If instead of the symptoms listed in the scenario, Abby
reported the following:
Throughout her life, she has always been suspicious of others.
She reports that she really would like to have good
relationships, but even as a child she knew that others,
including family members, could not be trusted. She feels that
she needs to stay on guard to protect herself. Which DSM-5
disorder label might match her symptoms?
11. If instead of the symptoms listed in the scenario, Abby
reported the following:
She began drinking when she was 18 and now needs to drink
more or higher concentrations of alcohol to continue to
function. She reports that she has lost her part-time job because
4. of her drinking and is in danger of failing out of college. She
was hospitalized last weekend due to experiencing delirium
tremens during withdrawal, and the doctor explained to her that
she could die from this disorder. Abby recognized that her
drinking was interfering with her life, and she knew that she did
not want to die. Which DSM-5 disorder label might match her
symptoms?
12. If instead of the symptoms listed in the scenario, Abby’s
former roommate reported the following:
During a significant portion of the past month, Abby had talked
to herself out loud and told her roommate that she had heard
voices telling her to harm herself. Her roommate reported that
Abby had told her that she occasionally stated that she was Joan
of Arc and that the school mascot was stalking her. Her
roommate asked to change rooms, and now that Abby was living
alone, she did not appear to have bathed in more than a week.
This was not typical behavior for Abby, as she had been known
to be meticulous with her appearance and hygiene. The
roommate expressed her concern for Abby and stated that
although she had noticed some of these behaviors since she first
met Abby more than 6 months ago, the behaviors seem to have
increased over the past month. Which DSM-5 disorder label
might match her symptoms?
13. If Abby were 5 years old and, instead of the symptoms
listed in the scenario, her symptoms included nightmares,
physical complaints, recurrent separation-related fear, and a
refusal to leave home, what DSM-5 disorder label might match
her symptoms?
14. If Abby were 67 years old, and instead of the sympto ms
listed in the scenario, had no major medical issues, had never
been diagnosed with a neurocognitive disorder, and her
symptoms included a substantial decline in the cognitive
6. aware that data was being collected
on them? A key question to ask: was
the data collected in a systematic
manner? Did you get good outcomes
because the sample only included
those who successfully completed
your program (thus introducing bias
into the outcomes by the way that you
chose your subjects)? Once these
questions have undergone this type of
scrutiny, can you then say that the
outcomes were based on the interven-
tion (self-medication)? These ques-
tions can then determine if your out-
comes can be applied outside your
individual organization and be a part
of the body of universal knowledge. If
so, then the project can be called a
research study.
Research studies are not usually
determined after the data is collected;
however retrospective reviews of
process. Don’t let it be daunting, as
there are nurses out there who are
professional researchers. Just like we
go to medical experts when we have
a medical concern, we can turn to our
nurse research experts when we have
a research concern.
The first concept that we need to
clarify is ‘systematic.’ Our approach
to data collection is methodical and
organized in such a way as to answer
7. the clinical question posed. There are
sections in nursing research textbooks
devoted to principles of systematic
data collection and sampling strate-
gies; key components of a research
study. It is advisable for any nurse
researcher (the authors included) to
have on hand a general research text-
book (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber,
2002; Polit & Beck, 2004). Referring
to a textbook often helps clarify
threats to your systematic collection
of information. All researchers, clini-
cal or basic, must determine the best
way to collect study data so that the
outcomes can be generalizable. If
there is not enough attention paid to
how the data is collected, the out-
come is not reliable and thus not
applicable to a larger population.
The second concept to clarify is
‘universal knowledge.’ What is uni-
versal knowledge? You can say that if
your research adds new understand-
ing for a given problem that helps
broaden what we know for a popula-
tion at large, then the new idea
becomes part of the body of knowl-
The Nursing Research Process
Rebecca P. Winsett
Ann K. Cashion
Rebecca P. Winsett, PhD, is Associate Professor,
8. College of Nursing, University of Tennessee Health
Science Center, Memphis, TN.
Ann K. Cashion, PhD, RN, FAAN, is Associate
Professor and Chair, Department of Acute and
Chronic Nursing, College of Nursing, University of
Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.
She is a member of ANNA’s Memphis Blues
Chapter.
The federal government definesresearch as the systematic col -
lection of information in orderto increase universal knowl -
edge (Department of Health &
Human Services, 1991). There are
several complex concepts imbedded
into that definition, but before we dis-
cuss the concepts we need to clarify
the word ‘research.’ The use of the
noun ‘research’ implies a systematic
investigation to increase universal
knowledge; one that is thoughtfully
planned and executed. The noun
‘research’ is not to be confused with
the verb ‘research,’ where one might
state, “I researched this and found….”
Our day is full of researching infor-
mation and using that information to
assist us in our work. But for the pur-
poses of this chapter, we speak only to
the noun ‘research’ and the system of
inquiry that surrounds our investiga-
tions to answer clinical questions. It is
the noun ‘research’ that often intimi-
dates the clinical nurse. We hope to
dispel some of the intimidating factors
and light the flame of inquiry. To help us
9. understand research, let’s explore the
This chapter on research in nursing was included in ANNA’s
Career Fulfillment in Nephrology Nursing: Your Guide to
Professional Development (2nd edition), which was published in
September 2007. This chapter encourages nurses to participate
in
the research process by providing an overview of the nursing
research process, including the steps to designing a research
project,
and answers to frequently asked questions. The objectives of the
chapter are to: (a) define the nursing research process, including
the systematic and universal knowledge concepts along with
overviews of process improvement and evidence-based practice;
(b)
identify the steps to designing a research project, including
identifying a clinical problem and formulating a research
questions,
conducting a review of the literature, and providing an overview
of the research design; (c) provide an overview of the study
methodology, including data analysis and protecting human
subjects; (d) discuss available funding opportunities and the
profes-
sional obligations that go with these opportunities; and (e)
provide answers to frequently asked questions regarding nursing
research to help demystify the process.
To order your
copy, visit the
ANNA Web site at
www.annanurse.org
NEPHROLOGY NURSING JOURNAL ■ November-December
2007 ■ Vol. 34, No. 6636
10. large databases have been done and
do have scientific merit. It goes back
to the importance of the research
question. Some questions are ade-
quately answered by a “look back” at
data, but most will require a prospec-
tive inquiry. The research question
and number or amount of data need-
ed to answer the question will dictate
the design. Research is a process in
which the investigator actively deter-
mines the question to answer, creates
a data collection and analysis plan as
well as a plan to control for events
(known as threats) that would influ-
ence the outcome (Burns & Grove,
2005). Evaluating a system or a pro-
gram on the unit is still an excellent
way to focus on clinical outcomes.
Here you have to distinguish process
improvement from research. To a
novice this may be difficult because
these two methodologies overlap in
some ways, but by and large, process
improvement serves the institution
and is not considered to increase gen-
eralizable knowledge. The informa-
tion gleaned from evaluating your
practice is no less important; however
the label of research sets the standards
for a different guiding body. Once we
move into the realm of research,
oversight by an institutional review
board and human subject protection
are required.
11. Research questions and the study
methodology do not have to be
grand; we just stretch what we know
so that it is available to others “to
know.” Once we clarify the defini-
tions of process improvement and
then evidence-based practice
methodologies, understanding the
research process will be much clearer.
Process Improvement
Process improvement is a method
to recognize and prioritize problems
on your clinical unit or within the
institution (Davidoff & Batalden,
2005). The goal of process improve-
ment is to fix problems that can
improve patient service or outcomes.
There are methodologies developed
just for process improvement and you
may be familiar with a few of these;
for example: FOCUS PDCA, rapid
cycle PDCA, Six Sigma, or Lean
(Medical Risk Management Asso-
ciates, 2006; Pyzdek, 2003; Zidel,
2006). These methodologies provide
guidelines to help improve the sys-
tematic collection of data for process
improvement projects, and can, in
some instances, be considered
research, but by-in-large, do not meet
the scrutiny to be considered
research. Process improvement is
12. very important and is not to be con-
sidered less valuable than nursing
research. Even though the processes
are similar, it is important to remem-
ber that some questions need a
process improvement methodology
and other questions require a nursing
research methodology. Successful
process improvement strategies may
warrant publication, but these are not
generally publishable in nursing
research journals.
Evidence-Based Practice
In nursing, we also search for best
practices by using evidence to guide
our clinical practices. Evidence-based
practice differs from research in that
we are examining the published liter-
ature about a given topic in order to
help make decisions about patient
care (Sackett, Rosenberg, Gray,
Haynes, & Richardson, 1996). The
methodology of determining and
evaluating the evidence starts with a
question and proceeds to a thorough
search of the published literature. The
literature or evidence is ranked and
critiqued, and determinations of
whether practice changes are needed
are based on the conclusions of the
evidence reviewed. Using evidenced-
based practice is a sophisticated use of
the published research. Having a
solid evidence-based practice text-
13. book helps to clarify the processes
that are needed to acquire and cri-
tique the evidence (Malloch & Porter-
O’Grady, 2006; Melnyk & Fineout-
Overholt, 2005).
Both process improvement and
critiquing evidence to modify practice
are important for nurses, and each has
some overlap with the nursing
research process. One is not more
important than the other – whatever
question that you ask requires that
you use the methodology that best
answers the question. This chapter
focuses on the nursing research
process, and if you are a skilled user
of process improvement or evidence-
based practice, you will recognize
many of the steps of the nursing
research process. Understanding the
research process may help you to
identify and clarify a researchable
question and provide the guidelines
for you to institute a research study in
your unit. Not all nurses are required
to conduct nursing research, but part
of our professional obligation is to
understand and critique the research
published in our field and participate
in determining if findings are applica-
ble to our settings. The American
Nurses Association (ANA) asserts that
participating in research is critical to
provide the knowledge needed for
14. practice, and that the educational
level of the practicing nurse deter-
mines how the nurse can best con-
tribute to nursing research (Council of
Nurse Researchers & Council of
Nursing Practice, 1993). The research
educational standards differ for each
nursing degree level. For example,
the associate degree nurse may not
have a formal research course but is
taught the importance of constructing
and following policy and procedures
within each setting. The baccalaure-
ate nurse has preparation to read and
critique the published literature to
develop the culture of inquiry. The
educational standards for the master’s
level nurse has changed from design-
ing and implementing a small
research project to developing a
sophisticated approach to synthesiz-
ing the research literature to modify
nursing practice. No matter the level
of education, your role in following
the protocols of a nursing research
project being done on your unit is just
as important as those who participat-
ed in the design of the study. Not
every nurse needs to lead a research
team; however, if the desire is there,
use your resources around you to
help you be successful.
The Nursing Research Process
15. NEPHROLOGY NURSING JOURNAL ■ November-December
2007 ■ Vol. 34, No. 6 637
Novice researchers may gain
expertise by participating as study
coordinators or research assistants.
Teaming up with a well-seasoned
nurse investigator is another way of
gaining experience. Most principal
investigators wet their research
appetites as study team members
prior to taking the lead position.
Research Process - The Steps to
Design a Research Project
Identifying a Clinical Problem
and Formulating a Research
Question
Identifying the practice problem
and crafting the research questions
are the most important steps of the
research process. The steps we discuss
are listed in Table 1. No one is better
at identifying a practice problem than
a practicing nurse (Council of Nurse
Researchers & Council of Nursing
Practice, 1993). This process begins
with the nurse asking the question
“what would happen if…?” or “does
this always happen when…?” One of
the best ways to identify a problem of
interest is to think about what bothers
you at work; oftentimes, this creates
16. passion for investigation. Realize that
as a novice investigator, it will take
perseverance and attention to detail
to complete the research process.
Narrow your focus; there is no better
advice to give to a novice researcher
than those 3 words. Once you identi-
fy a problem area, write down sever-
al questions of interest and seek
advice on what is feasible to pursue.
As we discussed earlier, relying on
research experts to help guide you
through the research process is sug-
gested. Discussing the importance of
your question helps identify the sig-
nificance of the problem and purpose
of your study. The results of the study
need to have the potential to con-
tribute to a larger body of knowledge
and specifically to patient care.
One significant roadblock for
novice researchers is identifying a
problem that is too large and too
unfocused. For example, a large
problem would be “Determine why
hemodialysis patients become septic.”
Renal nurses can think of lots of rea-
sons why patients become septic and
want to explore each and every one
of them – and then see that the ques-
tion is far beyond their ability to
answer. This global problem appears
monumental so that it is easy to con-
sider dropping the investigation all
17. together. If you take a more narrow
approach and state the problem as
“identifying the clinical characteristics
associated with septicemia in
hemodialysis patients,” this question
seems feasible. The authors highly
recommend that the problem and
research questions err on the side of a
narrow focus of interest. One does not
have to cure world hunger to add to uni-
versal knowledge.
Formulating the research question
that is narrow in scope, with clearly
identified variables to study creates
the guide for the rest of the process.
Spend your energy in creating a
researchable question. The attention
that you pay to the research question
will set in motion how you will
accomplish the research project. The
question drives the ‘so what’ and thus
your review of the literature. The
research question drives the study
design, thus determining the choice of
your methodology and data collec-
tion. If your research question is
unclear, then you will feel lost in the
rest of the process.
You will also need to focus on the
practical issues related to resources
needed to accomplish your project.
Resources such as money, time, abili-
ty to collect data, and statistical sup-
18. port will need to be explored with
your administrators as well as your
medical, nursing and other colleagues
who may be asked to help recruit
patients or administer the interven-
tions. There may be other issues that
you will have to address as you move
further in the planning stages, but
most feasibility issues can be over-
come if identified and addressed prior
to starting the study.
Review of the Literature
You may have started with reading
the scientific literature that led to your
clinical question or you may have
asked the clinical question and then
went to the literature to see what has
already been published on your topic.
Either way, using published research
can help you as you finalize your
research question. You can focus on
particular topics once you have:
• obtained a clearer picture of what
you would like to study,
• evaluated the literature to substan-
tiate that the study needs to be
done,
• identified a unifying conceptual
framework, and
• gathered ideas for study design.
19. Replicating a study that has
already been published can be a good
way to determine if findings are appli-
cable in a different setting or with a
different population, fostering valida-
Table 1
The Steps in the Research Process
Problem formulation-research question
Review of the Literature
Methodology
Choose the appropriate design
Prepare the procedural steps
Assess validity threats
Data collection and data processing
Data analysis
Interpreting the data
Writing the results
NEPHROLOGY NURSING JOURNAL ■ November-December
2007 ■ Vol. 34, No. 6638
tion and strengthening the overall
20. body of evidence.
There are several methods that can
be used to find published articles.
Commonly, researchers conduct an
internet search using online access to
medical databases such as MEDLINE
or the Cumulative Index to Nursing
and Allied Health Literature
(CINAHL). Search engines like Pub-
MED or OVID are user-friendly and
nurses can easily obtain printed
abstracts and publications on any
medical topic of interest. Other
sources for information include web-
sites that collect, analyze, or distribute
information about diseases such as the
United States Renal Data System
(USRDS) and United Network for
Organ Sharing (UNOS). For exam-
ple, if you are interested in the rate of
end stage renal disease by age in your
region, this information may be found
on the USRDS website (http://
www.usrds.org).
While we often are more con-
cerned with published research stud-
ies, other sources for relevant informa-
tion include integrated reviews or clin-
ical expert opinions. These types of
articles often can help refine the signif-
icance and the feasibility of a research
problem and questions. Do not hesi-
tate to include a medical librarian in
your search for relevant literature.
21. Experienced librarians not only have
access to numerous search engines,
but librarians in academic centers usu-
ally are very good at phrasing search
words and topics in order to obtain
the best possible results.
The Research Design
Experimental vs. Quasi-experi-
mental. There are many types of
research designs, but all have the
same purpose…to provide a frame-
work and plan for answering the
research question (LoBiondo-Wood &
Haber, 2002). Most of us are familiar
with the classic double blinded, ran-
domized controlled experimental
design frequently used in clinical drug
trials. Experimental designs have
three characteristics:
• Randomization. Subjects are dis-
tributed to either the experimental
or the control group by a system
that gives each subject an equal
chance of landing in one group or
the other.
• Control. A control group is formed
where no intervention is conduct-
ed.
• Manipulation. An intervention is
given to only some of the subjects.
22. Most nursing studies are not true
experimental studies because of the
nature of the clinical questions and
the inability of having a true con-
trolled environment. Frequently nurs-
es employ quasi-experimental
designs. Quasi-experimental designs
can be similar to experimental
designs, however, not all three char-
acteristics are present. For instance,
there may be no control group or the
subjects are not randomized to study
groups. Limitations of experimental
designs are that they may be expen-
sive to carry out and can involve
many months of follow-up (Hulley et
al., 2001). However, sampling tech-
niques are important even in quasi-
experimental studies. Outcomes are
strengthened by the sampling strategy
(Winsett et al., 2007).
Non-experimental designs. Non-
experimental research designs are fre-
quently used by practicing nurses
when they need to document that a
problem exists. Types of non-experi-
mental designs include descriptive,
comparative, or correlational designs.
For example, many of us have read
descriptive or exploratory studies
where the purpose was to describe a
phenomenon such as the depression
level of a patient group. We may also
be exploring the association between
23. two clinical outcomes, such as the
relationship between blood pressure
and depression in hemodialysis
patients. Usually, once the phenome-
non is described and there is an
agreement that a problem exists, an
intervention study can be conducted
to examine ways to alleviate the prob-
lem and provide better health care. In
this case, the research question is
often best served by a quasi-experi-
mental study design.
Non-experimental designs can be
prospective (following subjects for-
ward) or retrospective (reviewing his-
torical records). Using retrospective
data can be effective and less threat-
ening to a novice investigator.
Descriptive or correlational designs
using retrospective methodology
would use information already col-
lected in a database (or patient med-
ical record) and characterize a prob-
lem or determine if a relationship
exists. A significant limitation of retro-
spective research studies is that the
researcher is restricted to the data that
was collected at that time. For exam-
ple, if weight or blood pressure was
not entered into the record or a crea-
tinine level was not drawn and you
needed that data, the nurse researcher
cannot go back and recreate those
data points.
24. What Design Should You Use?
While this chapter is not consid-
ered to be an exhaustive discussion of
research design, the most important
determinant of your research design
is your research question. The ques-
tion itself drives the design. Let’s take
the example of our hemodialysis
depression/blood pressure phenome-
non. Suppose you ask the question:
What is the blood pressure of
hemodialysis patients who are being
treated for depression? What type of
study design would be used? This
could be a retrospective non-experi-
mental design where you review
medical records and explore the phe-
nomenon of blood pressure in
patients who are or are not on antide-
pressants.
Suppose you ask the question:
What is the relationship between
depression treatment and blood pres-
sure during dialysis for patients who
are treated with anti-depressants?
This study could be prospective non-
experimental where you assess blood
pressure during dialysis (at points you
determine are important) and com-
pare the blood pressures between
those treated with anti-depressants
with a group that is not on anti-
depressants.
25. Let’s take that question one step
further. You know that there is a dif-
ference in blood pressure for those on
The Nursing Research Process
NEPHROLOGY NURSING JOURNAL ■ November-December
2007 ■ Vol. 34, No. 6 639
anti-depressants and now you want to
know if you can impact the blood
pressure. So you ask the question,
“What is the impact of cognitive ther-
apy on blood pressure during
hemodialysis in patients who are
treated for depression with anti-
depressants?” This study could be
quasi-experimental where you ran-
domize those under treatment for
depression into control and experi-
mental groups. The control group
receives standard care and the exper-
imental group receives cognitive ther-
apy at some point during (or before)
hemodialysis. As you can see, the
question itself defines what type of
design that is used.
Internal and External Validity
Two important concepts when dis-
cussing research design are internal
and external validity. Internal validi-
26. ty is the extent to which study results
are truly the results of the study and
not a product of influences outside
the study. External validity is the
extent to which study findings can be
generalized to other groups of
patients (Burns & Grove, 2005). Of
course, the researcher would want
few, if any, external influences on the
study; and the more the study results
can be generalized to other patient
groups the more relevant and impor-
tant the study. Tables 2 and 3 provide
a list of common threats to internal
and external validity.
Study Methodology
Once the problem has been identi-
fied and described, the research ques-
tions conceived and the design cho-
sen, it is time to outline your method-
ology. The study design is the map of
how the study will be conducted,
while the study methodology is the spe-
cific instructions on how you will go
about completing your specific study.
The study methodology has a some-
what standard format that includes
sections describing the study design,
methods for selecting subjects, proce-
dures to the study, instruments to be
used, and the analysis plan. The study
methodology is often referred to as
27. the study protocol.
You should initially focus on the
procedures, including all of those lit-
tle steps that the investigator and the
subject will do in order to collect the
data. This is an important step in
study validity, so it is critical to be
very detailed in identifying each step
of the procedures. It is beneficial to
break down the recruitment of sub-
jects into multiple steps, such as iden-
tifying potential subjects from chart
review, approaching potential sub-
jects prior to initiating dialysis (for
example), and following-up with two
phone calls during the evening hours
made by their assigned nurse, etc. As
you create a list of all the tasks to be
completed in the study protocol,
Note: Used with permission from Progress in Transplantation
(Winsett et al., 2007).
Table 2
Threats to Internal Validity
Internal Validity - The extent that the effects of the study are
related to the study and not extraneous events
Historical events Events or interactions with life outside of the
study environment that may influence
subjects responses
Maturation Effects of learning during the course of the study
Does history or events impact one group over another?
28. Testing effects Subjects altering responses based on previous
testing or providing socially acceptable
responses
Instrumentation Are the instruments or questionnaires used in a
study reliable and valid for the popula-
tion? Is data collected the same across the entire study period?
Statistical regression Did the treatment effect the change (Type
1 error)? Was there sufficient variability in the
data and adequate sample size to detect a change if present
(Type 2 error)?
Selection bias Did the sampling plan assure equal opportunity to
participate in the study? If nonproba-
bility sample was used, are there safeguards in place to
generalize from the sample?
Mortality The effect of drop out in the study (by any means)
and how does the investigator
address study mortality?
Diffusion of treatment The controls over the intervention group
and how the investigator assures that the con-
trol group and the intervention group are not contaminated
Compensatory equalization/rivalry Acts from others or from
subjects that alter the participation in the assigned group.
Resentful demoralization Subjects perceived that they are
receiving less than desirable treatment and opt to
withdraw from the study.
29. NEPHROLOGY NURSING JOURNAL ■ November-December
2007 ■ Vol. 34, No. 6640
threats to study validity are often
identified.
Planned sample size and subject
inclusion and exclusion criteria are
described in the methodology. Deter-
mining appropriate sample size is an
important part of the study. A proce-
dure known as power analysis is con-
ducted in order to determine sample
size. A power analysis tells the inves-
tigator how many subjects are needed
in order to detect if a significant rela-
tionship exists between the study vari-
ables. A biostatistician may be need-
ed to determine a power analysis.
We are often reminded as we begin
to develop our inclusion criteria that
there is a phenomenon known as the
“disappearing subject.” This means
that we created the perfect subject
inclusion criteria so that we can mini-
mize threats to study validity, but find
once the study is started, all of a sud-
den there are no subjects that meet the
inclusion criteria. So, our advice is to
be as broad as possible when develop-
ing inclusion criteria. It may be possi-
ble that the threats you had identified
earlier can be controlled in other ways.
Other important items to be
30. addressed in the methodology
include identifying and describing
proposed instruments such as sur-
veys, questionnaires (i.e., depression
or quality of life) and clinical tools
(i.e., thermometers, blood pressure
cuffs). Using previously validated
tools can save a tremendous amount
of time and also gives your study
credibility. Once you have the proce-
dure clearly outlined, take the time to
map out a timeline for completion.
Planning for each part of your study
can help you set realistic goals. Your
study methodology will also describe
your intended data analysis plan,
including the variables to be collected
and how you will protect the data.
Data analysis. The type of design
chosen for the study will determine
the statistical analyses conducted. For
example, a study characterizing
depression levels may use descriptive
statistics to answer the research ques-
tion, while a study with a quasi-exper-
imental design may use inferential
statistics to examine associations and
identify predictors of risk among the
variables. Deciding the data analysis
plan is important before you begin to
collect data. If you do not have access
to a biostatistician, at least discuss this
very important issue with a veteran
nurse researcher. Your quality depart-
31. ment in your hospital may have
someone experienced in data analy-
sis. While they may …