Tissue Engineering and Human Regenerative Therapies in Space: Benefits for Earth and Opportunities for Long Term Extra-Terrestrial Exploration_Crimson Publishers
Living and working in space presents many challenges for maintenance of optimal human physiology and psychology. The physical effects of microgravity and increased radiation exposure together with the psychological effects of isolation on human beings pose problems which are under intense investigation by global space agencies, corporate and academic research institutions. An unsurmountable challenge, at least today, for deep space exploration and colonisation (DSEC) is the longevity of human lifespan and the potential for organ system dysfunction which may lead to premature death and mission termination in the absence of bio-reparative capabilities. The unique nature of microgravity encountered in space provides both a challenge and an opportunity for regenerative medicine that cannot be fully replicated on Earth. This minireview describes some recent advances in the use of stem cells, tissue engineering and the potential for 3D bioprinting in space as future concepts for consideration in the design of missions supporting longer term space exploration and colonisation.
Development of cancer therapeutics is often carried out in 2D cultures prior to testing on animal model. In comparison to 2D cultures, discuss the potential of using 3D in vitro models for drug efficiency testing.
Development of cancer therapeutics is often carried out in 2D cultures prior to testing on animal model. In comparison to 2D cultures, discuss the potential of using 3D in vitro models for drug efficiency testing.
Stem cells have the ability to perpetuate themselves through self-renewal and generate mature cells of a particular tissue through differentiation. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) play an important role in tissue homeostasis supporting tissue regeneration. MSCs are rare pluripotent cells supporting hematopoietic and mesenchymal cell lineages. MSCs have a great potential in cancer therapy, also the stem cell exosome and/or microvesicle-mediated tissue regeneration abilities may be used a potential to the therapeutic applications. In this review, use of hMSCs in stem cell-mediated cancer therapy is discussed.
Mammalian MSC from Selected Species: Features and Applications
Christiane Uder, Sandra Br€uckner, Sandra Winkler, Hans-Michael Tautenhahn,†‡ Bruno Christ†*
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) are promising candidates for cellular therapy of different diseases in humans and in animals. Following the guidelines of the International Society for Cell Therapy, human MSC may be identified by expression of a specific panel of cell surface markers (CD1051, CD731, CD901, CD34-, CD14-, or CD11b-, CD79- or CD19-, HLA-DR-). In addition, multiple differentiation potential into at least the osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic lineage is a main criterion for MSC definition. Human MSC and MSC of a variety of mammals isolated from different tissues meet these criteria. In addition to the abovementioned, they express many more cell surface markers. Yet, these are not uniquely expressed by MSC. The gross phenotypic appearance like marker expression and differentiation potential is similar albeit not identical for MSC from different tissues and species. Similarly, MSC may feature different biological characteristics depending on the tissue source and the isolation and culture procedures. Their versatile biological qualities comprising immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and proregenerative capacities rely largely on the migratory and secretory capabilities of MSC. They are attracted to sites of tissue lesion and secrete factors to promote self-repair of the injured tissue. This is a big perspective for clinical MSC applications in both veterinary and human medicine. Phase I/II clinical trials have been initiated to assess safety and feasibility of MSC therapies in acute and chronic disease settings. Yet, since the mode of MSC action in a specific disease environment is still unknown at large, it is mandatory to unravel the response of MSC from a given source onto a specific disease environment in suitable animal models prior to clinical applications.
3D tumor spheroid models for in vitro therapeutic screening: a systematic app...Arun kumar
The potential of a spheroid tumor model composed of cells in different proliferative and metabolic
states for the development of new anticancer strategies has been amply demonstrated. However, there
is little or no information in the literature on the problems of reproducibility of data originating from
experiments using 3D models. Our analyses, carried out using a novel open source software capable of
performing an automatic image analysis of 3D tumor colonies, showed that a number of morphology
parameters affect the response of large spheroids to treatment. In particular, we found that both
spheroid volume and shape may be a source of variability. We also compared some commercially
available viability assays specifically designed for 3D models. In conclusion, our data indicate the need
for a pre-selection of tumor spheroids of homogeneous volume and shape to reduce data variability to
a minimum before use in a cytotoxicity test. In addition, we identified and validated a cytotoxicity test
capable of providing meaningful data on the damage induced in large tumor spheroids of up to diameter
in 650 μm by different kinds of treatments.
Genes and Tissue Culture Technology Assignment (G6)Rohini Krishnan
The culture of cells in two dimensions does not reproduce the histological characteristics of a tissue for informative or useful study. Growing cells as three-dimensional (3D) models more analogous to their existence in vivo may be more clinically relevant.
Microgravity is the condition in which people or objects appear to be weightless (In space). Astronauts and cosmonauts returning from long-term space missions exhibited various health problems, among them changes of the immune system, bone loss, muscle atrophy, ocular problems, and cardiovascular changes. Space biologists investigated various cell types in space to find the molecular mechanisms responsible for the observed immune disorders. Experimental cell research studying three-dimensional (3D) tissues in space and on Earth using new techniques to simulate microgravity is currently a hot topic in Gravitational Biology and Biomedicine.
Space habitats for bioengineering and surgical repair: addressing the require...Sérgio Sacani
Numerous technical scenarios have been developed to facilitate a human return to the Moon, and as a testbed for a subsequent
mission to Mars. Crews appointed with constructing and establishing planetary bases will require a superior level of physical ability
to cope with the operational demands. However, the challenging environments of nearby planets (e.g. geological, atmospheric,
gravitational conditions) as well as the lengthy journeys through microgravity, will lead to progressive tissue degradation and an
increased susceptibility to injury. The isolation, distance and inability to evacuate in an emergency will require autonomous medical
support, as well as a range of facilities and specialised equipment to repair tissue damage on-site. Here, we discuss the design
requirements of such a facility, in the form of a habitat that would concomitantly allow tissue substitute production, maintenance
and surgical implantation, with an emphasis on connective tissues. The requirements for the individual modules and their operation
are identified. Several concepts are assessed, including the presence of adjacent wet lab and medical modules supporting the
gradual implementation of regenerative biomaterials and acellular tissue substitutes, leading to eventual tissue grafts and, in
subsequent decades, potential tissues/organ-like structures. The latter, currently in early phases of development, are assessed
particularly for researching the effects of extreme conditions on representative analogues for astronaut health support. Technical
solutions are discussed for bioengineering in an isolated planetary environment with hypogravity, from fluid-gel bath suspended
manufacture to cryostorage, cell sourcing and on-site resource utilisation for laboratory infrastructure. Surgical considerations are
also discussed.
StarCrete: A starch-based biocomposite for offworld constructionSérgio Sacani
: Robust and affordable technology capabilities
are needed before a sustained human presence on the
lunar and Martian surfaces can be established. A key
challenge is the production of high-strength structural
materials from in situ resources to provide spacious
habitats with adequate radiation shielding. Ideally, the
production of such materials will be achieved through
relatively simple, low-energy processes that support
other critical systems. Here, we demonstrate the use of
ordinary starch as a binder for simulated extraterrestrial
regolith to produce a high-strength biocomposite material, termed StarCrete. With this technique, surplus starch
produced as food for inhabitants could be used for construction, integrating two critical systems and significantly
simplifying the architecture needed to sustain early extraterrestrial colonies. After optimisation, lunar and Martian
StarCrete achieved compressive strengths of 91.7 and
72.0 MPa, respectively, which is well within the domain
of high-strength concrete (>42 MPa) and surpasses most
other proposed technology solutions despite being a
relatively low-energy process. The flexural strength of
the lunar and Martian StarCrete, at 2.1 and 8.4 MPa,
respectively, was also comparable to ordinary concrete
(2.5–4.5 MPa).
Stem cells have the ability to perpetuate themselves through self-renewal and generate mature cells of a particular tissue through differentiation. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) play an important role in tissue homeostasis supporting tissue regeneration. MSCs are rare pluripotent cells supporting hematopoietic and mesenchymal cell lineages. MSCs have a great potential in cancer therapy, also the stem cell exosome and/or microvesicle-mediated tissue regeneration abilities may be used a potential to the therapeutic applications. In this review, use of hMSCs in stem cell-mediated cancer therapy is discussed.
Mammalian MSC from Selected Species: Features and Applications
Christiane Uder, Sandra Br€uckner, Sandra Winkler, Hans-Michael Tautenhahn,†‡ Bruno Christ†*
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) are promising candidates for cellular therapy of different diseases in humans and in animals. Following the guidelines of the International Society for Cell Therapy, human MSC may be identified by expression of a specific panel of cell surface markers (CD1051, CD731, CD901, CD34-, CD14-, or CD11b-, CD79- or CD19-, HLA-DR-). In addition, multiple differentiation potential into at least the osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic lineage is a main criterion for MSC definition. Human MSC and MSC of a variety of mammals isolated from different tissues meet these criteria. In addition to the abovementioned, they express many more cell surface markers. Yet, these are not uniquely expressed by MSC. The gross phenotypic appearance like marker expression and differentiation potential is similar albeit not identical for MSC from different tissues and species. Similarly, MSC may feature different biological characteristics depending on the tissue source and the isolation and culture procedures. Their versatile biological qualities comprising immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and proregenerative capacities rely largely on the migratory and secretory capabilities of MSC. They are attracted to sites of tissue lesion and secrete factors to promote self-repair of the injured tissue. This is a big perspective for clinical MSC applications in both veterinary and human medicine. Phase I/II clinical trials have been initiated to assess safety and feasibility of MSC therapies in acute and chronic disease settings. Yet, since the mode of MSC action in a specific disease environment is still unknown at large, it is mandatory to unravel the response of MSC from a given source onto a specific disease environment in suitable animal models prior to clinical applications.
3D tumor spheroid models for in vitro therapeutic screening: a systematic app...Arun kumar
The potential of a spheroid tumor model composed of cells in different proliferative and metabolic
states for the development of new anticancer strategies has been amply demonstrated. However, there
is little or no information in the literature on the problems of reproducibility of data originating from
experiments using 3D models. Our analyses, carried out using a novel open source software capable of
performing an automatic image analysis of 3D tumor colonies, showed that a number of morphology
parameters affect the response of large spheroids to treatment. In particular, we found that both
spheroid volume and shape may be a source of variability. We also compared some commercially
available viability assays specifically designed for 3D models. In conclusion, our data indicate the need
for a pre-selection of tumor spheroids of homogeneous volume and shape to reduce data variability to
a minimum before use in a cytotoxicity test. In addition, we identified and validated a cytotoxicity test
capable of providing meaningful data on the damage induced in large tumor spheroids of up to diameter
in 650 μm by different kinds of treatments.
Genes and Tissue Culture Technology Assignment (G6)Rohini Krishnan
The culture of cells in two dimensions does not reproduce the histological characteristics of a tissue for informative or useful study. Growing cells as three-dimensional (3D) models more analogous to their existence in vivo may be more clinically relevant.
Similar to Tissue Engineering and Human Regenerative Therapies in Space: Benefits for Earth and Opportunities for Long Term Extra-Terrestrial Exploration_Crimson Publishers
Microgravity is the condition in which people or objects appear to be weightless (In space). Astronauts and cosmonauts returning from long-term space missions exhibited various health problems, among them changes of the immune system, bone loss, muscle atrophy, ocular problems, and cardiovascular changes. Space biologists investigated various cell types in space to find the molecular mechanisms responsible for the observed immune disorders. Experimental cell research studying three-dimensional (3D) tissues in space and on Earth using new techniques to simulate microgravity is currently a hot topic in Gravitational Biology and Biomedicine.
Space habitats for bioengineering and surgical repair: addressing the require...Sérgio Sacani
Numerous technical scenarios have been developed to facilitate a human return to the Moon, and as a testbed for a subsequent
mission to Mars. Crews appointed with constructing and establishing planetary bases will require a superior level of physical ability
to cope with the operational demands. However, the challenging environments of nearby planets (e.g. geological, atmospheric,
gravitational conditions) as well as the lengthy journeys through microgravity, will lead to progressive tissue degradation and an
increased susceptibility to injury. The isolation, distance and inability to evacuate in an emergency will require autonomous medical
support, as well as a range of facilities and specialised equipment to repair tissue damage on-site. Here, we discuss the design
requirements of such a facility, in the form of a habitat that would concomitantly allow tissue substitute production, maintenance
and surgical implantation, with an emphasis on connective tissues. The requirements for the individual modules and their operation
are identified. Several concepts are assessed, including the presence of adjacent wet lab and medical modules supporting the
gradual implementation of regenerative biomaterials and acellular tissue substitutes, leading to eventual tissue grafts and, in
subsequent decades, potential tissues/organ-like structures. The latter, currently in early phases of development, are assessed
particularly for researching the effects of extreme conditions on representative analogues for astronaut health support. Technical
solutions are discussed for bioengineering in an isolated planetary environment with hypogravity, from fluid-gel bath suspended
manufacture to cryostorage, cell sourcing and on-site resource utilisation for laboratory infrastructure. Surgical considerations are
also discussed.
StarCrete: A starch-based biocomposite for offworld constructionSérgio Sacani
: Robust and affordable technology capabilities
are needed before a sustained human presence on the
lunar and Martian surfaces can be established. A key
challenge is the production of high-strength structural
materials from in situ resources to provide spacious
habitats with adequate radiation shielding. Ideally, the
production of such materials will be achieved through
relatively simple, low-energy processes that support
other critical systems. Here, we demonstrate the use of
ordinary starch as a binder for simulated extraterrestrial
regolith to produce a high-strength biocomposite material, termed StarCrete. With this technique, surplus starch
produced as food for inhabitants could be used for construction, integrating two critical systems and significantly
simplifying the architecture needed to sustain early extraterrestrial colonies. After optimisation, lunar and Martian
StarCrete achieved compressive strengths of 91.7 and
72.0 MPa, respectively, which is well within the domain
of high-strength concrete (>42 MPa) and surpasses most
other proposed technology solutions despite being a
relatively low-energy process. The flexural strength of
the lunar and Martian StarCrete, at 2.1 and 8.4 MPa,
respectively, was also comparable to ordinary concrete
(2.5–4.5 MPa).
This review introduces microgravity environment the escape velocity which is independent of the mass of the object escaping and the effects of microgravity on bones, muscles, blood flow, proprioceptive system and re distribution of fluid in relation to the impact of the affected parts to the reproductive organs. Since the human reproductive organs components include bones, muscles, blood and fluids tissues. From previous work, it was discovered that penis, virginal, and uterus activities are negatively affected. Jaiyeola O. Paul | Oluwafemi A. Funmilola | Abdullahi S. Ayegba "Effects of Microgravity on Sexual Organs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29407.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/29407/effects-of-microgravity-on-sexual-organs/jaiyeola-o-paul
Final-How Some INIRPRC’s Studies Can Re-Route the Direction of Global Science...SMJ Mortazavi
In this presentation some of the game changer achievements of the Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC) in the following fields are discussed: 1. Space Biology 2. COVID-19 Management 3. Ramsar high background radiation areas (HBRAs) Studies 4. Health Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation
Lecture at University of Wisconsin, Madison - April 2, 2018SMJ Mortazavi
Large SPEs, especially when the shielding is inadequate, not only increase the risk of cancer, but also the possibility of occurrence of acute radiation syndrome (ARS). As physical shielding alone cannot solve current space radiation problems, in 2003 we introduced the adaptive response as an efficient model of biological protection. The development of this model is discussed in our recent publications. A recently published paper, authored by 30 scientists from countries such as US, UK, Russia, and Belgium has confirmed the need for selection of astronauts based on their adaptive response (this paper cites our reports on how AR helps choosing the astronauts for a deep space mission). Moreover, A NASA report published in 2016 has cited our early report on the importance of radioadaptive response in space missions and states that cells can be expected to be exposed to multiple hits of protons before being traversed by an HZE particle. However, substantial evidence showing that SPEs are a real concern, indicate that our proposed model is more applicable and evidence-based. Regarding the risk of infection, change of the virulence (ability to cause disease) of microorganisms and astronauts’ dysregulated immune system, significantly increases the infection risk in deep space missions.
Characterization of effective mechanical strength of chitosan porous tissue s...ijbesjournal
Tissue engineering can be understand as the development of functional substitute to replace missing or malfunctioning human tissue and organs by using biodegradable or non-biodegradable biomaterials such
as scaffolds to direct specific cell types to organize into three dimensional structures and perform
differentiated function of targeted tissue. The important factors to be considered in designing of
microstructure and there structure material were type of bio-material porosity, pore size, and pore
structure with respect to nutrient supply for transplanted and regenerated cells. Performance of various
functions of the tissue structure depends on porous scaffold microstructures with dimensions of specific
porosity, pore size, characteristics that influence the behaviorand development of the incorporated cells.
Finite element Methods (FEM) and Computer Aided Design (CAD) combines with manufacturing
technologies such as Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) helpful to allow virtual design and fabrication,
characterization and production of porous scaffold optimized for tissue replacement with appropriate pore
size and proper dimension. In this paper we found that with the increase in the porosity of tissue
scaffolds(PCL, HAP, PGAL & Chitosan) their effective mechanical strength decreases by performing the
modeling & simulation with CAD & FEM package (Pro/E & ANSYS respectively) and validating the results with in vitro fabrication of Chitosan scaffold by performing in vivo mechanical testing.
Beyond the Drake Equation: A Time-Dependent Inventory of Habitable Planets an...Sérgio Sacani
We introduce a mathematical framework for statistical exoplanet population and astrobiology studies
that may help directing future observational efforts and experiments. The approach is based on a
set of differential equations and provides a time-dependent mapping between star formation, metal
enrichment, and the occurrence of exoplanets and potentially life-harboring worlds over the chemopopulation history of the solar neighborhood. Our results are summarized as follows: 1) the formation
of exoplanets in the solar vicinity was episodic, starting with the emergence of the thick disk about
11 Gyr ago; 2) within 100 pc from the Sun, there are as many as 11, 000 (η⊕/0.24) Earth-size planets
in the habitable zone (“temperate terrestrial planets” or TTPs) of K-type stars. The solar system is
younger than the median TTP, and was created in a star formation surge that peaked 5.5 Gyr ago and
was triggered by an external agent; 3) the metallicity modulation of the giant planet occurrence rate
results in a later typical formation time, with TTPs outnumbering giant planets at early times; 4) the
closest, life-harboring Earth-like planet would be ∼
< 20 pc away if microbial life arose as soon as it did
on Earth in ∼
> 1% of the TTPs around K stars. If simple life is abundant (fast abiogenesis), it is also
old, as it would have emerged more than 8 Gyr ago in about one third of all life-bearing planets today.
Older Earth analogs are more likely to have developed sufficiently complex life capable of altering the
environment and producing detectable oxygenic biosignatures.
Similar to Tissue Engineering and Human Regenerative Therapies in Space: Benefits for Earth and Opportunities for Long Term Extra-Terrestrial Exploration_Crimson Publishers (20)
Transplantation of Autologous Bone Marrow- Derived Stromal Cells in Type 2 Di...CrimsonpublishersITERM
Type 2 Diabetes is a debilitating metabolic disorder which is also the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. Current therapeutic regimes to date have failed to achieve significant long-term glycemic control even with intensive insulin therapy as revealed by deregulated Hb1Ac and C-peptides levels. In the current study, we have evaluated the effect of regenerative cellular therapy for functional recovery from Diabetic pathophysiology. 10 patients with a median age of 51 years were selected for the study and subjected to bone marrow isolation. These samples were processed under sterile conditions for the enrichment of mononuclear cells (BM MNCs) from bone marrow. After strict quality control and characterization of cells, 2 x 106 cells/kg of BM MNCs were infused back into the patient through the anterior pancreaticoduodenal artery. We performed an evaluation of clinical parameters like Body Mass Index, Fasting Plasma Glucose, Fasting Plasma Insulin, HbA1c and C-peptide levels, and followed up the patients for 12 months. Our study showed a reduction in insulin dependency by ≥ 50%.
Regenerative Medicine: A Multidisciplinary Approach to a Complex Problem_Crim...CrimsonpublishersITERM
Despite the successful progresses in organ transplant, the organs shortage and the long waiting lists make it of the most challenging issues of our times. In fact, just a small percentage of patients receive transplants [1,2]. while every day around 18 people die waiting for them [3]. The possibility to create de novo tissues and organs and/or to promote their regeneration is of prominent interest in the research community. In the last years, many innovative approaches have been introduced and new technological advancements are undergoing. Currently, the most diffused methodologies rely on regenerative medicine, that combines the use of stem cells, stimulated with specific factors, and scaffolds, where cells can grow to substitute damaged tissues, inducing their repair and improving their functions [4]. Scaffolds possess a defined structure, with precise pore size and distribution [5,6], and determined mechanical properties which can tackle stress ensuring biological interconnections [7]. Regenerative medicine combines different disciplines, such as chemistry, physics, biology and tissue engineering to obtain functional materials. In this minireview, we will focus on the materials and fabrication methods that are used to prepare the scaffolds, the type of cells that are commonly used for regeneration, and finally the current advances in clinical approval.
From 3D Cell Culture System to Personalized Medicine in Osteosarcoma_Crimson ...CrimsonpublishersITERM
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone malignancy presenting typically during childhood and adolescence. However, few improvements of the survival outcomes for osteosarcoma patients have been achieved since the last three decades. Despite the rarity of the diagnosis, the complexity of tumor microenvironment and the genetic heterogeneity of osteosarcoma remain the major obstacles to understanding the mechanisms involved in tumor progression and metastasis, and to screening the pharmacologically active molecules for better drugs. Compared to the 2D cell culture system, 3D cell culture system is much closer to the in vivo physiological condition in tumor. Thus, 3D cell culture system could be a powerful technique to screen therapeutic agent towards personalized medicine in osteosarcoma.
Advances and Innovations and Impediments in Tissue Engineering and Regenerati...CrimsonpublishersITERM
The evolving arena of regenerative medicine requires the use of cells, scaffolds, tissues or genetically edited elements as therapeutic agents for implantable engineered tissues and organs that can regenerate physiological functions. A variety of fabrication techniques like gas foaming, phase separation, salt leaching, and freeze drying have been developed that successfully regenerate complex and functional tissues. Recently developed three-dimensional (3D) printing technology promises to bridge the differences between artificially engineered tissues and native tissues. After 3D printing, 3D bioprinting was introduced as an ultimate solution for vascularized tissue fabrication. The large number of tissues such as bone, cartilage, skin, myocardial, kidney, liver, and lung tissue models were investigated with 3D bioprinting. As there is a need for stimulus-responsive geometry, four-dimensional (4D) printing technology has been developed to fabricate structures that can transform their shape. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine providing exciting results has brought a new era of medical research and applications with value addition in the field of medicine. It will be important to ensure that appropriate technologies are developed, validated that could result to the betterment of human situation. The positive role of regulatory authorities could enhance the morale of the researchers and scientific communities. This could translate in to the lifesaving new innovations.
Innovative Potential of Periodontal Ligament Cell Sheet Engineering in Functi...CrimsonpublishersITERM
Innovative Potential of Periodontal Ligament Cell Sheet Engineering in Functional Implant Therapy by Isao Ishikawa in Innovation in Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine
Applying Monte Carlo Method to Bioengineering: Decision Support System in Hum...CrimsonpublishersITERM
Applying Monte Carlo Method to Bioengineering: Decision Support System in Human Skin-Tissue Correlation by Nuno Domingues in Innovation in Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine
Gut Microbiota Role in Liver Regeneration: Evidences and Novel Insights | Cri...CrimsonpublishersITERM
Human pathophysiological status highly depends on microbiota activity; its presence is in fact necessary to a healthy development, as well as for backing up immune system in the defense from pathogens. Gut microbiota also acts as a metabolic player that takes part in host metabolism by partially regulating bile acids (BAs) metabolism, as well as farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signalling. In fact, if microbiota functions are totally or even partially impaired, its role in supporting both BAs and FXR pathways will be undermined too, resulting in a diminished liver regeneration function. Hepatic pathologies have been associated to impaired gut microbial diversity, that can trigger a positive feedback cycle that worsen liver injury and obstruct liver regeneration process. Alcoholic liver disease subjects were typically infected by Bacteroides species and expanded Proteobacteria ones. Thus, it can be inferred that an intimate relationship between microbiota, hepatic metabolism and injury as well as regeneration is standing. Within this complex scenario, it is not surprising that the gut-liver axis could be also part of the regenerative mechanisms that, under certain circumstances, occur within the hepatic environment. This opinion paper aims to put together some of the evidences related to this thesis in order to consolidate it and give new insights about it.
Comparison of the Acute Hypervolemic Capacities of Erythropoietin and U-74389...CrimsonpublishersITERM
Aim: This study compared the hyper volemic capacities of erythropoietin (Epo) and antioxidant drug U-74389G based on 2 preliminary studies. The provided results at mean corpuscular volumes (MCV) levels augmentation were co-evaluated in a hypoxia re oxygenation protocol of an animal model.
Materials and methods: MCV levels (MCVl) were evaluated at the 60th reoxygenation min (for groups A, C and E) and at the 120th reoxygenation min (for groups B, D and F) in 60 rats. Groups A and B received no drugs, rats from groups C and D were administered with Epo; whereas rats from groups E and F were administered with U-74389G.
Results: The first preliminary study of Epo non-significantly increased the MCVl by 0.30%+0.39% (p-value=0.4430). However, the second preliminary study of U-74389G significantly rised the MCVl by 1.60%+0.43% (p-value=0.0005). These 2 studies were co-evaluated since they came from the same experimental setting. The outcome of the co-evaluation was that U-74389G has 4.352528-fold hypervolemic potency than Epo (p-value=0.0000).
Conclusion: The anti-oxidant capacities of U-74389G accelerate the acute hypervolemic properties; presenting 4.352528-fold rise on MCVl than epo (p-value=0.0000)
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Tissue Engineering and Human Regenerative Therapies in Space: Benefits for Earth and Opportunities for Long Term Extra-Terrestrial Exploration_Crimson Publishers
1. Tissue Engineering and Human Regenerative
Therapies in Space: Benefits for Earth and
Opportunities for Long Term Extra-Terrestrial
Exploration
Martin Braddock*
Sherwood Observatory, Mansfield and Sutton Astronomical Society, UK
Introduction
On Earth gravity is constant and although the precise value depends upon location, the
standard value of acceleration due to gravity is 9.81ms-2
. This is referred to as 1g. In space
astronauts experience microgravity (µG) of approximately 1x10-6
ms-2
and on the International
Space Station (ISS), astronauts float in space as they are in free fall because for any spacecraft
to stay in Earth orbit, it must move at almost exactly the right speed so that the curve of
downward acceleration matches the curvature of the Earth. This means that the ISS is an
ideal laboratory [1] for studying the effects of µG on living systems to investigate growth and
development at both the cellular level, in cell co-culture and in complex cellular systems where
scaffolds may be required to build architecture and shape that is unconstrained by gravity as
is the case in an Earth-bound laboratory. The deleterious effects of living and working in µG
on astronaut physiology and psychology have been extensively reviewed [2-9]. As of May 21st
2019, 571 people have travelled into space [10] spending from Alan Shepherd’s 15min flight
on board Freedom 7 in 1961 to Valerei Polyakov’s 437d 18h flight on the Mir space station in
1995. The length of time that astronauts have lived in µG has varied widely and it is principally
since the launch of the ISS, that long duration missions (LDMs) of >3mo have become the
norm.
Astronauts typically spend 6mo on the ISS, however, for supporting the planned LDMs
to Mars expected in the late 2020s and early 2030s, it is expected that astronauts will spend
a minimum time of 18mo in µG, during which time they will experience both soft and hard
tissue atrophy and receive a large component of the recommended lifetime exposure to
radiation. Although today, LDMs beyond our solar system remain purely conceptual and a
likely consequence of successful travel and colonisation of Mars, mission planners in the
all the major space agencies are considering the possibility of very long duration missions
(vLDMs) for a number of years, even including the possibility of multi-generational space
Crimson Publishers
Wings to the Research
Mini Review
*1
Corresponding author: Martin Brad-
dock, Sherwood Observatory, Mansfield
and Sutton Astronomical Society,
Coxmoor Road, Sutton-in-Ashfield, Not-
tinghamshire,United Kingdom,NG17 5LF,
Tel: +44 (0) 7748 761258;
Email:
Submission: May 23, 2019
Published: June 03, 2019
Volume 1 - Issue 3
How to cite this article: Martin
Braddock. Tissue Engineering and
Human Regenerative Therapies in Space:
Benefits for Earth and Opportunities for
Long Term Extra-Terrestrial Exploration.
Innovations Tissue Eng Regen Med. 1(3).
ITERM.000512.2019.
Copyright@ Martin Braddock, This
article is distributed under the terms of
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License, which permits
unrestricted use and redistribution
provided that the original author and
source are credited.
1Innovation in Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine
Abstract
Living and working in space presents many challenges for maintenance of optimal human physiology
and psychology. The physical effects of microgravity and increased radiation exposure together with the
psychological effects of isolation on human beings pose problems which are under intense investigation
by global space agencies, corporate and academic research institutions. An unsurmountable challenge,
at least today, for deep space exploration and colonisation (DSEC) is the longevity of human lifespan and
the potential for organ system dysfunction which may lead to premature death and mission termination
in the absence of bio-reparative capabilities. The unique nature of microgravity encountered in space
provides both a challenge and an opportunity for regenerative medicine that cannot be fully replicated
on Earth. This minireview describes some recent advances in the use of stem cells, tissue engineering and
the potential for 3D bioprinting in space as future concepts for consideration in the design of missions
supporting longer term space exploration and colonisation.