Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, with papillary thyroid cancer being the most common form. Risk factors include genetic predisposition, family history, and a history of radiation exposure. The cancer develops due to dysfunctional cell differentiation and proliferation, which can lead to regional or distant metastasis. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, FNAC biopsy. Treatment options include chemotherapy, external radiation therapy, complete thyroidectomy, and neck resection depending on the type and stage of cancer.

1. ALIYA RAHMAN

2. DEFINITION
 Abnormal proliferation and growth of thyroid cells.
 Most common endocrine malignancy
 Prognosis good in differentiated forms

3. ETIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS
 Exact – unknown
 Risk factors –
1. Genetic predisposition
2. Family history of thyroid cancer
3. History of radiation therapy 10-20 yrs following
cancer treatment elsewhere in body.

4. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
DYSFUNCTION IN CELL DIFFERNTIATION AND
PROLIFERATION
PROLIFERATION OF CANCER CELLS
REGIONAL AND DISTANT METASTASIS

5. DIAGNOSIS
 History collection and physical examination
 FNAC and biopsy

6. MANAGEMENT
 Medical management – chemotherapy, I131 external
radiation
 Surgical management – complete thyroidectomy &
neck resection

7. CLASSIFICATION OF THYROID
CANCER
 PAPILLARY- commonest form, more in women than men,
well differentiated slow growing and localized, pathology
report shows presence of papillae among its cells , have
good prognosis
 FOLLICULAR – 2nd most commonest type, more in women
than in men, good prognosis. Metastasis occur to lung and
bone via blood stream. Follicular cells present in pathology
examination
 MEDULLARY -3rd most commonest type. Orign from
parafollicular cells prognosis good in early stages
 ANAPLASTIC- most aggressive form accounts for less than
2%. Poor prognosis.

8. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
 Appearance of a hard ,irregular, painless nodule
 Cold nodule
 lymphadenopathy