Difficulty in preventing rollover accidents of marine containers derives from various load conditions of cargoes
inside the containers. Heavier cargoes are widely regarded as presenting greater danger of rollover accidents.
However, this presupposition is severely misleading because lighter cargoes having a higher center of gravity
such as machinery with an upper mass can also cause rollover accidents. Rollover accidents are explainable
fundamentally as follows.
The center of gravity of a truck loading a marine container conflicts with the centrifugal force in cornering. A
truck is unstable, causing a rollover accident when the moment originating from the centrifugal force exceeds
that originating from the force of gravity. Such a truck might cause a rollover accident at a lower driving speed
when the center of gravity is positioned higher. The question is therefore how to find the center of gravity of
trucks with marine containers. Conditions of cargoes inside the containers differ greatly. Moreover, it is
practically impossible to calculate those conditions by measuring all cargoes piece-by-piece in a container
unless the time and cost to do so are unlimited. Without knowing what is inside a container, there is no way to
detect the center of gravity after a truck starts moving.
An important invention by the second author of this paper was produced to solve that difficulty. Detection of the
Three Dimensional Center of Gravity (D3DCG) can ascertain the position of the center of gravity while trucks
are moving. Soon after starting to move, vertical and rolling motions are measured onboard the trucks in half a
minute. Then D3DCG is activated, instantly assessing the position of the center of gravity. D3DCG assumes that
the center of gravity causes unique motions depending on its position on the truck. Therefore there is no need to
know what is inside the container.
This paper first demonstrated the precision of D3DCG running an experiment by which a truck scale model was
used. It was driven by remote control. Results of positions of the center of gravity delivered from D3DCG were
compared to those obtained using ordinary piece-by-piece calculations. Secondly, this paper assessed examples
of D3DCG installed on an actual truck loading real marine containers. Results proved that D3DCG is valuable
for real-time detection of the center of gravity when driving. This achievement will greatly contribute to the
prevention of rollover accidents.
IRJET- Four Propellers Submarine Drone ModellingIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on modeling and simulating a four-propeller submarine drone using Matlab. It presents the mathematical modeling of the submarine's kinematics and dynamics. The kinematic model describes the vehicle's motion and orientation using Euler angles. The dynamic model accounts for forces like weight, buoyancy and thrust from the four propellers. The simulation aims to analyze the submarine's behavior under different propeller configurations to validate the multi-thruster propulsion system architecture.
The optimal control system of the ship based on the linear quadratic regular ...IJECEIAES
In this paper, the authors propose an optimal controller for the ship motion. Firstly, the model and dynamic equations of the ship motion are presented. Basing on the motion equations of ship model, the authors build the linear quadratic regular algorithm-based control system of ship motion to minimize difference between the response coordinate and the setting-coordinate. The task of the controller is controlling the ship coordinate to coincide with the desired coordinate. The ship model and controller are built to investigate the system quality through Matlab-Simulink software. The results show the high quality of the control system. The coordinate of a ship always follows the desired coordinate with very small errors.
This document provides biographical and educational information about Ali Ahmadi. It summarizes that he is a PhD candidate in Marine Engineering at Sharif University of Technology in Tehran, Iran. It lists his educational background which includes a BSc in Ship Building Engineering from Malek-e-Ashtar University of technology in 2010, an MSc in Marine Engineering from Sharif University of Technology in 2012, and current PhD studies also at Sharif University since 2014. It also outlines his research experiences, publications, work experience, and an MSc thesis he developed on modeling wave forces on a tension leg platform using boundary element methods in MATLAB.
Drive by damage detection with a tsd and time-shifted curvatureJennifer Keenahan
1. The document discusses using a traffic speed deflectometer (TSD) device on a passing vehicle to detect damage in bridges through "drive-by" inspections.
2. A numerical simulation models a TSD vehicle with 5 displacement sensors crossing a beam bridge with simulated damage. Time-shifted curvature derived from the displacements is proposed as a novel damage indicator.
3. Results show time-shifted curvature can reliably indicate damage in the presence of noise and changes in the vehicle's transverse position on the bridge. This has advantages over requiring lane closures for inspection.
Supply Chain Coordination with Buy-back and Wholesale-price Contracts under R...IJERA Editor
In order to increase supply chain total profit, we design a supply chain collaboration mechanism between one
supplier and one retailer. Throughout the paper we present one supplier and one retailer set up with random
demand in a decentralized supply chain. An incentive function on the buy-back cost and wholesale price cost is
presented and scheme through the buy-back contract and wholesale-price contract has been developed to enrich
the retailer take part in the collaboration ways. Furthermore, the paper shows that, how corporation between
buy-back contract and wholesale contract could coordinate the supply chain in both a decentralized and
centralized supply chain. Lastly, we set up numerical analyses and the result shows the implied collaboration
mechanism is not permit the decentralized system to achieve the same performance as the centralized decision
however it allows both members in the supply chain gains profit sharing by setting up the contract parameters.
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
Design and development workshop interior design and furniture sectionIJERA Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Self-controllable Voltage Level Technique to reduce leakage current in DRAM 4×4IJERA Editor
As the technology improved to support very large chip sizes, system designers were faced with power
consumption problem and leakage current problem. CMOS technology has increased in level of importance to
the point where it now clearly holds center stage as the dominant VLSI technology The present work shows the
implementation of a DRAM 4×4 (dynamic random access memory) with self controllable voltage level (SVL)
technique. SVL technique is leakage current reduction technique. Simulation is done by using a micro wind 3.1
and DSCH 2. By using a SVL technique in DRAM 4×4, 37% of leakage current is reduced.
IRJET- Four Propellers Submarine Drone ModellingIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on modeling and simulating a four-propeller submarine drone using Matlab. It presents the mathematical modeling of the submarine's kinematics and dynamics. The kinematic model describes the vehicle's motion and orientation using Euler angles. The dynamic model accounts for forces like weight, buoyancy and thrust from the four propellers. The simulation aims to analyze the submarine's behavior under different propeller configurations to validate the multi-thruster propulsion system architecture.
The optimal control system of the ship based on the linear quadratic regular ...IJECEIAES
In this paper, the authors propose an optimal controller for the ship motion. Firstly, the model and dynamic equations of the ship motion are presented. Basing on the motion equations of ship model, the authors build the linear quadratic regular algorithm-based control system of ship motion to minimize difference between the response coordinate and the setting-coordinate. The task of the controller is controlling the ship coordinate to coincide with the desired coordinate. The ship model and controller are built to investigate the system quality through Matlab-Simulink software. The results show the high quality of the control system. The coordinate of a ship always follows the desired coordinate with very small errors.
This document provides biographical and educational information about Ali Ahmadi. It summarizes that he is a PhD candidate in Marine Engineering at Sharif University of Technology in Tehran, Iran. It lists his educational background which includes a BSc in Ship Building Engineering from Malek-e-Ashtar University of technology in 2010, an MSc in Marine Engineering from Sharif University of Technology in 2012, and current PhD studies also at Sharif University since 2014. It also outlines his research experiences, publications, work experience, and an MSc thesis he developed on modeling wave forces on a tension leg platform using boundary element methods in MATLAB.
Drive by damage detection with a tsd and time-shifted curvatureJennifer Keenahan
1. The document discusses using a traffic speed deflectometer (TSD) device on a passing vehicle to detect damage in bridges through "drive-by" inspections.
2. A numerical simulation models a TSD vehicle with 5 displacement sensors crossing a beam bridge with simulated damage. Time-shifted curvature derived from the displacements is proposed as a novel damage indicator.
3. Results show time-shifted curvature can reliably indicate damage in the presence of noise and changes in the vehicle's transverse position on the bridge. This has advantages over requiring lane closures for inspection.
Supply Chain Coordination with Buy-back and Wholesale-price Contracts under R...IJERA Editor
In order to increase supply chain total profit, we design a supply chain collaboration mechanism between one
supplier and one retailer. Throughout the paper we present one supplier and one retailer set up with random
demand in a decentralized supply chain. An incentive function on the buy-back cost and wholesale price cost is
presented and scheme through the buy-back contract and wholesale-price contract has been developed to enrich
the retailer take part in the collaboration ways. Furthermore, the paper shows that, how corporation between
buy-back contract and wholesale contract could coordinate the supply chain in both a decentralized and
centralized supply chain. Lastly, we set up numerical analyses and the result shows the implied collaboration
mechanism is not permit the decentralized system to achieve the same performance as the centralized decision
however it allows both members in the supply chain gains profit sharing by setting up the contract parameters.
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
Design and development workshop interior design and furniture sectionIJERA Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Self-controllable Voltage Level Technique to reduce leakage current in DRAM 4×4IJERA Editor
As the technology improved to support very large chip sizes, system designers were faced with power
consumption problem and leakage current problem. CMOS technology has increased in level of importance to
the point where it now clearly holds center stage as the dominant VLSI technology The present work shows the
implementation of a DRAM 4×4 (dynamic random access memory) with self controllable voltage level (SVL)
technique. SVL technique is leakage current reduction technique. Simulation is done by using a micro wind 3.1
and DSCH 2. By using a SVL technique in DRAM 4×4, 37% of leakage current is reduced.
Experimental Study on Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal Rectangular Minichannel wi...IJERA Editor
An experimental study was conducted to investigate two-phase air-water flow characteristics, in horizontal
rectangular minichannel with Y-junction. The width (W), the height (H) and the hydraulic diameter (DH) of the
rectangular cross section for the upstream side of the junction are 4.60 mm, 2.50 mm and 3.24 mm, while those
for the downstream side are 2.36 mm, 2.50 mm and 2.43 mm. The entire test section was machined from
transparent acrylic block, so that the flow structure could be visualized. Liquid single-phase and air-liquid twophase
flow experiments were conducted at room temperature. The flow pattern, the bubble velocity, the bubble
length, and the void fraction were measured with a high-speed video camera. Pressure profile upstream and
downstream from the junction was also measured for the respective flows, and the pressure loss due to the
contraction at the junction was determined from the pressure profiles. Two flow patterns, i.e., slug and annular
flows, were observed in the fully-developed region apart from the junction. In the analysis, the frictional pressure
drop data, the two-phase frictional multiplier data, bubble velocity data, bubble length data and void fraction data
were compared with calculations by some correlations in literatures. In addition, new pressure loss coefficient
correlations for the pressure drop at the junction has been proposed. Results of such experiment and analysis are
described in the present paper.
On Steiner Dominating Sets and Steiner Domination Polynomials of PathsIJERA Editor
This document introduces the concept of the Steiner domination polynomial of a path Pn. It defines the Steiner domination polynomial Sγ(Pn, x) as the sum of the number of Steiner dominating sets of size i for each i, where the number of such sets is represented by sγ(Pn, i). Several lemmas are provided about properties of Sγ(Pn, x) and its coefficients, including that it has no constant term, is strictly increasing, and properties related to the polynomials of smaller paths Pn-1, Pn-2, and Pn-3. The proofs of these lemmas are also given.
Enhancement of Heat Transfer and Thermo-Hydraulic Performance Using Triangula...IJERA Editor
Solar heat has been thrust area of research to explore renewable energy utilisation for the past few decades. In
solar air heaters artificial roughness is tried on the surface of the absorber plate by adding small roughness
elements to enhance the heat transfer rate. In the present work triangular protrusion are provided to act as
roughness elements over the surface of the aluminum absorber plate. The experimental study is carried out on
the effect of change in apex angle of protrusions on the heat transfer rate by keeping the other design parameters
unchanged. Maximum heat transfer rate and thermo-hydraulic performance between the range of apex angle 300
and 600 is studied. The Nusselt number is between 50 and 110, friction factor 4.5-6.7x10-3, Stanton number is 6-
14x10-3. The heat transfer rate and thermo-hydraulic performance are observed to be maximum for 450 apex
angle and least for the 600 plate.
Efficient Image Compression Technique using Clustering and Random PermutationIJERA Editor
Multimedia data compression is a challenging situation for compression technique, due to the possibility of loss
of data as well as it require large amount of storage place. The minimization of storage place and proper
transmission of these data need compression. In this dissertation we proposed a block based DWT image
compression technique using genetic algorithm and HCC code matrix. The HCC code matrix compressed into
two different set redundant and non-redundant which generate similar pattern of block coefficient. The similar
block coefficient generated by particle of swarm optimization. The process of particle of swarm optimization is
select for the optimal block of DWT transform function. For the experimental purpose we used some standard
image such as Lena, Barbara and cameraman image. The size of resolution of this image is 256*256. The source
of image is Google.
Hamiltonian Chromatic Number of GraphsIJERA Editor
This paper studies the Hamiltonian coloring and Hamiltonian chromatic number for different graphs .the main
results are1.For any integer n greater than or equal to three, Hamiltonian chromatic number of Cn is equal to n-2.
2. G is a graph obtained by adding a pendant edge to Hamiltonian graph H, and then Hamiltonian chromatic
number of G is equal to n-1. 3. For every connected graph G of order n greater than or equal to 2, Hamiltonian
chromatic number of G is not more than one increment of square of (n-2).
Heat Transfer & Periodic Flow Analysis of Heat Exchanger by CFD with Nano FluidsIJERA Editor
Many heat transfer applications such as steam generators in a boiler or air cooling coil of an air conditioner, can
be modelled in a bank of tubes containing a fluid flowing at one temperature that is immersed in a second fluid
in a cross flow at different temperature. CFD simulations are a useful tool for understanding flow and heat
transfer principles as well as for modelling these types of geometries. Both the fluids considered in the present
study are CUO Nano fluids, and flow is classified as laminar and steady with Reynolds number between 100-
600.The mass flow rate of the cross flow and diameter has been varied (such as 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30
kg/sec and 0.8, 1.0.1.2 &1.4cm) and the models are used to predict the flow and temperature fields that result
from convective heat transfer. Due to symmetry of the tube bank and the periodicity of the flow inherent in the
tube bank geometry, only a portion of the geometry will be modelled and with symmetry applied to the outer
boundaries. The inflow boundary will be redefined as a periodic zone and the outflow boundary is defined as the
shadow. The various static pressures, velocities, and temperatures obtained are reported.
In this present project tubes of different diameters and different mass flow rates are considered to examine the
optimal flow distribution. Further the problem has been subjected to effect of materials used for tubes
manufacturing on heat transfer rate. Materials considered are copper and Nickle Chromium alloys. Results
emphasize the utilization of alloys in place of copper as tube material serves better heat transfer with most
economical way.
A Study of Anodic Voltage Drop in Aluminum Reduction Cell by Finite Element A...IJERA Editor
Aluminum extraction has a very high energy consumption process, so reducing energy consumption is one of
the most important roles in aluminum reduction cell design. The good path to achieve this goal can be made by
voltage savings at the anode assembly.
The aim of this work is todevelop3D thermo-electrical finite element model and validate based on actual
temperature measurements and electrical calculations for the anode assembly. The model is used to estimate the
temperature distribution and the anodic voltage drop over the anode assembly and to suggest alternative design
modifications to reduce the anodic voltage drop.
The effect of changing in stub diameter and chemical composition of cast iron on anodic voltage drop were
studied. The findings indicated that the effect of stub diameter is more effective as compare with the changing in
cast iron composition.
Mechanical Strength of Particleboard Produced from Fonio Husk with Gum Arabic...IJERA Editor
Fonio (“Acha”) husk passing through a maximum 4mm sieve aperture was blended with an adhesive liquid resin of gum Arabic to form Fonio Husk Particleboard (FHP) samples. The resin binder was a product of crushed balls of gum Arabic that was mixed with water at ratio 4:3 by weight. The resin was introduced at percentage levels of 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% and 45% by weight. After pressing, heat treatments and curing, the particleboard samples were tested for mechanical strengths. The compressive strength ranged from 0.057N/mm2 at 20% level to 0.369N/mm2 at 45% level. Tensile strength increased steadily with increase in resin levels peaking at 0.792 N/mm2 for 45% level. The flexural strength followed the same trend peaking at 45% level with 3.697 N/mm2. Some of the values met the minimum values prescribed by British, American and European Standards. The boards may not be used as load bearing materials but will be better suited as internal wall partitions and ceiling materials.
Performance & Emissions Characteristics of a Four Stroke Diesel Engine Fuelle...IJERA Editor
Diesel engines are used for automotive application because they have lower specific fuel consumption and superior efficiency compared to S.I engines. However in spite of these advantages NOx and smoke emissions from the diesel engines cause serious environmental problems. In the present work, biodiesel was produced from Palmyra oil. In this present work, investigations were carried out to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Palmyra oil. The results were compared with diesel fuel, and the selected Palmyra oil fuel blends. For this experiment a single cylinder, four stroke, water cooled diesel engine was used. Tests were carried out over entire range of engine operation at varying conditions of load. To increase the engine performance parameters and to decrease the exhaust gas emissions with increase biodiesel concentration. The experimental results provide that the use of biodiesel in compression ignition engine is a viable alternative to diesel. Additive to add the Ethanol. The blending percentage in the steps of 10%, 20% & 30%.
Implementing Neural Networks Using VLSI for Image Processing (compression)IJERA Editor
Biological systems process the analog signals such as image and sound efficiently. To process the information the way biological systems do we make use of ANN. (Artificial Neural Networks) The focus of this paper is to review the implementation of the neural network architecture using analog components like Gilbert cell multiplier, differential amplifier for neuron activation function and tan sigmoid function circuit using MOS transistor. The neural architecture is trained using Back propagation algorithm for compressing the image. This paper surveys the methods of implementing the neural network using VLSI .Different CMOS technologies are used for implementing the circuits for arithmetic operations (i.e. 180nm, 45nm, 32nm).And the MOS transistors are working in sub threshold region. In this paper a review is made on how the VLSI architecture is used to implement neural networks and trained for compressing the image.
Low-Cost Sensor Network for Contamination Detection in Drinking WaterIJERA Editor
This paper deals with the low cost and holistic approach to the water quality monitoring for drinking water
distribution systems. Our approach is based on the development of low cost sensor nodes for real time water
contamination monitoring using web based technology. The main sensor node consists of several
electrochemical and optical sensors and emphasis is given on low cost, light-weight implementation, and
reliable long time operation. We will interface the values of sensors to the internet by using the software python.
The internet network would be used to monitoring the results of drinking water values.
Boundry Layer Flow and Heat Transfer along an Infinite Porous Hot Horizontal ...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a research article that analyzes boundary layer flow and heat transfer along an infinite porous hot horizontal plate using the natural transformation method. The researchers transformed the governing partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations and solved them using natural transformation. They found that increasing the plate velocity significantly impacts the fluid flow and heat transfer, decreasing skin friction and increasing the Nusselt number. Graphs show how the velocity and temperature profiles are affected by parameters like plate velocity, Prandtl number, and heat source/sink value.
Public Key Cryptosystem Approach for P2P Botnet Detection and PreventionIJERA Editor
Distributed (P2P) botnets have as of late been received by botmasters for their versatility against take-down
endeavors. Other than being harder to bring down, p2p botnets tend to be stealthier in the way they perform
vindictive exercises, making current discovery approaches ineffectual. In this paper, we simulate our proposal
by detecting a gray hole attack in an Ad Hoc network using NS2.The detected malicious node is listed in a black
hole list and notices all other nodes in the network to stop communicating with them. Our botnet location
framework has been equipped for identifying stealthy P2P botnets (Gray Hole nodes) and can reduce packet loss
caused by malicious nodes and have a better packet delivery ratio (PDR) within less period of time.
Studying the Factors Affecting Mainteneance Strategies & Computerised Mainten...IJERA Editor
Manufacturing firmѕ face great preѕѕure to reduce their production coѕtѕ continuouѕly. One of the main
expenditure itemѕ for theѕe firmѕ iѕ maintenance coѕt which can reach 15–70% of production coѕtѕ, varying
according to the type of induѕtry (Bevilacqua and Braglia, 2000). The amount of money ѕpent on maintenance in
a ѕelected group of companieѕ iѕ eѕtimated to be about 600 billion dollarѕ in 1989 (Wireman, 1990, cited by
Chan et al., 2005). On the other hand, maintenance playѕ an important role in keeping availability and reliability
levelѕ, product quality, and ѕafety requirementѕ. Unfortunately, unlike production and manufacturing problemѕ
which have received tremendouѕ intereѕt from reѕearcherѕ and practitionerѕ, maintenance received little
attention in the paѕt. Thiѕ iѕ one of the reaѕonѕ that reѕultѕ in low maintenance efficiency in induѕtry at preѕent.
Aѕ indicated by Mobley (2002), one third of all maintenance coѕtѕ iѕ waѕted aѕ the reѕult of unneceѕѕary or
improper maintenance activitieѕ. Today, reѕearch in thiѕ area iѕ on the riѕe. Moreover, the role of maintenance iѕ
changing from a “neceѕѕary evil” to a “profit contributor” and towardѕ a “partner” of companieѕ to achieve
world-claѕѕ competitiveneѕѕ (Waeyenbergh and Pintelon, 2002). Therefore, reѕearch on maintenance repreѕentѕ
an opportunity for making ѕignificant contribution by academicѕ.
Implementing Iris in the Railway Control Office Application for Secure Saas i...IJERA Editor
Technology plays a vital role in each and every part of the world. In particular ―Cloud‖ computing - a
moderately recent term, characterizes the path to develop the advancement in the world of computer science.
Further, Cloud provides an affordable environment for its users through different forms of services such as SaaS
(Software as a service), PaaS (Platform as a service), and IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service). Cloud computing is
also an Internet-based computing where a large pool of systems are connected in private or public networks, and
provide dynamically scalable infrastructure for application data as well as file storage. Security of Cloud
computing is an evolving sub-domain of network security, computer security and information security. In spite
of its advantages, Cloud environment has many security flaws such as loss of important data, data leakage and
something related to cloning, resource pooling etc. Security of Cloud Computing is an emerging area for study.
It includes several security and privacy issues with challenges and solutions for many security issues of cloud
computing. The Control Office Application (COA) is the latest addition to train operations related IT application
of Indian Railways. Along with the Freight Operations Information System (FOIS), COA has led to a complete
transformation in train operations and facilitates all information on train operations being computer generated. It
is this application that feeds the National Train Enquiry System (NTES) which provides passengers with up to
date information on train running. COA also provides train operations information to FOIS and ICMS. The
objective of the Indian Railways is to further improve the operations by using technological aids that enable
quicker data capture and intelligent applications that provide better planning and forecasting tools. To overcome
these issues, in Cloud computing, we can use SaaS (software as a service). In this paper, we have proposed a
new IRIS algorithm to authenticate the users of COA software in the cloud environment.
Analysis of main beam of bridge crane based on ANSYSIJRES Journal
In this paper, the beam of bridge crane is the research object. This paper introduced the main
structure of the bridge crane. Four kinds of work conditions are studied, and a finite condition analysis is
carried out based on ANSYS. According to the actual operating results and theoretical analysis on allowable
bending and allowable stress this paper confirmed that the stiffness safety of beam meets the design
requirements, and provided reliable basis and optimization of crane design.
Badaruddin provides his credentials and experience in engineering and rigging. He outlines key considerations for rigging plans including defining the lifting method, estimating the lifted load, selecting rigging and a crane. As an example, he summarizes installing a gas cooler using a 180-ton crane. Key steps are setting the crane configuration, defining the 34.5-ton lifted weight and center of gravity, verifying the crane capacity of 42.3 tons is not exceeded, selecting wire rope slings rated for 28 and 16 tons, and checking ground bearing pressure does not exceed capacity.
Dynamic analyses of ship impact to the new bridge over storstrømmenJacob Egede Andersen
Ship impacts to bridges are relatively rare and therefore treated as accidental loads. Due to the
low probability of occurrence, it is logical to allow some degree of plastic behaviour of the
impinged structure, since the alternative, a completely elastic response, may lead to
disproportionally large material usage.
This paper presents the principle of, and results from, numerical analyses conducted for the
illustrative design of the new bridge over Storstrømmen in Denmark. This is an approximately 4km
long bridge consisting of 80m viaduct spans and two navigations spans of 160m in a single-pylon
cable-stayed configuration. The girder is a continuous, post-tensioned concrete box girder carrying
two railway tracks, two road lanes and a combined pedestrian/bicycle path.
Since ship impact is a transient event, the numerical analyses conducted consist of dynamic
analyses in the form of time-series that include relevant non-linearities of the ship, soil and bridge
bearings. Hereby a realistic picture of the bridge response during, and after, impact is obtained
allowing the comparison between pre-defined failure modes and the bridge response.
In addition, the time-series produced are used to calibrate a linear model for train
safety/runability calculations in conjunction with ship impact to define design criteria's for
maximum bridge accelerations levels at ship impact, in order to prevent trains from overturning.
The runability model itself have be tested against the Danish Great Belt West Bridge, a comparable
railway concrete girder bridge, in order to justify that the model gives correct acceleration levels
for the train/structure interaction and subsequently acceleration levels at ship impact.
Based upon the investigations made also risk analysis have been carried out, in order to show the
overall risk complies with railway authorities and Eurocode requirements.
A modal shift for the logistics network system in japanTran Dieu Huyen
The document discusses a modal shift model for Japan's logistics network that analyzes shifting cargo transportation from roads to rail and marine transport. Key findings include:
1) The authors used logit models to analyze how transport distance, time, cost, freight size, and other factors influence shippers' choice of transport mode.
2) The models found it is feasible to shift a significant portion of current truck transport to rail or marine container transport.
3) Shifting more transport to rail and marine could improve loading efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions.
The researchers used strain gauges to experimentally determine the drag coefficient of a scale model Toyota car. Tests were conducted in a subsonic wind tunnel from 21.17 to 33 m/s. Drag coefficients were obtained ranging from 1.10 to 0.53, decreasing about 50% over the speed range tested. Flow visualization showed recirculating vortices at the rear that influence drag. Measurement errors for velocity, drag force, and drag coefficient decreased with increasing air speed.
IRJET - Analysis of Skew Bridge using Computational MethodIRJET Journal
The document analyzes skew bridges with different skew angles (0-60 degrees) and spans (16-24 meters) using the STAAD Pro software. It considers dead loads, live loads, and impact loads according to IRC and AASHTO standards. The analysis results in bending moments, torsion moments, shear forces, and deflections for T-beam girders. Guidelines are provided for grillage layout and load consideration in the analysis and design of skew bridges.
Experimental Study on Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal Rectangular Minichannel wi...IJERA Editor
An experimental study was conducted to investigate two-phase air-water flow characteristics, in horizontal
rectangular minichannel with Y-junction. The width (W), the height (H) and the hydraulic diameter (DH) of the
rectangular cross section for the upstream side of the junction are 4.60 mm, 2.50 mm and 3.24 mm, while those
for the downstream side are 2.36 mm, 2.50 mm and 2.43 mm. The entire test section was machined from
transparent acrylic block, so that the flow structure could be visualized. Liquid single-phase and air-liquid twophase
flow experiments were conducted at room temperature. The flow pattern, the bubble velocity, the bubble
length, and the void fraction were measured with a high-speed video camera. Pressure profile upstream and
downstream from the junction was also measured for the respective flows, and the pressure loss due to the
contraction at the junction was determined from the pressure profiles. Two flow patterns, i.e., slug and annular
flows, were observed in the fully-developed region apart from the junction. In the analysis, the frictional pressure
drop data, the two-phase frictional multiplier data, bubble velocity data, bubble length data and void fraction data
were compared with calculations by some correlations in literatures. In addition, new pressure loss coefficient
correlations for the pressure drop at the junction has been proposed. Results of such experiment and analysis are
described in the present paper.
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This document introduces the concept of the Steiner domination polynomial of a path Pn. It defines the Steiner domination polynomial Sγ(Pn, x) as the sum of the number of Steiner dominating sets of size i for each i, where the number of such sets is represented by sγ(Pn, i). Several lemmas are provided about properties of Sγ(Pn, x) and its coefficients, including that it has no constant term, is strictly increasing, and properties related to the polynomials of smaller paths Pn-1, Pn-2, and Pn-3. The proofs of these lemmas are also given.
Enhancement of Heat Transfer and Thermo-Hydraulic Performance Using Triangula...IJERA Editor
Solar heat has been thrust area of research to explore renewable energy utilisation for the past few decades. In
solar air heaters artificial roughness is tried on the surface of the absorber plate by adding small roughness
elements to enhance the heat transfer rate. In the present work triangular protrusion are provided to act as
roughness elements over the surface of the aluminum absorber plate. The experimental study is carried out on
the effect of change in apex angle of protrusions on the heat transfer rate by keeping the other design parameters
unchanged. Maximum heat transfer rate and thermo-hydraulic performance between the range of apex angle 300
and 600 is studied. The Nusselt number is between 50 and 110, friction factor 4.5-6.7x10-3, Stanton number is 6-
14x10-3. The heat transfer rate and thermo-hydraulic performance are observed to be maximum for 450 apex
angle and least for the 600 plate.
Efficient Image Compression Technique using Clustering and Random PermutationIJERA Editor
Multimedia data compression is a challenging situation for compression technique, due to the possibility of loss
of data as well as it require large amount of storage place. The minimization of storage place and proper
transmission of these data need compression. In this dissertation we proposed a block based DWT image
compression technique using genetic algorithm and HCC code matrix. The HCC code matrix compressed into
two different set redundant and non-redundant which generate similar pattern of block coefficient. The similar
block coefficient generated by particle of swarm optimization. The process of particle of swarm optimization is
select for the optimal block of DWT transform function. For the experimental purpose we used some standard
image such as Lena, Barbara and cameraman image. The size of resolution of this image is 256*256. The source
of image is Google.
Hamiltonian Chromatic Number of GraphsIJERA Editor
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results are1.For any integer n greater than or equal to three, Hamiltonian chromatic number of Cn is equal to n-2.
2. G is a graph obtained by adding a pendant edge to Hamiltonian graph H, and then Hamiltonian chromatic
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Heat Transfer & Periodic Flow Analysis of Heat Exchanger by CFD with Nano FluidsIJERA Editor
Many heat transfer applications such as steam generators in a boiler or air cooling coil of an air conditioner, can
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in a cross flow at different temperature. CFD simulations are a useful tool for understanding flow and heat
transfer principles as well as for modelling these types of geometries. Both the fluids considered in the present
study are CUO Nano fluids, and flow is classified as laminar and steady with Reynolds number between 100-
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tube bank geometry, only a portion of the geometry will be modelled and with symmetry applied to the outer
boundaries. The inflow boundary will be redefined as a periodic zone and the outflow boundary is defined as the
shadow. The various static pressures, velocities, and temperatures obtained are reported.
In this present project tubes of different diameters and different mass flow rates are considered to examine the
optimal flow distribution. Further the problem has been subjected to effect of materials used for tubes
manufacturing on heat transfer rate. Materials considered are copper and Nickle Chromium alloys. Results
emphasize the utilization of alloys in place of copper as tube material serves better heat transfer with most
economical way.
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Aluminum extraction has a very high energy consumption process, so reducing energy consumption is one of
the most important roles in aluminum reduction cell design. The good path to achieve this goal can be made by
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The aim of this work is todevelop3D thermo-electrical finite element model and validate based on actual
temperature measurements and electrical calculations for the anode assembly. The model is used to estimate the
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The effect of changing in stub diameter and chemical composition of cast iron on anodic voltage drop were
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Mechanical Strength of Particleboard Produced from Fonio Husk with Gum Arabic...IJERA Editor
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Performance & Emissions Characteristics of a Four Stroke Diesel Engine Fuelle...IJERA Editor
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Implementing Neural Networks Using VLSI for Image Processing (compression)IJERA Editor
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Public Key Cryptosystem Approach for P2P Botnet Detection and PreventionIJERA Editor
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Studying the Factors Affecting Mainteneance Strategies & Computerised Mainten...IJERA Editor
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levelѕ, product quality, and ѕafety requirementѕ. Unfortunately, unlike production and manufacturing problemѕ
which have received tremendouѕ intereѕt from reѕearcherѕ and practitionerѕ, maintenance received little
attention in the paѕt. Thiѕ iѕ one of the reaѕonѕ that reѕultѕ in low maintenance efficiency in induѕtry at preѕent.
Aѕ indicated by Mobley (2002), one third of all maintenance coѕtѕ iѕ waѕted aѕ the reѕult of unneceѕѕary or
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changing from a “neceѕѕary evil” to a “profit contributor” and towardѕ a “partner” of companieѕ to achieve
world-claѕѕ competitiveneѕѕ (Waeyenbergh and Pintelon, 2002). Therefore, reѕearch on maintenance repreѕentѕ
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Implementing Iris in the Railway Control Office Application for Secure Saas i...IJERA Editor
Technology plays a vital role in each and every part of the world. In particular ―Cloud‖ computing - a
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Analysis of main beam of bridge crane based on ANSYSIJRES Journal
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bending and allowable stress this paper confirmed that the stiffness safety of beam meets the design
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Dynamic analyses of ship impact to the new bridge over storstrømmenJacob Egede Andersen
Ship impacts to bridges are relatively rare and therefore treated as accidental loads. Due to the
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disproportionally large material usage.
This paper presents the principle of, and results from, numerical analyses conducted for the
illustrative design of the new bridge over Storstrømmen in Denmark. This is an approximately 4km
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Since ship impact is a transient event, the numerical analyses conducted consist of dynamic
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Three-Dimensional Center of Gravity Detection for Trucks Hauling Marine Containers
1. Runan Dang Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 6) January 2016, pp.27-34
www.ijera.com 27|P a g e
Three-Dimensional Center of Gravity Detection for Trucks
Hauling Marine Containers
Runan Dang1
, Yutaka Watanabe2
1, 2
Graduate School of Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan
Abstract
Difficulty in preventing rollover accidents of marine containers derives from various load conditions of cargoes
inside the containers. Heavier cargoes are widely regarded as presenting greater danger of rollover accidents.
However, this presupposition is severely misleading because lighter cargoes having a higher center of gravity
such as machinery with an upper mass can also cause rollover accidents. Rollover accidents are explainable
fundamentally as follows.
The center of gravity of a truck loading a marine container conflicts with the centrifugal force in cornering. A
truck is unstable, causing a rollover accident when the moment originating from the centrifugal force exceeds
that originating from the force of gravity. Such a truck might cause a rollover accident at a lower driving speed
when the center of gravity is positioned higher. The question is therefore how to find the center of gravity of
trucks with marine containers. Conditions of cargoes inside the containers differ greatly. Moreover, it is
practically impossible to calculate those conditions by measuring all cargoes piece-by-piece in a container
unless the time and cost to do so are unlimited. Without knowing what is inside a container, there is no way to
detect the center of gravity after a truck starts moving.
An important invention by the second author of this paper was produced to solve that difficulty. Detection of the
Three Dimensional Center of Gravity (D3DCG) can ascertain the position of the center of gravity while trucks
are moving. Soon after starting to move, vertical and rolling motions are measured onboard the trucks in half a
minute. Then D3DCG is activated, instantly assessing the position of the center of gravity. D3DCG assumes that
the center of gravity causes unique motions depending on its position on the truck. Therefore there is no need to
know what is inside the container.
This paper first demonstrated the precision of D3DCG running an experiment by which a truck scale model was
used. It was driven by remote control. Results of positions of the center of gravity delivered from D3DCG were
compared to those obtained using ordinary piece-by-piece calculations. Secondly, this paper assessed examples
of D3DCG installed on an actual truck loading real marine containers. Results proved that D3DCG is valuable
for real-time detection of the center of gravity when driving. This achievement will greatly contribute to the
prevention of rollover accidents.
Keywords: Trailer, Rollover, Road safety, Vibration of moving body, Natural frequency, D3DCG
I. Introduction
A prominent problem of transporting marine
containers on roads is that truck drivers do not know
conditions of cargoes loaded inside the containers
because intermodal contractors have limited rights to
open the containers without permission by shippers
of the cargoes. Furthermore, time schedules of
delivering the containers to the shippers are always
tightly ordered in global supply chain networks.
Consequently, severe accidents involving trailer
trucks, typically rollover accidents, have increased, as
reported by the Sankei Shimbun (2015) and the Asahi
Shimbun (2015). The center of gravity of the trailer
trucks must be ascertained to prevent rollover
accidents even under the conditions above by which
the drivers can neither open the marine containers nor
see inside them. For example, Figure 1 shows a
typical rollover accident of a trailer truck loaded a
marine container caused by the higher center of
gravity occurred on March 25, 2014 at Tokyo Central.
Regarding the official accidents reports by Ministry
of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of the
Japanese Government, 16 cases of similar accidents
occurred in Japan during 2014 and 2015.
The center of gravity of trucks can be measured
using a truck scale such as that reported by Mikata et
al. (2011) only in cases where the truck driver has
sufficient time to go where a truck scale is available
and sufficient funds to pay for the measuring service.
Actually, this is unrealistic under actual conditions of
logistics by which shippers and shipping lines order
just in time delivery of their containers at minimum
cost. No driver can waste time and money to find a
truck scale somewhere during their busy business day.
The only way to overcome this difficulty is to
introduce detection of the three-dimensional center of
gravity (D3DCG) in trailer trucks transporting marine
containers while they are traveling.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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Figure 1: Trailer truck hauling a marine container in a typical rollover accident caused by a high center of
gravity: March 25, 2014 at Tokyo Central.
Left: Aerial view of the accident site.
Source: http://mainichi.jp/select/news/20140325k0000e040216000c.html
Right: Interior view of the marine container which caused the accident.
Source: Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department
II. Detection of Three-Dimensional
Center of Gravity
D3DCG can be derived as follows according to a
process explained by Kawashima et al. (2014). First,
as presented in Figure 2, movable bodies such as an
automobile or a railcar, receive disturbance from a
road surface or a track during travel. Then vertical
pitching occurs on elastic structures such as the
suspension and tires. This pitching is formulated as a
simple harmonic motion in the following equation.
m
k
V
2
2
1
'
(1)
Therein, V' stands for the frequency of vertical
simple harmonic oscillation of a body, π represents
the circular constant, k signifies the spring constant
on the right/left-hand side of the body, and m denotes
the body weight. This pitching tends to alleviate itself
by horizontal movement. Therefore, rolling is also
generated successively in the body. This rolling is
expressed as a circular motion in the following
equation as
L
gL
m
kb
V
2
2
2
. (2)
Center of
gravity
b
L
v’
v
Center of oscillation
Figure 2: Concept of Detection of Three
Dimensional Center of Gravity (D3DCG).
In that equation, V denotes horizontal shaking
(rolling) frequency of the body, g stands for
gravitational acceleration, L represents the height of
the spatial center of gravity from the axis of center of
oscillation of a vehicle, and b is the width of a
portion supporting the weight of the vehicle from its
axis of the center of oscillation. Actually, k/m can be
eliminated in (1) and (2) by considering it as one
variable. Therefore, they yield the following.
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0
4
'
4 2
22
22
2
V
Vb
L
V
g
L
(3)
In fact, V' and V can be ascertained by measurement
with a body-mounted sensor as described later.
Therefore, (3) is solvable with respect to L.
III. Accuracy of Three-Dimensional
Center of Gravity Detection
3.1 Experiment Overview
Figure 3 presents a truck model to a scale of 1:14
for verification of D3DCG accuracy. First, the center
of gravity of the model was measured conventionally
by hanging the model from different directions. The
point of intersection on hung lines represented the
position of the center of gravity of the model.
Secondly, a tabletop device for D3DCG was made.
After the model was placed on the device, D3DCG
was activated to detect the center of gravity of the
model. Finally, D3DCG accuracy was verified by
comparison.
Figure 3: Model of truck to a scale of 1:14.
3.2 Conventional measurement of the center of
gravity by hanging the model
A line was attached to three parts of the model:
the front, middle, and back. Then the model was
hung from the line. The three traces of the line
intersected at a point on the model on which the
center of gravity was positioned. Figure 4 presents
the procedure described above. The position of the
center of gravity was measured between the point and
the edge of tires of the model using a ruler as shown
in Figure 4.
Tracing the intersection by hanging a targeted object
provides the most accurate measurement to ascertain
the center of gravity position. However, it is nearly
impossible or too dangerous to hang heavier real
trucks that are transporting marine containers.
Therefore D3DCG is welcomed when the error is
negligible compared to the trace of the intersection.
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Figure 4: Measurement of the center of gravity by hanging the model.
3.3 Detecting the center of gravity using a table top
D3DCG device
Figure 5 shows a table top device of D3DCG in
which four coil springs are attached under a platform
on which a targeted object for detecting the center of
gravity is placed. A motion sensor for measuring
vertical accelerations and rolling angular velocity is
attached underneath the platform. Their outputs are
introduced to an A–D converter, and are transmitted
to a PC, which computed (3) and displays the result
with graphical user interface. The object starts
shaking by placing it on the platform and patting its
upper part softly. Then computing is conducted
immediately by application of D3DCG. Figure 6
presents a display of the center of gravity of the
model by the application. The measuring time was
about 8 s (depending on the relation between the
sampling time and FFT size).
Figure 5: Table top device of D3DCG.
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Value of
center of
gravity
Position
of center
of gravity
Figure 6: Application of D3DCG.
3.4 Comparison with measurement of the center of
gravity by the intersection and D3DCG
Table 1 presents a comparison with measurement
of the center of gravity by the intersection and
D3DCG argued above. The difference between them
is extremely slight. It is therefore consistent in
D3DCG to detect the center of gravity accurately.
Table 1: Consistency in D3DCG with accurate
center of gravity detection
Way ofmeasuring center ofgravity D3DCG Hanging
Measurement ofcenter ofgravity 0.0787 m 0.0790 m
IV. Measurement of Center of Gravity of
Model of Truck During Traveling by
D3DCG
4.1 Experiment Overview
Unlike the table top device of D3DCG, on which
the ideal condition presented by (3) is available,
measurement of the center of gravity of trucks during
traveling by D3DCG might have errors because of
various disturbances such as conditions of roads
surfaces, driving speed, and conditions of steering.
To verify D3DCG accuracy when it is activated
during travel, the following experiments were
conducted.
Figure 7: Mode of changing the center of gravity using a cargo and traveling the model of truck with
cargo.
First, a cargo in which the motion sensor with
A/D converter was attached lower was loaded onto
the model as shown at the left of Figure 7. A PC on
which a D3DCG application was installed was placed
above the sensor; both were mutually connected. The
PC can be moved vertically to two positions in the
cargo so that the center of gravity of the model can
also be shifted accordingly. The lower position of the
PC was 2.5 cm above the intermediate platform of
the cargo over the sensor. The higher one was at 5 cm,
as calculated similarly.
Secondly, the center of gravity of the model with the
cargo was measured using the D3DCG table top
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device similar to that shown in Figure 5. Finally, the
model with the cargo was moved by remote control
as shown at the right of Figure 7. The center of
gravity was measured using D3DCG installed in the
cargo.
4.2 Results obtained using the table top device of
D3DCG
Table 2 presents results of the center of gravity
by the table top device of D3DCG. It is apparent that
the center of gravity is higher than that of Table 1
because of the loaded cargo.
Table 2: Center of gravity measured by the table top device of D3DCG
Position of Cargo Average Standard deviation Maximum Minimum
0.0250m 0.1134 m 0.0038 m 0.1200 m 0.1080 m
0.0500m 0.1241 m 0.0039 m 0.1280 m 0.1200 m
Center of Gravity (Number of experiments: 10 )
4.3 Results by D3DCG during traveling
Table 3 presents results of the center of gravity
by D3DCG during motion. Compared to the results
shown in Table 2, the center of gravity is about 0.2
cm lower than those shown because that D3DCG
during traveling can only detect the center of gravity
from the axis of center of oscillation of the model.
Judging from the value of 0.2 cm with some error,
the axis of the center of oscillation of the model
might be positioned at a level of the center or a bit
lower part of the tires of the model. Therefore, the
portion of mass below the axis of center of oscillation
is not involved in the measurement. The center of
gravity by the table top device of D3DCG shown in
Table 2 is the height of the center of gravity from the
platform of the table top device of D3DCG involving
all portions of the model.
Table 3: Center of gravity measured by D3DCG during traveling
Position of Cargo Average Standard deviation Maximum Minimum
0.0250m 0.1110 m 0.0058 m 0.1236 m 0.1042 m
0.0500m 0.1225 m 0.0098 m 0.1359 m 0.1083 m
Center of Gravity (Number of experiments: 10 )
V. Demonstration Experiment of
D3DCG with Real Trailer Truck
5.1 Experiment Overview
An experiment was conducted with an actual
trailer truck transporting a marine container in which
imported heavier metal products had been loaded, as
shown in Figure 8. Testing was conducted in
Hokkaido, Japan on March 31, 2015. A set of
D3DCG measurement systems, the same one
described above, was installed in the truck. The
sensor was fixed on a frame of the truck. A PC was
carried into the cabin of the truck as shown in Figure
9. They were mutually connected by a USB cable.
Figure 8: Actual trailer truck transporting a marine container used for a D3DCG demonstration
experiment.
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D3DCG was activated at the cabin during traveling. The center of gravity of the trailer truck was measured
in half a minute. Measurements were repeated ten times under the same driving conditions by which the truck
drove straight while maintaining a constant speed.
PC with
D3DCG
Motion
Sensors
USB
Cable
Figure 9: Installation of measurement system of D3DCG in an actual trailer truck.
5.2 Verification of Experimental Results
Table 4 presents results of the measurement of the
center of gravity detected during traveling. The value
of 0.675 m for the center of gravity can be used
because the axis of the center of oscillation of the
trailer truck should be positioned at a level around the
middle part of the tires, as described in 4.3. Therefore
the height of the center of gravity from ground level
might be 1.225 m because the radius of tires for
trailer trucks in Japan is generally 0.55 m. This value
exceeds the level of the upper surface of the trailer
onto which the marine container is loaded. The center
of gravity of trailer trucks without marine containers
is generally positioned lower than the level of the
upper surface because the heaviest parts of a trailer
truck, which are an engine, its parts, shaft, and wheel
driving structure, are installed onto the wheel shaft of
the tires underneath the surface. The marine container
with loaded cargo has a lifted up center of gravity of
the trailer truck when loaded onto the trailer bed. In
this respect, the results presented in Table 4 are
satisfactory.
Table 4: Center of gravity of a real trailer truck transporting a marine container measured using
D3DCG during travel
VI. Conclusions
This study demonstrated the accuracy of D3DCG
in comparison with the measurement of the
intersection by hanging a truck model. It also proved
that D3DCG is applicable to the model during travel.
Based on the results presented above, this study
conducted a demonstration experiment of D3DCG
with a real trailer truck transporting a marine
container during travel. The result of the experiment
was judged as reliable from the trailer structure and
the results of model experiments.
The center of gravity detected using D3DCG
should be used for prevention of severe accidents,
such as rollovers, of trailer trucks that are hauling
marine containers. The authors will strive to produce
real-time rollover warning systems for use during
travel for trailer trucks in which D3DCG can detect
not only the center of gravity but also important
conditions of steering related to rollover phenomena.
For example, when D3DCG is used in conjunction
with car navigation systems, the rollover critical
speed limit can be told to drivers in real time. The
analyses described in this paper are the first step to
achieving such useful future applications.
References
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over crashed on an expressway in Tokyo,
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ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 6) January 2016, pp.27-34
www.ijera.com 34|P a g e
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