Kanchi Paramacharya Community - Story of Syamantaka Mani told by Sri Kanchi M...Sumathi Agambaranathan
1. The story describes brothers Satrajit and Prasena who lived in Dwaraka during Krishna's time. Satrajit performed intense austerities for Surya (the Sun God) and was given a precious gem called the Syamantaka Mani.
2. The gem brought great wealth and prosperity. However, Surya warned that its owner must maintain purity or harm could result. Satrajit returned to Dwaraka wearing the gem, which emitted a brilliant light.
3. Krishna praised the gem's beauty, making Satrajit suspicious of Krishna's intentions. However, Krishna had no real desire for the gem despite his royal status and power in D
The document summarizes the life story of Buddha in 3 sentences:
Buddha was born as Prince Siddhartha in Nepal and lived a life of luxury until encountering old age, sickness, and death, which led him to leave his home and spiritual practices. After years of meditation and ascetic practices, he attained enlightenment under the bodhi tree and discovered the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path. He then spent the rest of his life teaching these principles and establishing the Buddhist monastic order.
The document summarizes the author's pilgrimage to religious sites in South Karnataka associated with Adi Sankara Bhagavatpada, a famous 8th century Indian philosopher. They traveled from their home in Thrissur, Kerala to destinations like Udupi, Kollur Mookambika Temple, Sringeri Sarada Mutt, and Mangalore. These places were important to Sankara and blessed by his presence. The author describes their multi-day journey, visits to temples, and experiences at each location on the trail of Sankara.
The document is a script for a story about Prince Siddhartha meeting with his father, King Suddhodana. King Suddhodana has mobility issues and uses crutches. Prince Siddhartha examines his father's feet and toes and gives him medical advice. They discuss Prince Siddhartha's travels to learn from healers and oracles. King Suddhodana asks Prince Siddhartha to accept the royal crown, and Prince Siddhartha agrees if the King will wear it in his place while he continues his studies.
The document summarizes the major life events of Shakyamuni Buddha, from his birth in Lumbini Garden as Prince Siddhartha to his attainment of enlightenment under the Bodhi Tree to his passing into Parinibbana in Kusinagara. It describes his life as a pampered prince who realized the truths of old age, sickness, and death, his ascetic practices seeking enlightenment, defeating Mara and his demons during meditation under the Bodhi Tree, turning the Dharma wheel by teaching the Four Noble Truths, and traveling to teach and convert many people until his final days.
When the charm of the woman failed the story the great jain monk sthulibhadraDr. Trilok Kumar Jain
The document tells the story of the great Jain monk Sthulibhadra. It describes how he was initially a youth who spent his time in romance, but had a change of heart after his father died. He decided to become a monk and renounced the world. He withstood many temptations, including staying with a former courtesan during the rainy season without giving in to her allure. This demonstrated his great commitment and self-control. The story aims to inspire younger generations to lead principled lives focused on spiritual goals.
An essay by Puduvai Kalaimamani, Puduvai Shakti, Yogamani Yogacharini Meenakshi Devi Bhavanani on her Natya Guruji, Adyar K Lakshman Sir.
This version appeared in the book "Saraswati’s Pearls: Dialogues on the Yoga of Sound" authored by Yogacharya Dr. Ananda Balayogi Bhavanani and Yogacharini Dr. Sangeeta Laura Biagi and published by Dhivyananda Creations, Pondicherry, India. The book is available from www.icyer.com
I. Hindu scriptures accord women a high status, with many hymns in the Vedas composed by women priests and goddesses being worshipped equally alongside male gods.
II. Hinduism is unique in worshipping the divine feminine through goddesses like Devi, Lakshmi, and Saraswati. Key Hindu concepts like Shakti and the Vedas themselves are represented through feminine symbols.
III. Throughout history, women in Hinduism have excelled as spiritual leaders, warriors, rulers and social reformers, playing multiple roles while upholding dharma.
Kanchi Paramacharya Community - Story of Syamantaka Mani told by Sri Kanchi M...Sumathi Agambaranathan
1. The story describes brothers Satrajit and Prasena who lived in Dwaraka during Krishna's time. Satrajit performed intense austerities for Surya (the Sun God) and was given a precious gem called the Syamantaka Mani.
2. The gem brought great wealth and prosperity. However, Surya warned that its owner must maintain purity or harm could result. Satrajit returned to Dwaraka wearing the gem, which emitted a brilliant light.
3. Krishna praised the gem's beauty, making Satrajit suspicious of Krishna's intentions. However, Krishna had no real desire for the gem despite his royal status and power in D
The document summarizes the life story of Buddha in 3 sentences:
Buddha was born as Prince Siddhartha in Nepal and lived a life of luxury until encountering old age, sickness, and death, which led him to leave his home and spiritual practices. After years of meditation and ascetic practices, he attained enlightenment under the bodhi tree and discovered the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path. He then spent the rest of his life teaching these principles and establishing the Buddhist monastic order.
The document summarizes the author's pilgrimage to religious sites in South Karnataka associated with Adi Sankara Bhagavatpada, a famous 8th century Indian philosopher. They traveled from their home in Thrissur, Kerala to destinations like Udupi, Kollur Mookambika Temple, Sringeri Sarada Mutt, and Mangalore. These places were important to Sankara and blessed by his presence. The author describes their multi-day journey, visits to temples, and experiences at each location on the trail of Sankara.
The document is a script for a story about Prince Siddhartha meeting with his father, King Suddhodana. King Suddhodana has mobility issues and uses crutches. Prince Siddhartha examines his father's feet and toes and gives him medical advice. They discuss Prince Siddhartha's travels to learn from healers and oracles. King Suddhodana asks Prince Siddhartha to accept the royal crown, and Prince Siddhartha agrees if the King will wear it in his place while he continues his studies.
The document summarizes the major life events of Shakyamuni Buddha, from his birth in Lumbini Garden as Prince Siddhartha to his attainment of enlightenment under the Bodhi Tree to his passing into Parinibbana in Kusinagara. It describes his life as a pampered prince who realized the truths of old age, sickness, and death, his ascetic practices seeking enlightenment, defeating Mara and his demons during meditation under the Bodhi Tree, turning the Dharma wheel by teaching the Four Noble Truths, and traveling to teach and convert many people until his final days.
When the charm of the woman failed the story the great jain monk sthulibhadraDr. Trilok Kumar Jain
The document tells the story of the great Jain monk Sthulibhadra. It describes how he was initially a youth who spent his time in romance, but had a change of heart after his father died. He decided to become a monk and renounced the world. He withstood many temptations, including staying with a former courtesan during the rainy season without giving in to her allure. This demonstrated his great commitment and self-control. The story aims to inspire younger generations to lead principled lives focused on spiritual goals.
An essay by Puduvai Kalaimamani, Puduvai Shakti, Yogamani Yogacharini Meenakshi Devi Bhavanani on her Natya Guruji, Adyar K Lakshman Sir.
This version appeared in the book "Saraswati’s Pearls: Dialogues on the Yoga of Sound" authored by Yogacharya Dr. Ananda Balayogi Bhavanani and Yogacharini Dr. Sangeeta Laura Biagi and published by Dhivyananda Creations, Pondicherry, India. The book is available from www.icyer.com
I. Hindu scriptures accord women a high status, with many hymns in the Vedas composed by women priests and goddesses being worshipped equally alongside male gods.
II. Hinduism is unique in worshipping the divine feminine through goddesses like Devi, Lakshmi, and Saraswati. Key Hindu concepts like Shakti and the Vedas themselves are represented through feminine symbols.
III. Throughout history, women in Hinduism have excelled as spiritual leaders, warriors, rulers and social reformers, playing multiple roles while upholding dharma.
This document provides a biography of Bhagavan Ramana Maharshi in 3 paragraphs. It describes that he was born in 1879 in a village near Madurai to a pious family. As a boy, he was indifferent to his studies but strong. At age 16, he became interested in spirituality after hearing about Arunachala and reading about saints. At age 17 in 1896, he experienced a spiritual awakening where he realized his true self and the deathless nature of consciousness, becoming a sage. He withdrew from family and studies to spend his time in contemplation, experiencing a complete transformation.
Kanchi Periva Forum - Ebook on Sri Maha Periva's Life History - Volume 5kanchiperiva
This document provides details about Maha Periva's life in 1933, including his visits to temples in Kumbakonam and Chidambaram. It summarizes the legend of Kumbakonam related to the creation of the world. It also describes Maha Periva's participation in the Mahamaham festival in Kumbakonam, inaugurating a Vedic school, and celebrating Sankara Jayanthi in Thiruvidaimarudur. Finally, it discusses Maha Periva overcoming historical obstacles to visit the Nataraja temple in Chidambaram.
RETREAT - India Buddhist circuit 12 - 22 September 2019Savina Cenuse
This document provides information about an 11-day spiritual program in the Himalayas from September 12-22, 2019. It will include accommodations in Leh, Nubra Valley, and Delhi, as well as meals, transportation, and activities. Participants will work on healing, manifestation, and spiritual development goals with guides Amaleswari Devi and Karma Dhondup. The schedule includes yoga, meditation, energy work, and visits to monasteries and ashrams. The program contribution is 1,550 Euro which covers costs but not flights. A 500 Euro deposit is required upon booking with the remaining balance due 2 months before. Testimonials from previous participants describe transformative experiences of personal growth, connection to spirit
Dnyaneshwari is a 7th century Marathi commentary on the Bhagavad Gita written by Saint Dnyaneshwar to make the Gita's philosophy accessible to common people. It discusses four spiritual paths - knowledge, action, yoga, and devotion - depending on the seeker's nature. While retaining the Gita's philosophical content, Dnyaneshwar uses examples from daily life to clarify meanings. The commentary has 18 chapters and was written at age 16 under his brother's instruction. It remains widely read in Maharashtra as a spiritual guide.
Shankara was born in 509 BC in Kerala, India to a Brahmin family. He showed great intellectual abilities from a young age. After being inspired by a poor woman's selflessness, he became a sannyasi at age 8. He traveled across India to debate scholars and re-establish the principles of Advaita Vedanta philosophy. Shankara established four monasteries across India and wrote several influential texts before passing away at age 32. He revived Hinduism and emphasized that Atman (soul) and Brahman (universal soul) are the same.
Sri Ramakrishna was born in 1836 in a small village in West Bengal to devout Hindu parents who had visions about his divine birth. As a child, he experienced profound spiritual experiences and became deeply devoted to worshipping the Divine Mother Kali. In 1855, he became a priest at the Dakshineswar Kali Temple. During intense worship, he experienced a vision of the infinite Divine Mother that left him in a state of spiritual ecstasy for two years. After returning to a normal life and marrying, he again plunged into intense spiritual practices and experiences, forgetting all worldly attachments in his quest to realize God.
Shrinathji Darshan in Nathdwara, Udaipur describes the town of Nathdwara and its significance as the home of Lord Shrinathji. It discusses the key figures of Shrinathji, Yamunaji, and Shri Mahaprabhuji Vallabhacharya, and provides details on the history and founding of the Pushtimarg sect by Shri Vallabhacharya.
The document provides extracts from various Hindu scriptures and texts, including:
- A description of the sacred place of Naimisharanya and its significance in Hinduism.
- Predictions from the Bhagavata Purana about the current age of Kali Yuga.
- An introduction to the Devi Mahatmya text and its chapters within the Markandeya Purana.
- Descriptions of mystical experiences people had at Thiruvannamalai involving divine encounters.
- Overviews of important Hindu scriptures like the Shiva Maha Purana and Narada Purana in English.
- Discussions on concepts like evolution, reincarnation and her
- Conflict is inherent in the material world due to the interaction of the three modes of nature (sattva, rajo, tamo gunas) and the existence of individual ego and identities.
- Even when great spiritual figures like Krishna, Jesus, and Muhammad appeared, conflict and persecution still existed because of free will.
- Gossip and unnecessary talking often lead to conflict when people come together. However, when people unite in glorifying God through chanting and other practices, there is harmony.
- All paths or methods can lead to the same truth or understanding, if viewed with a higher perspective beyond the ego. Conflict arises from a narrow view that "my path is the only right one
Ganapathi, also known as Ganesha, is one of the most important gods in Hinduism. He is the son of Shiva and Parvathi and has an elephant head and large belly. There are many stories about his origins and adventures. He is known as the remover of obstacles and god of knowledge. Ganapathi helped his brother Subrahmanya marry Valli, a tribal princess, by chasing her in the form of an elephant. He also out-ate everything in Kubhera's town to show Kubhera's disrespect of Shiva was misplaced. Overall, Ganapathi displays his cleverness and importance in Hindu mythology through many tales.
This document provides a biography of Swami Vivekananda from his childhood as Narendra Nath Datta. It describes him being born in 1863 in Calcutta to educated parents who immersed him in Hindu scriptures from a young age. As a child, Narendra was very intelligent but also mischievous. He had a fascination with religion and spirituality from a young age. The document outlines his education and growing interest in intellectual pursuits as he matured.
On Dadaji - Vol - VI Amiyaroy Choudhary DadajiTruth Within
This document provides a summary of Dada Tatva (Dada Essence) by Professor Dr. Bibhuti Sarkar, which explores the nature and philosophy of "Dadaji" or Amiya Roy Chowdhury. Some key points:
- Dadaji is affectionately called "Dada" (elder brother) by everyone, showing his equal love and vision beyond differences.
- He sees all people as one community, equally loving the rich and poor across religions/castes.
- Dadaji reveals his divine nature and supernatural powers to critique "gurudom" (guru business) and religious superstitions, wishing to establish the natural truth.
Saraswati the goddess_of_knowledge_by_dr.swanand_s._pathak swanandpathak
Hinduism considers Saraswati as the goddess of knowledge, music, and arts. She is believed to have passed all types of knowledge, from worldly to divine, to humanity. Myths in Puranas describe her origins and relationships with gods like Brahma and Vishnu. She is typically depicted as white-skinned, holding a veena (string instrument), rosary, and scriptures, seated on a lotus. Saraswati represents intelligence, consciousness, creativity, and education, guiding devotees to supreme knowledge and spiritual liberation.
The Buddha was born as Prince Siddhartha in Lumbini, now in Nepal. He was sheltered from suffering as a prince but saw an old man, sick man, and dead man on trips outside the palace, learning that suffering was universal. He renounced his life to find the end of suffering and practiced asceticism for years. After nearly starving, he realized asceticism was not the path and sat under a bodhi tree, attaining enlightenment and the truths of karma and nirvana. He then taught these truths to his five former ascetic companions, beginning his spread of Buddhism.
This document provides information about the Hindu festival of Navratri, including:
1. Stories explaining why Navratri is celebrated, honoring Durga's victory over Mahishasura and blessing of Sumati.
2. Details on the importance, timing (twice yearly), and traditions of Navratri puja rituals like offerings, prayers and fasting over nine days honoring the nine forms of Durga.
3. Answers common questions about the significance of fasting and dancing during Navratri, and how the festival relates to seasonal changes and mitochondrial health.
Suresh follows his wife on a journey across Tamil Nadu after she leaves him to find herself. Through postcards left at hotels, he tracks her to various locations like Mamallapuram, Chidambaram, Thanjavur, Madurai, Theni, and ultimately Kodaikanal where he finds and reunites with her. Along the way, he experiences local culture and temples, reflecting on their marriage and what she wants from life.
This document provides a story from Panchatantra about a foolish lion and a clever rabbit. In the story, a lion is killing too many animals in the forest, so the animals agree to send one animal to the lion each day as food. When it's the rabbit's turn, he comes up with a plan. He arrives late and tells the lion that another lion has killed five rabbits meant for him. The angry lion demands to be taken to this other lion. The rabbit leads the lion to a deep well, where the lion falls in and drowns, saving the animals from his tyranny. The story teaches that intelligence is greater than strength.
POV - Climate change solution for the airline industrySonata Software
The document discusses how the global airline industry is exploring ways to reduce carbon emissions and is vulnerable to climate change regulations. While aviation only accounts for 2-3% of total greenhouse gas emissions, its impact is estimated to be 2-4 times greater due to emissions at high altitudes. The UN has urged international organizations to agree on managing airline emissions. The document outlines strategies airlines could adopt under four pillars: technology, infrastructure, operations, and carbon offset programs. It also discusses the EU's emissions trading scheme and how Sonata can provide IT solutions to help airlines track and report emission data needed to comply with regulations.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on unions and union organizing. It discusses what makes companies vulnerable targets for unions, including industries with high union win rates. It also covers how unions gauge employee satisfaction, common reasons employees seek to unionize like unfair treatment and lack of communication, and signs that union organizing may be underway. The presentation provides guidance on policies and procedures companies should have in place. It also outlines dos and don'ts for supervisors during union campaigns and strategies for educating employees.
This document provides a biography of Bhagavan Ramana Maharshi in 3 paragraphs. It describes that he was born in 1879 in a village near Madurai to a pious family. As a boy, he was indifferent to his studies but strong. At age 16, he became interested in spirituality after hearing about Arunachala and reading about saints. At age 17 in 1896, he experienced a spiritual awakening where he realized his true self and the deathless nature of consciousness, becoming a sage. He withdrew from family and studies to spend his time in contemplation, experiencing a complete transformation.
Kanchi Periva Forum - Ebook on Sri Maha Periva's Life History - Volume 5kanchiperiva
This document provides details about Maha Periva's life in 1933, including his visits to temples in Kumbakonam and Chidambaram. It summarizes the legend of Kumbakonam related to the creation of the world. It also describes Maha Periva's participation in the Mahamaham festival in Kumbakonam, inaugurating a Vedic school, and celebrating Sankara Jayanthi in Thiruvidaimarudur. Finally, it discusses Maha Periva overcoming historical obstacles to visit the Nataraja temple in Chidambaram.
RETREAT - India Buddhist circuit 12 - 22 September 2019Savina Cenuse
This document provides information about an 11-day spiritual program in the Himalayas from September 12-22, 2019. It will include accommodations in Leh, Nubra Valley, and Delhi, as well as meals, transportation, and activities. Participants will work on healing, manifestation, and spiritual development goals with guides Amaleswari Devi and Karma Dhondup. The schedule includes yoga, meditation, energy work, and visits to monasteries and ashrams. The program contribution is 1,550 Euro which covers costs but not flights. A 500 Euro deposit is required upon booking with the remaining balance due 2 months before. Testimonials from previous participants describe transformative experiences of personal growth, connection to spirit
Dnyaneshwari is a 7th century Marathi commentary on the Bhagavad Gita written by Saint Dnyaneshwar to make the Gita's philosophy accessible to common people. It discusses four spiritual paths - knowledge, action, yoga, and devotion - depending on the seeker's nature. While retaining the Gita's philosophical content, Dnyaneshwar uses examples from daily life to clarify meanings. The commentary has 18 chapters and was written at age 16 under his brother's instruction. It remains widely read in Maharashtra as a spiritual guide.
Shankara was born in 509 BC in Kerala, India to a Brahmin family. He showed great intellectual abilities from a young age. After being inspired by a poor woman's selflessness, he became a sannyasi at age 8. He traveled across India to debate scholars and re-establish the principles of Advaita Vedanta philosophy. Shankara established four monasteries across India and wrote several influential texts before passing away at age 32. He revived Hinduism and emphasized that Atman (soul) and Brahman (universal soul) are the same.
Sri Ramakrishna was born in 1836 in a small village in West Bengal to devout Hindu parents who had visions about his divine birth. As a child, he experienced profound spiritual experiences and became deeply devoted to worshipping the Divine Mother Kali. In 1855, he became a priest at the Dakshineswar Kali Temple. During intense worship, he experienced a vision of the infinite Divine Mother that left him in a state of spiritual ecstasy for two years. After returning to a normal life and marrying, he again plunged into intense spiritual practices and experiences, forgetting all worldly attachments in his quest to realize God.
Shrinathji Darshan in Nathdwara, Udaipur describes the town of Nathdwara and its significance as the home of Lord Shrinathji. It discusses the key figures of Shrinathji, Yamunaji, and Shri Mahaprabhuji Vallabhacharya, and provides details on the history and founding of the Pushtimarg sect by Shri Vallabhacharya.
The document provides extracts from various Hindu scriptures and texts, including:
- A description of the sacred place of Naimisharanya and its significance in Hinduism.
- Predictions from the Bhagavata Purana about the current age of Kali Yuga.
- An introduction to the Devi Mahatmya text and its chapters within the Markandeya Purana.
- Descriptions of mystical experiences people had at Thiruvannamalai involving divine encounters.
- Overviews of important Hindu scriptures like the Shiva Maha Purana and Narada Purana in English.
- Discussions on concepts like evolution, reincarnation and her
- Conflict is inherent in the material world due to the interaction of the three modes of nature (sattva, rajo, tamo gunas) and the existence of individual ego and identities.
- Even when great spiritual figures like Krishna, Jesus, and Muhammad appeared, conflict and persecution still existed because of free will.
- Gossip and unnecessary talking often lead to conflict when people come together. However, when people unite in glorifying God through chanting and other practices, there is harmony.
- All paths or methods can lead to the same truth or understanding, if viewed with a higher perspective beyond the ego. Conflict arises from a narrow view that "my path is the only right one
Ganapathi, also known as Ganesha, is one of the most important gods in Hinduism. He is the son of Shiva and Parvathi and has an elephant head and large belly. There are many stories about his origins and adventures. He is known as the remover of obstacles and god of knowledge. Ganapathi helped his brother Subrahmanya marry Valli, a tribal princess, by chasing her in the form of an elephant. He also out-ate everything in Kubhera's town to show Kubhera's disrespect of Shiva was misplaced. Overall, Ganapathi displays his cleverness and importance in Hindu mythology through many tales.
This document provides a biography of Swami Vivekananda from his childhood as Narendra Nath Datta. It describes him being born in 1863 in Calcutta to educated parents who immersed him in Hindu scriptures from a young age. As a child, Narendra was very intelligent but also mischievous. He had a fascination with religion and spirituality from a young age. The document outlines his education and growing interest in intellectual pursuits as he matured.
On Dadaji - Vol - VI Amiyaroy Choudhary DadajiTruth Within
This document provides a summary of Dada Tatva (Dada Essence) by Professor Dr. Bibhuti Sarkar, which explores the nature and philosophy of "Dadaji" or Amiya Roy Chowdhury. Some key points:
- Dadaji is affectionately called "Dada" (elder brother) by everyone, showing his equal love and vision beyond differences.
- He sees all people as one community, equally loving the rich and poor across religions/castes.
- Dadaji reveals his divine nature and supernatural powers to critique "gurudom" (guru business) and religious superstitions, wishing to establish the natural truth.
Saraswati the goddess_of_knowledge_by_dr.swanand_s._pathak swanandpathak
Hinduism considers Saraswati as the goddess of knowledge, music, and arts. She is believed to have passed all types of knowledge, from worldly to divine, to humanity. Myths in Puranas describe her origins and relationships with gods like Brahma and Vishnu. She is typically depicted as white-skinned, holding a veena (string instrument), rosary, and scriptures, seated on a lotus. Saraswati represents intelligence, consciousness, creativity, and education, guiding devotees to supreme knowledge and spiritual liberation.
The Buddha was born as Prince Siddhartha in Lumbini, now in Nepal. He was sheltered from suffering as a prince but saw an old man, sick man, and dead man on trips outside the palace, learning that suffering was universal. He renounced his life to find the end of suffering and practiced asceticism for years. After nearly starving, he realized asceticism was not the path and sat under a bodhi tree, attaining enlightenment and the truths of karma and nirvana. He then taught these truths to his five former ascetic companions, beginning his spread of Buddhism.
This document provides information about the Hindu festival of Navratri, including:
1. Stories explaining why Navratri is celebrated, honoring Durga's victory over Mahishasura and blessing of Sumati.
2. Details on the importance, timing (twice yearly), and traditions of Navratri puja rituals like offerings, prayers and fasting over nine days honoring the nine forms of Durga.
3. Answers common questions about the significance of fasting and dancing during Navratri, and how the festival relates to seasonal changes and mitochondrial health.
Suresh follows his wife on a journey across Tamil Nadu after she leaves him to find herself. Through postcards left at hotels, he tracks her to various locations like Mamallapuram, Chidambaram, Thanjavur, Madurai, Theni, and ultimately Kodaikanal where he finds and reunites with her. Along the way, he experiences local culture and temples, reflecting on their marriage and what she wants from life.
This document provides a story from Panchatantra about a foolish lion and a clever rabbit. In the story, a lion is killing too many animals in the forest, so the animals agree to send one animal to the lion each day as food. When it's the rabbit's turn, he comes up with a plan. He arrives late and tells the lion that another lion has killed five rabbits meant for him. The angry lion demands to be taken to this other lion. The rabbit leads the lion to a deep well, where the lion falls in and drowns, saving the animals from his tyranny. The story teaches that intelligence is greater than strength.
POV - Climate change solution for the airline industrySonata Software
The document discusses how the global airline industry is exploring ways to reduce carbon emissions and is vulnerable to climate change regulations. While aviation only accounts for 2-3% of total greenhouse gas emissions, its impact is estimated to be 2-4 times greater due to emissions at high altitudes. The UN has urged international organizations to agree on managing airline emissions. The document outlines strategies airlines could adopt under four pillars: technology, infrastructure, operations, and carbon offset programs. It also discusses the EU's emissions trading scheme and how Sonata can provide IT solutions to help airlines track and report emission data needed to comply with regulations.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on unions and union organizing. It discusses what makes companies vulnerable targets for unions, including industries with high union win rates. It also covers how unions gauge employee satisfaction, common reasons employees seek to unionize like unfair treatment and lack of communication, and signs that union organizing may be underway. The presentation provides guidance on policies and procedures companies should have in place. It also outlines dos and don'ts for supervisors during union campaigns and strategies for educating employees.
This document summarizes a listing for a historic 5 bedroom home located at 87 Canal Street in Fort Plain, New York. Built in 1853, the home has wood floors, high ceilings, tin ceilings, and built in cabinets. It is being listed for $49,900 and sits on a 0.64 acre lot. The home has potential for commercial uses in addition to residential and is described as charming with lots of historic significance.
The document summarizes the author's goals over the past 3 weeks to eat healthier and work out regularly. The author aimed to have a balanced diet with foods from each food group and focus on toning and building muscle mass at the gym for an hour a day, 5 days a week. After 3 weeks, the author achieved their goal of gaining 5 pounds and becoming more toned, reaching a weight of 175 pounds. The author was able to accomplish this through discipline, setting a daily schedule and routine for working out.
체험을 진행하였었고, 열심히 이 일을 알리고자 노력하고 있습니다. 제가 일하는 둘러앉은밥상은 이렇게 친환경농업을 행하는 소농가 분들과 함께 일을 합니다. 그분들을 저희가 돕는다고 생각하지 않습니다. 같이 보조를 맞추는 것이지요.
그렇게 일년을 하루 같이 수고로움을 아끼지 않는 분들이 친환경 농업을 계속할 수 있도록 하는 것이 저희의 마음입니다. 둘밥과 함께하는 농부님들은 종종 이런 말씀을 해주십니다. 작물을 대할 때, 키우는 것이 아니라 보조하는 것이다. 그들을 만들어 가는 것이 아니라 같이 살아가는 것이다. 둘러앉은밥상도 그렇게 세상과 또 농부님들과 함께 살아가고 싶습니다.
둘러앉은밥상
www.doolbob.co.kr
Vancouver real estate november 2012 stats package rebgvMatt Collinge
Residential property sales and new listings in Greater Vancouver were below 10-year averages in November. Total home sales reached 1,686, a 28.6% decline from November 2011. New listings also declined 14.4% compared to the previous year. The number of total residential property listings increased 13% year-over-year but declined 9.7% from October 2012. Home prices have generally declined 3-5.5% from peaks reached six months ago, with detached homes seeing the largest drops.
On October 6, 1995, the Massachusetts State Police commenced an investigation into the homicide of an unidentified female found shot in Tolland, Massachusetts near the entrance of the Tolland State Forest. Forensic evidence and clothing items found on the victim linked her to locations in the New York Capital District area and a similar unsolved homicide case in New Britain, Connecticut from September 28, 1995. Investigators believe the two cases may be linked and are asking the public for any information about the victims or homicides.
במאמר הנוכחי, אנסה לציין מספר כלי עזר שיכולים לסייע לכל בודק במשימות היומיומיות שלו. אם נתחיל לאמץ לעצמנו שיטות וכלים כדוגמת אלו המצויינים בטור, בהחלט נראה את הדור החדש של אנשי הבדיקות הידניים קורם עור וגידים.
זו רחוקה מלהיות רשימה מלאה של כלל האפשרויות לכל נושא אבל הנחה אותי עקרון ברור שהכלים צריכים להיות חינמיים או בעלויות נמוכות יחסית, בעיקר כלים עם קוד פתוח ( open source) או כלי SAAS בעלויות סבירות. רוב הכלים אמנם לא נבדקו על ידי, אבל פורסמו במאמרים/ אתרים מקצועיים או שנוסו ע"י עמיתים וחברים אחרים
Ft Riley hosts a monthly Network Meeting at Riley’s Conference Center to share information about local agencies on and off post that have events, functions, and information. The next Network meeting is Sept 27th at 1030- Free childcare with RSVP and this is open to everyone! Please take a moment to look thru the slides and also note that the majority of these are also listed in the monthly albums on our FB!
Este documento es una lista de docentes convocados para una evaluación externa en línea en 2012 en Ecuador. Incluye información como el nombre, apellidos, cédula, provincia, cantón, parroquia, institución educativa, fecha y hora de cada prueba para cada docente.
28 Nov 2012 1ABCT Weekly Newsletter: please pass along to Soldiers, Family and Friends of 1ABCT. You can always stay up to date with local events by going to 1st Infantry Division page at http://www.riley.army.mil/default.aspx or if you are having issues reading this you can click on this link to read the weekly news. http://www.riley.army.mil/UnitPage.aspx?unit=1bct
The document provides analysis of several photos intended for use in introducing a band. The first photo shows the band members doing individual things yet connected by posts, conveying they are different but a group. The second photo shows two band members looking at the camera to engage the audience when introducing the band. The third photo portrays an individual artist's personality as not very serious and in touch with ordinary teenagers through showing him on a mobile phone.
The document provides information about upcoming events and activities at Fort Riley for the month of December:
- Winter bus service details are provided for middle and high school students.
- Details are given about a $1.7 million intersection replacement project at Trooper and Rifle Range starting in April 2013.
- Information is given about holiday closures for local school districts and Fort Riley childcare centers over winter break.
- A variety of winter break activities are listed that are being provided by CYSS like snow tubing, bowling, and skating.
A booklet about the Indian Elephant and its role in and contributions to the history, religion, and ecosystems. It has been designed to help save the elephant from extinction in the wild.
This document provides a short biography of Swami Vivekananda when he was known as Narendra Nath Datta as a boy. It describes that he was born in 1863 in Calcutta to educated parents who immersed him in Hindu scriptures from a young age. Though intelligent and fascinated by spirituality, as a child he was also mischievous and hard to manage. He showed early academic prowess by memorizing religious texts at a young age and was recognized as exceptional by his teachers.
A SHORT LIFE OF SWAMI VIVEKANANDA SWAMI TEJASANANDAAllison Thompson
This document provides a short biography of Swami Vivekananda when he was known as Narendra Nath Datta as a boy. It describes that he was born in 1863 in Calcutta to educated parents who immersed him in Hindu scriptures from a young age. Though intelligent and fascinated by spirituality, as a child he was also mischievous and hard to manage. He showed early academic prowess by memorizing religious texts at a young age and was recognized as exceptional by his teachers.
This document provides background information on Saraha and summarizes his encounter with an arrowsmith woman that became his teacher of Tantra. Some key points:
- Saraha was a learned Brahmin in the court of King Mahapala but renounced that life to become a disciple of the Buddhist master Sri Kirti, going against his family's wishes.
- He had a vision that a woman in the marketplace would be his true teacher, so he sought out an arrowsmith woman he saw aiming an imaginary arrow.
- The woman laughed at Saraha's learned ways and said he remained the same despite changing philosophies. Her primitive vitality attracted him to learn Tantra.
Rudraksha beads have many spiritual and medicinal benefits according to Hindu traditions. Some key benefits include promoting good health, prosperity, success, protection from evil, and eradication of planetary doshas. Different numbers of faces on the beads (mukhi) correspond to different benefits - for example, a 4-faced bead worn together with a 6-faced bead is said to improve memory, focus, and success in studies. Rudraksha beads are also used to treat medical conditions when prepared in certain ways like soaking in water or oils. Proper wearing and cleaning of Rudraksha malas is important to maintain their potency over long periods of time.
This document provides biographical details about the life of Adi Shankara, an 8th century Indian philosopher who played a key role in the Advaita Vedanta tradition. It describes his early life growing up in Kalady, receiving education in religious scriptures from a young age. It also outlines some supernatural events in his life, his decision to become a monk against his mother's wishes, his travels across India to spread Advaita philosophy, and his debates and discussions with other scholars. The document presents Shankara as a spiritual leader who helped consolidate and spread the teachings of Advaita Vedanta through his works and establishment of mathas or monasteries.
This document discusses Adi Sankara and the path of renunciation and devotion to achieve self-realization according to Advaita Vedanta philosophy. It contrasts true liberation of the soul with merely intellectual understanding. It explains that renunciation requires positive determination to reach the goal of liberation, not escapism or laziness. Devotion through Bhakti Yoga is described as spiritual culture that can help prepare one for the path of knowledge or Jnana Yoga. The document shares stories of Adi Sankara and other enlightened souls who demonstrated true characteristics of an Advaitin through supernatural feats.
Siddhartha is the son of a Brahman priest in ancient India. He is intelligent and devoted to spiritual studies but feels dissatisfied and restless. He decides he wants to leave home and join a group of ascetic wanderers called Samanas to continue his spiritual quest and find inner peace. When he tells his father of his plan, his father is angry but Siddhartha stands motionless before him all night to convince him. By morning, his father sees Siddhartha has already left him in spirit and gives his reluctant blessing for Siddhartha to join the Samanas.
Nepal celebrates many festivals throughout the year, with some focused on honoring important relationships. Mother's Day, called Mata Tirtha Puja, falls in April/May and is when people express gratitude and spend time with their mothers. Father's Day, known as Gokarna Aunsi, occurs in August/September and children show appreciation for their father's support and guidance. Teej, a women's fasting festival in August/September, commemorates marital devotion and involves feasting, dancing, and a day of strict fasting by women.
The document tells the story of Ajamila, a Brahmin who lived an impious life and committed many sins. On his deathbed, as he was about to die, the only thing he uttered was the name of his long-lost son Narayana due to force of habit. This utterance of a holy name saved him from Yamaraja's servants who had come to take him to the abode of Yamaraja. The servants of Vishnu then arrived and argued that anyone who utters the holy name of Vishnu at the time of death is destined to be liberated, regardless of their sins. Ajamila was then released and instructed in the proper process of devotion to the Supreme Lord
This document is the header and introduction to Project Gutenberg's eBook of Siddhartha by Herman Hesse. It provides information about copyright, the header, Project Gutenberg, and an introduction to the eBook including the title, author, release date, and translators. It notes this is the 10th edition in English and was prepared by volunteers. It begins "[*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, SIDDHARTHA ***]" signaling the start of the book text.
The document summarizes the life of Buddha. It describes his birth in Lumbini Garden to Queen Maha Maya and King Suddhodana as Prince Siddhartha. Despite living a life of luxury, he was troubled by suffering in the world. After seeing an old man, sick man, and dead man, he left home to find the path to enlightenment. After years of ascetic practices and meditation under the Bodhi tree, he attained enlightenment and became the Buddha at age 35. He then spent 45 years teaching others about the Dharma until his death at age 80.
1) Siddhartha Gautama was born in Lumbini, Nepal to King Suddhodana and Queen Maya of the Shakya clan.
2) At a young age he witnessed suffering in the world which troubled him. He was sheltered by his father who wanted him to be king.
3) After seeing an old man, a sick man, and a corpse, Siddhartha realized that suffering was part of life. He left his palace and family to find a path beyond suffering.
The document summarizes the life of Buddha. It describes how he was born as Prince Siddhartha and was sheltered from suffering by his father. After seeing an old man, sick man, and dead man, he realized suffering was universal and left the palace life to find enlightenment. After years of meditation and ascetic practices, he attained enlightenment under the bodhi tree and discovered the four noble truths and eightfold path. He then taught these widely, converting many followers and establishing the Buddhist monastic order.
This document provides an introduction to the philosophy of the Hindu sage Shankara. It discusses Shankara's view of non-dualism, in which Brahman (the absolute) is the sole reality and the universe is an illusion. According to Shankara, only that which is permanent and unchanging can be considered truly real. While the world appears real in our ignorance, upon enlightenment it is seen to be an illusion that vanishes into the underlying reality of Brahman. The document also outlines Shankara's views on maya (illusion), the nature of world appearance, and Brahman as the sole absolute truth. It provides biographical context on Shankara and introduces his major philosophical work, Crest-
1. The traveling monk visits Ariwara-dera Temple and meets a village woman praying there. She tells him the story of Ariwara no Narihira and Ki no Aritsune's daughter, who fell in love after playing together as children by the temple well.
2. The woman reveals that she is in fact Ki no Aritsune's daughter. She disappears behind the well.
3. That night, the monk dreams of Aritsune's daughter. In his dream, she dances wearing the clothes of her late love, Narihira, missing him through the years.
The document tells a story from Southeast Asian folklore about a wife whose husband returns from war in a traumatized state, fleeing from her in terror each time he sees her. Desperate to help her husband, the wife seeks help from a local wise woman. However, the medicine requires an eyelash from the great tiger that lives on a nearby mountain as a key ingredient. Undaunted by the danger, the wife vows to retrieve the eyelash herself to save her husband, embarking on a difficult journey up the mountain toward the tiger's lair.
The document summarizes the life story of Buddha. It describes his birth in Lumbini Garden to Queen Maha Maya and King Suddhodana as Prince Siddhartha. As a young man, he was sheltered from suffering but later witnessed an old man, a sick man, and a corpse, which troubled him. He left the palace to seek enlightenment and practiced asceticism for years before achieving enlightenment under the Bodhi tree. Buddha then spent the rest of his life teaching the Dharma until his death at age 80.
Swami Vivekananda was a spiritual leader from India who lived in the late 19th century. As a child, he was fearless and curious, once daring to climb a tree that others claimed was haunted. Even as an adult, he inspired courage in others, such as an exhausted man he encouraged to continue his journey. Vivekananda had an ability to focus intensely, once listening to a lesson while simultaneously engaging his friends in a story. His teachings emphasized developing strength of character, serving humanity, and realizing one's inherent divinity. He preached the importance of faith in oneself and living for others.
The document provides a detailed history of the life of the Buddha. It describes that he was born Siddhattha Gotama to a royal family in Nepal. Despite living a life of luxury, he was moved to leave in search of spiritual enlightenment. After years of meditation and ascetic practices, he achieved enlightenment while sitting under a bodhi tree. He then spent 45 years teaching others until his death at age 80. His teachings formed the basis for Buddhism and he is still deeply respected by Buddhists today.
Frederick Winslow Taylor was an American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. He is considered the father of scientific management. Taylor broke jobs down into their smallest components and designed the most efficient methods for completing each task. He introduced concepts like time studies, differential pay, and close supervision of workers. His ideas influenced many other management thinkers and were widely adopted by industries in the early 20th century. However, some critics argue that his methods overly focused on efficiency at the cost of worker satisfaction and empowerment.
Henri Fayol was a French mining engineer and director who is considered one of the founders of modern management. He systematically analyzed managerial behaviors and functions. Based on his management experience, he developed concepts around the five primary functions of management (planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, controlling) and fourteen principles of management. His work was one of the first comprehensive statements of a general management theory. Fayol made important contributions to management practices during his career leading a large mining company in France.
Henry Gantt was an American mechanical engineer and management consultant in the early 20th century best known for developing the Gantt Chart, a production scheduling chart. He graduated from Johns Hopkins University and worked as an engineer before collaborating with Frederick Winslow Taylor on applying scientific management principles. Gantt later developed his own task and bonus system and the Gantt Chart, which helped visualize work schedules and became foundational for later project management tools. He received honors like the American Society of Mechanical Engineers medal for his contributions to workforce and productivity management.
The document summarizes several schools of management thought from ancient times to the modern era. It discusses influential thinkers and theories from each period, including:
1. Scientific Management thinkers like Taylor who broke work into components and advocated scientific selection of workers.
2. Human Relations thinkers like Mayo who conducted the Hawthorne Experiments showing social factors impact productivity.
3. Modern thinkers like Drucker who emphasized managing organizations rather than workers alone.
Marketing Build Operate and Transfer is a concept developed by Infisel-Trioka aimed at setting up and making operational the marketing systems of MSMEs and Startups
1. The document discusses a study on applying astrology in human resource management for business excellence. It aims to reduce employee dissatisfaction and high attrition rates.
2. The study analyzed career readings from astrology consultations and interviewed 6 samples from different sectors. It found astrology could help match candidates' competencies and potentials to suitable jobs. For example, it identified those suitable for sales, marketing, or accounting.
3. The samples' responses validated the astrological findings. They agreed the findings matched their actual job performances and interests. However, the study had limitations as it used a small sample size without validating the model in a specific organization.
The full form of a paper presented at the valedictory function of the National Conference on E Business Integration at GRG Institute of Management Studies Coimbatore on October 6, 2015.
Joseph Juran was a Romanian-born American engineer and management consultant known as a leading expert in quality management. He was born in 1904 and lived to be 103 years old. Juran made significant contributions to quality management practices through his work developing methods like statistical process control charts and the cost of quality. He is renowned for establishing the foundations of total quality management and helping postwar Japan rebuild its economy based on quality principles.
Nimal C Namboodiripad presents information on writing and publishing fiction. Some key points on writing include researching topics and converting obscure languages to English. Famous authors had different writing styles, such as Alexander Dumas plotting with partners or Frederick Faust writing as an insomniac. Publishing options include working with literary agents who represent writers to publishers. Publishers range from large classical publishers to smaller independent presses or self-publishing platforms. The process of publishing involves submitting a synopsis and chapters, waiting for acceptance, and following up on distribution, marketing and payments after publication.
The document discusses how many long-held social values are changing in modern times. It provides several examples: humility is no longer valued as highly as self-promotion; higher education does not necessarily increase social consciousness or care for others; helping others goes against natural instincts of survival; and having more information can reduce original thinking. It also questions assumptions about marriage, love, and criminal justice. Overall, the document suggests that society should reexamine traditional values in light of current changes.
This document discusses an architecture and design firm that offers services including designing and building individual houses and corporate buildings, as well as showroom interiors, interior designs, and designs for resorts and restaurants. The firm aims to design homes and buildings that bring prosperity while also allowing people to relax and refresh.
This document discusses online grocery shopping in India. It first provides background on the author's study of online grocery stores in India, finding that there are at least three portals from Coimbatore, with BigShopIn doing well. It then analyzes BigShopIn in more detail, noting its professional website, partnership with Pothy's Supermarket for deliveries, and wide product selection searchable by category and brand. Finally, the document compares various online grocery business models in India and considers challenges like high logistics costs, customer delivery expectations, and competing with established local grocery stores.
Profile of Bakers Spices & Ingredients Ltd., prepared by JIshnu Vellakkat and vetted by Prof. Nimal C Namboodiripad as part of his internship in the organisation.
Shirodhara is an Ayurvedic therapy that involves gently pouring warm liquids such as oils, milk, buttermilk, or herbal concoctions over the forehead in a continuous stream. It works to restore balance and harmony between the body's three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha) by improving blood circulation and oxygen supply to the brain and nervous system. Shirodhara has benefits for reducing stress, insomnia, headaches, and other mental and skin disorders. There are different types of Shirodhara defined by the liquid used - Thailadhara uses oils, Ksheeradhara uses milk, Takradhara uses buttermilk, and Kashayadhara uses
Chanakya was an ancient Indian philosopher and economist who lived around 350-275 BC. He served as an advisor to the first Maurya emperor Chandragupta Maurya. Some of his major works include the Arthashastra and Nitishastra which discuss politics, economics and public affairs. His philosophies emphasized spiritual development, control of senses, and an agriculture-based self-sufficient economy with minimal taxation. He is considered one of the greatest diplomats and his principles on management, leadership, and human behavior remain highly relevant today.
David Kolb is an American educational theorist born in 1939. He developed the experiential learning model and learning style model. The experiential learning model describes a four stage cycle of learning involving concrete experience, observation and reflection, formation of abstract concepts, and testing new concepts. The learning style model identifies four types of learners - convergers, divergers, assimilators, and accommodators. Kolb has had an influential career developing theories of experiential education and received several honorary degrees for his contributions.
1. The narrator has been struggling for months to enroll for an Aadhaar card, facing issues with locations, documents, and availability.
2. Attempts to enroll in Cochin, Coimbatore, and Palakkad were unsuccessful due to the enrollment camp already ending or lacking the right documents.
3. The narrator needs Aadhaar cards for himself, his wife, and two children but has faced constant setbacks in obtaining the necessary documents and scheduling time for enrollment.
The document discusses the Hindu concept of pilgrimage or "theerthatan". It explains that a theertham refers to anything that cleanses impurities from bad thoughts, words, and actions, bringing one closer to God. There are three types of theerthams: jangamam (people), manasam (thoughts), and sthaavaram (permanent places). Some examples of important theerthams in India are various rivers, temples, mountains and holy sites that have been destinations for pilgrimage since ancient times. Undertaking a pilgrimage was considered a form of penance that provided spiritual benefits through experiences, observations, and lessons that helped one in their pursuit of
Igor Ansoff was a Russian-American applied mathematician and business manager known as the "father of strategic management". He introduced several important strategic management concepts, including the product-market growth matrix, environmental turbulence, and vertical/horizontal integration. Ansoff taught strategic management as formulating, implementing, and evaluating cross-functional decisions to achieve organizational objectives by adapting to the business environment through strategic planning.
A375 Example Taste the taste of the Lord, the taste of the Lord The taste of...franktsao4
It seems that current missionary work requires spending a lot of money, preparing a lot of materials, and traveling to far away places, so that it feels like missionary work. But what was the result they brought back? It's just a lot of photos of activities, fun eating, drinking and some playing games. And then we have to do the same thing next year, never ending. The church once mentioned that a certain missionary would go to the field where she used to work before the end of his life. It seemed that if she had not gone, no one would be willing to go. The reason why these missionary work is so difficult is that no one obeys God’s words, and the Bible is not the main content during missionary work, because in the eyes of those who do not obey God’s words, the Bible is just words and cannot be connected with life, so Reading out God's words is boring because it doesn't have any life experience, so it cannot be connected with human life. I will give a few examples in the hope that this situation can be changed. A375
2 Peter 3: Because some scriptures are hard to understand and some will force them to say things God never intended, Peter warns us to take care.
https://youtu.be/nV4kGHFsEHw
The forces involved in this witchcraft spell will re-establish the loving bond between you and help to build a strong, loving relationship from which to start anew. Despite any previous hardships or problems, the spell work will re-establish the strong bonds of friendship and love upon which the marriage and relationship originated. Have faith, these stop divorce and stop separation spells are extremely powerful and will reconnect you and your partner in a strong and harmonious relationship.
My ritual will not only stop separation and divorce, but rebuild a strong bond between you and your partner that is based on truth, honesty, and unconditional love. For an even stronger effect, you may want to consider using the Eternal Love Bond spell to ensure your relationship and love will last through all tests of time. If you have not yet determined if your partner is considering separation or divorce, but are aware of rifts in the relationship, try the Love Spells to remove problems in a relationship or marriage. Keep in mind that all my love spells are 100% customized and that you'll only need 1 spell to address all problems/wishes.
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Discover various methods for clearing negative entities from your space and spirit, including energy clearing techniques, spiritual rituals, and professional assistance. Gain practical knowledge on how to implement these techniques to restore peace and harmony. For more information visit here: https://www.reikihealingdistance.com/negative-entity-removal/
Why is this So? ~ Do Seek to KNOW (English & Chinese).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma teaching of Kamma-Vipaka (Intentional Actions-Ripening Effects).
A Presentation for developing morality, concentration and wisdom and to spur us to practice the Dhamma diligently.
The texts are in English and Chinese.
The Hope of Salvation - Jude 1:24-25 - MessageCole Hartman
Jude gives us hope at the end of a dark letter. In a dark world like today, we need the light of Christ to shine brighter and brighter. Jude shows us where to fix our focus so we can be filled with God's goodness and glory. Join us to explore this incredible passage.
A Free eBook ~ Valuable LIFE Lessons to Learn ( 5 Sets of Presentations)...OH TEIK BIN
A free eBook comprising 5 sets of PowerPoint presentations of meaningful stories /Inspirational pieces that teach important Dhamma/Life lessons. For reflection and practice to develop the mind to grow in love, compassion and wisdom. The texts are in English and Chinese.
My other free eBooks can be obtained from the following Links:
https://www.slideshare.net/ohteikbin/presentations
https://www.slideshare.net/ohteikbin/documents
2. Copyright: Nimal.C.Namboodiripad
Published by:
Printed at:
Copies:
Price: Rs.5/-
First Edition: January 2002
About the author
Nimal C Namboodiripad was born into a family that had hereditary rights as
administrators of Thiruvullakkavu Temple. Hence it was only natural that he
write about the great temple. Mr Namboodiripad is a prolific writer contributing
articles regularly to the supplements of The Hindu and Times of India. He has
also published a booklet ‘The Preceptor’ on Adi Sankara Bhagavatpada. An MBA
from Cochin University of Science and Technology he has worked in various
fields including Market Research and Advertising. He is currently a faculty at
the Adi Shankara Institute of Engineering & Technology, Kalady
This book is sold subject to the conditions that it shall not by way of trade, be
lent, resold, hired out or otherwise disposed off without the publisher’s consent
in any form of binding or cover other than in which it is published
3. Dedicated to my parents, wife, daughter
and above all Lord Sastha
with out whom this book would not
have been possible
4. CHAPTER 1
THE LORD OF WISDOM
Thrissur, world famous for its summer festivals, is called the cultural capital
of Kerala. To be the cultural capital of a state which has the highest percentage
of literacy in the whole country is no mean achievement. But, no wonder! For
just twelve kilometers from the booming city, along the Thrissur-Irinjalakuda
route lies the Sastha temple of Thiruvullakkavu - the Abode of the Lord of
Wisdom.
Sastha, according to Hindu belief is a fiery deity. He is the Divine Protector, the
Lord Hunter. Astride His white charger, the microcosmic soul, He destroys the
vicious and protects the virtuous from their evil grip. His dark dress is symbolic
of justice and He is bedecked with glittering red jewels. But at Thiruvullakkavu
He manifests Himself as the God of Wisdom also, showering benediction upon
His devotees.People have always revelled in His ineffable tenderness as He
blessed them with enough wits to attain prosperity. Maybe, as in many cases,
only to make them in the end, understand the true, illusory nature of the material
world and renounce it.
There are two versions as to the manifestation of Lord Sastha, but both agree
upon the salient points. Lord Siva was enraptured by Mohini, Lord Vishnu in the
guise of an enchantress. Born of the sublime union was Sastha. The attributes
of the Lord of Sustenance and the Lord of Dissolution joined together in a
single form? An overwhelming combination indeed! But Thiruvullakkavu Sastha
had for the benefit of His devotees assumed the qualities of the third form,
that of Lord Brahma, the Creator too. Brahma’s Consort or Power is Saraswathy,
the Goddess of Learning and so Brahma is deified wisdom. Hence Thiruvullakkavu
Sastha is the Lord of Wisdom, a unique concept.
CHAPTER 2
THE TRANSFORMATION OF VATHU, THE IMBECILE
Kerala in ancient times was divided into 64 settlements or Gramas and the
greatest of them all was the Peruvanam Grama. The settlement centred around
Lord Erattayappan - Siva, the presiding deity of the Peruvanam temple. He was
the tutelary deity of the whole region, with a huge tract of land under the
direct control of the temple. Lord Sastha of Thiruvullakkavu was worshipped as
the Grama Paradevatha or the personal deity of the people of the settlement.
About one kilometre to the north of the Siva temple and to the right sat the Son
taking an active part in the protection of the people riding among them and
guiding them through the maze of ignorance that is life.
5. Lord Sastha is deified Veda. Hence one of the most important Sevas of the
temple is its recital. Peruvanam always has been a great centre of learning and
every day the Namboodiris, the Brahmin community of the land used to come to
Kavu to practice and recite the Vedas.
In the old days there were periodic month long Vedic conferences called Othuttu
in most of the temples of the area. These intellectual revels were great occasions
for the experts to show off their mettle. In these one scholar led with a section
of the scriptures and the chorus repeated after him. Usually a temple had many
families attached to it and those people would suffice for the ritual.But as a
guest of honour some renowned scholar would be invited to do the lead singing.As
it entailed the question of their reputation these scholars wanted to excel in it
and they visited Thiruvullakkavu to rehearse their parts before attending the
conferences. By the grace of Lord Sastha they were able to complete their
singing without even a single blemish. Very few dared to break this routine.
Once a great scholar tried it and had to pay the penalty for his vanity. He made
a blatant mistake in his recital after daring to challenge the God of Wisdom in
front of a lot of scholars.The subsequent ridicule so eroded his self confidence
that he was never his old self again. But all these matters were far from the
mind of Pattathu Vasudevan Bhattathiri, when the Othuttu at
Mithranandapuram,a nearby temple came; for he was an imbecile of the first
order. The elaborate rituals practised by the Namboodiris were quite beyond
his modest brain. Only an intelligent man could learn them and Vasudevan could
not even pronounce his own name properly. The best that he could achieve, even
of the abbreviated form, Vasu, was the lispy Vathu and the name stuck. To
ridicule him the people called him thus.
The members of the family, traditionally were intelligent. They had to be as
hereditary priests of Thiruvullakavu. He invriably blessed his devotees with
sharp wits and his favoured servants could’nt be idiots. Unfortunately Vathu
was. His heart broken mother, aware that no physician could help him visit the
temple everyday. Pray to Lord Sastha before food-that was immutable law.
This, the hazy mind could comprehend for he simply loved food
It was the same reason that took him to Mithrananadapuram Temple. All were
welcome to the feasts, even Vathu.And sure enough he did full justice to it.
Onday a group of teenagers got hold of paddling boat. They decided to have an
outing in the naerby lake hwich was full as it was the rainy season
Rain was imminent, but the dark clouds held no threat to the adventurous spirit.
Only unluckily for Vathu, they got a mischevous idea takeVathu with them.
Vathu was a self confessed cowad besides being unable to swim.
It would be fun to have the ignoramus with them. His feeble protests went
unheeded as the youngsters pushed him into the boat.A heavy drizzle soon
started and as it increased in intensity the wind turned hard and huge waves
6. began to rock the flimsy boat. Vathu begged them to take him back to the
safety of the comforting land. But they only laughed, though they mercifully
desisted from ducking him.
Hours passed. As thunder and lightning punctuated the utter darkness visions
of imminent death began to dance before Vathu. When at last he was brought
back to solid ground he had another problem. It was time for him to visit
Thiruvullakavu Temple. He had to reach there before the Tri ppuka
rites.Otherwise he would have to go hungry. None of the teenagers faced this
problem. They set off towards Mithranandapuram. A sumptuous feast could be
had at the temple even three or four hours after the sunset.
Vathu, hungry and tired after the harrowing experience could not follow his
friends. He must go to Thiruvullakavu. The rain came down in torrents and he
had to pass a dense patch of forest in the pitch darkness. Without a lamp, he
had to depend upon the frightening flashes of lightning to show the way. But he
started upon the intimidating task. The growls of nocturnal life and the stones
and thorns in the path would have made anyone cringe. But years of intense
self-discipline ensured that he didn’t retreat. His dim mind concentrated on the
image of the icon as he had never before. Fear forced him to do it. There was
no other way out.
He wandered through the forest for an interminable period of time. At long last
there it was. Alas! The door of the sanctum was closed and the priest had long
past departed. The place was deserted and in complete darkness. The primitive
structure did not afford much shelter. To go back to Mithranandapuram was
impossible and it was too late for him to pay homage to Lord Sastha.The small
piece of cotton cloth he had gave little comfort. It was soaked through. Hunger
gnawed at his stomach. He looked appealingly at the door of the sanctum. To
Vathu Lord Sastha was a Provider of food. Didn’t he get food everyday after
prayers?
He wanted just a glimpse of the idol. He stared mutely at the door. Finally worn
out by the exertions of the day he sank into a fitful slumber.
“Hey Patteri, wake up” someone called.
He slowly opened his eyes. The rain had ceased but he shivered miserably.
“Why do you lie here?” the soft voice was insistent.
Vathu saw an old Namboodiri before him, a lamp in his hand. He had a large
mane of silvery hair tied in the traditional fashion at the top of his head. The
broad forehead, large eyes, aquiline nose and firm, square jaws gave him a
commanding presence. In spite of his old age he had clear eyes and strong
sinewy hands. His presence and the benevolence of that tender, understanding
eyes was a comfort.
Soon the old man had Vathu gibbering out his tale of woes. The old man listened
7. sympathetically.
“Poor boy” the old man said, “how you must have suffered. Brave of you to come
here, I must say.”
Vathu replied that he could not break the routine. He was chilled, he said; but
not now. He couldn’t understand it. The old man smiled.
“Ah, my boy,” he said “You have done something great. You have exceeded
everyone in the worship of Lord Sastha and deserve the Lord’s blessings.”
Vathu could not understand him properly. But the next words were very near to
his heart.
“Are you hungry?”
Vathu nodded
“Let me see if there is anything in the kitchen”
Presently he returned with a bunch of Kadali-banana fruits. Apparently this
was for the next day’s offering. Even Vathu knew Kadali was Sastha’s favourite.
He offered it to Vathu.
“These are delicious. I like them. Don’t you?”
Yes, Vathu liked it. But the problem was not yet over. How could he eat without
a glimpse of Lord Sastha?
“The door is open. So why don’t you go and pray and then eat these fruits?”
Yes, it was true. Numerous lamps were burning within the sanctum and a strange
glow was filling the whole place.
Vathu said his customary prayers and started eating the fruits with great relish
keeping the skin besides him in a heap. The old man watched with an indulgent
smile. The meal over, he tried to thank the old man but his powers of expression
was not upto it. The old man nodded understandingly. Now that his stomach was
full his eyes began to close and he sank into a deep sleep.
A young Varasiar came to the temple the next day hours before dawn. Her
hereditary duties as temple employee included stringing garlands, preparing
flowers for the rites, sweeping the premises and cleaning the vessels used in
the sanctum. Usually she was the first to arrive. Today someone was ahead of
her. The door of the sanctum was open and the mellifluous notes of a Sloka was
coming from the kitchen. She peeped through the door. It was Vathu the fool
who chanted it. He had a fire going and was trying to warm his hands by the
small fireplace. He finished his Sloka and started to extemporise.
“Virekeduppan virakeduthu,
Virekeduthu, virakeduthi”
“To stop shivering, took firewood
took firewood, stopped shivering”
That was Yamaka poem-difficult even for great poets. The girl was astounded.
Yesterday’s fool, today’s scholar? She looked around for possible reasons for
8. the miraculous transformation. Then her eyes fell on the Kadali skins. There
was a light burning brightly in the sanctum too. She was an intelligent girl and
she pieced it all together. There must be some connection between the Kadali
fruits and the transformation of Vathu. If the fruits could do that the skins
could too. She squatted on the floor and gobbled them up. Quickly, she felt her
psychic strength increase. Divine blessings changed Vasu and she too now was
the receipient of Sastha’s grace.
Vasudevan Bhattathiri wrote several Kavyas and four of them were full of the
Yamaka technique. His greatest work, the Yudhishtira Vijayam is an epic. The
Varasiar girl perceptive enough to guess the significance of the Kadali peelings
too became a genius. Sastha’s devotees had to be.
CHAPTER III
INITIATION INTO THE WORLD OF LETTERS
The story of Bhattathiri had a sequel. The people of Peruvanam had always
known about the extraordinary effulgence of Thiruvullakavu, but the Kavu was
not a great pilgrim centre in those days. With his transformation and the popularity
of his books people began to flock to the place from far and wide, especially
for the initiation rites.
Devotees were convinced that children having their initiation rites here would
grow into learned men and they were invariably right.
The Varasiar who received Sastha’s blessings and her heirs were given the
additional honour of acting as the gurus during initiation.For this the Variar
recites all the letters of the alphabet and the child repeats it after him. Then
the Variar writes them on the tongue of the child with a ring. The child is also
made to write them down in some rice spread out in a shallow bronze vessel.
The child writes with its ring finger with Variar’s guidance. Usually parents take
a portion of the holy rice and gives it to the child to eat for the next three days.
The Navarathri is celebrated with pomp and splendour at Thiruvullakavu. On
the Vijayadasami day thousands of devotees come here to invoke the blessings
of Lord Sastha. It is a highly auspicious day at Kavu, especially for the initiation
rites. It starts at 4 AM in the morning and ends only at about 1PM at noon.
Other auspicious days here are Wednesdays and Saturdays. Kadali fruits and
Appam, the sweet-bread fried in clarified butter together with clarified butter
for lights are the most important offerings at Kavu.
9. CHAPTER IV
KARINGAMPILLY VIDDI
Karingampilly Swaroopam is situated in the area of Kundoor in the Thrissur
district of Kerala. A boy was born into that excellent household, but fate is no
respecter of heritage. He was a fool and people called him so. As a sort of
village idiot he was the butt of constant ridicule from the young and the old
alike. Hounded and desperate, he left home one day. The hazy mind was clearly
uncertain about his destination. It was steaming hot. Thirst and hunger soon
overtook him. The patches of forest, abundant in those days afforded some
relief from the sun, but his stomach remained insistent. Tired and miserable he
had almost given up hope of reaching a settlement when he suddenly came upon
one. In ancient times most temples acted as a sort of refuge to travellers
providing them with food and shelter. Some villagers directed Namboodiripad
to a nearby one. Thus he came upon the magnificient structure of granite and
wood that was the Peruvanam temple.
As a settlement temple Peruvanam was massive and well constructed like a
fort. The resonant rendering of the Vedas reverberated through the whole
compound. The notes struck the huge granite stones and produced an ethereal
effect. The Vedic chants made the atmosphere clean, a place fit for the Gods.
The temple which has the tallest sanctum in India was holding a Thevar Seva.
Thevar Seva is conducted every year in the month of Thulam of the Malayalam
calendar. The chanting of the Vedas go on for thirty odd days. Towards the end
they have three days of rituals at Thiruvullakavu too.
The feast of Peruvanam was sumptuous and Karingampilly Namboodiripad partook
of it heartily. He was resting under a huge Banyan tree when an old man came
up to him. The white face was framed with silvery hair tied into a knot on top of
the head. A special radiance seemed to emanate from his face. Ash marks were
smeared across a wide forehead. A pair of compelling eyes looked down at the
ignoramus.
“Who are you, young man?” he asked in a soft voice “I haven’t seen you here
before”
The half-wit told him who he was.
“What troubles you, Namboori?”
He was not sure he wanted to tell the old man his woes. Even if he did it was
highly unlikely that the old man would understand him. But slowly and patiently
the old man drew them out.
“Is that all?” he asked making light of the half-wit’s predicament ”Do you know
that there is a Sastha temple nearby? Lord Sastha of Thiruvullakavu is the God
of Wisdom. He can help you and He will”
10. The old man explained what he must do. He did not know why but the words of
the old man made a deep impression in his mind. As directed, he reached
Thiruvullakavu. The primitive settings suffered in comparison with the grandeur
of the bigger temple. But he felt a strange affinity to the place.
He began his austerities as instructed. He would get up early in the morning and
do his ablutions. Then he prostrated again and again in front of the sanctum.
This would go on until the priest finished the pooja and came out with the
clarified butter. In the evenings he did not take any meal-Appam or Kadali was
permissible. A year went by. But the ardent worship brought no improvement.
Thevar Seva came again and he went to Peruvanam to attend it. There he met
the old man again.
“Is there any improvement Namboori?”
No ,there was none.
“Don’t be disheartened.Continue to do your penance. Lord Sastha is sure to help
you. It maybe that your prayers haven’t been sufficient”
He went back and with renewed vigour started upon his quest. This time the
regimen was even more demanding. The intake of food was reduced further
and length of meditation increased. A year
went by. He was back at Peruvanam for the Thevar Seva.
“ How are things?” the old man enquired
“There is no improvement” he mournfully answered.
“Keep up your good work, Namboori. Lord Sastha will surely help you. It is just
that the time has not come yet.”
An ordinary mortal would have got dejected and renounced the whole effort
by now. Not he. He believed the old man implicitly. It was a case of clutching at
straws. At least the people here did not make fun of him so much as at home.
Even the small amount of solid food that he used to have he reduced further.
Peaked and drawn he went about his task with a fine fervour, almost a frenzy.
Time and world stopped for him. He thought of only one thing, Sastha. His time
table was more than most could bear. But he had a goal and was out to achieve
it. He would continue his daily rites as long as Lord Sastha failed to acknowledge
and bless him with knowledge and intelligence. A fool he was, but he had a fool’s
courage of his convictions. A thing that entered into that thick skull could never
be prised out.
It was a beautiful evening and he was out for his bath when he met a young man.
The young man was full of vitality. An arresting personality was accentuated by
the enchanting smile on his lips and in the eyes. The beautiful eyes radiated a
strange light. Infact his whole body seened to glow with a suppressed energy.
“Hey, do you want some gooseberries, Namboori?” the young man asked”these
are really good.”
11. It was then that he noticed a basket full of gooseberries in the young man’s
hand. A very tempting sight indeed. It had been some time since he had something
of substance let alone a delicious thing like a gooseberry to eat. How he liked
gooseberry! And the question of the young man! It proved too much for the oaf.
He couldn’t find words to say nay for an answer. He took some gooseberries
eagerly and ate them in a rush. Indeed it was marvellous. It never had tasted
so good. He felt as though a warmth was spreading through his veins.
But, alas! The joy was short lived. What had he done? He had resolved not to
eat any solid food for a year and he had broken the rule. From dizzy heights his
heart plummetted to gloomy depths. His clouded mind was confused. He didn’t
know what had happened to him. Or, why Sastha could allow such a thing to
happen. Maybe, he was doomed ever to be an imbecile. Sad and forlorn he
walked to the pond.
As usual he reached Peruvanam on the occasion of Thevar Seva. And, the old
man was there. As soon as he encountered the old man he had a strange feeling.
It was as though a curtain had been raised from his brain. It was with new eyes
that he looked at the world.
“How are you?” the old man asked.
The answer came pouring out from him in the most beautiful verse imaginable.
That too in Sanskrit, a language very difficult to comprehend let alone use. The
old man smiled beatifically, congratulated him on his transformation, asked him
to continue his prayers, praised the Lord of Wisdom, blessed him and took
himself off.
Lord Erattayappan had to help the pilgrim who had unwittingly come to Him for
help. In the guise of the old gentleman He had instructed him to go to Lord
Sastha who had manifested Himself as the young man and gave the half-wit
gooseberries to break his fast.
People of the region believe that to get the full benefit of worshipping Lord
Sastha one has to visit Peruvanam too. This story sort of verifies the importance
of the practice. After all, it was when the half-wit met Lord Siva for the fourth
time that he got clear from the mental mesh that had encompassed his whole
brain. The half-wit from Karingampilly Swaroopam later wrote the great Sanskrit
poem Sukasandesam that became famous throughout India for its clarity of
thought and expression.
Once as Namboodiripad walked along a road in Tamil Nadu he heard the notes
of someone reciting a Sloka from Sukasandesam. He was on a pilgrimage and
had the time at his command to stop there for sometime to listen. A Shastri was
teaching his students
“What a beautiful verse!”Shastri exclaimed for the umpteenth time at the end
of an explanation of one of the Slokas, “this dear boys, is the most popular
12. meaning. But there is one more in vogue” He interpreted in in another way.
“Usually most poems have only one or two meanings, but it seems to me this has
many more. But it is impossible to explain it all. It would take the author to do
it.”
The disciples sat respectfully before him entranced by his words. Shastri himself
was famous and his disciples very knowledgeable.
“If you want, I can give you one more meaning. I am not sure about it myself,
but I will try my best”
He explained the third meaning in a round about, elaborate way. The efoort was
obviously too much even for his mental prowess. He was exhausted by the end.
“It was a great man who wrote this. It is simply divine. Maybe if he was here he
would give us a better meaning for this Sloka”
Karingampilly Namboodiripad who was listening to the whole passage of words
now stepped forward.
“Shastri, which is the verse that you are teaching?”
“It is Sukasandesam.”
“May I hear the Sloka please-let me see if I can find another meaning”
Usually if someone interrupted his class in this way the teacher would not be
well pleased. But Shastri was a scholar in his own right and scholars can be
notoriously humble at times.Or maybe he was just impressed by Namboodiri’s
personality. He read it out.
Namboodiripad thought for a moment and then began to explain it in the clearest
way imaginable. It was far better than the previous three efforts of Shastri.
When he finished Shastri prostrated before him
“You must be Karingampilly Namboodiripad himself. Only he could explain the
verse so well - aren’t you the great scholar?”
From a half-wit who was ridiculed by the whole village he had become by
intense Tapasya one of the greatest scholar-poets of the whole of India. A man
other scholars respected and admired. A model for the aspiring. The devotees
of Sastha couldn’t be otherwise.
CHAPTER V
SOME HISTORY
Years ago, the idol at the Thiruvullakavu temple was at the mercy of the sun
and the rain. It was a Swayambhoo, just a hole in a rock in the forest. When a
temple was built around it they omitted to build a roof over it. Drenching monsoon,
howling winds and the harsh summer sun beat down on the idol. The uninitiated
might have considered it a sacrilege. It was just the opposite. Deities subject to
13. the elemental forces were more powerful than those gracing the well built
temples. Certainly they were fiercer.
One day Mazhamangalam, the great poet had to cross the forest near the
temple. So he decided to visit the temple. When he reached the clearing he
beheld an ugly sight. The carcass of a cow was
spreadout on the steps of the sanctum. The gory sight filled him with revulsion.
It was heartrending for a Brahmin who worshipped the cow.
Mazhamangalam grimaced in disgust and wailed to Sastha
“Why this in front of your temple? Surely you don’t approve. Isn’t it a sin to kill
a cow, and especially leave it in front of the temple?”
Unhappily he walked off towards his destination. Some days later he came back
the same way. Then he saw a strange sight. In the same position that the cow
had lain earlier lay the body of a tiger. Its mouth was full of arrows and was
obviously dead. He looked at Lord Sastha. Was this divine retribution? No mortal
could shoot so accurately. Maybe he could place with some luck an arrow or two
into the open mouth. Not a quiver full of them. Surely, the divine Hunter had
killed it.
Tears coursed through the face of Mazhamangalam. He marvelled at the justice
and remembered his words of the day before. This must have been the killer
that had slain the cow. Sastha, ever ready to oblige his devotees, had heeded
Mazhamangalam’s words.
Then a disturbing thought came to his mind. Epics prophesied the age of Kali as
a time when people would forsake their Dharma, ordained way of life. Then, he
was certain, meticulousn rites would be impossible. A deity as fierce as Sastha
of Kavu was sure to punish them for their misdeeds. How could he save them
from such a fate; how to make Sastha less fearsome? He found a way out. He
decided to construct an ordinary roof on the top. For the sin of trying to
reduce the effulgence of the deity, nay, trying to bridle that explosive energy,
he knew his family would suffer. But he did it and the house of Mazhamangalam
became mere memory. By adoption, it revived under a different family name,
Tharannalloor.
Perhaps the cover overhead has mellowed Sastha and made Him less awesome.
But His beneficient effulgence has not waned, though instead of an easily
provoked, unbending disciplinarian fighting to protect His devotees, He has
perhaps changed to a gentler Father. Maybe, Sastha’s ferocity towards evil
decreased but not His benevolence. Miracles are still common place here.
In ancient times, Chittoor, Avanavu and Kuruvattavanavu Namboodiripads ruled
over the Peruvanam temple as Uralans, hereditary administrators. The village
was democratic in set up and all the villagers had some power over it. As a
subsidiary deity Thiruvullakavu was also ruled by the same Uralans.But the
14. Maharaja of Cochin and Zamorin of Calicut wanted power over Peruvanam
temple as it administration meant the complete control over the whole region.
Ultimately it came under the control of the Maharaja. Now the Uralans and the
other Namboodiris of the region were without a temple to perform their rituals.
As Kavu owned no property they begged for it and got it back from the Maharaja.
As the representative of the settlement, Chittoor Namboodiripad became the
hereditary administrator.
Times changed and in the seventies a committee was set up under the efficient
leadership of Shri Meppully Sreedharan Ezhuthassan. Under the management
of this committee the rather plain temple has increased in grandeur with two
magnificient Nadappuras, built to cover the western and eastern courtyards.
Also, a fine Gopuram has been erected at the front (the cover of this book gives
an artists impression of the same).
Vilwamangalam Swamiyar, the great scholar once saw Erattayappan carrying
his son Sastha in the palm of his right hand. Hence the temple was also called
by the name of ‘Thiruvalakkayyoor’, which is no more used. But anyone coming
here can hope to have knowledge playing in the palm of his hand. After all this
is a place for miracles and houses the Lord of Wisdom.
CHAPTER VI
MORE INFO ON LORD SASTHA
How to get to the Lord
You can either a Thrissur - Irinjalakuda/Kodungalloor bus and get down at
Thiruvullakkavu or take the Thrissur - Thriprayar bus and get down at
Perumpillissery from where Thiruvullakkavu is only a short walk.
What are the main offerings
The main offerings are Appam and Kadali. But he likes people chanting the
Vedas even more.
Which are the auspicious days
Like any Sastha temple Saturday is an auspicious day at Thiruvullakkavu. The
Navaratri days, Mahanavami and Vijayadasami especially are very auspicious.
It is on the Vijayadasami day that thousands of children are initiated into the
world of letters here.