General Physiology (Bio 109) - Cellular respiration with questions at the endShaina Mavreen Villaroza
Cellular respiration is a catabolic process that uses oxygen to break down glucose and other macromolecules to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in the mitochondria of plant and animal cells. The process involves four main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules while producing a small amount of ATP.
Fran Dean Bishop created MECKids in response to requests from teenage girls and their mothers for a youth-focused fitness and weight management program. MECKids is an online program that provides health challenges, tracking tools, and social networking for youth groups. It aims to motivate students to live healthier lives through its 60-day Virtual Fitness Challenge, which awards points for cardiovascular exercise, nutrition, strength training, flexibility, and stress management. MECKids has garnered interest from potential corporate sponsors.
The document summarizes the key changes between the 2014 hypertension guidelines (JNC 8) and previous guidelines (JNC 7). The 2014 guidelines lower treatment thresholds based on rigorous evidence from randomized controlled trials. They recommend initiating treatment at SBP/DBP of 140/90 mmHg for those under 60, and 150/90 mmHg for those 60 and over. For those with diabetes or chronic kidney disease, the goal is SBP/DBP under 140/90 mmHg. Thiazide-type diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers are first-line treatments depending on population. The guidelines note limitations around scope and costs/adherence.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, affects approximately 100 million people in India. It occurs when blood is pumped through the arteries at a higher than normal pressure. There are two main types of hypertension: primary, which accounts for 90-95% of cases and has no identifiable cause; and secondary, where high blood pressure is caused by an underlying condition like kidney failure. Risk factors for developing hypertension include age, obesity, stress, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a high sodium diet. If left untreated, hypertension can further complicate one's health by increasing the risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and loss of vision. The first treatment approach involves lifestyle modifications to diet, exercise and stress reduction. If
Stroke [uncensored] - by MHR CorporationMohd Hanafi
This document provides information on stroke and cerebrovascular accidents. It defines different types of strokes including transient ischemic attack (TIA), reversible ischemic neurological deficit (RIND), and completed stroke. It describes how to diagnose a stroke by determining the neurological deficit, lesion location, type of lesion, and cause. Risk factors, signs and symptoms, and methods of examination are discussed. The anatomy and blood supply of the brain are outlined. Common sites and types of infarction and hemorrhage are also summarized.
This document summarizes the anatomy of the cardiac conduction system. It describes the locations and functions of the key components, including the sinus node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers. It also discusses the histological characteristics that define the conduction system and how impulses are conducted through each component to coordinate ventricular depolarization.
The document discusses hypertension (HT), including its definition, epidemiology, diagnosis, risk factors, complications, investigation, management, and treatment. Some key points include:
- HT is defined as blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg. The prevalence of HT in the US is around 30% and in KSA around 26%.
- Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, smoking, diabetes, and lack of exercise. Complications affect the heart, blood vessels, brain, kidneys and eyes.
- Diagnosis involves taking accurate blood pressure readings on multiple occasions. Investigation includes routine tests like CBC and additional tests if needed.
- Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet, exercise and weight
General Physiology (Bio 109) - Cellular respiration with questions at the endShaina Mavreen Villaroza
Cellular respiration is a catabolic process that uses oxygen to break down glucose and other macromolecules to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in the mitochondria of plant and animal cells. The process involves four main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules while producing a small amount of ATP.
Fran Dean Bishop created MECKids in response to requests from teenage girls and their mothers for a youth-focused fitness and weight management program. MECKids is an online program that provides health challenges, tracking tools, and social networking for youth groups. It aims to motivate students to live healthier lives through its 60-day Virtual Fitness Challenge, which awards points for cardiovascular exercise, nutrition, strength training, flexibility, and stress management. MECKids has garnered interest from potential corporate sponsors.
The document summarizes the key changes between the 2014 hypertension guidelines (JNC 8) and previous guidelines (JNC 7). The 2014 guidelines lower treatment thresholds based on rigorous evidence from randomized controlled trials. They recommend initiating treatment at SBP/DBP of 140/90 mmHg for those under 60, and 150/90 mmHg for those 60 and over. For those with diabetes or chronic kidney disease, the goal is SBP/DBP under 140/90 mmHg. Thiazide-type diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers are first-line treatments depending on population. The guidelines note limitations around scope and costs/adherence.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, affects approximately 100 million people in India. It occurs when blood is pumped through the arteries at a higher than normal pressure. There are two main types of hypertension: primary, which accounts for 90-95% of cases and has no identifiable cause; and secondary, where high blood pressure is caused by an underlying condition like kidney failure. Risk factors for developing hypertension include age, obesity, stress, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a high sodium diet. If left untreated, hypertension can further complicate one's health by increasing the risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and loss of vision. The first treatment approach involves lifestyle modifications to diet, exercise and stress reduction. If
Stroke [uncensored] - by MHR CorporationMohd Hanafi
This document provides information on stroke and cerebrovascular accidents. It defines different types of strokes including transient ischemic attack (TIA), reversible ischemic neurological deficit (RIND), and completed stroke. It describes how to diagnose a stroke by determining the neurological deficit, lesion location, type of lesion, and cause. Risk factors, signs and symptoms, and methods of examination are discussed. The anatomy and blood supply of the brain are outlined. Common sites and types of infarction and hemorrhage are also summarized.
This document summarizes the anatomy of the cardiac conduction system. It describes the locations and functions of the key components, including the sinus node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers. It also discusses the histological characteristics that define the conduction system and how impulses are conducted through each component to coordinate ventricular depolarization.
The document discusses hypertension (HT), including its definition, epidemiology, diagnosis, risk factors, complications, investigation, management, and treatment. Some key points include:
- HT is defined as blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg. The prevalence of HT in the US is around 30% and in KSA around 26%.
- Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, smoking, diabetes, and lack of exercise. Complications affect the heart, blood vessels, brain, kidneys and eyes.
- Diagnosis involves taking accurate blood pressure readings on multiple occasions. Investigation includes routine tests like CBC and additional tests if needed.
- Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet, exercise and weight
The document contains information about labeling the parts of the heart and the cardiac output. It defines cardiac output as the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute, which is calculated by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume. It then provides an example calculation of a person's cardiac output. The document also describes the conduction system of the heart, noting that the sinoatrial node acts as the pacemaker and the atrioventricular node relays electrical impulses to allow for coordinated contraction of the atria and ventricles.
This document discusses cerebrovascular disease and stroke. It provides classifications and descriptions of different types of strokes including transient ischemic attacks, hemorrhagic strokes, and thrombotic vs. embolic ischemic strokes. It also summarizes the clinical assessment and presentation of strokes, differential diagnoses, pathophysiology of cerebral infarction, and general risk factors.
The document summarizes the flow of blood through the four chambers of the heart. It describes how deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus. It then flows to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve and is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary valve to become oxygenated. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins and flows to the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve to be pumped out to the body through the aorta. The blood then circulates through the arteries and returns deoxygenated to the heart through the veins to repeat the cycle.
Hypertension, its causes, types and managementAbu Bakar
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension and provides normal and elevated blood pressure readings. It describes the types and causes of primary and secondary hypertension. It discusses the risk factors, mechanisms, diagnosis, clinical presentation, complications and treatment of hypertension, including lifestyle modifications and medication options. The overall goal of treatment is to reduce blood pressure levels to lower the risks of complications like stroke, heart disease and kidney failure.
The cardiac conduction system is made up of four main structures that stimulate contraction of the heart muscle in a coordinated way. The sinoatrial node acts as the pacemaker and initiates electrical impulses throughout the heart. The atrioventricular node receives impulses from the atria and slows conduction to allow for proper atrial contraction before ventricular contraction. Impulses then travel through the atrioventricular bundle and Purkinje fibers to coordinate simultaneous contraction of the ventricles. An electrocardiogram is used to measure the electrical activity of the heart and detect any abnormalities.
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus including its definition, classification, clinical features, investigations, treatment, and complications. It begins with defining the objectives of the lecture which are to define DM, classify its types, list predisposing factors and clinical features, and discuss drugs used in treatment. It then covers epidemiology, the main types of DM including type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Key aspects of diagnosis and management are summarized such as diagnostic criteria, goals of treatment, and approaches including non-pharmacologic, pharmacologic, and surgical options.
The conduction system of the heart is initiated by the sinoatrial node, which acts as the dominant pacemaker. It is located in the junction of the right atrium and superior vena cava and is innervated by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. Conduction then proceeds through the atrioventricular node, which slows conduction to allow for ventricular filling, and the bundle of His divides into left and right bundle branches to stimulate the ventricles.
The document describes the Krebs cycle, which is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA. The cycle involves several steps, including the formation of citric acid, dehydration, decarboxylation, oxidation, and dehydrogenation, that ultimately produce carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and ATP which are used to generate energy for cells.
The document defines various types of strokes and transient ischemic attacks. It discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical features, investigations, and management of strokes. The main types are ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. Investigations include brain imaging like CT scan and MRI to identify the type of stroke and underlying causes. Treatment focuses on minimizing brain damage, preventing complications, rehabilitation, and reducing the risk of recurrence.
This document provides information about diabetes, including the different types, symptoms, causes, treatment, and complications. It discusses how diabetes occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells do not respond properly to insulin. The main types are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Treatment focuses on diet, exercise, weight control, and insulin as needed. Complications can include eye, foot, heart and kidney problems if diabetes is not well managed. Ways to support diabetes prevention and management in schools are also outlined.