Third crusade
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The Third Crusade was launched in response to Saladin's capture of Jerusalem in 1187. Major European powers like the Holy Roman Empire, England, and France sent armies to retake the Holy Land. Frederick Barbarossa led the German forces but drowned in 1190. Richard the Lionheart and Philip II of France then took over, capturing key ports like Acre and defeating Saladin's forces at Arsuf and Jaffa. After being unable to retake Jerusalem, Richard negotiated a three-year truce with Saladin before returning to Europe in 1192.
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This document discusses the development of absolute monarchy in Europe from the 16th to 18th centuries. It describes how monarchs asserted divine right to rule and centralized power by growing bureaucracies. Religious conflicts weakened the Holy Roman Empire and led to the Peace of Westphalia, recognizing independent states. The English Civil War established constitutional monarchy with shared power between monarch and parliament. Louis XIV ruled France absolutely but weakened it financially. Conflicts between Austria and Prussia continued into the Seven Years' War. Peter the Great modernized Russia by westernizing reforms.
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Third crusade
- 1. The Third Crusade (1189-1192) Image: https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1200x675/p01grdmj.jpg
- 2. October 11, 1187: Saladin Captures Jerusalem Image: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Saladin_and_Guy.jpg
- 3. Late October, 1187: Pope Urban III dies, and is succeeded by Gregory VII. Gregory issues the Audita tremendi, calling for a third Crusade. “Saladin Tithe” imposed in Western Europe.
- 4. March 27, 1188: Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa takes up the cross, pledging his support. May 1189: Frederick departs. Image: http://skepticism-images.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/images/jreviews/Frederick-Barbarossa.jpg
- 5. July 6, 1189: Henry II of England dies. Richard I the Lionheart ascends the throne and begins preparing for the Crusade. Image: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/d3/f9/e2/d3f9e2934b142b40792429177190be96.jpg
- 6. August 28, 1189: Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, begins siege of Acre. Image: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/f2/13/20/f213205a501faaead1f7afe696c51ec6.jpg
- 7. June 10, 1190: Frederick drowns in Anatolia Image: http://www.heritage-history.com/books/baldwin/thirty/zpage125.gif
- 8. July 4, 1190: Richard and Philip II of France meet in France before departing for the Holy Land. April 20, 1191: Philip arrives at Acre Image: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Philip_II,_King_of_France,_in_a_19th- century_portrait_by_Louis-F%C3%A9lix_Amiel.jpg
- 9. June 1, 1191: Richard captures the island of Cyprus. June 8, 1191: Richard arrives at Acre. Image: http://nsnbc.me/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/cyprus-location-map.gif
- 10. July 12, 1191: Acre falls to the Crusader forces. August, 1191: Philip returns to France. Image: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Ptolemais_%28Acre%29_given_to_Philip_Augustus_1191.png
- 11. September 7, 1191: Battle of Asurf: Saladin attacks Richard en route to Jaffa and is defeated decisively. Richard captures Jaffa soon after. Image: http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/images/plantagenet/map_3_crusade.jpg
- 12. November, 1191 Latin forces begin to move on Jerusalem, but return to Jaffa for the winter. Winter, 1191: Crusader forces capture and fortify Ascalon.
- 13. May 22, 1192: Crusaders capture Darum, near the border of Egypt. June, 1192: Latin army, led by Richard arrives at the heavily defended Jerusalem. Crusaders, unable to agree on a plan, turn back and retreat to the coast again.
- 14. July 30, 1192: Saladin recaptures Jaffa. August 8, 1192: Battle of Jaffa: Richard swiftly retaliates and captures the city with a small force. This forced Saladin to negotiate peace Image: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Battle_of_Jaffa_(1192).jpg/220px- Battle_of_Jaffa_(1192).jpg
- 15. September 2, 1192: Treaty of Jaffa: Richard and Saladin agree on a three-year truce between Saladin and the Crusaders. October 9, 1192: Richard leaves the Holy Land. Image: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/LionHeartFarewell.jpg