1. This document provides recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory infections caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in children based on the latest national guidelines and current clinical practices in Zhejiang Province, China.
2. It summarizes the key details of 2019-nCoV including its etiology, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnostic criteria, clinical classifications, differential diagnosis and imaging features to aid in the diagnosis and management of pediatric cases.
3. The recommendations aim to standardize the protocols for diagnosing and treating respiratory infections in children caused by 2019-nCoV, with the overall goal of identifying and managing cases early while differentiating them from other viral or bacterial infections.
Clinical chacateristics of novel coronavirua in newborns, infants, and childrengisa_legal
This document summarizes the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in newborns, infants, and children based on reported cases. It finds that pediatric cases are mainly family cluster cases and clinical manifestations in children are generally milder than adults. While rare, severe infections can occur in children as can transmission from mother to child, though likely not intrauterine. Most infected children recover within 1-2 weeks and it is very uncommon for the infection to progress to lower respiratory tract disease in children.
Community Acquired Pneumonia in Children (for undergraduate studens)Dr Anand Singh
Pneumonia is a common lung infection in children characterized by fever, respiratory symptoms, and evidence of lung involvement on physical exam or chest imaging. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. Clinical features include tachypnea, cough, hypoxemia, and abnormal breath sounds. Chest x-ray is used to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment involves antibiotics, oxygen, and hospitalization for severe cases. Prevention strategies include vaccination, hand hygiene, and reducing hospital-acquired infections.
Unite against COVID-19, Considerations in Childrenzaza2089
This document provides information on considerations for COVID-19 in children. It discusses COVID-19 facts such as transmission and signs/symptoms. Children of all ages can be infected, though cases are usually less severe than adults. Hospitalization is most common for those under 1 year old or with underlying conditions. Risk factors, diagnosis, management for outpatient and inpatient cases, prevention methods, and psychological support are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of the COVID-19 pandemic including:
- Coronaviruses and COVID-19 virus virology
- Modes of transmission are through respiratory droplets and contacting contaminated surfaces
- Clinical features are fever, cough and fatigue with risk of severe disease higher in older people and those with underlying conditions
- Diagnosis is through viral testing like PCR from respiratory samples and antibody tests
- Treatment focuses on supportive care while vaccines are still in development
The document provides information on COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. It discusses the virus's origins, symptoms, transmission, incubation period, case definitions, screening and testing procedures, treatment and prevention recommendations including isolation, use of personal protective equipment, hand hygiene, and monitoring of healthcare workers.
This document provides information on COVID-19 in children, including its symptoms, risk factors for severe disease, complications, management, and similarities to Kawasaki disease. It discusses the typical clinical manifestations in children such as fever, cough, gastrointestinal symptoms, and dermatological findings. Risk factors for severe COVID-19 include underlying medical conditions and higher viral loads. Imaging may show ground glass opacities while labs can show elevated inflammatory markers and lymphopenia. Management involves supportive care, antibiotics for secondary infections, and Kawasaki disease treatments for overlapping cases.
This document provides an overview of COVID-19 for EMS providers, including terminology, the origins and spread of the virus, clinical presentation, screening and risk assessment, treatment considerations, infection control protocols, and recommendations for interacting with the public. Key points covered include how the virus is transmitted, projected disease course, limitations of current testing and treatment options, importance of PPE and prenotification, and dispelling common myths. The goal is to equip EMS with up-to-date facts and best practices for responding safely and effectively during the pandemic.
Clinical chacateristics of novel coronavirua in newborns, infants, and childrengisa_legal
This document summarizes the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in newborns, infants, and children based on reported cases. It finds that pediatric cases are mainly family cluster cases and clinical manifestations in children are generally milder than adults. While rare, severe infections can occur in children as can transmission from mother to child, though likely not intrauterine. Most infected children recover within 1-2 weeks and it is very uncommon for the infection to progress to lower respiratory tract disease in children.
Community Acquired Pneumonia in Children (for undergraduate studens)Dr Anand Singh
Pneumonia is a common lung infection in children characterized by fever, respiratory symptoms, and evidence of lung involvement on physical exam or chest imaging. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. Clinical features include tachypnea, cough, hypoxemia, and abnormal breath sounds. Chest x-ray is used to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment involves antibiotics, oxygen, and hospitalization for severe cases. Prevention strategies include vaccination, hand hygiene, and reducing hospital-acquired infections.
Unite against COVID-19, Considerations in Childrenzaza2089
This document provides information on considerations for COVID-19 in children. It discusses COVID-19 facts such as transmission and signs/symptoms. Children of all ages can be infected, though cases are usually less severe than adults. Hospitalization is most common for those under 1 year old or with underlying conditions. Risk factors, diagnosis, management for outpatient and inpatient cases, prevention methods, and psychological support are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of the COVID-19 pandemic including:
- Coronaviruses and COVID-19 virus virology
- Modes of transmission are through respiratory droplets and contacting contaminated surfaces
- Clinical features are fever, cough and fatigue with risk of severe disease higher in older people and those with underlying conditions
- Diagnosis is through viral testing like PCR from respiratory samples and antibody tests
- Treatment focuses on supportive care while vaccines are still in development
The document provides information on COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. It discusses the virus's origins, symptoms, transmission, incubation period, case definitions, screening and testing procedures, treatment and prevention recommendations including isolation, use of personal protective equipment, hand hygiene, and monitoring of healthcare workers.
This document provides information on COVID-19 in children, including its symptoms, risk factors for severe disease, complications, management, and similarities to Kawasaki disease. It discusses the typical clinical manifestations in children such as fever, cough, gastrointestinal symptoms, and dermatological findings. Risk factors for severe COVID-19 include underlying medical conditions and higher viral loads. Imaging may show ground glass opacities while labs can show elevated inflammatory markers and lymphopenia. Management involves supportive care, antibiotics for secondary infections, and Kawasaki disease treatments for overlapping cases.
This document provides an overview of COVID-19 for EMS providers, including terminology, the origins and spread of the virus, clinical presentation, screening and risk assessment, treatment considerations, infection control protocols, and recommendations for interacting with the public. Key points covered include how the virus is transmitted, projected disease course, limitations of current testing and treatment options, importance of PPE and prenotification, and dispelling common myths. The goal is to equip EMS with up-to-date facts and best practices for responding safely and effectively during the pandemic.
Clinical and epidemiological features of Children with COVID 19Ramin Nazari M.D
- Children can be infected with COVID-19 but symptoms tend to be mild. Severe cases have occurred but are rare, especially in otherwise healthy children. Younger children, especially infants, may be more vulnerable to severe illness.
- A study in China found that 34% of COVID-19 cases in children were confirmed via lab tests while 66% were suspected cases. The majority of cases were mild. Severe or critical cases were more common in younger age groups, especially children under 1 year old.
- While children can spread the virus, severity of illness in children is generally milder than in adults. No significant differences in infection rates between boys and girls were observed.
The document discusses the assessment of children with recurrent chest infections. It can be a difficult diagnostic challenge to determine if a child has a simple cause like viral infections or asthma, or a more serious underlying issue like cystic fibrosis, immunodeficiency, or congenital abnormalities. A detailed history, physical exam, and selective investigations are needed to distinguish between self-limiting issues and serious progressive lung disease. Recurrent respiratory infections are common in childhood but the aim is to identify those with severe or long-term lung pathology.
This document provides an overview of coronaviruses including their viral composition, epidemiology, transmission routes, clinical manifestations, and impact on respiratory and enteric systems. Key points include that coronaviruses are common causes of respiratory illness, especially in winter, and have also been linked to gastrointestinal symptoms in some cases. While they account for a percentage of respiratory infections, evidence also links coronaviruses to conditions like croup, asthma attacks, pneumonia, and some cases of diarrhea.
This document discusses Covid-19 in children. It notes that while fewer Covid cases have been diagnosed in children, most pediatric cases are mild. Hospitalization rates are significantly lower in children. The pathophysiology and risk factors for children are also discussed. Common symptoms in children are cough and fever. Diagnostic methods, treatment options, and prevention strategies are summarized.
Corona Virus and Reinfection(Second Time Infection)Apurv Charles
You may think that the one “positive” of testing positive for the COVID-19 causing coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) and surviving would be that you won’t get infected by that virus again.
At least not during this pandemic.
Ah, but is this assumption really true? Will you indeed be immune to the SARS-CoV2 after you’ve recovered from a COVID-19 infection?
Some reports out of Japan and China seem to suggest otherwise.
The February 14 article from Caixin, a Beijing, China-based media group, that was entitled “14% of Recovered Covid-19 Patients in Guangdong Tested Positive Again.” Umm, 14% would seem more like an “ooop” than an “ooops.”
"Remember though, these are news reports and not scientific studies yet. "
This document provides information about the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak that originated in Wuhan, China in December 2019. It discusses that coronaviruses can be transmitted from animals to humans and between humans. The 2019-nCoV was identified as the cause of the outbreak with many early cases linked to a seafood market, but human-to-human transmission has since been observed. It describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention measures for 2019-nCoV infection.
This document provides information on COVID-19 including:
- SARS-CoV-2 is the virus and COVID-19 is the disease. It spreads through respiratory droplets and surfaces.
- Personal protective equipment like gloves, gowns, masks are recommended but complex to properly use and remove.
- Most cases are mild but some develop severe pneumonia requiring hospitalization. The elderly are most at risk for severe outcomes.
- Management focuses on home isolation, supportive care, and investigational antiviral medications. Social distancing aims to reduce peak burden on hospitals.
Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19)
The WHO and other organizations have issued the following general recommendations:
Avoid close contact with subjects suffering from acute respiratory infections.
Wash your hands frequently, especially after contact with infected people or their environment.
Avoid unprotected contact with farm or wild animals.
People with symptoms of acute airway infection should keep their distance, cover coughs or sneezes with disposable tissues or clothes and wash their hands.
Strengthen, in particular, in emergency medicine departments, the application of strict hygiene measures for the prevention and control of infections.
Individuals that are immunocompromised should avoid public gatherings.
Patients and families should receive instruction to:
Avoid close contact with subjects suffering from acute respiratory infections.
Wash their hands frequently, especially after contact with sick people or their environment.
Avoid unprotected contact with farm or wild animals.
People with symptoms of acute airway infection should keep their distance, cover coughs or sneezes with disposable tissues or clothes and wash their hands.
Immunocompromised patients should avoid public exposure and public gatherings. If an immunocompromised individual must be in a closed space with multiple individuals present, such as a meeting in a small room; masks, gloves, and personal hygiene with antiseptic soap should be undertaken by those in close contact with the individual. In addition, prior room cleaning with antiseptic agents should be undertaken and performed before exposure. However, considering the danger involved to these individuals, exposure should be avoided unless a meeting, group event, etc. is a true emergency.
Strict personal hygiene measures are necessary for the prevention and control of this infection.
This document discusses COVID-19 in children. It provides details on SARS-CoV-2, including its infectivity, replication sites, and stability on surfaces. It also summarizes the pathophysiology of COVID-19 in children, noting their lower morbidity is likely due to factors like lower ACE2 expression. The diagnosis section outlines common manifestations in children and molecular testing methods, sample collection, hematologic parameters, and poor prognostic markers seen in adults.
The document summarizes information about COVID-19. It describes COVID-19 as a disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. Signs and symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath, with older people and those with preexisting conditions at higher risk. Prevention methods include frequent hand washing, social distancing, and wearing masks. There is currently no vaccine, though treatments are under investigation. The disease has caused a global pandemic and cases are rising in Africa, Asia, Europe and North America.
The document provides a summary of COVID-19 including its definition, epidemiology, aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Some key points:
- COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and presents with respiratory symptoms ranging from mild to severe.
- It spread rapidly from Wuhan, China in December 2019. Risk factors include travel to affected areas and close contact with infected individuals.
- SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2 receptors in humans, similarly to SARS. It has a reproductive number of approximately 2.2.
- Diagnosis involves screening for exposure risk factors and testing respiratory samples for SARS-CoV-2
Coronaviruses & COVID 19 - Its Morphology, Role, Mechanism of Action, and Tre...Haider Ali Malik
This document discusses COVID-19 and coronaviruses. It defines COVID-19 as a novel coronavirus first identified in Wuhan, China in late 2019. Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that can cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases like MERS and SARS. The document then provides details on the structure, replication, and transmission of coronaviruses, symptoms of COVID-19, the ongoing global pandemic, and the discovery and identification of SARS-CoV-2 under electron microscopy.
The document discusses cholera, which is an acute enteric infection caused by ingesting water or food contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It can lead to severe dehydration and death if left untreated. Prevention involves providing access to clean water and sanitation as well as promoting good hygiene practices. Symptoms of cholera include diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration therapy to replace fluids and electrolytes lost from diarrhea.
Child with recurrent infections
Prof osama arafa .
Pediatrics PHD consultant& head of pediatric department Port Fouad hospital
General secretary of Port Said Pediatrics Conference.
Abstract
The child with recurrent chest infections presents the clinician with a difficult diagnostic challenge. Does the child have a simply-managed cause for their symptoms, such as recurrent viral respiratory infections or asthma, or is there evidence of a more serious underlying pathology, such as bronchiectasis? Many different disorders present in this way, including cystic fibrosis, a range of immunodeficiency syndromes, and congenital abnormalities of the respiratory tract. In some affected children, lung damage follows a single severe pneumonia: in others it is the result of inhalation of food or a foreign body.
The assessment of these children is demanding: it requires close attention to the history and examination, and in selected cases, extensive investigations. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential to ensure that optimal treatment is given and to minimise the risk of progressive or irreversible lung damage.
The aim of this presentation is to examine the causes of recurrent chest infections and to describe how this complex group of children should be assessed and investigated.
Coronavirus history, morphology, life cycle and transmission of covid 19Makrani Shaharukh
Coronavirus disease is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. Presently, there is no registered treatment or vaccine for the disease.
This document provides an overview of the diagnosis and management of the 2019 novel coronavirus. It begins with background on coronaviruses in general and then focuses on the 2019-nCoV. It describes the clinical presentation of the infection, from uncomplicated illness to severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and sepsis. It discusses diagnostic tests and recommendations for supportive care, oxygen therapy, fluid management, antimicrobial use, and monitoring for clinical deterioration. Guidelines are provided for management of hypoxemic respiratory failure, ARDS, septic shock, mechanical ventilation strategies, and ICU complications prevention. Currently no specific anti-coronavirus treatments exist but several clinical trials are underway to evaluate potential antiviral drugs.
This document provides an overview of COVID-19, including its aetiology, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and prevention. It describes how COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which likely originated in animals. It summarizes the symptoms of COVID-19 and outlines recommendations for preventing and treating both mild and severe cases. The document also discusses differential diagnoses and provides references for further information.
1) Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that was first reported in 2012. There has recently been a large outbreak of over 170 cases in South Korea.
2) MERS-CoV likely originated in camels and bats and is transmitted between humans via respiratory droplets. It can cause pneumonia and many who have died had underlying health conditions.
3) There is no specific treatment but supportive care is provided. Prevention includes handwashing, avoiding contact with infected individuals, and disinfecting surfaces. Vaccine research is ongoing.
Covid 19 in children consensus statementgisa_legal
This document presents an experts' consensus statement on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection in children. It summarizes the current strategies based on previous diagnosis and treatment of pediatric virus infections. The key points are: 1) 2019-nCoV infections in children can range from asymptomatic to mild or severe pneumonia, with most cases being mild; 2) Diagnosis is based on epidemiological history, clinical manifestations, and laboratory tests detecting 2019-nCoV nucleic acid; 3) Treatment involves supportive care, symptom relief, oxygen therapy, and antiviral drugs like interferon-α; 4) Prevention focuses on isolation of suspected cases and treatment of confirmed cases.
Corona virus was first identified as a cause of the common cold in 1960. Until 2002, the virus was considered a relatively simple, nonfatal virus.Over the last three decades there have been three attacks of three different coronaviruses, SARS-CoV, MERS CoV and the recent one 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV).
Clinical and epidemiological features of Children with COVID 19Ramin Nazari M.D
- Children can be infected with COVID-19 but symptoms tend to be mild. Severe cases have occurred but are rare, especially in otherwise healthy children. Younger children, especially infants, may be more vulnerable to severe illness.
- A study in China found that 34% of COVID-19 cases in children were confirmed via lab tests while 66% were suspected cases. The majority of cases were mild. Severe or critical cases were more common in younger age groups, especially children under 1 year old.
- While children can spread the virus, severity of illness in children is generally milder than in adults. No significant differences in infection rates between boys and girls were observed.
The document discusses the assessment of children with recurrent chest infections. It can be a difficult diagnostic challenge to determine if a child has a simple cause like viral infections or asthma, or a more serious underlying issue like cystic fibrosis, immunodeficiency, or congenital abnormalities. A detailed history, physical exam, and selective investigations are needed to distinguish between self-limiting issues and serious progressive lung disease. Recurrent respiratory infections are common in childhood but the aim is to identify those with severe or long-term lung pathology.
This document provides an overview of coronaviruses including their viral composition, epidemiology, transmission routes, clinical manifestations, and impact on respiratory and enteric systems. Key points include that coronaviruses are common causes of respiratory illness, especially in winter, and have also been linked to gastrointestinal symptoms in some cases. While they account for a percentage of respiratory infections, evidence also links coronaviruses to conditions like croup, asthma attacks, pneumonia, and some cases of diarrhea.
This document discusses Covid-19 in children. It notes that while fewer Covid cases have been diagnosed in children, most pediatric cases are mild. Hospitalization rates are significantly lower in children. The pathophysiology and risk factors for children are also discussed. Common symptoms in children are cough and fever. Diagnostic methods, treatment options, and prevention strategies are summarized.
Corona Virus and Reinfection(Second Time Infection)Apurv Charles
You may think that the one “positive” of testing positive for the COVID-19 causing coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) and surviving would be that you won’t get infected by that virus again.
At least not during this pandemic.
Ah, but is this assumption really true? Will you indeed be immune to the SARS-CoV2 after you’ve recovered from a COVID-19 infection?
Some reports out of Japan and China seem to suggest otherwise.
The February 14 article from Caixin, a Beijing, China-based media group, that was entitled “14% of Recovered Covid-19 Patients in Guangdong Tested Positive Again.” Umm, 14% would seem more like an “ooop” than an “ooops.”
"Remember though, these are news reports and not scientific studies yet. "
This document provides information about the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak that originated in Wuhan, China in December 2019. It discusses that coronaviruses can be transmitted from animals to humans and between humans. The 2019-nCoV was identified as the cause of the outbreak with many early cases linked to a seafood market, but human-to-human transmission has since been observed. It describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention measures for 2019-nCoV infection.
This document provides information on COVID-19 including:
- SARS-CoV-2 is the virus and COVID-19 is the disease. It spreads through respiratory droplets and surfaces.
- Personal protective equipment like gloves, gowns, masks are recommended but complex to properly use and remove.
- Most cases are mild but some develop severe pneumonia requiring hospitalization. The elderly are most at risk for severe outcomes.
- Management focuses on home isolation, supportive care, and investigational antiviral medications. Social distancing aims to reduce peak burden on hospitals.
Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19)
The WHO and other organizations have issued the following general recommendations:
Avoid close contact with subjects suffering from acute respiratory infections.
Wash your hands frequently, especially after contact with infected people or their environment.
Avoid unprotected contact with farm or wild animals.
People with symptoms of acute airway infection should keep their distance, cover coughs or sneezes with disposable tissues or clothes and wash their hands.
Strengthen, in particular, in emergency medicine departments, the application of strict hygiene measures for the prevention and control of infections.
Individuals that are immunocompromised should avoid public gatherings.
Patients and families should receive instruction to:
Avoid close contact with subjects suffering from acute respiratory infections.
Wash their hands frequently, especially after contact with sick people or their environment.
Avoid unprotected contact with farm or wild animals.
People with symptoms of acute airway infection should keep their distance, cover coughs or sneezes with disposable tissues or clothes and wash their hands.
Immunocompromised patients should avoid public exposure and public gatherings. If an immunocompromised individual must be in a closed space with multiple individuals present, such as a meeting in a small room; masks, gloves, and personal hygiene with antiseptic soap should be undertaken by those in close contact with the individual. In addition, prior room cleaning with antiseptic agents should be undertaken and performed before exposure. However, considering the danger involved to these individuals, exposure should be avoided unless a meeting, group event, etc. is a true emergency.
Strict personal hygiene measures are necessary for the prevention and control of this infection.
This document discusses COVID-19 in children. It provides details on SARS-CoV-2, including its infectivity, replication sites, and stability on surfaces. It also summarizes the pathophysiology of COVID-19 in children, noting their lower morbidity is likely due to factors like lower ACE2 expression. The diagnosis section outlines common manifestations in children and molecular testing methods, sample collection, hematologic parameters, and poor prognostic markers seen in adults.
The document summarizes information about COVID-19. It describes COVID-19 as a disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. Signs and symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath, with older people and those with preexisting conditions at higher risk. Prevention methods include frequent hand washing, social distancing, and wearing masks. There is currently no vaccine, though treatments are under investigation. The disease has caused a global pandemic and cases are rising in Africa, Asia, Europe and North America.
The document provides a summary of COVID-19 including its definition, epidemiology, aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Some key points:
- COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and presents with respiratory symptoms ranging from mild to severe.
- It spread rapidly from Wuhan, China in December 2019. Risk factors include travel to affected areas and close contact with infected individuals.
- SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2 receptors in humans, similarly to SARS. It has a reproductive number of approximately 2.2.
- Diagnosis involves screening for exposure risk factors and testing respiratory samples for SARS-CoV-2
Coronaviruses & COVID 19 - Its Morphology, Role, Mechanism of Action, and Tre...Haider Ali Malik
This document discusses COVID-19 and coronaviruses. It defines COVID-19 as a novel coronavirus first identified in Wuhan, China in late 2019. Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that can cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases like MERS and SARS. The document then provides details on the structure, replication, and transmission of coronaviruses, symptoms of COVID-19, the ongoing global pandemic, and the discovery and identification of SARS-CoV-2 under electron microscopy.
The document discusses cholera, which is an acute enteric infection caused by ingesting water or food contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It can lead to severe dehydration and death if left untreated. Prevention involves providing access to clean water and sanitation as well as promoting good hygiene practices. Symptoms of cholera include diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration therapy to replace fluids and electrolytes lost from diarrhea.
Child with recurrent infections
Prof osama arafa .
Pediatrics PHD consultant& head of pediatric department Port Fouad hospital
General secretary of Port Said Pediatrics Conference.
Abstract
The child with recurrent chest infections presents the clinician with a difficult diagnostic challenge. Does the child have a simply-managed cause for their symptoms, such as recurrent viral respiratory infections or asthma, or is there evidence of a more serious underlying pathology, such as bronchiectasis? Many different disorders present in this way, including cystic fibrosis, a range of immunodeficiency syndromes, and congenital abnormalities of the respiratory tract. In some affected children, lung damage follows a single severe pneumonia: in others it is the result of inhalation of food or a foreign body.
The assessment of these children is demanding: it requires close attention to the history and examination, and in selected cases, extensive investigations. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential to ensure that optimal treatment is given and to minimise the risk of progressive or irreversible lung damage.
The aim of this presentation is to examine the causes of recurrent chest infections and to describe how this complex group of children should be assessed and investigated.
Coronavirus history, morphology, life cycle and transmission of covid 19Makrani Shaharukh
Coronavirus disease is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. Presently, there is no registered treatment or vaccine for the disease.
This document provides an overview of the diagnosis and management of the 2019 novel coronavirus. It begins with background on coronaviruses in general and then focuses on the 2019-nCoV. It describes the clinical presentation of the infection, from uncomplicated illness to severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and sepsis. It discusses diagnostic tests and recommendations for supportive care, oxygen therapy, fluid management, antimicrobial use, and monitoring for clinical deterioration. Guidelines are provided for management of hypoxemic respiratory failure, ARDS, septic shock, mechanical ventilation strategies, and ICU complications prevention. Currently no specific anti-coronavirus treatments exist but several clinical trials are underway to evaluate potential antiviral drugs.
This document provides an overview of COVID-19, including its aetiology, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and prevention. It describes how COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which likely originated in animals. It summarizes the symptoms of COVID-19 and outlines recommendations for preventing and treating both mild and severe cases. The document also discusses differential diagnoses and provides references for further information.
1) Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that was first reported in 2012. There has recently been a large outbreak of over 170 cases in South Korea.
2) MERS-CoV likely originated in camels and bats and is transmitted between humans via respiratory droplets. It can cause pneumonia and many who have died had underlying health conditions.
3) There is no specific treatment but supportive care is provided. Prevention includes handwashing, avoiding contact with infected individuals, and disinfecting surfaces. Vaccine research is ongoing.
Covid 19 in children consensus statementgisa_legal
This document presents an experts' consensus statement on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection in children. It summarizes the current strategies based on previous diagnosis and treatment of pediatric virus infections. The key points are: 1) 2019-nCoV infections in children can range from asymptomatic to mild or severe pneumonia, with most cases being mild; 2) Diagnosis is based on epidemiological history, clinical manifestations, and laboratory tests detecting 2019-nCoV nucleic acid; 3) Treatment involves supportive care, symptom relief, oxygen therapy, and antiviral drugs like interferon-α; 4) Prevention focuses on isolation of suspected cases and treatment of confirmed cases.
Corona virus was first identified as a cause of the common cold in 1960. Until 2002, the virus was considered a relatively simple, nonfatal virus.Over the last three decades there have been three attacks of three different coronaviruses, SARS-CoV, MERS CoV and the recent one 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV).
1. COVID-19 is a respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that was declared a pandemic by the WHO in March 2020.
2. Symptoms range from mild to severe and include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Chest imaging and PCR testing are used to diagnose the infection.
3. There is no specific treatment and care is supportive; prevention relies on hand hygiene, isolation of infected individuals, and social distancing measures.
Thank you for the detailed summary and critical appraisal of the document. This will help provide important context and evaluation of the information presented.
The document discusses COVID-19 in children. It notes that fewer cases have been reported in children than adults, with children representing about 14% of total cases. As of May 2021, over 3.9 million children in the US had tested positive. Most cases in children are mild and treatment consists of supportive care. The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and contact or surfaces. Family clustering appears to play a role in transmission between children. Symptoms in children tend to be mild and include cough, fever, and pharyngeal erythema.
This document discusses influenza in children. Key points include:
- Influenza infection disproportionately affects young children and is a significant global disease burden, especially in developing countries.
- Children under 5 years old, especially under 2, are at highest risk of complications from influenza. Other high-risk groups include those with neurological disorders, heart or lung disease, diabetes, or immunosuppression.
- Common complications in children include pneumonia, ear infections, and myositis. Testing and early treatment with oseltamivir is recommended for high-risk groups and others requiring antiviral treatment.
Covid 19 aka mers cov2 update and perinatal covidSri ChowdarRy
This document provides an overview of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. It discusses the virology, epidemiology, clinical features, course, complications, diagnosis, and prevention of COVID-19. Key points include that SARS-CoV-2 is a betacoronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor for cell entry, most infections are mild but some can be severe or critical, common symptoms include fever and cough but some patients are asymptomatic, and chest CT often shows bilateral ground-glass opacities consistent with viral pneumonia.
Journal club- corona virus (COVID-19) 11th march 2020Dr. Ritu Gupta
this is the study presented on 11th march 2020, regarding corona outbreak, symptoms of corona, tests, incubation period,possible transmission routes in dental clinics, precautions, airborne spread, contact spread, control, patient evaluation, importance of hydrogen peroxide mouth rinse in covid 19 outbreak pandemic, disinfection of clinical setting,
RSV is a common virus that causes respiratory infections in children. It is spread through respiratory droplets. While RSV symptoms are usually mild, it can progress to bronchiolitis or pneumonia in some cases. Premature infants, those with chronic lung disease or congenital heart disease are at highest risk of severe RSV infection. RSV is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in children under 1 year of age and a major cause of hospitalization in infants. It poses a significant disease burden as it accounts for many emergency department visits, hospital admissions, and intensive care unit admissions in young children each year.
This document provides information about COVID-19 presented by Dr. Mahasin Shaddad, including: discussing the modes of transmission, incubation period, clinical presentation, case definitions, and specimen collection for diagnosis. It outlines that COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus that was first detected in China and has now spread internationally. The main modes of transmission are through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. The median incubation period is 5 days, with a maximum of 14 days. Risk factors for severe illness include older age and pre-existing medical conditions.
1) Pneumonia was significantly associated with confirmed COVID-19 cases. Patients with confirmed COVID-19 presented with longer fever duration (over 7 days), lower oxygen saturation, and higher rates of lung rhonchi on examination.
2) Chest X-rays of confirmed COVID-19 patients showed higher rates of opacity and consolidation, particularly in school-aged children.
3) Laboratory findings in confirmed COVID-19 cases included significantly lower white blood cell counts and higher C-reactive protein levels compared to suspected cases.
Covid19 and pregnancy: There are case reports of preterm birth in women with COVID-19 but it is unclear whether the preterm birth was always iatrogenic, or whether some were spontaneous.
Pregnancy and COVID-19:
- Pregnancy does not increase the risk of contracting COVID-19 but can cause more severe symptoms due to an altered immune system.
- Most cases in pregnant women are mild, but a small portion can experience severe disease requiring intensive care.
- Vertical transmission from mother to fetus/newborn appears rare based on limited data, though a few possible cases have been reported.
- Routine antenatal care should focus on telehealth and limiting in-person visits when possible to reduce infection risk. Testing criteria include symptoms or exposure risk.
- Management of COVID-19 in pregnancy focuses on supportive care, with delivery timing based on gestational age and maternal condition.
Pneumonia is the number one killer of children worldwide. It is caused by bacteria, viruses or other pathogens entering the lungs. The most sensitive sign of pediatric pneumonia is tachypnea. Chest x-rays are generally not needed for uncomplicated cases but may help evaluate complications or exclude other illnesses. Treatment involves antibiotics, with hospitalization needed for severe cases. Pneumonia can cause complications like empyema if not properly treated.
At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus was identified as the cause of a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China. It rapidly spread globally, resulting in an ongoing pandemic. Coronaviruses can cause illnesses ranging from common cold to more severe respiratory diseases. This particular virus is designated SARS-CoV-2 and causes the disease COVID-19. Symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath. Diagnosis is made through PCR testing of respiratory samples. Treatment is supportive and includes oxygen supplementation. Several investigational agents are being studied but no proven treatments currently exist.
This study evaluated 171 children with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection treated at Wuhan Children's Hospital in China. The median age was 6.7 years and most cases were mild, with 15.8% being asymptomatic. Common symptoms in symptomatic children included fever (41.5%), cough (48.5%), and pharyngeal erythema (46.2%). Radiologic findings most often showed bilateral ground-glass opacity (32.7%). The majority had known family contact with the virus and most cases were treated as outpatients, with only 3 requiring intensive care support. This suggests that while children can be infected, they generally present with milder symptoms than adults.
This document provides information on COVID-19. It describes COVID-19 as an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. The first cases were seen in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Most people experience mild to moderate symptoms, but older people and those with pre-existing medical conditions are more likely to develop serious illness. Diagnosis is made through PCR testing of respiratory samples. Common CT findings include ground glass opacities and consolidation.
Similar to Chen2020 article diagnosis_andtreatmentrecommend (20)
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
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Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
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8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
2. World Journal of Pediatrics
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envelope of the virus is also highly consistent with that of
bat-SL-CoVZC45 (84%) and SARS-CoV (78%).
The physicochemical property of 2019-nCoV has not
been clarified clearly yet. It is thought that 2019-nCoV is
sensitive to ultraviolet radiation and heating. For example,
according to researches on SARS-CoV and MERS-COV, the
virus can be inactivated by heating at 56 °C for 30 minutes
and by using lipid solvents such as 75% ethanol, chlorine-
containing disinfectant, peroxyacetic acid and chloroform,
but not by chlorhexidine, according to the researches on
SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
Epidemiology
Infection sources
The main sources of the infection are patients infected by
2019-nCoV with or without clinical symptoms [2]. In addi-
tion, patients in the incubation period may also have potency
to transmit the virus based on the case evidence.
Transmission route
The novel virus is spread through respiratory droplets when
patients cough, talk loudly or sneeze. Close contact is also
a source of transmission (e.g., contact with the mouth, nose
or eye conjunctiva through contaminated hand). Whether
transmission can occur through mother–infant vertically or
breast milk has not been established yet.
Susceptible population
There are general susceptibilities in all groups, with the
elderly and people with basic diseases more likely to become
severe cases. Children may have mild clinical symptoms
after infection [3].
Clinical characteristics
Clinical presentations
The incubation period of 2019-nCoV infections ranges from
2 to 14 days, though most often rangs from 3 to 7 days [3].
At the onset of the disease, infected children mainly pre-
sent with fever, fatigue and cough, which may be accom-
panied by nasal congestion, runny nose, expectoration,
diarrhea, headache, etc. Most of the children had low to
moderate fever, even no fever. Dyspnea, cyanosis and other
symptoms can occur as the condition progresses usually
after 1 week of the disease, accompanied by systemic toxic
symptoms, such as malaise or restlessness, poor feeding, bad
appetite and less activity. The condition of some children
may progress rapidly and may develop into respiratory fail-
ure that cannot be corrected by conventional oxygen (nasal
catheter, mask) within 1–3 days. In these severe cases, even
septic shock, metabolic acidosis and irreversible bleeding
and coagulation dysfunction may occur.
Rapid respiration rate and moist rales on auscultation usu-
ally indicate pneumonia. The criteria for rapid respiratory
rate are as follows: ≥ 60 times/min for less than 2 months
old; ≥ 50 times/min for 2–12 months old, ≥ 40 times/min for
1–5 years old, ≥ 30 times/min for > 5 years old (after ruling
out the effects of fever and crying). With the aggravation of
the disease, respiratory distress, nasal flaring, suprasternal,
intercostal and subcostal retractions, grunting and cyanosis
may occur.
Maternal hypoxemia caused by severe infection can lead
to intrauterine asphyxia, premature delivery and other risks.
Neonates, especially preterm infants, who are more likely to
present with insidious and non-specific symptoms need more
close observation.
According to the current conditions of the reported cases,
the children mainly belong to family cluster cases. Most
of them have good prognosis, and in mild cases recover
1–2 weeks after disease onset. No deaths in children have
been reported up to now.
Laboratory examinations [3]
Routine blood test White blood cell count is usually normal
or reduced, with decreased lymphocyte count; progressive
lymphocytopenia in severe cases.
C-reactive protein (CRP) normal or increased.
Procalcitonin (PCT) Normal in most cases. The level of
PCT > 0.5 ng/mL indicates the co-infection with bacteria.
Others Elevation of liver enzymes, muscle enzymes and
myoglobin, and increased level of D-dimer might be seen
in severe cases.
Etiologic detection
Nucleic acid testing is the main method of laboratory diag-
nosis. 2019-nCoV nucleic acid can be detected by RT-PCR
or by viral gene sequencing of throat swabs, sputum, stool
or blood samples.
Other methods 2019-nCoV particles can be isolated from
human respiratory epithelial cells through virus culture [4,
5], but this experiment cannot be carried out in general labo-
ratories. Virus antigen or serological antibody testing kits
are not available at present.
Imaging features [3]
Chest X-ray examination In the early stage of pneumonia
cases, chest images show multiple small patchy shadows
3. World Journal of Pediatrics
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and interstitial changes [4], remarkable in the lung periphery
[2]. Severe cases can further develop to bilateral multiple
ground-glass opacity, infiltrating shadows, and pulmonary
consolidation, with infrequent pleural effusion.
Chest CT scan Pulmonary lesions are shown more clearly
by CT, including ground-glass opacity and segmental con-
solidation in bilateral lungs, especially in the lung periphery.
In children with severe infection, multiple lobar lesions may
be present in both lungs.
Diagnostic criteria
Suspected cases
Patients should be suspected of 2019-nCoV infection who
if they meet any one of the criteria in the epidemiological
history and any two of the criteria in clinical manifestations.
Epidemiological history
1. Children with a travel or residence history in Wuhan
City and neighboring areas, or other areas with persis-
tent local transmission within 14 days prior to disease
onset.
2. Children with a history of contacting patients with fever
or respiratory symptoms who have a travel or residence
history in Wuhan City and neighboring areas, or in other
areas with persistent local transmission within 14 days
prior to disease onset.
3. Children with a history of contacting confirmed or sus-
pected cases infected with 2019-nCoV within 14 days
prior to disease onset.
4. Children who are related with a cluster outbreak: in
addition to this patient, there are other patients with
fever or respiratory symptoms, including suspected or
confirmed cases infected with 2019-nCoV.
5. Newborns delivered by suspected or confirmed
2019-nCoV-infected mothers.
Clinical presentations
1. Fever, fatigue, dry cough; some pediatric patients may
have no fever.
2. Patients with the above-mentioned chest imaging find-
ings (refer to the section of imaging features);
3. In the early phase of the disease, white blood cell counts
are normal or decreased, or with decreased lymphocyte
count.
Confirmed cases
Suspected cases who meet any one of the following criteria:
1. Throat swab, sputum, stool, or blood samples tested
positive for 2019-nCoV nucleic acid using RT-PCR;
2. Genetic sequencing of throat swab, sputum, stool, or
blood samples being highly homologous with the known
2019-nCoV;
3. 2019-nCoV granules being isolated by culture from
throat swab, sputum, stool, or blood samples.
It is necessary to strengthen the awareness of the early
identification of the disease. In clinic, screening was con-
ducted mainly according to the epidemiological history and
fever or respiratory symptoms, and pathogen examination
should be carried out on time. Furthermore, effective isola-
tion measures and appropriate treatment need to be provided
promptly. Even if the common respiratory pathogen tests are
positive, children who have a history of close contact with
2019-nCoV-infected cases also are recommended for timely
2019-nCoV pathogen testing.
Clinical classifications
Mild type
This type of patient includes those with asymptomatic infec-
tion, upper respiratory infection (URI) and mild pneumonia.
Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, fatigue, head-
ache or myalgia. Some patients show pneumonia signs on
chest imaging. These patients do not have any of the severe
or critical symptoms and complications described below.
Severe pneumonia
Disease progresses to meet any of the following conditions
[6]:
1. Significantly increased respiration rate: RR ≥ 70/min
(≤ 1 year), RR ≥ 50/min (> 1 year).
2. Hypoxia: SpO2 ≤ 93% (< 90% in premature infants) or
nasal flaring, suprasternal, intercostal and subcostal
retractions, grunting and cyanosis, apnea, etc.
3. Blood gas analysis: PaO2 < 60 mmHg,
PaCO2 > 50 mmHg.
4. Consciousness disorders: restlessness, lethargy, coma,
convulsion, etc.
5. Poor feeding, bad appetite, and even dehydration.
6. Other manifestations: coagulation disorders (prolonged
prothrombin time and elevated level of d-dimer), myo-
cardial damage (increased level of myocardial enzyme,
electrocardiogram ST-T changes, cardiomegaly and
cardiac insufficiency in severe cases), gastrointestinal
dysfunction, raised level of liver enzyme and rhabdo-
myolysis.
4. World Journal of Pediatrics
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Critical cases
Disease progresses rapidly along with organ failure with
any of the following conditions:
1. Respiratory failure which requires mechanical venti-
lation Patients present with acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS) and are featured by refractory
hypoxemia, which cannot be alleviated by conventional
oxygen therapy, such as nasal catheter or mask oxygen
supplement.
2. Septic shock In addition to severe pulmonary infection,
2019-nCoV can cause damage and dysfunction of other
organs. When dysfunction of extrapulmonary system
such as circulation, blood and digestive system occurs,
the possibility of sepsis and septic shock should be con-
sidered and the mortality rate increases significantly.
3. Accompanied by other organ failure that needs ICU
monitoring and treatment.
Differential diagnosis
Other viral respiratory infections
Viruses such as SARS virus, influenza virus, parainflu-
enza virus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus and
metapneumovirus can cause viral respiratory infections.
Patients commonly present with fever, cough and dyspnea,
and interstitial pneumonia in some cases. Most of the cases
have normal or decreased white blood cell counts, while
severely infected children show reduced level of lympho-
cyte count. Similar to 2019-nCoV, all of these viruses
can transmit through respiratory tract or direct contact,
which is characterized by clustering onset. Epidemiologi-
cal exposure history plays an important role in differen-
tial diagnosis, which is mainly confirmed by laboratory
examinations.
Bacterial pneumonia
Patients with bacterial pneumonia mostly display high fever
and toxic appearance. In the early stage of the disease, cough
is not obvious but moist rale can be heard. Chest image may
show small patchy shadows, or segmental or even lobar con-
solidation. Blood routine examination shows increased white
blood cell count with neutrophil predominating, as well as
elevated CRP. Noninvasive pneumonia is usually accom-
panied by obvious cough. Antibiotics are effective. Blood
or deep sputum culture is helpful for diagnosis of bacterial
pneumonia.
Mycoplasmal pneumonia
Mycoplasmal pneumonia may occur in any season and in
schools and child-care institutions with small epidemic.
Patients are predominantly school-age children, but the num-
ber of younger children is increasing. They usually start with
high fever and cough. Chest images may reveal manifesta-
tions including reticular shadows and small patchy or large
consolidation. Blood routine examination shows that the white
blood cell count is normal or increased and CRP is slightly
elevated. Nucleic acid detection of airway secretion and serum
mycoplasma-specific IgM determination are helpful for dif-
ferential diagnosis.
It should be noted that patients with 2019-nCoV infection
can have co-infection or superimposed infection with other
viruses or bacteria simultaneously.
Management principles
The four principles of “early identification”, “early isolation”,
“early diagnosis”, and “early treatment” should be emphasized.
Strict isolation strategies
Medical isolation is supposed to be carried out once the
suspected cases are identified. The confirmed cases should
be admitted to the designated hospitals.
Mild cases
Avoid using broad-spectrum antibiotics and corticosteroids.
Severe and critical case
Antibiotics, corticosteroids, bronchoalveolar lavage,
mechanical ventilation, and other more invasive interven-
tion, such as blood purification and extracorporeal mem-
brane oxygenation (EMCO) should be applied cautiously,
based on cost–benefit evaluation.
Multidisciplinary cooperation
Monitoring patient’s conditions closely and adjusting the
therapeutic protocols timely through multidisciplinary coop-
eration are of great significance.
Treatments
Medical isolation
Suspected case should be isolated in a single room, while
confirmed cases can be arranged in the same room.
5. World Journal of Pediatrics
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Assessment
During the course of treatment, pay close attention to the
changes in children’s conditions, regularly monitor vital
signs, SpO2, etc., and identify the severe and critical cases
as early as possible.
General treatments
The general strategies include bed rest and supportive
treatments; ensuring sufficient calorie and water intake;
maintaining water electrolyte balance and homeostasis,
and strengthening psychotherapy for elder children when
necessary.
Antiviral therapy
There are no effective antiviral drugs for children at present.
Interferon-α2b nebulization can be applied, and the recom-
mended usage is as follows:
1. Interferon-α2b nebulization 100,000–200,000 IU/kg for
mild cases, and 200,000–400,000 IU/kg for severe cases,
two times/day for 5–7 days.
2. Lopinavir/litonavir (200 mg/50 mg) The recom-
mended doses: weight 7–15 kg, 12 mg/3 mg/kg;
weight 15–40 kg, 10 mg/2.5 mg/kg; weight > 40 kg,
400 mg/100 mg as adult each time, twice a day for
1–2 weeks [3, 7, 8]. However, the efficacy, treatment
course and safety of the above drugs remain to be deter-
mined.
Antibiotics application
Irrational use of antibiotics should be avoided. Bacteriologi-
cal monitoring should be strengthened. If there is evidence
of secondary bacterial infection, appropriate antibiotics
should be used timely.
Immunomodulating therapy
Corticosteroids should be avoided in common type of
infection. However, it can be considered in the following
situations:
1. With rapidly deteriorating chest imaging and occurence
of ARDS.
2. With obvious toxic symptoms, encephalitis or encepha-
lopathy, hemophagocytic syndrome and other serious
complications.
3. With septic shock.
4. With obvious wheezing symptoms.
Intravenous methylprednisolone (1–2 mg/kg/day) is rec-
ommended for 3–5 days, but not for long-term use [3, 5,
9–11].
Intravenous immunoglobulin can be used in severe cases
when indicated, but its efficacy needs further evaluation. The
recommended dose is 1.0 g/kg/day for 2 days, or 400 mg/kg/
day for 5 days [6, 9, 12, 13].
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
BAL is not suitable for most patients, and there is an
increased risk of cross-infection. The indications should be
strictly controlled. BAL can be considered if patients have
obvious symptoms of airway obstruction, refractory mas-
sive atelectasis indicated by imaging, a significant increase
in peak pressure during ventilator therapy, decrease of tidal
volume, or poor oxygenation which cannot be reversed by
conservative treatments.
Organ function support
In case of circulation dysfunction, vasoactive drugs should
be used to improve microcirculation on the basis of adequate
liquid support [3]. Patients with acute renal injury should be
given continuous blood purification on time. In the mean-
time, paying attention to the brain function monitoring if
neccessary. If intracranial hypertension and convulsion
occurs in children, it is necessary to reduce the intracranial
pressure and control convulsion timely [6, 12, 13].
Respiratory support
In the case of respiratory distress that occurs despite nasal
catheter or mask oxygenation, heated humidified high-flow
nasal cannula (HHHFNC), non-invasive ventilation such as
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), or non-invasive
high-frequency ventilation can be used. If improvement is not
possible, mechanical ventilation with endotracheal intubation
and a protective lung ventilation strategy should be adopted.
Blood purification
Continuous blood purification should be considered in cases
of multiple organ failure (especially acute kidney injury), or
capacity overload and life-threatening imbalance of water,
electrolyte, and acid–base. The therapeutic model may
include continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH),
continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF),
or heterozygosis. If combined with liver failure, plasma
exchange is feasible.
6. World Journal of Pediatrics
1 3
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
ECMO therapy should be considered when mechanical venti-
lation, blood purification, and other means are ineffective, and
cardiopulmonary failure occurs which is difficult to correct.
1. ECMO indications [14].
2. PaO2/FiO2 < 50 mmHg or oxygen index (OI) > 40 for
more than 6 h, or severe respiratory acidosis (pH < 7.15).
3. High mean airway pressure (MAP) during mechanical
ventilation, or severe air leakage and other severe com-
plications.
4. Circulation function cannot be improved with conven-
tional treatment, or large amounts of vasoactive drugs
are required to maintain basal blood pressure, or lactic
acid levels continuously rise.
Contraindication [14] ECMO should be contraindicated
or used with caution if the duration of mechanical venti-
lation is more than 2 weeks, or if serious brain failure or
bleeding tendency occurs.
Discharge criteria
Children with body temperature back to normal for at
least 3 days, significant improvement in respiratory
symptoms,and completion of two consecutive negative
tests of respiratory pathogenic nucleic acid (sampling
interval of at least 1 day) can be discharged. If necessary,
home isolation for 14 days is suggested after discharge.
Principle of transportation
Special vehicles should be used to transfer infected
patients. Strict protection for staff of transportation and
disinfection for the vehicle are of vital importance. Enforc-
ing close to the lines of notification of the project for trans-
portation of pneumonia cases infected with novel coro-
navirus (trial version) published by the National Health
Commission of People’s Republic of China is required.
Infection control in hospital
Strict implementation of standard prevention
Medical personnel are supposed to have good personal
protection, hand hygiene, ward management, environmen-
tal ventilation, object surface cleaning and disinfection,
medical waste management and other hospital infection
control work, based on the standard prevention protocol,
to minimize nosocomial infection.
Personal protective equipment
1. All medical personnel are required to wear surgical
masks during medical activities.
2. Pre-check triage: wearing medical overalls, caps, and
surgical masks.
3. Fever clinic, respiratory clinic, emergency department,
infectious diseases department, and isolation ward:
equipped with medical overalls, caps, disposable iso-
lation clothing, surgical masks, and goggles or face
shield for daily medical activities and ward rounds; fit
with goggles or face shield is stressed when collect-
ing respiratory samples; using latex gloves in addi-
tion when contacting with blood, body fluid, secreta,
or excreta; wearing surgical masks, goggles or face
shield, latex gloves, medical protective clothing (dis-
posable impermeable isolation clothing can be added),
and respiratory hood when necessary, to prevent aero-
sol or splash during operations of endotracheal intuba-
tion, bronchoscopy, airway nursing, and sputum suc-
tion.
4. Medical personnel should wear and remove personal
protective equipment in strict accordance with the on–
off procedure, rather than leaving ward with the con-
taminated equipment, so as to avoid cross-contamination
in different zones.
5. Patients and their accompanying family members are
required to wear surgical masks.
Additional notes
1. Channels for medical personnel and patients in the isola-
tion ward should be separated and equipped with medi-
cal personnel channel buffer zone.
2. Wearing gloves cannot replace hand hygiene.
3. Perform strict visiting regulations for pediatric patients
admitted in isolation, and ask visitors to have personal
protection according to relevant regulations when neces-
sary.
4. Optimize medical procedures to reduce the frequency of
medical personnel’s contact with patients.
5. Attention should be paid to the strict elimination and
disinfection of the patient’s secretions and excretions.
Author contributions All authors drafted part of the manuscript and
approved the final version.
Funding None.
Compliance with ethical standards
Ethical approval None.
7. World Journal of Pediatrics
1 3
Conflict of interest All authors declared no conflict of interest related
to this paper.
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B, Shi W, Lu R, Niu P, Zhan F, Ma X, Wang D, Xu W, Wu G,
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A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China,
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