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Theories of emulsions
This document summarizes several theories of emulsions:
- The monomolecular adsorption theory explains how emulsifying agents reduce interfacial tension by adsorbing at the oil-water interface to form monolayer films. Combinations of hydrophilic and hydrophobic emulsifiers are often used to form complex films.
- The oriented-wedge theory describes how emulsifying agents curve around emulsion droplets, with their structure "fitting" the curvature.
- The plastic or interfacial film theory views emulsifying agents forming a thin layer surrounding droplets, with water-soluble agents favoring oil-in-water emulsions and vice versa.
- Other theories addressed include the surface tension theory, inter
physical pharmacy Theroies of emulsion.pptx
This document discusses various theories of emulsions, including:
- The monomolecular adsorption theory which states that emulsifying agents reduce interfacial tension by forming monolayers at oil-water interfaces.
- The oriented-wedge theory which proposes that emulsifying agents orient themselves in a curved configuration around emulsion droplets.
- The plastic or interfacial film theory which views emulsifying agents forming thin films surrounding emulsion droplets.
- Additional theories discussed are the surface tension theory, interfacial tension theory, Fischer's theory of hydrates and solvates, and the viscosity theory. The document provides examples and explanations of each theory.
Coarse dispersion
Coarse dispersions are heterogeneous systems where the dispersed particles are larger than 1000 nm. They are characterized by relatively fast sedimentation. The dispersed phase may be easily separated from the continuous phase by filtration. A pharmaceutical suspension is a coarse dispersion where the internal phase is uniformly dispersed throughout the external phase. The internal phase typically has particle sizes between 0.5-5 microns. Suspensions demonstrate properties like pseudoplasticity and thixotropy which influence stability during manufacture and storage.
Theories of dispersion
This document presents theories of dispersion and mechanisms of emulsion formation. It discusses four traditional theories of dispersion: viscosity theory, film theory, wedge theory, and interfacial tension theory. It also describes limitations of these theories. The document then introduces a modern approach involving droplet formation and stabilization by emulsifying agents. Three mechanisms of emulsion stabilization are described: monomolecular adsorption, multimolecular adsorption, and solid particle adsorption.
Emulsion stability by mgk
Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable and tend to separate over time through various mechanisms such as creaming, sedimentation, flocculation, coalescence, phase inversion, and Ostwald ripening. Emulsion stability is conferred by emulsifying agents which can stabilize emulsions through three theorized mechanisms: forming a protective interfacial film, reducing interfacial tension between the dispersed and continuous phases, or orienting at the interface in a way that depends on their hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties.
emulsions and their stability,manufacturing.pptx
1. Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable due to differences in molecular interactions between phases, requiring energy input to form and emulsifying agents to stabilize.
2. Dispersed phases tend to coalesce to minimize surface area, driven by stronger interactions within each phase. Surfactants lower interfacial tension and form films to delay coalescence.
3. Emulsion stability is enhanced by smaller dispersed phase size, higher viscosity, and lower density differences between phases according to Stokes' law. Optimal phase ratios and emulsifier combinations also improve stability.
Osmosis and osmotic pressure assignment 3rd
This document discusses osmosis and osmotic pressure. It defines osmosis as the passage of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a lower concentration solution to a higher concentration solution. It defines osmotic pressure as the minimum pressure needed to prevent this flow of water. It discusses methods to determine osmotic pressure and important terms like isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions. It also covers the relationship between osmotic pressure and colligative properties, applications of osmotic pressure including water desalination, and the importance of osmosis and osmotic pressure.
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Theories of emulsions
This document summarizes several theories of emulsions:
- The monomolecular adsorption theory explains how emulsifying agents reduce interfacial tension by adsorbing at the oil-water interface to form monolayer films. Combinations of hydrophilic and hydrophobic emulsifiers are often used to form complex films.
- The oriented-wedge theory describes how emulsifying agents curve around emulsion droplets, with their structure "fitting" the curvature.
- The plastic or interfacial film theory views emulsifying agents forming a thin layer surrounding droplets, with water-soluble agents favoring oil-in-water emulsions and vice versa.
- Other theories addressed include the surface tension theory, inter
physical pharmacy Theroies of emulsion.pptx
This document discusses various theories of emulsions, including:
- The monomolecular adsorption theory which states that emulsifying agents reduce interfacial tension by forming monolayers at oil-water interfaces.
- The oriented-wedge theory which proposes that emulsifying agents orient themselves in a curved configuration around emulsion droplets.
- The plastic or interfacial film theory which views emulsifying agents forming thin films surrounding emulsion droplets.
- Additional theories discussed are the surface tension theory, interfacial tension theory, Fischer's theory of hydrates and solvates, and the viscosity theory. The document provides examples and explanations of each theory.
Coarse dispersion
Coarse dispersions are heterogeneous systems where the dispersed particles are larger than 1000 nm. They are characterized by relatively fast sedimentation. The dispersed phase may be easily separated from the continuous phase by filtration. A pharmaceutical suspension is a coarse dispersion where the internal phase is uniformly dispersed throughout the external phase. The internal phase typically has particle sizes between 0.5-5 microns. Suspensions demonstrate properties like pseudoplasticity and thixotropy which influence stability during manufacture and storage.
Theories of dispersion
This document presents theories of dispersion and mechanisms of emulsion formation. It discusses four traditional theories of dispersion: viscosity theory, film theory, wedge theory, and interfacial tension theory. It also describes limitations of these theories. The document then introduces a modern approach involving droplet formation and stabilization by emulsifying agents. Three mechanisms of emulsion stabilization are described: monomolecular adsorption, multimolecular adsorption, and solid particle adsorption.
Emulsion stability by mgk
Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable and tend to separate over time through various mechanisms such as creaming, sedimentation, flocculation, coalescence, phase inversion, and Ostwald ripening. Emulsion stability is conferred by emulsifying agents which can stabilize emulsions through three theorized mechanisms: forming a protective interfacial film, reducing interfacial tension between the dispersed and continuous phases, or orienting at the interface in a way that depends on their hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties.
emulsions and their stability,manufacturing.pptx
1. Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable due to differences in molecular interactions between phases, requiring energy input to form and emulsifying agents to stabilize.
2. Dispersed phases tend to coalesce to minimize surface area, driven by stronger interactions within each phase. Surfactants lower interfacial tension and form films to delay coalescence.
3. Emulsion stability is enhanced by smaller dispersed phase size, higher viscosity, and lower density differences between phases according to Stokes' law. Optimal phase ratios and emulsifier combinations also improve stability.
Osmosis and osmotic pressure assignment 3rd
This document discusses osmosis and osmotic pressure. It defines osmosis as the passage of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a lower concentration solution to a higher concentration solution. It defines osmotic pressure as the minimum pressure needed to prevent this flow of water. It discusses methods to determine osmotic pressure and important terms like isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions. It also covers the relationship between osmotic pressure and colligative properties, applications of osmotic pressure including water desalination, and the importance of osmosis and osmotic pressure.
Emulsion formation, stability, and rheology
This document discusses emulsions, which are mixtures of two immiscible liquids where one liquid is dispersed as droplets in the other. There are different types of emulsions classified by the dispersed and continuous phases. Emulsions can be stabilized through the use of emulsifiers like surfactants and particles. Over time, emulsions may break down through processes like creaming, flocculation, coalescence, and Ostwald ripening. The selection of emulsifiers depends on properties like their hydrophilic-lipophilic balance number to match the oils being emulsified.
Emulsions
This document discusses emulsions and emulsion formulation. It defines different types of emulsions such as macroemulsions, miniemulsions, and microemulsions. It also covers emulsion theories including viscosity theory, Fischer's theory of hydrates, interfacial tension theory, adsorption theory, and orientation adsorption theory. Additional topics covered include factors affecting emulsion stability, mechanisms of stabilization, and considerations for emulsion formulation such as choice of oil phase, drug, emulsifier, and other excipients.
EMULSION AND SUSPENSION
This document provides information on emulsions and suspensions. It defines emulsions as dispersions with one liquid dispersed in another immiscible liquid, stabilized by an emulsifying agent. Emulsions are classified based on the dispersed and continuous phases. Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures where particles settle out over time. Key factors that affect sedimentation rates in suspensions are described by Stokes' equation. Common emulsifying agents and suspending agents used in pharmaceutical formulations are also outlined.
DISPERSE SYSTEM
This document provides an overview of disperse systems, including emulsions and suspensions. It discusses key concepts such as interfacial phenomena, wetting, adsorption, surfactants, and micelle formation. Theories of emulsification including electric double layer, phase volume, oriented wedge, and surface tension are presented. Methods for determining emulsion type including dilution, dye, conductivity, and fluorescence tests are described. Emulsifying agents and factors influencing emulsion stability are also summarized. Suspensions are defined as biphasic systems with solid particles between 0.5-5 microns dispersed in a liquid. Particle size and sedimentation theories are briefly covered.
Cognosy pdf by 66.Jayant Nimkar pp-2.pptx
This document summarizes theories of emulsion. It defines emulsion as a biphasic system with one liquid dispersed into another with an emulsifying agent. Emulsions are classified as oil-in-water, water-in-oil, multiple, or microemulsions. Theories that make and stabilize emulsions include the monomolecular adsorption theory where surfactants form a film on droplets, the multimolecular adsorption theory where emulsifying agents form a multilayer film, and the solid particle adsorption theory where solid emulsifying agents increase viscosity.
Osmotic pressure
This presentation discusses osmotic pressure and its related concepts. Osmosis is the passage of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated to a more concentrated solution. Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure required to prevent osmosis, or the flow of water across the membrane. It further defines isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions and outlines methods to determine osmotic pressure. Van't Hoff's law relates osmotic pressure to concentration and temperature. Osmotic pressure has important applications including desalination and maintaining fluid balance in the body.
Emulsions , Topic by University College of Pharmacy
The document discusses different types of dispersions including molecular, colloidal, and coarse dispersions. It defines an emulsion as a system comprising two immiscible liquid phases, one dispersed in the other. Emulsions can be oil-in-water or water-in-oil. Tests to differentiate emulsion types include dilution, conductivity, dye solubility, and cobalt chloride tests. Emulsification involves mixing immiscible liquids using emulsifying agents to stabilize the system by lowering interfacial tension. Theories of emulsification include interfacial tension, viscosity, oriented wedge, and interfacial film theories.
SY - PP II - Coarse Dispersion.pdf
This document discusses coarse dispersions and provides information on suspensions and emulsions. It defines coarse dispersions as heterogeneous dispersed systems where the dispersed phase particles are larger than 1000 nm. Suspensions are defined as heterogeneous biphasic liquid systems containing insoluble solid particles suspended in a liquid medium. Emulsions are defined as biphasic liquid dosage forms containing two immiscible liquids mixed with force and stabilized by surfactants. The document also discusses interfacial properties of suspended particles, formulation of suspensions and emulsions, and theories of emulsification.
Surface tension (2)
1. Interfaces exist between phases where the properties of molecules differ from those in the bulk. Interfacial phenomena are important in pharmacy for processes like drug adsorption, membrane penetration, emulsion formation, and suspension of insoluble particles.
2. Surfactant molecules accumulate at liquid interfaces and form micelles that can solubilize water-insoluble compounds. Above the critical micelle concentration, increased surfactant leads to more micelles and greater solubilization.
3. Emulsifiers stabilize emulsions by adsorbing at the interface between immiscible liquids and decreasing interfacial tension. Common pharmaceutical emulsifiers include emulsifying wax, polysorbate 20, and ceteareth 20
Emulsions
This document discusses pharmaceutical emulsions. It begins by defining emulsions as dispersions of one liquid in another immiscible liquid, stabilized by an emulsifying agent. The key types of emulsions are defined as oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions. Pharmaceutical applications of emulsions are described, such as masking unpleasant tastes or odors and enhancing drug absorption. Theories of emulsification and factors influencing emulsion stability are summarized. Common methods for manufacturing emulsions on small and large scales are also outlined.
EMULSION By A B Walikar
1. An emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible liquids, where one liquid is dispersed as globules in the other liquid.
2. Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable and require an emulsifying agent to stabilize the globules and prevent separation.
3. The key types of emulsions are oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions, as well as multiple emulsions containing both oil and water phases. Microemulsions are transparent, thermodynamically stable mixtures of oil, water and surfactants.
Emulsion and Emulsifiers.pdf
This document explains on emulsion and emulsifiers ad their application in industry. Emulsifiers are used in cosmetic, personal care, pharma preparations, food applications, paints, oilfiled applications, defoamers, agricultural applications and cleaning compositions
Microemulsion
Microemulsion is an isotropic mixture of oil, surfactant, cosurfactant and drug that can solubilize both water-soluble and oil-soluble drugs. Upon dilution, microemulsions spontaneously form droplets less than 100 nm in size. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams can be used to optimize microemulsion formulations for drug delivery and increase oral bioavailability. Key properties of microemulsions include thermodynamic stability and the ability to solubilize compounds due to their low interfacial tension.
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This document provides information on emulsions and suspensions. It defines emulsions as dispersions with one liquid dispersed in another immiscible liquid, stabilized by an emulsifying agent. Emulsions are classified based on the dispersed and continuous phases. Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures where particles settle out over time. Key factors that affect sedimentation rates in suspensions are described by Stokes' equation. Common emulsifying agents and suspending agents used in pharmaceutical formulations are also outlined.
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Theories of emulsionh, physical Pharmacy slides.pdf
- 2. Definition Definition: An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (unmixable or unblendable) owing to liquid- liquid phase separation An emulsion is a thermodynamically unstable system consisting of at least two immiscible liquid phases one of which is dispersed as globules in the other liquid phase stabilized by a third substance called emulsifying agent.
- 3. Theories of emulsion Several theories have been proposed to explain how emulsifying agent act in producing the multi-phase dispersion . 1. Surface tension theory 2. Plastic or interfacial film theory 3. Harkin’s oriented –wedge theory 4. Theory of viscosity 5. Fischer theory of hydrates and solvates
- 4. Surface tension theory According to the surface tension theory of emulsification, the use of surfactants results in a reduction in the interfacial tension of the two immiscible liquids reducing the repellent force between the liquids diminishing each liquid’s attraction for its own molecules. Thus, surfactants enable large globules to break into smaller globules, and prevent small globules from coalescing into larger globules
- 5. Plastic or interfacial film theory When two immiscible liquids come in contact, the force causing each liquid to resist breakage into smaller particles is known as interfacial tension. When a high interfacial tension existed between two liquids emulsification is difficult, and if the tension could be reduced emulsification facilitatedThe interfacial film theory proposes that the emulsifier forms an interface between oil and water surrounding the Droplets of internal phase As a thin layer Of film absorbed on the surface of drops
- 6. The film prevent the contact and coalescing of dispersed phase the tougher and more pliable the film the greater the stability of emulsion