This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week balance training program on reducing foot movement errors among 42 netball players under age 12. The players were randomly assigned to a treatment group that underwent balance training or a control group. Testing before and after involved measuring dynamic balance and observing foot errors during games. Results showed the treatment group significantly improved balance and reduced errors compared to the control group. The study concluded that balance training enhances player stability and performance in netball.
Effect of Circuit Training on Agility of College Male Students-Crimson Publis...Crimson-ForensicScience
The purpose of this investigation was to find out the influence of circuit training on agility among college students. Thirty male college students (n=30) were randomly selected as subjects and their age ranged between 18 and 22 years. The selected subjects were randomly assigned into two equal groups such as circuit training group (CTG), and control group (CG) with fifteen subjects each (n=15). The experimental group underwent their respective experimental treatment for eight weeks three days per week and a session on each day. Control group was not undergone any specific training apart from their regular activities. Agility was taken as dependent variable for this study and it was measured by shuttle run. The collected data was analyzed by using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The result revealed that the circuit training group produced significant improvement (p≤0.05) on agility as compare to control group.
Objective: The Functional Movement Screening (FMS) measures the range of motion, balance, and stability in different situations.So performing exercises that increase the (FMS) scores may be helpful in reducing the number of exercise injuries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess does TRX training reduce injury rates in futsal athletes, as measured by the Functional Movement Screening Test?
Methods: Twenty-four futsal players (CON mean age: 22.40 ± 1.24 years and INT Mean age: 2.44 ± 21.80 years, age range: 18-28) were randomly assigned to a CON (n = 12) or an INT (n = 12) group. The intervention group carried out three times a week over six weeks during the same period, the control group continued its routine training that includes futsal specialist training and Tactical training. Both groups performed functional movement screening before and after the exercise program. Paired t test was used to analyze the data via SPSS software at the significance level of P < 0.050.
The effect of eight weeks resistance training on the fitness variables of uni...Sports Journal
A total of thirty female (N=30) university level male Badminton players ranging between 18-28 years of
age were taken as subjects for the purpose of the study. The subjects were randomly selected and training
was conducted at ACS College, Jamner. The subjects were further divided into two groups i.e. Group -A
(N=15) as experimental group and Group-B (N=15) as control group. The following fitness variables
were selected for the purpose of the study: Flexibility test (sit and reach test), strength test (vertical jump
test), speed test (50m dash test), agility (shuttle run test), cardio-vascular fitness test (cooper 12 minute
run-walk test). To compare the mean difference between the data, t test was computed with the help of
SPSS Software and level of significance chosen was 0.05. Result shows that resistance training
(Experimental group) have significant effect on the fitness of university level male Badminton players.
Effect of Circuit Training on Agility of College Male Students-Crimson Publis...Crimson-ForensicScience
The purpose of this investigation was to find out the influence of circuit training on agility among college students. Thirty male college students (n=30) were randomly selected as subjects and their age ranged between 18 and 22 years. The selected subjects were randomly assigned into two equal groups such as circuit training group (CTG), and control group (CG) with fifteen subjects each (n=15). The experimental group underwent their respective experimental treatment for eight weeks three days per week and a session on each day. Control group was not undergone any specific training apart from their regular activities. Agility was taken as dependent variable for this study and it was measured by shuttle run. The collected data was analyzed by using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The result revealed that the circuit training group produced significant improvement (p≤0.05) on agility as compare to control group.
Objective: The Functional Movement Screening (FMS) measures the range of motion, balance, and stability in different situations.So performing exercises that increase the (FMS) scores may be helpful in reducing the number of exercise injuries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess does TRX training reduce injury rates in futsal athletes, as measured by the Functional Movement Screening Test?
Methods: Twenty-four futsal players (CON mean age: 22.40 ± 1.24 years and INT Mean age: 2.44 ± 21.80 years, age range: 18-28) were randomly assigned to a CON (n = 12) or an INT (n = 12) group. The intervention group carried out three times a week over six weeks during the same period, the control group continued its routine training that includes futsal specialist training and Tactical training. Both groups performed functional movement screening before and after the exercise program. Paired t test was used to analyze the data via SPSS software at the significance level of P < 0.050.
The effect of eight weeks resistance training on the fitness variables of uni...Sports Journal
A total of thirty female (N=30) university level male Badminton players ranging between 18-28 years of
age were taken as subjects for the purpose of the study. The subjects were randomly selected and training
was conducted at ACS College, Jamner. The subjects were further divided into two groups i.e. Group -A
(N=15) as experimental group and Group-B (N=15) as control group. The following fitness variables
were selected for the purpose of the study: Flexibility test (sit and reach test), strength test (vertical jump
test), speed test (50m dash test), agility (shuttle run test), cardio-vascular fitness test (cooper 12 minute
run-walk test). To compare the mean difference between the data, t test was computed with the help of
SPSS Software and level of significance chosen was 0.05. Result shows that resistance training
(Experimental group) have significant effect on the fitness of university level male Badminton players.
Crimson Publishers: Effect of Strength Training on Physical Variable of Colle...Crimson-ForensicScience
Effect of Strength Training on Physical Variable of College Men Cricket Players by Zahoor Ahmad Bhat* in Forensic Science & Addiction Research
The purpose of the present study was to find out the effect of strength training on Physical Variable of college men cricket players. To achieve the purpose twenty male students (n=20) were randomly selected as subjects and the age were ranged between 18 and 24 years. The selected subjects were randomly assigned into two equal groups such as training group (TG) and control group (CG) for the strengths of fifteen (n=10) each. Experimental training group underwent respective strength training program me for twelve weeks for three days per week and a session on each day. The control group did not involve in any special training apart from their regular activities. The criterion variable arm strength was measured by pull-ups. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyse the collected data. The results revealed that that the strength training was made significant improvement (p≤0.05) in arm strength of the selected subjects. The level of confidence was fixed at 0.05 in all cases.
Specificity of balance training in healthy individualsFernando Farias
Objectives The objective of this systematic literature
review and meta-analysis was to determine to what extent
the training of balance tasks can improve performance in
non-trained balance tasks.
The Analysis of Plyometric Training Program on University Handball PlayersIOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to find out the efficiency of composed plyometric training program on
beginners Handball players force capabilities in their usual training period. The plyometric training program
was applied during 16 week period where was attended twenty-one 12-19 years old beginners Handball
players. Twelve of them were female and nine male handball players. There were three control tastings. All
subjects participated in following tests: standing long jump, depth leap long jump, medicine ball throws up in
10 seconds; medicine ball overhead throws forward against the wall in 10 seconds, maximal vertical jumps to
the maximal height in 10 seconds, maximal vertical jump height. Testing results statistical analysis has shown
athletes legs and arms speed force reliable improvement. Standing long jump, depth leap long jump and
maximal vertical jump height test results, what has shown legs explosive power, has not shown remarkable
reliable difference (P>0.05) . Medicine ball throws and maximal vertical jumps to the maximal height in 10
seconds, what show speed force improvement, showed reliable difference (P<0.01).
Key words: TRAINING METHOD, LEGS AND ARMS SPEED FORCE TRAINING.
Relationship between Selected Anthropometric Measurement and Volleyball Playe...Sports Journal
The present study was undertaken to find out the significant relationship of selected anthropometric variables with the volleyball playing performance. 25 university level male volleyball players from Guru Ghasidas Univertsity, Bilaspur were selected as a subject for the present study with age range between 18 to 22 years. The following anthropometric variables i.e. Height, Weight, Arm length and Leg length variables were selected for the testing the hypothesis. The playing performance was analyzed by three experts through subjective observation. Pearson’s Product Moment correlation test was employed for the present study and the level of significance was set at 0.05. The statistical test was computed by using standard statistical package SPSS 16. Analysis of the results indicated that Height and Leg length from the anthropometric variables were shown the significant relationship with the volleyball playing performance.
Analysis of the physical fitness of the physical education professional stude...Sports Journal
The purpose of this study was to compare the selected physical fitness variables of the Physical
Education Professional students participated in the different competition levels. To achieve the purpose,
eighty three male physical education students studying B.P.Ed. Courses at Alvas B.P.Ed. Moddigere and
General Kariyappa B.P.Ed. College Shimogga during 2015 with age ranging 18-25 were selected at
random. They had their credit in participating Intercollegiate, South Zone and All India competitions.
The physical fitness variables selected for the study were the Shoulder Strength (Pull ups in nos.);
Abdominal Strength (Sit ups in nos.); Agility (Shuttle Run in secs.); Speed (50 meters dash in secs.);
Explosive Power (Standing Broad Jump in meters) and Cardiovascular Endurance (600 Meters Run/Walk
in minutes). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to find out the significant difference
among different disciplines. Further the Scheffe’s Post Hoc test was used to find the significant
difference in paired mean scores. It was concluded that there was a significant difference in the Pull Ups,
Sit Ups and Speed of the Physical Education Professional students participated in the different
competition levels. A better understanding of these relationships will help to understand the power and
endurance and also help to plan sport specific strength training at South Zone, All India and National
level athletes.
Nossos dados sugerem que um macrociclo com ênfase na capacidade técnica e tática foi capaz de promover aumentos no desempenho físico e tático de jovens jogadores de futebol em situações reais de disputa. Assim, a distribuição das cargas de treinamento utilizadas neste estudo, além de possibilitar uma formação mais específica e contextual, proporcionou um aumento da intensidade do jogo no final da temporada, variável diretamente relacionada ao resultado do jogo (17). Além disso, verificou-se que o protocolo de treinamento causou reduções nos marcadores de danos musculares, revelando um estímulo benéfico para o sistema muscular, o que pode contribuir para a prevenção de lesões por sobreentrenamento ao longo da temporada. Apesar da importância bem documentada da avaliação de parâmetros sangüíneos (ie, marcadores de dano) durante a prática de futebol (3, 4, 23, 29), verificamos que a redução relacionada foi associada com maior taxa de trabalho durante o jogo, Através de um treinamento técnico-tático de periodização, mostrando a importância do monitoramento desses parâmetros em longo prazo.
Effects of Harness Running, Sand Running, Weight - Jacket Running and Weight ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Background: The purpose of the study was to find the effects of Harness Running, Sand Running,
Weight-Jacket Running and Weight training on the performance of Dribbling and kicking among the Burdwan
Distrist School going soccer players.
Method-100 male students from the different schools of the Burdwan distrist were randomly selected as subjects
and there age were 14-18 years served as Harness Running group (HRG), second group served as Sand
Running group (SRG), third group served as Weight-Jacket Running group (WJRG), fourth group served as
Weight training group (WTG) and the fifth group served as Control group (CTG).Ten weeks training were given
for experiment accordingly. The control group was not given any training except of their routine. The selected
subjects were measure of the following soccer skills of Kicking and Dribbling. ANCOVA was calculation for
statistical treatment.
Finding: From the finding implies that the Weight Jacket Group was more effective in decreasing the time taken
and increasing the distance then all other training programs after ten weeks of training on Dribbling and
kicking.
Conclusions: In dribbling Weight Jacket Group showed higher adjusted post-test mean difference with Control
Group in comparison to other three training groups which is 0.8, higher than the critical difference 0.51
required being significant at 0.05 levels.
In kicking Weight Jacket Running Group showed higher adjusted post-test mean difference with Control Group
in comparison to other three training groups which are 2.50, higher than the critical difference 1.60 required
being significant at 0.05 levels.
Keywords: Harness Running, Sand Running, Weight-Jacket Running, Weight training, agility, Dribbling and
kicking
Critical analysis of unforced error of all India intervarsity tennis playersSports Journal
The purpose of this study was to analyze the unforced errors in the performances of Tennis players. For
the purpose of this study 26 male tennis players were selected who had participated in All India
Intervarsity Tennis (Men’s) championship held in Jiwaji University, Gwalior 2008-09. The following
measures were selected in analyzing the unforced error in Tennis; First serve, Second serve, Foot fault,
Fore hand drive fault, Back hand drive fault, Smash fault, Back hand slice and Fore hand slice. The tester
competency was evaluated together with the reliability of the tester by analyzing the performance of the
26 players of All India Intervarsity tennis (Men’s) championship. The data was collected for each
criterion measure by seen the match performance during the All India Intervarsity Tennis (Men’s)
championship. For the critical analysis of unforced error in the performance of All India Tennis players
‘t’-test was employed. The level of significance was set at 0.05.The finding of the study revealed that The
players of All India Intervarsity Tennis (Men) championship did not show any statistical significant
differences in unforced errors related to first service fault, second service fault, foot fault, forehand drive
fault, backhand drive fault, smash fault, backhand slice fault & forehand slice fault. This may be
attributed to the fact that they have comparatively same level of skill & technique and are playing in a
same competition.
Comparative Study on Selected Strength between Non Sports Performer and Sport...iosrjce
purpose of the present study was to compare the strength between sports perform students and non
sports perform students of Jamboni block. The present studies, twenty-five(25) sports perform college student
were selected throw purposive sampling process from the Seva Bharati Mahavidyalaya (SBM) boys hostel
.Other twenty-five(25) college student fifteen randomly selected from dept. of commerce & science of Seva
Bharati Mahavidyalaya, which established at Jamboni block in Paschim Medinipur district in West Bengal
state. Age range of selected subjects in present studies were in between 19 to 23 year. The selected strength
were evaluated in the present study throw sit-up>abdominal strength, pull-up> arm/shoulder strength, standing
broad jump>leg explosive power, selected variables were tested according to “AAPHER youth test Battery”
and “t” test used to test the hypothesis.
Comparison of a strengthening programme to a proprioceptive training in impro...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Strength and proprioception are important to have a stable and functional ankle .Individuals with
ankle injuries are bound to develop a loss of either or both of these during and after the phase of
immobilization. Objectives: 1. To assess the effects of a 4 weeks strengthening programme on dynamic balance
in CAI. 2. To assess the effects of a 4 weeks proprioceptive training on dynamic balance in CAI.3. To compare
the effects of a 4 weeks strengthening programme to a proprioceptive training on dynamic balance in CAI.
Materials and methods: This was an interventional study done amongst athlete students at Deccan Education
Society college campus, Pune during November 2013 to April 2014. Total 27 college students who were known
athletes with chronic ankle instability were selected by convenient sampling. These 27 subjects were randomly
allotted, 13 to the strengthening group and 14 to the proprioceptive group. Dynamic balance was assessed
using the Functional reach test (FRT) prior to the intervention. Maximum three readings were collected and
then an average of the best two was taken while the first was considered as the trial. This was considered as the
pre intervention reading. These subjects then underwent a 4 week programme depending upon the group they
were allotted. Post intervention readings were taken of the FRT scores in the two groups and statistical analysis
was done. Results & Conclusion: Paired andUnpaired t tests were done to compare the Functional reach test
(FRT) scores pre and post in both the strengthening and proprioceptive groups and also the post training FRT
scores between the two groups. The differences in the pre and post FRT scores were found to be extremely
significant in both the groups (p value < 0.0001). However there was no significant difference between the FRT
scores post training between the two groups (p value > 0.0001). The study proves that both the strength training
as well as proprioceptive training are equally effective in improving the dynamic balance in athletes with ankle
instability. They should thus both be given to improve dynamic balance.
Keywords: Strength, Proprioceptive training, chronic ankle instability.
Crimson Publishers: Effect of Strength Training on Physical Variable of Colle...Crimson-ForensicScience
Effect of Strength Training on Physical Variable of College Men Cricket Players by Zahoor Ahmad Bhat* in Forensic Science & Addiction Research
The purpose of the present study was to find out the effect of strength training on Physical Variable of college men cricket players. To achieve the purpose twenty male students (n=20) were randomly selected as subjects and the age were ranged between 18 and 24 years. The selected subjects were randomly assigned into two equal groups such as training group (TG) and control group (CG) for the strengths of fifteen (n=10) each. Experimental training group underwent respective strength training program me for twelve weeks for three days per week and a session on each day. The control group did not involve in any special training apart from their regular activities. The criterion variable arm strength was measured by pull-ups. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyse the collected data. The results revealed that that the strength training was made significant improvement (p≤0.05) in arm strength of the selected subjects. The level of confidence was fixed at 0.05 in all cases.
Specificity of balance training in healthy individualsFernando Farias
Objectives The objective of this systematic literature
review and meta-analysis was to determine to what extent
the training of balance tasks can improve performance in
non-trained balance tasks.
The Analysis of Plyometric Training Program on University Handball PlayersIOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to find out the efficiency of composed plyometric training program on
beginners Handball players force capabilities in their usual training period. The plyometric training program
was applied during 16 week period where was attended twenty-one 12-19 years old beginners Handball
players. Twelve of them were female and nine male handball players. There were three control tastings. All
subjects participated in following tests: standing long jump, depth leap long jump, medicine ball throws up in
10 seconds; medicine ball overhead throws forward against the wall in 10 seconds, maximal vertical jumps to
the maximal height in 10 seconds, maximal vertical jump height. Testing results statistical analysis has shown
athletes legs and arms speed force reliable improvement. Standing long jump, depth leap long jump and
maximal vertical jump height test results, what has shown legs explosive power, has not shown remarkable
reliable difference (P>0.05) . Medicine ball throws and maximal vertical jumps to the maximal height in 10
seconds, what show speed force improvement, showed reliable difference (P<0.01).
Key words: TRAINING METHOD, LEGS AND ARMS SPEED FORCE TRAINING.
Relationship between Selected Anthropometric Measurement and Volleyball Playe...Sports Journal
The present study was undertaken to find out the significant relationship of selected anthropometric variables with the volleyball playing performance. 25 university level male volleyball players from Guru Ghasidas Univertsity, Bilaspur were selected as a subject for the present study with age range between 18 to 22 years. The following anthropometric variables i.e. Height, Weight, Arm length and Leg length variables were selected for the testing the hypothesis. The playing performance was analyzed by three experts through subjective observation. Pearson’s Product Moment correlation test was employed for the present study and the level of significance was set at 0.05. The statistical test was computed by using standard statistical package SPSS 16. Analysis of the results indicated that Height and Leg length from the anthropometric variables were shown the significant relationship with the volleyball playing performance.
Analysis of the physical fitness of the physical education professional stude...Sports Journal
The purpose of this study was to compare the selected physical fitness variables of the Physical
Education Professional students participated in the different competition levels. To achieve the purpose,
eighty three male physical education students studying B.P.Ed. Courses at Alvas B.P.Ed. Moddigere and
General Kariyappa B.P.Ed. College Shimogga during 2015 with age ranging 18-25 were selected at
random. They had their credit in participating Intercollegiate, South Zone and All India competitions.
The physical fitness variables selected for the study were the Shoulder Strength (Pull ups in nos.);
Abdominal Strength (Sit ups in nos.); Agility (Shuttle Run in secs.); Speed (50 meters dash in secs.);
Explosive Power (Standing Broad Jump in meters) and Cardiovascular Endurance (600 Meters Run/Walk
in minutes). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to find out the significant difference
among different disciplines. Further the Scheffe’s Post Hoc test was used to find the significant
difference in paired mean scores. It was concluded that there was a significant difference in the Pull Ups,
Sit Ups and Speed of the Physical Education Professional students participated in the different
competition levels. A better understanding of these relationships will help to understand the power and
endurance and also help to plan sport specific strength training at South Zone, All India and National
level athletes.
Nossos dados sugerem que um macrociclo com ênfase na capacidade técnica e tática foi capaz de promover aumentos no desempenho físico e tático de jovens jogadores de futebol em situações reais de disputa. Assim, a distribuição das cargas de treinamento utilizadas neste estudo, além de possibilitar uma formação mais específica e contextual, proporcionou um aumento da intensidade do jogo no final da temporada, variável diretamente relacionada ao resultado do jogo (17). Além disso, verificou-se que o protocolo de treinamento causou reduções nos marcadores de danos musculares, revelando um estímulo benéfico para o sistema muscular, o que pode contribuir para a prevenção de lesões por sobreentrenamento ao longo da temporada. Apesar da importância bem documentada da avaliação de parâmetros sangüíneos (ie, marcadores de dano) durante a prática de futebol (3, 4, 23, 29), verificamos que a redução relacionada foi associada com maior taxa de trabalho durante o jogo, Através de um treinamento técnico-tático de periodização, mostrando a importância do monitoramento desses parâmetros em longo prazo.
Effects of Harness Running, Sand Running, Weight - Jacket Running and Weight ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Background: The purpose of the study was to find the effects of Harness Running, Sand Running,
Weight-Jacket Running and Weight training on the performance of Dribbling and kicking among the Burdwan
Distrist School going soccer players.
Method-100 male students from the different schools of the Burdwan distrist were randomly selected as subjects
and there age were 14-18 years served as Harness Running group (HRG), second group served as Sand
Running group (SRG), third group served as Weight-Jacket Running group (WJRG), fourth group served as
Weight training group (WTG) and the fifth group served as Control group (CTG).Ten weeks training were given
for experiment accordingly. The control group was not given any training except of their routine. The selected
subjects were measure of the following soccer skills of Kicking and Dribbling. ANCOVA was calculation for
statistical treatment.
Finding: From the finding implies that the Weight Jacket Group was more effective in decreasing the time taken
and increasing the distance then all other training programs after ten weeks of training on Dribbling and
kicking.
Conclusions: In dribbling Weight Jacket Group showed higher adjusted post-test mean difference with Control
Group in comparison to other three training groups which is 0.8, higher than the critical difference 0.51
required being significant at 0.05 levels.
In kicking Weight Jacket Running Group showed higher adjusted post-test mean difference with Control Group
in comparison to other three training groups which are 2.50, higher than the critical difference 1.60 required
being significant at 0.05 levels.
Keywords: Harness Running, Sand Running, Weight-Jacket Running, Weight training, agility, Dribbling and
kicking
Critical analysis of unforced error of all India intervarsity tennis playersSports Journal
The purpose of this study was to analyze the unforced errors in the performances of Tennis players. For
the purpose of this study 26 male tennis players were selected who had participated in All India
Intervarsity Tennis (Men’s) championship held in Jiwaji University, Gwalior 2008-09. The following
measures were selected in analyzing the unforced error in Tennis; First serve, Second serve, Foot fault,
Fore hand drive fault, Back hand drive fault, Smash fault, Back hand slice and Fore hand slice. The tester
competency was evaluated together with the reliability of the tester by analyzing the performance of the
26 players of All India Intervarsity tennis (Men’s) championship. The data was collected for each
criterion measure by seen the match performance during the All India Intervarsity Tennis (Men’s)
championship. For the critical analysis of unforced error in the performance of All India Tennis players
‘t’-test was employed. The level of significance was set at 0.05.The finding of the study revealed that The
players of All India Intervarsity Tennis (Men) championship did not show any statistical significant
differences in unforced errors related to first service fault, second service fault, foot fault, forehand drive
fault, backhand drive fault, smash fault, backhand slice fault & forehand slice fault. This may be
attributed to the fact that they have comparatively same level of skill & technique and are playing in a
same competition.
Comparative Study on Selected Strength between Non Sports Performer and Sport...iosrjce
purpose of the present study was to compare the strength between sports perform students and non
sports perform students of Jamboni block. The present studies, twenty-five(25) sports perform college student
were selected throw purposive sampling process from the Seva Bharati Mahavidyalaya (SBM) boys hostel
.Other twenty-five(25) college student fifteen randomly selected from dept. of commerce & science of Seva
Bharati Mahavidyalaya, which established at Jamboni block in Paschim Medinipur district in West Bengal
state. Age range of selected subjects in present studies were in between 19 to 23 year. The selected strength
were evaluated in the present study throw sit-up>abdominal strength, pull-up> arm/shoulder strength, standing
broad jump>leg explosive power, selected variables were tested according to “AAPHER youth test Battery”
and “t” test used to test the hypothesis.
Comparison of a strengthening programme to a proprioceptive training in impro...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Strength and proprioception are important to have a stable and functional ankle .Individuals with
ankle injuries are bound to develop a loss of either or both of these during and after the phase of
immobilization. Objectives: 1. To assess the effects of a 4 weeks strengthening programme on dynamic balance
in CAI. 2. To assess the effects of a 4 weeks proprioceptive training on dynamic balance in CAI.3. To compare
the effects of a 4 weeks strengthening programme to a proprioceptive training on dynamic balance in CAI.
Materials and methods: This was an interventional study done amongst athlete students at Deccan Education
Society college campus, Pune during November 2013 to April 2014. Total 27 college students who were known
athletes with chronic ankle instability were selected by convenient sampling. These 27 subjects were randomly
allotted, 13 to the strengthening group and 14 to the proprioceptive group. Dynamic balance was assessed
using the Functional reach test (FRT) prior to the intervention. Maximum three readings were collected and
then an average of the best two was taken while the first was considered as the trial. This was considered as the
pre intervention reading. These subjects then underwent a 4 week programme depending upon the group they
were allotted. Post intervention readings were taken of the FRT scores in the two groups and statistical analysis
was done. Results & Conclusion: Paired andUnpaired t tests were done to compare the Functional reach test
(FRT) scores pre and post in both the strengthening and proprioceptive groups and also the post training FRT
scores between the two groups. The differences in the pre and post FRT scores were found to be extremely
significant in both the groups (p value < 0.0001). However there was no significant difference between the FRT
scores post training between the two groups (p value > 0.0001). The study proves that both the strength training
as well as proprioceptive training are equally effective in improving the dynamic balance in athletes with ankle
instability. They should thus both be given to improve dynamic balance.
Keywords: Strength, Proprioceptive training, chronic ankle instability.
Similar to THE_EFFECTIVENESS_OF_BALANCE_TRAINING_PROGRAM_TOWA.pdf (20)
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
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Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
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2. Int J Physiother 2020; 7(6) Page | 279
INTRODUCTION
The Ministry of Education Malaysia (MOE) is a parent
body responsible for planning and managing various
sports at the primary and secondary schools, including
netball [5]. Students’ success in academic, co-curricular
activities and personal development is a testament to
schools’ success in producing holistic insane. According to
reference [1], sport is an activity that brings peace of mind
and contentment to an athlete’s heart. Sports create a sense
of warmth in a person whenever gets involved individually
or with team members in any games [3] & [7].
Netball is a fast-paced team sport that requires players to
perform fast movements and to have a sudden change of
direction. Netball is a game for all primary and secondary
students, the entire community, and university students
[6]. Various competitions are organized at the school level
for early exposure. Competition levels have been divided
into sections based on age range such as under 12 years
for primary school, while under 15 and 18 for secondary
school. Team sports is a sport that involves players working
together to achieve common goals in a game. The game
of netball has several different positions and roles when
playing a match. One team consists of seven leading players
and three reserve players. The list of positions available
in netball is GK goalkeeper, goal defender GD (GD goal
defense), wing defender (wing defense WD), midfielder
(center C), (wing attack WA), goal attacker (GA), and
goals (goal shooter GS). Foot movement is one of the basic
rules that should be emphasized when playing this game.
Usually, a player makes a mistake on foot movement while
sending or landing while receiving a ball. In this situation,
body balance becomes a significant contributor to foot
movements. Players should be skilled at controlling good
body posture during netball games because the key to
stability without foot movement while landing is proper
body balance [4].
Posture stability is a dynamic process that requires
sensation, body movement, integration of sensorimotor
information in the central nervous system, and good
implementation of musculoskeletal responses to maintain
players’ balance and stability as described by [4]. A static
and dynamic balance between women and men is essential
for daily activities such as team sports. To identify a good
landing pattern, a player must master fast movement and
direction in a netball game. According to reference [9],
good landing affects accurate movement and body balance.
The perfect landing also depends on the strength of the leg
muscles. An effective jump and landing training program
can improve foot movement and good body balance [9] &
[2]. According to reference [9] & [10], dynamic activities
is better than static activities to enhance stability because
netballgamesinvolvealotoffastmovementthroughoutthe
game. The player should gain better body control to avoid
errors in foot movement during the game. The selection of
an orderly exercise enables good control of body balance.
Mastering balance is the key to good foot movements.
Specific and systematic balance training can stabilize the
landing of a netball player. Exercises such as high jumps,
bipedal stance on 5cm boxes, and double leg jumps using
springboard will improve the player’s performance. Core
stability training has been adopted by [8] to train body
balance and player stability in netball. Determining the
dominant foot is fundamental to the movement in a netball
game to help players make a solid landing. An approach
has been introduced by [4] to stabilize and balance the
body during landing using a single-leg jump. Therefore,
regular exercise can have a good impact on a player’s body
balance and movement control.
This study was conducted to look at the effectiveness of
the eight-week balance training program on stability and
foot movement errors among netball players. Most of the
literatureshowedbalancetrainingtoenhancebodystability
and reduce injuries while landing in sports. This study will
determine how good netball coaches best apply for the
Balance Training Program in netball games to reduce foot
movement errors among netball players.
METHODS
This study is a true experimental study involving 42 under
12 years’ old Rompin district netball players. They were
divided into a control group (n = 21) and a treatment group
(n = 21). Researchers use the foot movement score to see
the number of foot movement errors while landing in-
game situations and dynamic balance test scores to identify
the players’ balance level. Researchers conducted an eight-
week balance training program to enhance the players’
balance and stability. The manual has 40 types of training
activities based on past studies and scholarly articles. This
training manual has high content validity after evaluated
by three experts. The validity process showed this training
program was designed by researchers suitable for the focus
of this study. The training program for the treatment group
is scheduled three times per week and 60 minutes per
session. The control group also has the same schedule but
just trained by practicing normal netball game skills. This
study used a quantitative method to analyze the player’s
foot-movement error scores and balance level among the
control and treatment groups before and after the training.
The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the
Social Sciences (SPSS V.21) software. The data obtained
were analyzed using descriptive tests consisting of mean
and standard deviation. Meanwhile, an independent t-test
was conducted to compare the post-test scores between the
control and treatment groups.
RESULT
The findings based on the independent sample t-test
showed significant differences in foot movement post-
test scores between the treatment and control groups. The
mean score for control group post-test was (M = 8.00, SD =
2.588), treatment group was (M = 3.71, SD = 4.137); t-value
(4.025) = 40, p = .000, p <0.5. The results showed that the
treatment group’s foot movement errors were reduced
because they were exposed to a specific balance training
program (Table1 & 2).
3. Int J Physiother 2020; 7(6) Page | 280
Table 1: Descriptive Analysis for foot movement post-test
scores
Respondents N Mean
Standard
deviation
Foot
movement
score
Treatment
Group
21 3.71 4.137
Control Group 21 8.00 2.588
Table 2: Independent sample t-test analysis for foot
movement post-test scores
Levene’s
Equal
Variance Test
Equal Mean
For T-test
F Sig. t df
Sig.
(2-t)
Foot
movement
score
Equal Variant
Assumption
9.39 .004 4.025 40 .000
Equal Variant
B/Assumption
4.025 33.58 .000
Significant level=0.05
The independent sample t-test for balance level after
eight weeks showed significant differences between the
treatment and control groups. The mean for the control
group post-test was (M = 51.62, SD = 4.599), treatment
group (M = 93.29, SD = 4.256). The value of t (30.5) = 40,
p = .000, p <0.5. The result shows that the balance level
among Rompin district netball players has increased after
they have been exposed to a specific balance training
program (Table 3 &4).
Table 3: Descriptive Analysis of balance level post-test
scores
Respondents N Mean
Standard
deviation
Post
Stability
Test
Treatment
Group
21 93.29 4.256
Control Group 21 51.62 4.599
Table 4: Independent sample t-test analysis of balance
level post-test scores
Levene’s Equal
Variance Test
Equal Mean
For T-test
F Sig. t df
Sig.
(2-t)
Dynamic
Balance
Test
score
Equal
Variant
Assumption
.314 .578 30.473 40 .000
Equal
Variant B/
Assumption
30.473 39.763 .000
Significant level=0.05
DISCUSSION
The findings of foot movement errors among the Rompin
District netball players in the early stage revealed that there
were frequent foot movement errors due to lack of balance
and stability. The study results have shown that the level
of balance affects foot movement errors among Rompin
District netball players. When a detailed analysis was done
based on previous studies and theories, it was discovered
that a player’s stability and body balance influence proper
foot movement in any sports [4],[6] & [8]. Netball Coaches
should identify players who regularly make foot movement
errors in the game and design training to control stability
while landing [6]. Based on the findings after eight weeks
of training, the treatment group showed significant foot
movement and balance levels. Simultaneously, the control
group did not show any significant differences due to the
lack of specific and focused training programs. Training
schedule with modification by setting different intensities,
type, and frequency will increase the players’ motivation
and involvement in training sessions with confidence
[8]. After conducting a specific training program, the
researchers could see the training’s impact. The players
realize that the dominant leg plays a significant role while
landing after receiving the ball. This training program
helps to control footsteps by increasing body balance. A
set of exercises has been associated with a constructivist
theory for students to obtain new knowledge and maintain
it constantly. The Constructivism Theory Approach also
helps researchers produce an efficient eight weeks balance
training manual [12].
Based on the findings, footsteps are a fundamental skill
in the netball game, but players still have weaknesses to
master it. Foot movement errors are caused by the player’s
weakness in controlling the body’s posture while receiving
the ball and landing [4]. Landing patterns play an essential
role in improving foot movement mistakes. To master
the skill, principals of training have to be given priority
in training sessions. Repeated training with adaptable
intensity, frequency, and duration will strengthen the
landing method properly among netball players. The
results of this research align with the views of [11], that to
obtain the correct landing pattern in netball, a player must
have proper movement skills and good body balance while
playing a fast game.
CONCLUSION
An eight-week balance training program showed an impact
on balance level and the reduction of foot movement while
landing in the netball game. This means that all the netball
players should have the optimum balance level to reduce
foot movement errors. This study’s results can be a guide
and applied by netball coaches to reduce foot movement
errors among netball players, which contributes to their
achievement. Body balance is vital in landing and enhances
body movement, agility to turn around, and quick reaction
in most sports, especially fast games. Overall, this study
also helps coaches develop sports skills, be creative and
innovative, and diversify their methods and strategies while
training netball players at higher levels. Sporting activities
are essential to produce quality and talented players and
promote the development of the sports industry and the
country’s achievements.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful to Research Management
Innovation Centre (RMIC) and Institute of Graduate
Studies, University Pendidikan Sultan Idris for the support
in publishing this article.
4. Int J Physiother 2020; 7(6) Page | 281
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