All info about ostrich eg: management, diseases, benefits of ostrich farming etc
Presented By:
Dr. Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
DVM, M.Phil CMS
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Contact: fakharealam786@hotmail.com
A short description about catla fish.presentation on catla fish.which scientific name is catla catla,cyprinus catla & gibelion catla.this fish is very important for aquaculture.the growth rate is high and culture system of this fish is very easy.This freshwater fish has a good market demand also.
All info about ostrich eg: management, diseases, benefits of ostrich farming etc
Presented By:
Dr. Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
DVM, M.Phil CMS
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Contact: fakharealam786@hotmail.com
A short description about catla fish.presentation on catla fish.which scientific name is catla catla,cyprinus catla & gibelion catla.this fish is very important for aquaculture.the growth rate is high and culture system of this fish is very easy.This freshwater fish has a good market demand also.
Collection device of fish eggs and larvae pdfAshish sahu
First, an incision is made in her abdomen and then a small tube is inserted. The farmer then puts his mouth on the tube and sucks out a sWhen the internal ovaries or egg masses of fish and certain marine animals are ripe for spawning they are called roe.mall quantity of eggs for examination. If they're the right color and consistency, he'll kill the animal and harvest the caviar.When the internal ovaries or egg masses of fish and certain marine animals are ripe for spawning they are called roe. I think the best way is to use a toothpick and place them on something flat like a small chunk of marble or any flat ornament. Then place in a submerged container. Don't let the eggs hit open air. Well, the eggs in my breeding tank hatched, but overnight the fry either escaped or died
Macrobrachium rosenbergii, also known as the giant river prawn or giant freshwater prawn, is a commercially important species of palaemonid freshwater prawn. It is found throughout the tropical and subtropical areas of the Indo-Pacific region, from India to Southeast Asia and Northern Australia.
Current Situation and Development in the Small Ruminant (Goat) Industry Suppl...Elmer Esplana
Presentation presented by Mr. Elmer R. Esplana, an economist and interdisciplinary researcher currently working as a government agriculturist at the Marketing Development Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. This presentation was an offshoot the earlier study conducted by the author and his fellow researchers in the Bureau of Animal Industry entitled "Development in the Supply Chain of the Philippine Goat Industry: An Assessment" which won a Grand Prize Award at the National Research Symposium in 2007, a yearly, national research contest, being organized by the DA-Bureau of Agricultural Research. This presentation was presented at the participants of the Goat Raising Agribusiness Seminar during the 79th Foundation Anniversary of the Bureau of Animal Industry in February 25, 2009 .
Introduction to livestock housing and shelter managementKabul University
The presentation was a part of a lecture at ANASTU university. It describes the history of livestock housing, the introduction of animal behavior, and building design according to their behaviors. Livestock housing and shelter management is the manipulation of the microclimate of animals to suit best to their welfare reducing climatic stress without affecting much to the cost of construction. Problems related to housing cost, ventilation, scarce resources, hygiene, a manifestation of the disease, behavioral concerns.
it is about the length and weight relationship of fish , growth, length, weight, absolute growth, isometric growth, relative growth, allometric growth,
Rotifers are popularly called as wheel animalcules. They are an important group of live food organisms for use in aqua hatcheries. Brachionus, which is the most known form of all rotifers, serve as an ideal starter diet for early larval stages of many fish and prawn species in marine as well as freshwater. Species of the genus Brachionus (Brachionidae: Rotifera) are well represented in different water bodies worldwide (Pejler, 1977). Depending on the mouth size of the cultured organisms, small (50 to 110 micron length) or large (100 to 200 micron length) rotifers are used. There are about 2,500 species of rotifers have been known from global freshwater, brackish water, and seawater. B. plicatilis is the species used most commonly to feed fish larvae in hatcheries around the world. It is a euryhaline species, small and slow swimming, with good nutritional value. It is well suited to mass culture because it is prolific and tolerates a wide variety of environmental conditions. The rotifer, B. plicatilis and B. rotundiformis, have been indispensable as a live food for mass larval rearing of many aquatic organisms (Maruyama et al., 1997). By way of significant developments in larval rearing technology of fishes, demand for the rotifer is further increasing.
Collection device of fish eggs and larvae pdfAshish sahu
First, an incision is made in her abdomen and then a small tube is inserted. The farmer then puts his mouth on the tube and sucks out a sWhen the internal ovaries or egg masses of fish and certain marine animals are ripe for spawning they are called roe.mall quantity of eggs for examination. If they're the right color and consistency, he'll kill the animal and harvest the caviar.When the internal ovaries or egg masses of fish and certain marine animals are ripe for spawning they are called roe. I think the best way is to use a toothpick and place them on something flat like a small chunk of marble or any flat ornament. Then place in a submerged container. Don't let the eggs hit open air. Well, the eggs in my breeding tank hatched, but overnight the fry either escaped or died
Macrobrachium rosenbergii, also known as the giant river prawn or giant freshwater prawn, is a commercially important species of palaemonid freshwater prawn. It is found throughout the tropical and subtropical areas of the Indo-Pacific region, from India to Southeast Asia and Northern Australia.
Current Situation and Development in the Small Ruminant (Goat) Industry Suppl...Elmer Esplana
Presentation presented by Mr. Elmer R. Esplana, an economist and interdisciplinary researcher currently working as a government agriculturist at the Marketing Development Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. This presentation was an offshoot the earlier study conducted by the author and his fellow researchers in the Bureau of Animal Industry entitled "Development in the Supply Chain of the Philippine Goat Industry: An Assessment" which won a Grand Prize Award at the National Research Symposium in 2007, a yearly, national research contest, being organized by the DA-Bureau of Agricultural Research. This presentation was presented at the participants of the Goat Raising Agribusiness Seminar during the 79th Foundation Anniversary of the Bureau of Animal Industry in February 25, 2009 .
Introduction to livestock housing and shelter managementKabul University
The presentation was a part of a lecture at ANASTU university. It describes the history of livestock housing, the introduction of animal behavior, and building design according to their behaviors. Livestock housing and shelter management is the manipulation of the microclimate of animals to suit best to their welfare reducing climatic stress without affecting much to the cost of construction. Problems related to housing cost, ventilation, scarce resources, hygiene, a manifestation of the disease, behavioral concerns.
it is about the length and weight relationship of fish , growth, length, weight, absolute growth, isometric growth, relative growth, allometric growth,
Rotifers are popularly called as wheel animalcules. They are an important group of live food organisms for use in aqua hatcheries. Brachionus, which is the most known form of all rotifers, serve as an ideal starter diet for early larval stages of many fish and prawn species in marine as well as freshwater. Species of the genus Brachionus (Brachionidae: Rotifera) are well represented in different water bodies worldwide (Pejler, 1977). Depending on the mouth size of the cultured organisms, small (50 to 110 micron length) or large (100 to 200 micron length) rotifers are used. There are about 2,500 species of rotifers have been known from global freshwater, brackish water, and seawater. B. plicatilis is the species used most commonly to feed fish larvae in hatcheries around the world. It is a euryhaline species, small and slow swimming, with good nutritional value. It is well suited to mass culture because it is prolific and tolerates a wide variety of environmental conditions. The rotifer, B. plicatilis and B. rotundiformis, have been indispensable as a live food for mass larval rearing of many aquatic organisms (Maruyama et al., 1997). By way of significant developments in larval rearing technology of fishes, demand for the rotifer is further increasing.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
1. The White Tailed Deer
By: Kelli Johnson
American Public University
2. The White Tailed Deer
The white-tailed deer is a common
animal of North America. White-
tailed deer are found in the
northeast, mid-western and
western states.
I want to research the white-tailed
deer because there is a high
population of the species in the
Northeast and I have always
enjoyed seeing them in their
natural habitat.
(Dewey, Odocoileus Virginianus Animal Diversity
Web, 2003)
Odocoileus virginianus is the common
scientific name for the white tailed deer.
Image: (Behrens, David, Young male white-tailed
deer, antlers in velvet, 2003 September)
3. The white tailed deer belong to the
mammal family called Cervidae.
The deer family first appeared 35
million years ago.
The white tailed deer obtain their food
by grazing through fields and forests.
They are Herbivores that have a varied
plant based diet that includes:
• Grass
• alfalfa
• fruits
• nuts
• leaves
• Twigs
(White-Tailed Deer)
Image: (Myers, Phil, May 30, 2003)
4. As discussed, the white tailed deer has a plant based diet. They are
known to graze for food around dusk and dawn.
The structure and function of the white tailed deer consists of a
specialized digestive system. The Deer has a four chambered
stomach. Each chamber has a specific use.
The first chamber of the stomach is called the rumen.
Basic use is for food storage. While eating and chewing their food, deer
use a process called ruminating to digest food at a later time. This is
when they eat a large amount of food at once, swallow it for storage,
and then bring it back up to chew again later.
When the food is brought back up, it contains microorganisms. The
microorganisms holds all of the nutrition for the deer.
The second chamber of the stomach is where the fermentation process
takes place.
The second chamber is called the reticulum and microorganisms eat the
food that the deer has eaten.
This process helps to break down food into simpler substances that are
then absorbed as nutrients.
(The Digestive System of a Deer)
Specialized Digestive System
5. Reproduction
The main purpose of the buck antlers is to fight for breeding purposes.
They will fight to determine who will mate with a doe. They also use their
antlers to mark their territory on trees.
The breeding season begins in November and usually lasts until December.
During the season the doe will usually be in heat for about 30 hours. If
conception doesn’t occur during this time, she will begin her heat cycle
after 28 days. The deer are polygamous for the most part, although, some
does are known to mate with more than one buck. The gestation period
for a fawn is about 200 days. Most does have their babies in the late Spring
or early Summer.
The fawn usually weighs about 5lbs at birth. The does will nurse the fawn
several times a day until they are strong enough to join the heard. The
fawns are usually considered adult by the age of 18 months, but have been
known to mate by the first Fall season, at around a year old.
(Parr, The White-Tailed Deer Reproduction, 2007)
6. The white tailed deer is a highly adaptable species.
They can adapt to most climates, warm or cold. They
can live in grasslands, prairies and plains, mountains,
and forests. Some adaptive traits of white tailed deer
have to do with the color of their coat. During winter
their coats become a dull, light grayish color to blend
with their surroundings. During summer their coats
become dark reddish color to blend in with the
summer surroundings of the forest.
(Parr, The White-Tailed Deer Habitat and Adaptation, 2007)
Adaptive Traits
7. Communication
Communication is a key adaptive trait that they use
daily. As a species, the deer has excellent hearing and
vision to help them be on alert at all times. The deer
stand their white tails up as communication to warn
other deer of danger. In a case where they detect
danger, they are very fast moving and can reach
speeds of 30 mph and jump as high as 6 feet.
(Parr, The White-Tailed Deer Habitat and Adaptation, 2007)
8. Observation
I live on a military base in New Jersey. The
deer are very populated around the base.
There is not a great deal of traffic and
mostly wooded areas, which is an ideal
habitat for the white tailed deer. I usually
see them grazing the fields in the mornings
or evenings. You can see from my video
that the white tailed deer are a populated
species near my home. I observed at least
20 deer grazing one evening in April. The
fawn seemed to be interested in me, even
walking towards me at times. He seemed
curious and cautious. The deer all stopped
frozen to stare at me. They eventually ran
away after a few minutes, with their tails
straight up as they ran off.
9. Behrens, David (2003, September) Young male white-tailed deer, antlers in velvet, The Animal Diversity Web
(online). Retrieved from
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Odocoileus_virginianus/pictures/collections/cont
ributors/david_behrens/Whitetail8/
Dewey, T. and. (2003). Odocoileus Virginianus Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved from
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Odocoileus_virginianus/
Myers, Phil (2003, May 30) The Animal Diversity Web (online). Retrieved from
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Odocoileus_virginianus/pictures/collections/cont
ributors/phil_myers/ADW_mammals/Artiodactyla/fawn7810/?start=15
Parr, J. (2007, April 27). The White-Tailed Deer Habitat and Adaptation, Retrieved from
http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2007/parr_jaco/habitat.htm
Parr, J. (2007, April 27). The White-Tailed Deer Reproduction, Retrieved from
http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2007/parr_jaco/reproduction.htm
The Digestive System of a Deer, (n.d). Retrieved from
http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~mytienne/deerms.pdf
White-tailed Deer (2012, August 30). Retrieved from Youtube.com:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wUmjreuVkKA.
References