Visual literacy is the ability to understand and interpret visual images and to communicate using visual forms. It involves developing skills to analyze and interpret images within their cultural context, understand how images are constructed and can manipulate meaning, and produce visual communications. Teaching visual literacy is important because images pervade society and understanding visual messages is crucial for obtaining information and constructing knowledge in educational settings and everyday life. Strategies for developing visual literacy include exposing students to diverse images, teaching them to ask critical questions about images, and providing opportunities for students to experiment with creating and manipulating visual forms using technology.
the transcript of speech at IASDR 2009 conference
[slides available at http://www.slideshare.net/urijoe/paper-presentation-at-iasdr-2009-seoul-south-korea]
How Does This Work? An Affective, Diffractive Storytelling AnalysisJakob Pedersen
All credits to Daniela Gachago and Siddique Motala, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa. This presentation was given by Daniela Gachago and Siddique Motala on 18 June 2015 as a seminar for the NRF Posthumanism Research Project
the transcript of speech at IASDR 2009 conference
[slides available at http://www.slideshare.net/urijoe/paper-presentation-at-iasdr-2009-seoul-south-korea]
How Does This Work? An Affective, Diffractive Storytelling AnalysisJakob Pedersen
All credits to Daniela Gachago and Siddique Motala, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa. This presentation was given by Daniela Gachago and Siddique Motala on 18 June 2015 as a seminar for the NRF Posthumanism Research Project
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
The evolution and importance of visual communicationYiğit Keskin
What we see with our eyes has a profound effect on what we do, how we feel, and who we are. Through experience and experimentation, we continually increase our understanding of the visual world and the way we are influenced by it. Psychologist Albert Mehrabian states that 93% of communication is nonverbal.01 Studies show that the human brain deciphers image elements simultaneously, while language is decoded in a linear, sequential manner taking more time to process. Our minds react completely differently to visual stimuli. Visuals are processed 60,000 times faster than text...
Slideshow presentation of Engaging the Eye Generation by Johanna Riddle (Stenhouse, 2009).Defines today'sl learners, examines the concept of "new literacy", provides a sequential, spiraling model for developing multiple literacy skills in the classroom.
Notes from Beth E. Koch's presentation, "Perception of Typefaces: A Quantitative Visual Methodology" at SOTA's TypeCon, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, August 5, 2012
Using the visitgreece social media posts to introduce visual imagery in langu...Dr. Elli Vazou
In today’s digitized society, it is not possible to isolate literacy from the rapid technological advances, social and economic factors and their impact on our communication. More than a decade ago, Kress (2003) recognized the broad move from the dominance of writing to that of the image, and the shift from the medium of book to the medium of screen. As we put the emphasis on the visual representation of the world, tourism —and destination branding, in particular— provide answers to how people consume visually. Tourism is primarily an image-making enterprise where gaze “socially and culturally organized” (Foucault, [1963] 1973) is constructed through signs, and tourism involves the collection of signs. Here, Kress’ (2003) claim that “the world told is a different world to the world shown” finds its most interesting realisation. But, how literacy can be combined with tourism? How can we introduce digital visual culture in education? How online destination branding can provide new ideas of how to teach the lesson of language in high school? In this paper, we explore the possibility to introduce content from the www.visitgreece.gr portal that heavily relies on image, such as Facebook, Google+ and Pinterest posts, as a new teaching language material addressing teenagers who are actively involved in the digitally mediated communication as themselves produce content on these social media platforms. Throughout the theory of multimodality and its application in teaching, the basic tenets of online destination branding, imagery in tourism, and digital media and learning we attempt to answer all the abovementioned questions.
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
The evolution and importance of visual communicationYiğit Keskin
What we see with our eyes has a profound effect on what we do, how we feel, and who we are. Through experience and experimentation, we continually increase our understanding of the visual world and the way we are influenced by it. Psychologist Albert Mehrabian states that 93% of communication is nonverbal.01 Studies show that the human brain deciphers image elements simultaneously, while language is decoded in a linear, sequential manner taking more time to process. Our minds react completely differently to visual stimuli. Visuals are processed 60,000 times faster than text...
Slideshow presentation of Engaging the Eye Generation by Johanna Riddle (Stenhouse, 2009).Defines today'sl learners, examines the concept of "new literacy", provides a sequential, spiraling model for developing multiple literacy skills in the classroom.
Notes from Beth E. Koch's presentation, "Perception of Typefaces: A Quantitative Visual Methodology" at SOTA's TypeCon, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, August 5, 2012
Using the visitgreece social media posts to introduce visual imagery in langu...Dr. Elli Vazou
In today’s digitized society, it is not possible to isolate literacy from the rapid technological advances, social and economic factors and their impact on our communication. More than a decade ago, Kress (2003) recognized the broad move from the dominance of writing to that of the image, and the shift from the medium of book to the medium of screen. As we put the emphasis on the visual representation of the world, tourism —and destination branding, in particular— provide answers to how people consume visually. Tourism is primarily an image-making enterprise where gaze “socially and culturally organized” (Foucault, [1963] 1973) is constructed through signs, and tourism involves the collection of signs. Here, Kress’ (2003) claim that “the world told is a different world to the world shown” finds its most interesting realisation. But, how literacy can be combined with tourism? How can we introduce digital visual culture in education? How online destination branding can provide new ideas of how to teach the lesson of language in high school? In this paper, we explore the possibility to introduce content from the www.visitgreece.gr portal that heavily relies on image, such as Facebook, Google+ and Pinterest posts, as a new teaching language material addressing teenagers who are actively involved in the digitally mediated communication as themselves produce content on these social media platforms. Throughout the theory of multimodality and its application in teaching, the basic tenets of online destination branding, imagery in tourism, and digital media and learning we attempt to answer all the abovementioned questions.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
The Visual Literacy White Paper
1. What is visual literacy?
Visual communication is a process of sending and receiving messages using images. Visual
literacy can be defined as the“ability to construct meaning from visual images” (Giorgis, Johnson,
Bonomo, Colbert, & al, 1999: 146). To make meaning from images, the‘reader’ uses the critical
skills of exploration, critique and reflection. Lapp et al (1999) use the term“intermediality”
to describe the combined literacies needed to read in a multi-media world. They stress the
importance of active reading based on information visualisation and the importance of visual
communication to capture attention, reinforce knowledge and increase audience responses.Visual
literacy is about interpreting images of the present and past and producing images that effectively
communicate the message to an audience.
The term “visual literacy’ was first used by the writer John Debes in 1968 (1968). Messaris (1995)
defines visual literacy as the gaining of knowledge and experience about the workings of the visual
media coupled with a heightened conscious awareness of those workings.Visual literacy includes
the group of skills which enable an individual“to understand and use visuals for intentionally
communicating with others” (Ausburn & Ausburn, 1978: 291).Visual literacy is what is seen with
the eye and what is‘seen’ with the mind. A visually literate person should be able to read and write
visual language. This includes the ability to successfully decode and interpret visual messages and
to encode and compose meaningful visual communications.
Visual literacy involves developing the set of skills needed to be able to interpret the content of visual
images, examine social impact of those images and to discuss purpose, audience and ownership.
It includes the ability to visualise internally, communicate visually and read and interpret visual
images. In addition, students need to be aware of the manipulative uses and ideological implications
of images.Visual literacy also involves making judgements of the accuracy, validity and worth of
images.A visually literate person is able to discriminate and make sense of visual objects and images;
create visuals; comprehend and appreciate the visuals created by others; and visualise objects in their
mind’s eye. To be an effective communicator in today’s world, a person needs to be able to interpret,
create and select images to convey a range of meanings.
There are many forms of visual communication including gestures, objects, signs and symbols.
Visual sign systems are everywhere. For example, dance, film, fashion, hairstyles, exhibitions,
public monuments, interior design, lighting, computer games, advertising, photography,
architecture and art are just some examples of visual communication. To be visually literate
a person should be able to: - understand the subject matter of images;
- analyse and interpret images to gain meaning within the cultural context the image was created
and exists;
- analyse the syntax of images including style and composition;
- analyse the techniques used to produce the image;
- evaluate the aesthetic merit of the work;
- evaluate the merit of the work in terms of purpose and audience; and
- grasp the synergy, interaction, innovation, affective impact and/or‘feel’ of an image
TheVisual LiteracyWhite Paper
Commissioned by Adobe Systems Pty Ltd, Australia
Written by Dr Anne Bamford. Director of Visual Arts. Senior Lecturer in Interactive Media,
Art and Design University of Technology Sydney
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 What is visual literacy?
2 The history of visual literacy
2 Why is visual literacy important?
3 The grammar, syntax and semantics
of visual literacy
4 Why teach visual literacy?
5 Strategies to promote visual literacy
7 Visual literacy and technology
8 Further Reading
8 Interesting Websites
TM
2. 2
The Visual Literacy
White Paper
The history of visual literacy
The significance of visual literacy has been apparent throughout history and across
disciplines. For example, the reading of maps and x-rays has been vitally significant in
our lives. Similarly humans have relied on images to make meaningful interpretations
and understandings of sophisticated and complex ideas such as mathematical or chemical
formulas or the reading of architectural plans. The mixing of linguistic and pictorial elements
was seen as the best medium for explanatory representation of conceptual structures.
At about 12 months of age, children can read graphic imagery with some accuracy. They
know, for example, that a photograph of an apple equates to a real apple. From about 3 years
of age, they become deliberate produces of visual imagery and understand that graphic forms
can be used to communicate. For example the picture of Daddy with an angry face shows
I am unhappy with Daddy. By 3 years of age most children can use visual symbols to denote
things. For example the circle and two sticks can be used to denote a person, the ‘m’ shape
to denote a bird and so on. Researchers also believe that one of the first complex mental
operation babies perform is to visualise and create memory pictures. For example, a child
of 6-8 weeks has a clear memory picture of her mother and can distinguish this person from
other woman, even those women who look very similar.
Visual literacy is a thoughtful and sustained form of understanding. Visual literacy is not
something that is confined to a particular discipline or area of the curriculum. Rather
it is something that should be taught from the youngest age and involves the intelligent
consideration of images from a multitude of sources. Visual literacy has emerged from
a number of disciplines including: Visual arts Art History Aesthetics Linguistics
Literacy Philosophy Psychology Perceptual physiology Sociology Cultural studies
Media studies Instructional design Semiotics Communications studies Educational
technology
Why is visual literacy important?
Contemporary culture has become increasingly dependent on the visual especially for it
capacity to communicate instantly and universally. A very high percentage of all sensory
learning is visual. “A wise man once said that a picture is worth 100 words. But when visual
symbols are used in place of words to express an idea or to evoke a feeling or a mood within
us, it is necessary for the viewer to be able to understand the message” (Oring, 2000: 58)
Oring (2000: 58) argues that “the need to learn to read visual images is an urgent one that
touches at all levels in our society.” Visual literacy levels directly determine our level of visual
comprehension and the ability of the individual to be able to read images in a meaningful
way. Pictures exist all around us. They surround us. The economy relies heavily on visual
representation and a sense of design, style and ‘feel’. Understanding pictures is a vital life
enriching necessity. Not to understand them is visual illiteracy.
Visual images are becoming the predominant form of communication across a range of
learning and teaching resources, delivered across a range of media and formats. The ratio
of visual image to text is increasing. Charles Brumback, the chairman of the Newspaper
Association of America said in 1995 that we are heading to a culture of ‘visual literacy’
He said, “As newspaper penetration falls, competitors cut into newspaper ad share, and
the culture itself moves from textual literacy to visual literacy” (Fitzgerald, 1995). The
proliferation of images means that visual literacy is now crucial for obtaining information,
constructing knowledge and building successful educational outcomes.
3. 3
The Visual Literacy
White Paper
Furthermore, Ausburn (1978: 287) argues that we live in an era of visual culture, which
influences our attitudes, beliefs, values and life-style. Images inundate our environment, be it
in the private or public domain, in a variety of different forms and through several channels
of communication. Visual literacy allows a person to be able to discriminate and interpret
visual actions, objects, symbols that they encounter in the world. Visual literacy encourages
an appreciation and comprehension of visual communication. A lack of awareness of visual
literacy effects your ability to be able to communicate effectively. By understanding the basic
principles of visual literacy, people can produce images that communicate in a more efficient
ways.
The grammar, syntax and semantics of visual literacy
Visuals are a system of representation and signification that allow us to produce and
communicate thoughts and images about reality (Kazmierczak, 2001: 181). The symbols used
in visual communication, unlike those of written and to a lesser extent oral communication
are not a fixed vocabulary. There can be no dictionary of meanings for the symbols of visual
communication. Firstly such a dictionary would be enormous, as the available symbols is as
limitless as the human imagination and the graphic skills of humanity. Secondly, and very
importantly, visual communication is made up of presentational symbols whose meaning
results from their existence in particular contexts. Meaning is formed by seeing and thinking.
The conventions of visual communication are a combination of universal and culturally
based conventions.
Being visually literate is a combination of syntax and semantics. Syntax is the form or
building blocks of an image. The syntax of an image can be regarded as the pictorial structure
and organisation. Visual literacy includes, but should not be limited to, graphic composition
of images (eg shapes, lines, colours, etc). It can also include things such as camera placement,
editing and juxtaposition and point of view (eg low angle will make someone appear more
imposing). This can also have other impacts such as to change your sympathy towards a
character or raise tension. An image might also involve manipulation of proximity and
placement (eg close-ups or zoom).
Some examples of visual syntax includes: scale dimension motion boldness
arrangement framing motion depth dimension colour light shadow
flow of movement juxtaposition of images perspective
relative size of items within images line shape direction tone scale balance
harmony contrast emphasis manipulation rhythm parody editing cropping
labelling simplification symbolism metaphor layering motion location
seriation space manipulation illumination resemblance visual/text relationship
foreground background
4. 4
The Visual Literacy
White Paper
Semantics refers to the way images relate more broadly to issues in the world to gain
meaning. The word ‘semantic’ has a similar origin to the word ‘sign’. Semantics are often
closely related to Semiotics. Semiotics is the study of signs. In practice, visual semantics
refers to the ways images fit into the cultural process of communication. This includes
the relationship between form and meaning. Semantics might include looking at the way
meaning is created through:
- form and structure
- culturally constructed ideas that shape the interpretation of icons, symbols and
representations
- a social interaction with the images.
Some questions you might ask to develop an understanding of visual semantics include:
- Who created the image?
- At what point of history and in what context was the image created?
- Who commissioned the image?
- For what purpose was the image created?
- In what context is the image being seen?
- Who is the intended audience of the image?
- In what form)s) of media will the image be seen?
- What has been omitted, altered or included in an image?
- What does the image say about our history?
- What does the image communicate about our individual or national identity?
- What does the image say about society?
- What does the image say about an event?
- What aspects of culture is an image communicating?
While syntax and semantics can be studied individually, it is important that they are also
looked at as they are combined within an image. Any form of literacy, but especially visual
literacy, is not about simply learning a set of fixed skills or grammars. Literacy is a social
practice. It is about the use of literacy and the beliefs, values and purposes for why you might
want to read something or communicate. As with written and spoken literacy, visual literacy
also differs depending on context and purpose. For example, a family photograph taken as a
‘snap’ to capture a happy family gathering is less likely to be as formally composed than the
photograph taken of the school prefects. In this way, literacy changes according to its use.
Similarly, visual literacy, changes depending on who is using it and why, for example the
images used to communicate between adolescents (such as in rock or ‘street’ magazines) are
likely to be different from those used to communicate between adults and children, such as
the images in a history text book. The use of images also differs according to gender, ethnicity
and age. It is important to remember that while the grammars of visual literacy may hold
true across a number of media, each form of media (eg film, video, magazines, interactive
media and so on) all have their distinct characteristics, skills and literacies.
Why teach visual literacy?
Visual literacy is a gradual process of gaining greater sophistication of perception, conception
and visual and linguistic vocabulary. Students need to be able to make critical selection
between the necessary and the unnecessary and “distinguish superficial, glamorous and
pseudo-sophisticated messages from the real and valuable ones” (Ausburn & Ausburn, 1978: 288).
5. 5
The Visual Literacy
White Paper
To some extent visual literacy skills develop automatically with little input required from
teachers. Yet the automatic learning to read visuals tends to be only the lower order thinking
skills. Ausburn (1978: 288) cautions that “the superficiality of pupils’ comprehension of
much of what they view, suggests that the higher order visual literacy skills do not develop
unless they are identified and ‘‘taught”.” Messaris (1995) argues that understanding the
implications of images makes a viewer more resistant to the manipulative uses of images in
advertisements and other contexts.
Images can be very powerful in our national and individual consciousness. Visual literacy
involves problem solving and critical thinking and these can be applied to all areas of
learning. Visual education provides a foundation for understanding and evaluating aesthetic
intention and artistic skills. It also makes students more resistant to manipulation by visual
means.
The teaching implications of visual literacy include the need to:
- develop critical thinking skills in relation to visual images;
- enhance verbal and written literacy skills and vocabulary to be able to talk and write about
images;
- introduce image production, manipulation techniques and software to children at an early
stage;
- integrate visual literacy across all curriculum areas;
- ensure there is a balance between visual and textual literacies in the classroom;
- be aware of visual literacy principles in the design of teaching and learning objects;
- pose questions to students about images;
- encourage students to look at underlying assumptions that are embedded in the images
surrounding young people.
- encourage students to critically investigate images and to analyse and evaluate the values
inherently contained in images.
Strategies to promote visual literacy
Visual literacy includes critical knowledge. This is best developed through exposure to
interesting and varied images and through thoughtful and thought-provoking questioning
and discussion. Critical knowledge includes discussing the ways images have been used
throughout history, awareness of intentionality, of how an image, object or event has
been put together to offer a particular kind of experience or to set up a certain kind of
spectator. This should be done in a creative and innovative way so imagination is interwoven
through the idea of being ‘critical’ and reasoned responses are combined with affective and
imaginative responses. The aim is to create students who have a sense of aesthetic openness,
but are also critically aware of the capacity of images to manipulate.
It is important that children are given the opportunity to experiment with graphic software.
Exposure to graphics packages such as Adobe PhotoShop or Adobe Photoshop Elements
broadens the scope for visual expression, allows discovery and is an ideal means for exploring
individual visual thought processes. In addition, familiarity with graphics software packages
provides students with enhanced visual presentation skills and develops expanded modes
of communication. It is important to remember that technical skills develop through use.
The teacher should provide creative experiences to allow exploration of the technology,
but it is NOT important that the teachers be themselves technical ‘whizzes’. While minimal
understanding of graphics applications is useful, teachers should focus on encouraging
critical and creative thinking skills to be solved through exploration of graphics software.
6. 6
The Visual Literacy
White Paper
Simple everyday things can be used to introduce visual literacy such as washing instructions
on clothes labels, health of nutritional symbols on food, images on cereal packets, book
covers (it is especially good if you can compare the book designs for the same book from
around the world), WWW ‘splash’ pages, CD covers, pamphlets, computer games, video
covers, films, comics, animations and DVDs
Some fun activities for introducing visual literacy could include:
- Videoing children pulling faces and interpreting the emotions being displayed.
- Looking at greeting cards and analyse the images, text types and relationship of text to
images on and the ‘feel’ created.
- Looking at packaging in the supermarket. Talk about what is real and what is manipulated
or created. Look for visual symbols on the packet. Look at Logos and text types used.
- Creating an image resource about a passion the children might have eg a PowerPoint using
only images about dinosaurs, netball and so on.
- Creating visual dictionaries. For each letter choose stereotypical images and unusual
(non-stereotypical) images. Find images in magazines, newspapers, brochures or online.
Encourage children to gather the non-stereotypical images using digital photography.
- Taking digital photographs of the children and using Adobe PhotoShop or Adobe
Photoshop Elements to manipulate and change their images.
The following table may be useful when talking about images:
Issues What issues are being shown in the image?
How is the way the issue is shown in the image similar to or different
from how you see this issue in the world?
What might this image mean to someone who sees it?
What is the message of the image
Information Where has the information in the image come from?
What information has been included and what information has been left out?
What proportion of the image could be inaccurate?
What information presented is factual/manipulated/framed?
What is the relationship between the image and any text?
What impact does the size of images within the picture have?
Who What people are depicted in the image (even if there are now actual
people
in the image, whose culture or experiences are being shown?
Who created the image and for what purpose
Who is the intended audience for the image?
Whose point of view does the image take?
Persuasion Why has a certain media been chosen?
Why was a particular image chosen?
Why was the image arranged that way?
Is the information contained in the image factual?
What devices have been used to get the message across to the viewer?
How has the message been affected by what has been left out or is not
shown?
7. 7
The Visual Literacy
White Paper
Visual literacy and technology
Technology is increasingly at the centre of active learning and critical curriculum. Computers
require different pathways to learning. Computers are sensory media for learning and can
influence people by providing vicarious, first-hand experiences; by prompting insights into
cause-effect relationships; and by allowing for cognitive and behavioural changes. One of the
major changes as the result of technology is the development of new ways of communicating.
Human communication has always been made up of multiple codes, but as the information
we need to communicate becomes more complex, diverse, deep and extensive, humans
are exploring simpler ways to communicate that can make connections between
increasingly complex forms. To address this need, the communicative environment is
becoming dominated by images. Images play a major role in understanding the world. The
“information age” has led to the need to process volumes of data quickly and efficiently and
the adage of “a picture being worth a thousand words” is revealed in the way images are
utilised in interactive media. From the moment we turn on a TV, computer or DVD, we are in
the world of imagery.
Software such as Adobe’s image production suite including Photoshop, Photoshop Elements,
Premiere makes the production and distribution of images incredibly easy. What the printing
press did for written communication, Adobe graphic software has done for the visual. It is
now cheap and easy to create full colour and moving visuals in a few seconds. The creation
of images that were previously only the domain of professional artists and filmmakers are
now available to anyone. Visuals, including animation, film and 3D virtual reality enable
intelligent and interactive communication through all the senses. John Sculley, the former
CEO of Apple Computers estimates that 98% of all the words and pictures created in
the world today have been in some way computer mediated (Lester 1995:418). The IBM
executive, Lucie Fjeldstead, when speaking in 1991 for the Getty Institute for Education
spoke of the importance of making children more visually literate in the wake of the rapid
expansion in technology, “We urge you to think critically about the meanings of what you are
seeing, hearing, sensing and experiencing.”
Literacy will be about being able to imagine and model possible actions that might be taken
into future world. These models will be communicated visually and sensually. Gozzi (1999)
suggests that the real world has just become too dull by comparison to an imaginable world.
Pivotal to communication on technology is the way images can be manipulated. The idea
that ‘seeing is believing’ is now a naïve concept. Manipulated images serve to re-code culture.
This virtual world becomes the new symbol system for the way in which we perceive the
reality of images we are presented with. As Freedman (1998: 183) suggests, “We are now in
the sixth wave (of communication), one of expansion to include all visual culture, which is
grounded in global, socio-cultural concerns and what it means to live in increasingly image-
based, technological environments”. Interactive mediums rely heavily upon visual imagery,
movement, drama and sound to communicate.
Assumptions What attitudes are assumed?
Whose voice is heard?
Whose voice is not heard?
What experiences or points of view are assumed?