The start of the European Colonization is typically dated to 1492, although there was at least one
earlier colonization effort. The first known Europeans to reach the Americas are believed to have
been the Vikings (\"Norse\") during the eleventh century, who established several colonies in
Greenland and one short-lived settlement at L\'Anse aux Meadows in the area the Norse called
Vinland, present day Newfoundland. Settlements in Greenland survived for several centuries,
during which time the Greenland Norse and theInuit people experienced mostly hostile contact.
By the end of the fifteenth century, the Norse Greenland settlements had collapsed. In 1492, a
Spanish expedition headed by Christopher Columbus reached the Americas, after which
European exploration and colonization rapidly expanded, first through much of the Caribbean
region (including the islands of Hispaniola,Puerto Rico, and Cuba) and, early in the sixteenth
century, parts of the mainlands of North and South America.
Eventually, the entire Western Hemisphere would come under the domination of European
nations, leading to profound changes to its landscape, population, and plant and animal life. In
the nineteenth century alone over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas. The post-1492
era is known as the period of the Columbian Exchange. The potato, the pineapple, theturkey,
dahlias, sunflowers, magnolias, maize, chilies, and chocolate went East across theAtlantic
Ocean. Smallpox and measles but also the horse and the gun traveled West.
The flow of benefit appears to have been one-sided, with Europe gaining more. However, the
colonization and exploration of the Americas also transformed the world, eventually adding 31
newnation-states to the global community. On the one hand, the cultural and religious arrogance
that led settlers to deny anything of value in pre-Columbian America was destructive, even
genocidal. On the other hand, many of those who settled in the New World were also social and
political visionaries, who found opportunities there, on what for them was a tabula rasa, to aim at
achieving their highest ideals of justice, equality, and freedom. Some of the world\'s most stable
democraciesexist as a result of this transformative process.
The first conquests were made by the Spanish and the Portuguese. In the 1494 Treaty of
Tordesillas, ratified by the Pope, these two kingdoms divided the entire non-European world
between themselves, with a line drawn through South America. Based on this Treaty, and the
claims by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa to all lands touching the Pacific Ocean, the
Spanish rapidly conquered territory, overthrowing the Aztec and Inca Empires to gain control of
much of western South America, Central America, and Mexico by the mid-sixteenth century, in
addition to its earlier Caribbean conquests. Over this same time frame, Portugalconquered much
of eastern South America, naming it Brazil.
Early conquests, claims, and colonies
Other Eur.
THE AMERICAN YAWPMenuSkip to contentHomeAboutBarbara Jordan – On the.docxarnoldmeredith47041
THE AMERICAN YAWPMenuSkip to contentHomeAboutBarbara Jordan – On the Impeachment of Richard Nixon (1974)Brookes printCasta paintingContributorsHow the Other Half Lived: Photographs of Jacob RiisIntroductionNote on Recommended ReadingsPressSample Feedback (@AmericanYawp)Teaching MaterialsUpdates2. Colliding Cultures
Theodor de Bry, “Negotiating Peace With the Indians,” 1634, Virginia Historical Society.
*The American Yawp is an evolving, collaborative text. Please click here to improve this chapter.*I. IntroductionII. Spanish AmericaIII. Spain’s Rivals EmergeIV. English ColonizationV. JamestownVI. New EnglandVII. ConclusionVIII. Primary SourcesIX. Reference MaterialsI. Introduction
The Columbian Exchange transformed both sides of the Atlantic, but with dramatically disparate outcomes. New diseases wiped out entire civilizations in the Americas, while newly imported nutrient-rich foodstuffs enabled a European population boom. Spain benefited most immediately as the wealth of the Aztec and Incan Empires strengthened the Spanish monarchy. Spain used its new riches to gain an advantage over other European nations, but this advantage was soon contested.
Portugal, France, the Netherlands, and England all raced to the New World, eager to match the gains of the Spanish. Native peoples greeted the new visitors with responses ranging from welcoming cooperation to aggressive violence, but the ravages of disease and the possibility of new trading relationships enabled Europeans to create settlements all along the western rim of the Atlantic world. New empires would emerge from these tenuous beginnings, and by the end of the seventeenth century, Spain would lose its privileged position to its rivals. An age of colonization had begun and, with it, a great collision of cultures commenced.II. Spanish America
Spain extended its reach in the Americas after reaping the benefits of its colonies in Mexico, the Caribbean, and South America. Expeditions slowly began combing the continent and bringing Europeans into the modern-day United States in the hopes of establishing religious and economic dominance in a new territory.
Juan Ponce de León arrived in the area named La Florida in 1513. He found between 150,000 and 300,000 Native Americans. But then two and a half centuries of contact with European and African peoples—whether through war, slave raids, or, most dramatically, foreign disease—decimated Florida’s indigenous population. European explorers, meanwhile, had hoped to find great wealth in Florida, but reality never aligned with their imaginations.
1513 Atlantic map from cartographer Martin Waldseemuller. Wikimedia.
In the first half of the sixteenth century, Spanish colonizers fought frequently with Florida’s Native peoples as well as with other Europeans. In the 1560s Spain expelled French Protestants, called Huguenots, from the area near modern-day Jacksonville in northeast Florida. In 1586 English privateer Sir Francis Drake burned the wooden settlement o.
THE AMERICAN YAWPMenuSkip to contentHomeAboutBarbara Jordan – On the.docxarnoldmeredith47041
THE AMERICAN YAWPMenuSkip to contentHomeAboutBarbara Jordan – On the Impeachment of Richard Nixon (1974)Brookes printCasta paintingContributorsHow the Other Half Lived: Photographs of Jacob RiisIntroductionNote on Recommended ReadingsPressSample Feedback (@AmericanYawp)Teaching MaterialsUpdates2. Colliding Cultures
Theodor de Bry, “Negotiating Peace With the Indians,” 1634, Virginia Historical Society.
*The American Yawp is an evolving, collaborative text. Please click here to improve this chapter.*I. IntroductionII. Spanish AmericaIII. Spain’s Rivals EmergeIV. English ColonizationV. JamestownVI. New EnglandVII. ConclusionVIII. Primary SourcesIX. Reference MaterialsI. Introduction
The Columbian Exchange transformed both sides of the Atlantic, but with dramatically disparate outcomes. New diseases wiped out entire civilizations in the Americas, while newly imported nutrient-rich foodstuffs enabled a European population boom. Spain benefited most immediately as the wealth of the Aztec and Incan Empires strengthened the Spanish monarchy. Spain used its new riches to gain an advantage over other European nations, but this advantage was soon contested.
Portugal, France, the Netherlands, and England all raced to the New World, eager to match the gains of the Spanish. Native peoples greeted the new visitors with responses ranging from welcoming cooperation to aggressive violence, but the ravages of disease and the possibility of new trading relationships enabled Europeans to create settlements all along the western rim of the Atlantic world. New empires would emerge from these tenuous beginnings, and by the end of the seventeenth century, Spain would lose its privileged position to its rivals. An age of colonization had begun and, with it, a great collision of cultures commenced.II. Spanish America
Spain extended its reach in the Americas after reaping the benefits of its colonies in Mexico, the Caribbean, and South America. Expeditions slowly began combing the continent and bringing Europeans into the modern-day United States in the hopes of establishing religious and economic dominance in a new territory.
Juan Ponce de León arrived in the area named La Florida in 1513. He found between 150,000 and 300,000 Native Americans. But then two and a half centuries of contact with European and African peoples—whether through war, slave raids, or, most dramatically, foreign disease—decimated Florida’s indigenous population. European explorers, meanwhile, had hoped to find great wealth in Florida, but reality never aligned with their imaginations.
1513 Atlantic map from cartographer Martin Waldseemuller. Wikimedia.
In the first half of the sixteenth century, Spanish colonizers fought frequently with Florida’s Native peoples as well as with other Europeans. In the 1560s Spain expelled French Protestants, called Huguenots, from the area near modern-day Jacksonville in northeast Florida. In 1586 English privateer Sir Francis Drake burned the wooden settlement o.
The Periodic table of elements are classified through color dependi.pdfAPMRETAIL
The Periodic table of elements are classified through color depending on whether they are
metals or non – metals,
which is determined through their physical characteristics and chemical properties.
Physically, metals in general are usually solid when in room temperature.
They are known to have high density and luster, which means they are quite heavy in nature and
interact well with light
They are very malleable, means which makes them capable of being hammered into sheets or
other shapes,
and are also ductile, which makes them able of being expanded.
Solution
The Periodic table of elements are classified through color depending on whether they are
metals or non – metals,
which is determined through their physical characteristics and chemical properties.
Physically, metals in general are usually solid when in room temperature.
They are known to have high density and luster, which means they are quite heavy in nature and
interact well with light
They are very malleable, means which makes them capable of being hammered into sheets or
other shapes,
and are also ductile, which makes them able of being expanded.
.
The Periodic table of elements are classified through color dependi.pdfAPMRETAIL
The Periodic table of elements are classified through color depending on whether they are
metals or non – metals,
which is determined through their physical characteristics and chemical properties.
Physically, metals in general are usually solid when in room temperature.
They are known to have high density and luster, which means they are quite heavy in nature and
interact well with light
They are very malleable, means which makes them capable of being hammered into sheets or
other shapes,
and are also ductile, which makes them able of being expanded.
Solution
The Periodic table of elements are classified through color depending on whether they are
metals or non – metals,
which is determined through their physical characteristics and chemical properties.
Physically, metals in general are usually solid when in room temperature.
They are known to have high density and luster, which means they are quite heavy in nature and
interact well with light
They are very malleable, means which makes them capable of being hammered into sheets or
other shapes,
and are also ductile, which makes them able of being expanded.
.
HI(g) has the highest molar entropy as it has h.pdfAPMRETAIL
HI(g) has the highest molar entropy as it has highest molar mass and is gas.
Solution
HI(g) has the highest molar entropy as it has highest molar mass and is gas..
Using, M1V1 = M2V2 10.0 x 0.1106 = M2 x 13.64 M.pdfAPMRETAIL
Using, M1V1 = M2V2 10.0 x 0.1106 = M2 x 13.64 M2 = Molarity of NaOH =
0.081 M
Solution
Using, M1V1 = M2V2 10.0 x 0.1106 = M2 x 13.64 M2 = Molarity of NaOH =
0.081 M.
The institutions which act as mediator between savers and boorrowers.pdfAPMRETAIL
The institutions which act as mediator between savers and boorrowers are known as financial
intermediateries.
The answer is d.
financial intermediaries
Solution
The institutions which act as mediator between savers and boorrowers are known as financial
intermediateries.
The answer is d.
financial intermediaries.
Solution Mitochondria is known as power house of the cell.It prod.pdfAPMRETAIL
Solution
:
Mitochondria is known as power house of the cell.It produces energy needed for different
cellular function in the body.Energy is generated in the form of ATP(Adenosine
triphosphate).Mitochondria provide all needed energy which is enough to produce our body
weight in ATP everyday.If we are more active,requirement of ATP increased.Organs like brain
and heart can not perform their function without ATP..
Sewage before being disposed of either in river stream or on land, h.pdfAPMRETAIL
Sewage before being disposed of either in river stream or on land, has generally to be treated, so
as to make it safe.
The degree of treatment required, however, depends upon the characteristics of the source of
disposal.
Sewage can be treated in different ways. treatment process are often classified as:
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) tertiary treatment
1) PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
It consists in solely in separating the floating materials (like dead animals, tree branches, papers,
pieces of rags, wood, etc) and also heavy settleable inorganic solids. it also helps in removing the
oil and greases etc. from the sewage.
Grit chamber or detritus tank for removing grit and sand; and skimming tanks for removing oils
and greases.
2) PRIMARY TREATMENT
Primary treatment consists in removing large suspended organic solids. this is usually
accomplished by sedimentation in settling basins.
sometimes, the preliminary as well as primary treatments are classified together under primary
treatment
the organic solids, which are seperated out in the sedimentation tanks are often stabilised by
anaerobic decomposition in a digestion tank or are incenerated. the residue for landfills or soil
conditioners
3) SECONDARY TREATMENT
Secondary treatment involves further treatment of effluents, coming from the primary
sedimentation tank. this is generally accomplished through biological decomposition of organic
matter, which can be carried out either under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. in these biological
units, bacteria will decompose the fine organic matter to produce a clearer effluent.
The treatment reactors, in which the organic matter is decomposed by aerobic bacteria are known
as aerobic biological units; and may consists of:
(i) Filters : intermittent sand filters as well as trickling filters
(ii) Aeration tank: with the feed of recycled activated sludge ( i.e. the sludge which is settled in
secondary sedimentation tank, receiving effluents from the aeration tank)
(iii) Oxidation ponds and aerated lagoons
The treatment reactors, in which the organic matter is destroyed and stabilized by anaerobic
bacteria, are known as anaerobic biological units and may consists of anaerobic lagoons, septic
tanks, imhoff tanks, etc. out of these units only anaerobic lagoons make use of primary settled
sewage and hence, they only can be classified under biological units. septic tanks andimhoff
tanks using raw sewage are therefore not classified as secondary units.
The organic solids separated out in the primary as well as in secondary settling tanks will be
disposed of by stabilizing them under anaerobic process in a sludge digestion tank.
4) FINAL or ADVANCED TREATMENT
This treatment is called as tertiary treatment. consists of removing the organic load left after the
secondary treatment and particularly to kill the pathogenic bacteria. this treatment, which is
normally carried out by chlorination, especially when treated sewage is to be di.
Relational database was proposed by Edgar Codd (of IBM Research) aro.pdfAPMRETAIL
Relational database was proposed by Edgar Codd (of IBM Research) around 1969. It has since
become the dominant database model for commercial applications (in comparison with other
database models such as hierarchical, network and object models). Today, there are many
commercial Relational Database Management System (RDBMS), such as Oracle, IBM DB2 and
Microsoft SQL Server. There are also many free and open-source RDBMS, such as MySQL,
mSQL (mini-SQL) and the embedded JavaDB (Apache Derby).
A relational database organizes data in tables (or relations). A table is made up of rows and
columns. A row is also called a record (or tuple). A column is also called a field (or attribute). A
database table is similar to a spreadsheet. However, the relationships that can be created among
the tables enable a relational database to efficiently store huge amount of data, and effectively
retrieve selected data.
A language called SQL (Structured Query Language) was developed to work with relational
databases.
Database Design Objective
A well-designed database shall:
Relational Database Design Process
Database design is more art than science, as you have to make many decisions. Databases are
usually customized to suit a particular application. No two customized applications are alike, and
hence, no two database are alike. Guidelines (usually in terms of what not to do instead of what
to do) are provided in making these design decision, but the choices ultimately rest on the you -
the designer.
Step 1: Define the Purpose of the Database (Requirement Analysis)
Gather the requirements and define the objective of your database, e.g. ...
Drafting out the sample input forms, queries and reports, often helps.
Step 2: Gather Data, Organize in tables and Specify the Primary Keys
Once you have decided on the purpose of the database, gather the data that are needed to be
stored in the database. Divide the data into subject-based tables.
Choose one column (or a few columns) as the so-called primary key, which uniquely identify the
each of the rows.
Primary Key
In the relational model, a table cannot contain duplicate rows, because that would create
ambiguities in retrieval. To ensure uniqueness, each table should have a column (or a set of
columns), called primary key, that uniquely identifies every records of the table. For example, an
unique number customerID can be used as the primary key for the Customers table; productCode
for Products table; isbn forBooks table. A primary key is called a simple key if it is a single
column; it is called a composite key if it is made up of several columns.
Most RDBMSs build an index on the primary key to facilitate fast search and retrieval.
The primary key is also used to reference other tables (to be elaborated later).
You have to decide which column(s) is to be used for primary key. The decision may not be
straight forward but the primary key shall have these properties:
Consider the followings in choose the primary key:
Let\'s il.
Option “D” is not true about the net neutrality.Favouring of net n.pdfAPMRETAIL
Option “D” is not true about the net neutrality.
Favouring of net neutrality argue that without new regulations, Internet service providers would
be able to favour their own private protocols over others
ISPS are able to encourage the use of specific services by utilising private networks to
discriminate what data is counted against bandwidth caps.
Solution
Option “D” is not true about the net neutrality.
Favouring of net neutrality argue that without new regulations, Internet service providers would
be able to favour their own private protocols over others
ISPS are able to encourage the use of specific services by utilising private networks to
discriminate what data is counted against bandwidth caps..
CO2 because the heaviest would have the most attr.pdfAPMRETAIL
CO2 because the heaviest would have the most attraction ,although the deviation is
little since all have london dispersion forces between then CH4 is larger but nonpolar, hence
there will be little intermolecluar attraction. N2 is a smaller molecule,hence doesnt have much
attraction
Solution
CO2 because the heaviest would have the most attraction ,although the deviation is
little since all have london dispersion forces between then CH4 is larger but nonpolar, hence
there will be little intermolecluar attraction. N2 is a smaller molecule,hence doesnt have much
attraction.
I hereby explain the SDU (service data unit )and PDU ( protocol data.pdfAPMRETAIL
I hereby explain the SDU (service data unit )and PDU ( protocol data unit) in the view of
transmitter.
Let us understnad the PDUs at different layers
Application layer - PDU is data
Presentation layer - PDU is data
Session layer - PDU is data
Transport layer - PDU segment
Network layer - PDU packet
Data link layer PDU frames
Physical layer PDU bits.
while transmission application, presentation and session layer data is incapsulated and forwarded
to Transport layer. At transport , TCP segments are created as layer 4 PDUs. When passed to IP,
they are treated as layer 3 SDUs. The IP software packages these SDUs into messages called IP
packets or IP datagrams, which are layer 3 PDUs. These are in turn passed down to a layer 2
protocol, say Ethernet, which treats IP datagrams as layer 2 SDUs, and packages them into layer
2 PDUs (Ethernet frames) which are sent on layer 1 .
On the receiving device, the process of encapsulation is reversed. The Ethernet software inspects
the layer 2 PDU (Ethernet frame) and removes from it the layer 2 SDU (IP datagram) which it
passes up to IP as a layer 3 PDU. The IP layer removes the layer 3 SDU (TCP segment) and
passes it to TCP as a layer 4 PDU.
Consclusion is the PDU from upper layer added and encapsulated at sender end and removes and
decapsulated at receiving end.
This is the way communication happens.
Hope it makes sense.
ThanksName used on OSIName Used in TCP/IP NetworksLayer 1 - PhysicalLayer 1 - Network
Access/InterfaceLayer 2 - Data linkLayer 2 - NetworkLayer 3 - NetworkLayer 3- TransportLayer
4 - TransportLayer 4 - ApplicationLayer 5 - sessionThere are only four layers defined in TCP/IP
model
Solution
I hereby explain the SDU (service data unit )and PDU ( protocol data unit) in the view of
transmitter.
Let us understnad the PDUs at different layers
Application layer - PDU is data
Presentation layer - PDU is data
Session layer - PDU is data
Transport layer - PDU segment
Network layer - PDU packet
Data link layer PDU frames
Physical layer PDU bits.
while transmission application, presentation and session layer data is incapsulated and forwarded
to Transport layer. At transport , TCP segments are created as layer 4 PDUs. When passed to IP,
they are treated as layer 3 SDUs. The IP software packages these SDUs into messages called IP
packets or IP datagrams, which are layer 3 PDUs. These are in turn passed down to a layer 2
protocol, say Ethernet, which treats IP datagrams as layer 2 SDUs, and packages them into layer
2 PDUs (Ethernet frames) which are sent on layer 1 .
On the receiving device, the process of encapsulation is reversed. The Ethernet software inspects
the layer 2 PDU (Ethernet frame) and removes from it the layer 2 SDU (IP datagram) which it
passes up to IP as a layer 3 PDU. The IP layer removes the layer 3 SDU (TCP segment) and
passes it to TCP as a layer 4 PDU.
Consclusion is the PDU from upper layer added and encapsulated at sender end and removes and
decapsulated at receiving end.
This is .
Hop1 = 13, p2 = 13, and p3 = 13Ha at least one p is not equal.pdfAPMRETAIL
Ho:p1 = 1/3, p2 = 1/3, and p3 = 1/3
Ha: at least one p is not equal to 1/3
observedexpectedO - E(O - E)
Solution
Ho:p1 = 1/3, p2 = 1/3, and p3 = 1/3
Ha: at least one p is not equal to 1/3
observedexpectedO - E(O - E).
Hi Please find my code####### RainFall.java ###################.pdfAPMRETAIL
Hi Please find my code:
####### RainFall.java ###################
public class RainFall {
private double[] monthlyRainFallArr;
public RainFall(double[] rainFallArr) {
monthlyRainFallArr = new double[12]; // creating an array to store monthly rainfall
for(int i=0; i<12; i++)
monthlyRainFallArr[i] = rainFallArr[i];
}
public double getTotalRainFallForYear(){
double total = 0;
for(int i=0; i<12; i++)
total += monthlyRainFallArr[i];
return total;
}
// function to get average monthly rail fall
public double getAverageMonthlyRainFall(){
double totalYear = getTotalRainFallForYear();
return totalYear/12;
}
// function to get month number with least rail fall
public int getMonthWithLeastRainFall(){
int min_index = 0;
for(int i=1; i<12; i++){
if(monthlyRainFallArr[i] < monthlyRainFallArr[min_index]){
min_index = i;
}
}
return (min_index+1);
}
// function to get month number with most rail fall
public int getMonthWithMostRainFall(){
int max_index = 0;
for(int i=1; i<12; i++){
if(monthlyRainFallArr[i] > monthlyRainFallArr[max_index]){
max_index = i;
}
}
return (max_index+1);
}
}
############## RainFallTest.java ##################
import java.util.Scanner;
public class RainFallTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
double rainFallArr[] = new double[12];
System.out.println(\"Enter rain fall data for 12 month: \");
for(int i=0; i<12; i++){
System.out.print(\"Rail Fall data for \"+(i+1)+\" month: \");
rainFallArr[i] = sc.nextDouble();
}
RainFall rainfall = new RainFall(rainFallArr);
System.out.println(\"Total rain fall for year: \"+rainfall.getTotalRainFallForYear());
System.out.println(\"Average monthly rain fall: \"+rainfall.getAverageMonthlyRainFall());
System.out.println(\"Month Number with least rainfall:
\"+rainfall.getMonthWithLeastRainFall());
System.out.println(\"Month Number with most rainfall:
\"+rainfall.getMonthWithMostRainFall());
}
}
/*
Sample Output:
Enter rain fall data for 12 month:
Rail Fall data for 1 month: 45.43
Rail Fall data for 2 month: 48.76
Rail Fall data for 3 month: 46.56
Rail Fall data for 4 month: 47.23
Rail Fall data for 5 month: 44.32
Rail Fall data for 6 month: 43.23
Rail Fall data for 7 month: 58.76
Rail Fall data for 8 month: 55.65
Rail Fall data for 9 month: 50.76
Rail Fall data for 10 month: 49.12
Rail Fall data for 11 month: 37.45
Rail Fall data for 12 month: 38.00
Total rain fall for year: 565.27
Average monthly rain fall: 47.10583333333333
Month Number with least rainfall: 11
Month Number with most rainfall: 7
*/
Solution
Hi Please find my code:
####### RainFall.java ###################
public class RainFall {
private double[] monthlyRainFallArr;
public RainFall(double[] rainFallArr) {
monthlyRainFallArr = new double[12]; // creating an array to store monthly rainfall
for(int i=0; i<12; i++)
monthlyRainFallArr[i] = rainFallArr[i];
}
public double getTotalRainFallForYear(){
double total = 0;
for(int i=0; i<12; i++)
total += monthlyRainFallArr[i];
return total;
}
// function .
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve Thomason
The start of the European Colonization is typically dated to 1492, a.pdf
1. The start of the European Colonization is typically dated to 1492, although there was at least one
earlier colonization effort. The first known Europeans to reach the Americas are believed to have
been the Vikings ("Norse") during the eleventh century, who established several colonies in
Greenland and one short-lived settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows in the area the Norse called
Vinland, present day Newfoundland. Settlements in Greenland survived for several centuries,
during which time the Greenland Norse and theInuit people experienced mostly hostile contact.
By the end of the fifteenth century, the Norse Greenland settlements had collapsed. In 1492, a
Spanish expedition headed by Christopher Columbus reached the Americas, after which
European exploration and colonization rapidly expanded, first through much of the Caribbean
region (including the islands of Hispaniola,Puerto Rico, and Cuba) and, early in the sixteenth
century, parts of the mainlands of North and South America.
Eventually, the entire Western Hemisphere would come under the domination of European
nations, leading to profound changes to its landscape, population, and plant and animal life. In
the nineteenth century alone over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas. The post-1492
era is known as the period of the Columbian Exchange. The potato, the pineapple, theturkey,
dahlias, sunflowers, magnolias, maize, chilies, and chocolate went East across theAtlantic
Ocean. Smallpox and measles but also the horse and the gun traveled West.
The flow of benefit appears to have been one-sided, with Europe gaining more. However, the
colonization and exploration of the Americas also transformed the world, eventually adding 31
newnation-states to the global community. On the one hand, the cultural and religious arrogance
that led settlers to deny anything of value in pre-Columbian America was destructive, even
genocidal. On the other hand, many of those who settled in the New World were also social and
political visionaries, who found opportunities there, on what for them was a tabula rasa, to aim at
achieving their highest ideals of justice, equality, and freedom. Some of the world's most stable
democraciesexist as a result of this transformative process.
The first conquests were made by the Spanish and the Portuguese. In the 1494 Treaty of
Tordesillas, ratified by the Pope, these two kingdoms divided the entire non-European world
between themselves, with a line drawn through South America. Based on this Treaty, and the
claims by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa to all lands touching the Pacific Ocean, the
Spanish rapidly conquered territory, overthrowing the Aztec and Inca Empires to gain control of
much of western South America, Central America, and Mexico by the mid-sixteenth century, in
addition to its earlier Caribbean conquests. Over this same time frame, Portugalconquered much
of eastern South America, naming it Brazil.
Early conquests, claims, and colonies
Other European nations soon disputed the terms of the Treaty of Tordesillas, which they had not
2. negotiated. England and France attempted to plant colonies in the Americas in the sixteenth
century, but these met with failure. However, in the following century, the two kingdoms, along
with the Netherlands, succeeded in establishing permanent colonies. Some of these were on
Caribbean islands, which had often already been conquered by the Spanish or depopulated by
disease, while others were in eastern North America, which had not been colonized by Spain
north of Florida.
Economic immigrants
Many immigrants to the American colonies came for economic reasons.[14] Inspired by the
Spanish riches from colonies founded upon the conquest of the Aztecs, Incas, and other large
Native American populations in the sixteenth century, the first Englishmen to settle in America
hoped for some of the same rich discoveries when they first established a settlement in
Jamestown, Virginia. They were sponsored by common stock companies such as the chartered
Virginia Company (and its offshoot, the Somers Isles Company) financed by wealthy
Englishmen who understood the economic potential of this new land. The main purpose of this
colony was the hope of findinggold or the possibility (or impossibility) of finding a passage
through the Americas to the Indies. It took strong leaders, like John Smith, to convince the
colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold was not taking care of their immediate needs for
food and shelter and that "he who shall not work shall not eat" (A direction based on text from
the New Testament). The extremely high mortality rate was quite distressing and cause for
despair among the colonists. Tobacco quickly became a cash crop for export and the sustaining
economic driver of Virginia and nearby colonies like Maryland.
From the beginning of Virginia's settlements in 1587 until the 1680s, the main source of labor
and a large portion of the immigrants were indentured servants looking for new life in the
overseas colonies. During the seventeenth century, indentured servants constituted three-quarters
of all European immigrants to the Chesapeake region. Most of the indentured servants were
English farmers who had been pushed off their lands due to the expansion of livestock raising,
the enclosure of land, and overcrowding in the countryside. This unfortunate turn of events
served as a push for thousands of people (mostly single men) away from their situation in
England. There was hope, however, as American landowners were in need of laborers and were
willing to pay for a laborer’s passage to America if they served them for several years. By selling
passage for five to seven years worth of work they could hope to start out on their own in
America.
In the French colonial regions, the focus of economy was the fur trade with the Amerindians.
Farming was set up primarily to provide subsistence only, although cod and other fish of the
Grand Banks were a major export and source of income for the French and many other European
nations. The fur trade was also practiced by the Russians on the northwest coast of North
3. America. After the French and Indian War, the British were ceded all French possessions in
North America east of the Mississippi River, aside from the tiny islands ofSaint-Pierre and
Miquelon.
Economic immigrants
Many immigrants to the American colonies came for economic reasons.[14] Inspired by the
Spanish riches from colonies founded upon the conquest of the Aztecs, Incas, and other large
Native American populations in the sixteenth century, the first Englishmen to settle in America
hoped for some of the same rich discoveries when they first established a settlement in
Jamestown, Virginia. They were sponsored by common stock companies such as the chartered
Virginia Company (and its offshoot, the Somers Isles Company) financed by wealthy
Englishmen who understood the economic potential of this new land. The main purpose of this
colony was the hope of findinggold or the possibility (or impossibility) of finding a passage
through the Americas to the Indies. It took strong leaders, like John Smith, to convince the
colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold was not taking care of their immediate needs for
food and shelter and that "he who shall not work shall not eat" (A direction based on text from
the New Testament). The extremely high mortality rate was quite distressing and cause for
despair among the colonists. Tobacco quickly became a cash crop for export and the sustaining
economic driver of Virginia and nearby colonies like Maryland.
From the beginning of Virginia's settlements in 1587 until the 1680s, the main source of labor
and a large portion of the immigrants were indentured servants looking for new life in the
overseas colonies. During the seventeenth century, indentured servants constituted three-quarters
of all European immigrants to the Chesapeake region. Most of the indentured servants were
English farmers who had been pushed off their lands due to the expansion of livestock raising,
the enclosure of land, and overcrowding in the countryside. This unfortunate turn of events
served as a push for thousands of people (mostly single men) away from their situation in
England. There was hope, however, as American landowners were in need of laborers and were
willing to pay for a laborer’s passage to America if they served them for several years. By selling
passage for five to seven years worth of work they could hope to start out on their own in
America.
In the French colonial regions, the focus of economy was the fur trade with the Amerindians.
Farming was set up primarily to provide subsistence only, although cod and other fish of the
Grand Banks were a major export and source of income for the French and many other European
nations. The fur trade was also practiced by the Russians on the northwest coast of North
America. After the French and Indian War, the British were ceded all French possessions in
North America east of the Mississippi River, aside from the tiny islands ofSaint-Pierre and
Miquelon.
4. Religious immigration
Roman Catholics were the first major religious group to immigrate to the New World, as settlers
in the colonies of Portugal and Spain (and later, France) were required to belong to that faith.
English and Dutch colonies, on the other hand, tended to be more religiously diverse. Settlers to
these colonies included Anglicans, Dutch Calvinists, English Puritans, English Catholics,
Scottish Presbyterians, French Huguenots, German and Swedish Lutherans, as well as Quakers,
Mennonites, Amish, Moravians, and Jews of various nationalities.
Many groups of colonists came to the Americas searching for the right to practice their religion
without persecution. The Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century broke the unity of
Western European Christendom and led to the formation of numerous new religious sects, which
often faced persecution by governmental authorities. In England, many people came to question
the organization of the Church of England by the end of the sixteenth century. One of the
primary manifestations of this was the Puritan movement, which sought to "purify" the existing
Church of England of its many residual Catholic rites that they believed had no mention in the
Bible.
A strong believer in the notion of the Divine Right of Kings, England's Charles I persecuted
religious dissenters. Waves of repression led to the migration of about 20,000 Puritans to New
England between 1629 and 1642, where they founded multiple colonies. Later in the century, the
new Pennsylvania colony was given to William Penn in settlement of a debt the king owed his
father. Its government was set up by William Penn in about 1682 to become primarily a refuge
for persecuted English Quakers; but others were welcomed. Baptists, Quakers, and German and
Swiss Protestants flocked to Pennsylvania.
The lure of cheap land, religious freedom and the right to improve themselves with their own
hand was very attractive to those who wished to escape from persecution and poverty. In
America, all these groups gradually worked out a way to live together peacefully and
cooperatively in the roughly 150 years preceding the American Revolution.
Many of these settlers had almost utopian visions of constructing a better world. They hoped that
at least some of the mistakes of the Old World could be left behind. For the citizens of what
became the United States, throwing off colonial governance was an opportunity to start again, to
create a society based on human rights, freedom, and justice.
Power becomes the primary factor that led to the exploration and colonization of the New World.
This power exerted itself in social, economic, and political shifts of thought. Nations in Europe
began to recognize that the presence of colonies in the New World enabled it to possess more
power, enabling them to grow and challenge other nations for power. The desire to accumulate
helped to form the primary change in thought that allowed for exploration and colonization of
the New World.
5. The emergence of the European nation state became one of the primary reasons why exploration
and colonization of the New World took place. Nations began to grow as a source of power. For
example, Spain began to recognize that its own power could grow on the continent with the
emergence of colonies. Being able to explore new territories and gain riches from these lands
could translate into substantiation of their own nation. The growth of the Spanish armada, or
navy, enabled Spain to control the seas around Europe. However, it was becoming evident as
England developed its own formidable naval fleet that a new horizon of power was needed.
Politically, nations like Spain, England, and France understood that in order to bolster their own
strength on the continent, there would have to be an influx of capital and resources apart from it.
European nations had emerged on the continent and recognized that the only way to effectively
challenge one another was to generate wealth and accumulate materials from abroad. European
absolutism became the political approach of the day. Nations were not necessarily interested in
coexisting, as much as establishing and growing their own power base which could be parlayed
into challenging other nations' base of power. It was this mode of thought that triggered the
exploration and colonization of the New World. Nations were able to explore and colonize the
New World and generate money, profit, and strength for their own nation.This becomes one of
the dominant themes that explains both the exploration and colonization of the New World and
the exploitation and domination of indigenous people that represents one of its legacies.
From an economic point of view, mercantilism becomes the accepted philosophical approach
that justified the exploration and colonization of the New World. Mercantilism was an economic
point of view that placed colonies at the center of a nation's importance. Mercantilism asserted
that the more precious metals and resources a nation owned, the wider a nation's wealth and
power base could be expanded. Economically, nations that embraced mercantilism felt the need
to increase colonization through exploration of the New World. With its emphasis on
government control of the economy, mercantilism became the economic form of national
absolutism. The political emergence of the nation- state was intellectually fortified by a
mercantilist system that placed the nation- state as the primary broker of economic affairs. The
consolidation of power that was sought in mercantilism made it necessary to explore and
colonize the New World. The natural and human resources found in the New World became
immediately appropriated by European governments in their attempts to increase power. Given
the emphasis on Mercantilist philosophy, nations in Europe recognized that if they did not find
and control colonies in the New World, their competitors would. The need to economically
consolidate control over a nation's affairs helped to justify and expand colonization of the New
World.
From a social standpoint, colonization and exploration were seen as means to increase European
spirituality. For example, Spanish colonization involved the proselytization of indigenous
6. people. A significant portion of Spanish exploration was rooted in this idea. In May 1493, Pope
Alexander VI requested that conversion accompany colonization. As a result, when Columbus
returns to the New World, Benedictine Friars accompany him. In England, a part of the
Separatist movement was the Pilgrims and their desire to find a religious haven helped them
facilitate their entry into the New World. The social force of religion helped play a significant
role in the colonization and exploration of the New World. The social timbre of nations in
Europe was more "other- directed," no longer being content with life within their own sphere of
influence. The desire to seek new horizons and conquer them became a part of the European
social understanding, one that helped to facilitate colonization of the New World.
Solution
The start of the European Colonization is typically dated to 1492, although there was at least one
earlier colonization effort. The first known Europeans to reach the Americas are believed to have
been the Vikings ("Norse") during the eleventh century, who established several colonies in
Greenland and one short-lived settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows in the area the Norse called
Vinland, present day Newfoundland. Settlements in Greenland survived for several centuries,
during which time the Greenland Norse and theInuit people experienced mostly hostile contact.
By the end of the fifteenth century, the Norse Greenland settlements had collapsed. In 1492, a
Spanish expedition headed by Christopher Columbus reached the Americas, after which
European exploration and colonization rapidly expanded, first through much of the Caribbean
region (including the islands of Hispaniola,Puerto Rico, and Cuba) and, early in the sixteenth
century, parts of the mainlands of North and South America.
Eventually, the entire Western Hemisphere would come under the domination of European
nations, leading to profound changes to its landscape, population, and plant and animal life. In
the nineteenth century alone over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas. The post-1492
era is known as the period of the Columbian Exchange. The potato, the pineapple, theturkey,
dahlias, sunflowers, magnolias, maize, chilies, and chocolate went East across theAtlantic
Ocean. Smallpox and measles but also the horse and the gun traveled West.
The flow of benefit appears to have been one-sided, with Europe gaining more. However, the
colonization and exploration of the Americas also transformed the world, eventually adding 31
newnation-states to the global community. On the one hand, the cultural and religious arrogance
that led settlers to deny anything of value in pre-Columbian America was destructive, even
genocidal. On the other hand, many of those who settled in the New World were also social and
political visionaries, who found opportunities there, on what for them was a tabula rasa, to aim at
achieving their highest ideals of justice, equality, and freedom. Some of the world's most stable
7. democraciesexist as a result of this transformative process.
The first conquests were made by the Spanish and the Portuguese. In the 1494 Treaty of
Tordesillas, ratified by the Pope, these two kingdoms divided the entire non-European world
between themselves, with a line drawn through South America. Based on this Treaty, and the
claims by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa to all lands touching the Pacific Ocean, the
Spanish rapidly conquered territory, overthrowing the Aztec and Inca Empires to gain control of
much of western South America, Central America, and Mexico by the mid-sixteenth century, in
addition to its earlier Caribbean conquests. Over this same time frame, Portugalconquered much
of eastern South America, naming it Brazil.
Early conquests, claims, and colonies
Other European nations soon disputed the terms of the Treaty of Tordesillas, which they had not
negotiated. England and France attempted to plant colonies in the Americas in the sixteenth
century, but these met with failure. However, in the following century, the two kingdoms, along
with the Netherlands, succeeded in establishing permanent colonies. Some of these were on
Caribbean islands, which had often already been conquered by the Spanish or depopulated by
disease, while others were in eastern North America, which had not been colonized by Spain
north of Florida.
Economic immigrants
Many immigrants to the American colonies came for economic reasons.[14] Inspired by the
Spanish riches from colonies founded upon the conquest of the Aztecs, Incas, and other large
Native American populations in the sixteenth century, the first Englishmen to settle in America
hoped for some of the same rich discoveries when they first established a settlement in
Jamestown, Virginia. They were sponsored by common stock companies such as the chartered
Virginia Company (and its offshoot, the Somers Isles Company) financed by wealthy
Englishmen who understood the economic potential of this new land. The main purpose of this
colony was the hope of findinggold or the possibility (or impossibility) of finding a passage
through the Americas to the Indies. It took strong leaders, like John Smith, to convince the
colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold was not taking care of their immediate needs for
food and shelter and that "he who shall not work shall not eat" (A direction based on text from
the New Testament). The extremely high mortality rate was quite distressing and cause for
despair among the colonists. Tobacco quickly became a cash crop for export and the sustaining
economic driver of Virginia and nearby colonies like Maryland.
From the beginning of Virginia's settlements in 1587 until the 1680s, the main source of labor
and a large portion of the immigrants were indentured servants looking for new life in the
overseas colonies. During the seventeenth century, indentured servants constituted three-quarters
of all European immigrants to the Chesapeake region. Most of the indentured servants were
8. English farmers who had been pushed off their lands due to the expansion of livestock raising,
the enclosure of land, and overcrowding in the countryside. This unfortunate turn of events
served as a push for thousands of people (mostly single men) away from their situation in
England. There was hope, however, as American landowners were in need of laborers and were
willing to pay for a laborer’s passage to America if they served them for several years. By selling
passage for five to seven years worth of work they could hope to start out on their own in
America.
In the French colonial regions, the focus of economy was the fur trade with the Amerindians.
Farming was set up primarily to provide subsistence only, although cod and other fish of the
Grand Banks were a major export and source of income for the French and many other European
nations. The fur trade was also practiced by the Russians on the northwest coast of North
America. After the French and Indian War, the British were ceded all French possessions in
North America east of the Mississippi River, aside from the tiny islands ofSaint-Pierre and
Miquelon.
Economic immigrants
Many immigrants to the American colonies came for economic reasons.[14] Inspired by the
Spanish riches from colonies founded upon the conquest of the Aztecs, Incas, and other large
Native American populations in the sixteenth century, the first Englishmen to settle in America
hoped for some of the same rich discoveries when they first established a settlement in
Jamestown, Virginia. They were sponsored by common stock companies such as the chartered
Virginia Company (and its offshoot, the Somers Isles Company) financed by wealthy
Englishmen who understood the economic potential of this new land. The main purpose of this
colony was the hope of findinggold or the possibility (or impossibility) of finding a passage
through the Americas to the Indies. It took strong leaders, like John Smith, to convince the
colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold was not taking care of their immediate needs for
food and shelter and that "he who shall not work shall not eat" (A direction based on text from
the New Testament). The extremely high mortality rate was quite distressing and cause for
despair among the colonists. Tobacco quickly became a cash crop for export and the sustaining
economic driver of Virginia and nearby colonies like Maryland.
From the beginning of Virginia's settlements in 1587 until the 1680s, the main source of labor
and a large portion of the immigrants were indentured servants looking for new life in the
overseas colonies. During the seventeenth century, indentured servants constituted three-quarters
of all European immigrants to the Chesapeake region. Most of the indentured servants were
English farmers who had been pushed off their lands due to the expansion of livestock raising,
the enclosure of land, and overcrowding in the countryside. This unfortunate turn of events
served as a push for thousands of people (mostly single men) away from their situation in
9. England. There was hope, however, as American landowners were in need of laborers and were
willing to pay for a laborer’s passage to America if they served them for several years. By selling
passage for five to seven years worth of work they could hope to start out on their own in
America.
In the French colonial regions, the focus of economy was the fur trade with the Amerindians.
Farming was set up primarily to provide subsistence only, although cod and other fish of the
Grand Banks were a major export and source of income for the French and many other European
nations. The fur trade was also practiced by the Russians on the northwest coast of North
America. After the French and Indian War, the British were ceded all French possessions in
North America east of the Mississippi River, aside from the tiny islands ofSaint-Pierre and
Miquelon.
Religious immigration
Roman Catholics were the first major religious group to immigrate to the New World, as settlers
in the colonies of Portugal and Spain (and later, France) were required to belong to that faith.
English and Dutch colonies, on the other hand, tended to be more religiously diverse. Settlers to
these colonies included Anglicans, Dutch Calvinists, English Puritans, English Catholics,
Scottish Presbyterians, French Huguenots, German and Swedish Lutherans, as well as Quakers,
Mennonites, Amish, Moravians, and Jews of various nationalities.
Many groups of colonists came to the Americas searching for the right to practice their religion
without persecution. The Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century broke the unity of
Western European Christendom and led to the formation of numerous new religious sects, which
often faced persecution by governmental authorities. In England, many people came to question
the organization of the Church of England by the end of the sixteenth century. One of the
primary manifestations of this was the Puritan movement, which sought to "purify" the existing
Church of England of its many residual Catholic rites that they believed had no mention in the
Bible.
A strong believer in the notion of the Divine Right of Kings, England's Charles I persecuted
religious dissenters. Waves of repression led to the migration of about 20,000 Puritans to New
England between 1629 and 1642, where they founded multiple colonies. Later in the century, the
new Pennsylvania colony was given to William Penn in settlement of a debt the king owed his
father. Its government was set up by William Penn in about 1682 to become primarily a refuge
for persecuted English Quakers; but others were welcomed. Baptists, Quakers, and German and
Swiss Protestants flocked to Pennsylvania.
The lure of cheap land, religious freedom and the right to improve themselves with their own
hand was very attractive to those who wished to escape from persecution and poverty. In
America, all these groups gradually worked out a way to live together peacefully and
10. cooperatively in the roughly 150 years preceding the American Revolution.
Many of these settlers had almost utopian visions of constructing a better world. They hoped that
at least some of the mistakes of the Old World could be left behind. For the citizens of what
became the United States, throwing off colonial governance was an opportunity to start again, to
create a society based on human rights, freedom, and justice.
Power becomes the primary factor that led to the exploration and colonization of the New World.
This power exerted itself in social, economic, and political shifts of thought. Nations in Europe
began to recognize that the presence of colonies in the New World enabled it to possess more
power, enabling them to grow and challenge other nations for power. The desire to accumulate
helped to form the primary change in thought that allowed for exploration and colonization of
the New World.
The emergence of the European nation state became one of the primary reasons why exploration
and colonization of the New World took place. Nations began to grow as a source of power. For
example, Spain began to recognize that its own power could grow on the continent with the
emergence of colonies. Being able to explore new territories and gain riches from these lands
could translate into substantiation of their own nation. The growth of the Spanish armada, or
navy, enabled Spain to control the seas around Europe. However, it was becoming evident as
England developed its own formidable naval fleet that a new horizon of power was needed.
Politically, nations like Spain, England, and France understood that in order to bolster their own
strength on the continent, there would have to be an influx of capital and resources apart from it.
European nations had emerged on the continent and recognized that the only way to effectively
challenge one another was to generate wealth and accumulate materials from abroad. European
absolutism became the political approach of the day. Nations were not necessarily interested in
coexisting, as much as establishing and growing their own power base which could be parlayed
into challenging other nations' base of power. It was this mode of thought that triggered the
exploration and colonization of the New World. Nations were able to explore and colonize the
New World and generate money, profit, and strength for their own nation.This becomes one of
the dominant themes that explains both the exploration and colonization of the New World and
the exploitation and domination of indigenous people that represents one of its legacies.
From an economic point of view, mercantilism becomes the accepted philosophical approach
that justified the exploration and colonization of the New World. Mercantilism was an economic
point of view that placed colonies at the center of a nation's importance. Mercantilism asserted
that the more precious metals and resources a nation owned, the wider a nation's wealth and
power base could be expanded. Economically, nations that embraced mercantilism felt the need
to increase colonization through exploration of the New World. With its emphasis on
government control of the economy, mercantilism became the economic form of national
11. absolutism. The political emergence of the nation- state was intellectually fortified by a
mercantilist system that placed the nation- state as the primary broker of economic affairs. The
consolidation of power that was sought in mercantilism made it necessary to explore and
colonize the New World. The natural and human resources found in the New World became
immediately appropriated by European governments in their attempts to increase power. Given
the emphasis on Mercantilist philosophy, nations in Europe recognized that if they did not find
and control colonies in the New World, their competitors would. The need to economically
consolidate control over a nation's affairs helped to justify and expand colonization of the New
World.
From a social standpoint, colonization and exploration were seen as means to increase European
spirituality. For example, Spanish colonization involved the proselytization of indigenous
people. A significant portion of Spanish exploration was rooted in this idea. In May 1493, Pope
Alexander VI requested that conversion accompany colonization. As a result, when Columbus
returns to the New World, Benedictine Friars accompany him. In England, a part of the
Separatist movement was the Pilgrims and their desire to find a religious haven helped them
facilitate their entry into the New World. The social force of religion helped play a significant
role in the colonization and exploration of the New World. The social timbre of nations in
Europe was more "other- directed," no longer being content with life within their own sphere of
influence. The desire to seek new horizons and conquer them became a part of the European
social understanding, one that helped to facilitate colonization of the New World.