NaF will dissociate 100, and therefore the F- will have extra 0.25 .pdf
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NaF will dissociate 100%, and therefore the F- will have extra 0.25 concentration... HF --- > H+ + F- [HF] = 0.3-0.3* [H+] = 0.3* [F-] = 0.3* + 0.25 Ka = (0.3*)*(0.3* + 0.25)/(0.3-0.3*) 7.2*10^-4 = *(0.3* + 0.25)/(1-) = 0.0028 [H+] = 0.3*0.0028 = 0.00084 M pH = -log(0.00084) = 3.07 Solution NaF will dissociate 100%, and therefore the F- will have extra 0.25 concentration... HF --- > H+ + F- [HF] = 0.3-0.3* [H+] = 0.3* [F-] = 0.3* + 0.25 Ka = (0.3*)*(0.3* + 0.25)/(0.3-0.3*) 7.2*10^-4 = *(0.3* + 0.25)/(1-) = 0.0028 [H+] = 0.3*0.0028 = 0.00084 M pH = -log(0.00084) = 3.07.
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![NaF will dissociate 100%, and therefore the F- will have extra 0.25 concentration...
HF --- > H+ + F-
[HF] = 0.3-0.3*
[H+] = 0.3*
[F-] = 0.3* + 0.25
Ka = (0.3*)*(0.3* + 0.25)/(0.3-0.3*)
7.2*10^-4 = *(0.3* + 0.25)/(1-)
= 0.0028
[H+] = 0.3*0.0028 = 0.00084 M
pH = -log(0.00084) = 3.07
Solution
NaF will dissociate 100%, and therefore the F- will have extra 0.25 concentration...
HF --- > H+ + F-
[HF] = 0.3-0.3*
[H+] = 0.3*
[F-] = 0.3* + 0.25
Ka = (0.3*)*(0.3* + 0.25)/(0.3-0.3*)
7.2*10^-4 = *(0.3* + 0.25)/(1-)
= 0.0028
[H+] = 0.3*0.0028 = 0.00084 M
pH = -log(0.00084) = 3.07](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/nafwilldissociate100andthereforethef-willhaveextra0-230411153035-a71af01d/85/NaF-will-dissociate-100-and-therefore-the-F-will-have-extra-0-25-pdf-1-320.jpg)
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public:
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while transmission application, presentation and session layer data is incapsulated and forwarded
to Transport layer. At transport , TCP segments are created as layer 4 PDUs. When passed to IP,
they are treated as layer 3 SDUs. The IP software packages these SDUs into messages called IP
packets or IP datagrams, which are layer 3 PDUs. These are in turn passed down to a layer 2
protocol, say Ethernet, which treats IP datagrams as layer 2 SDUs, and packages them into layer
2 PDUs (Ethernet frames) which are sent on layer 1 .
On the receiving device, the process of encapsulation is reversed. The Ethernet software inspects
the layer 2 PDU (Ethernet frame) and removes from it the layer 2 SDU (IP datagram) which it
passes up to IP as a layer 3 PDU. The IP layer removes the layer 3 SDU (TCP segment) and
passes it to TCP as a layer 4 PDU.
Consclusion is the PDU from upper layer added and encapsulated at sender end and removes and
decapsulated at receiving end.
This is .
Hop1 = 13, p2 = 13, and p3 = 13Ha at least one p is not equal.pdf
Ho:p1 = 1/3, p2 = 1/3, and p3 = 1/3
Ha: at least one p is not equal to 1/3
observedexpectedO - E(O - E)
Solution
Ho:p1 = 1/3, p2 = 1/3, and p3 = 1/3
Ha: at least one p is not equal to 1/3
observedexpectedO - E(O - E).
Hi Please find my code####### RainFall.java ###################.pdf
Hi Please find my code:
####### RainFall.java ###################
public class RainFall {
private double[] monthlyRainFallArr;
public RainFall(double[] rainFallArr) {
monthlyRainFallArr = new double[12]; // creating an array to store monthly rainfall
for(int i=0; i<12; i++)
monthlyRainFallArr[i] = rainFallArr[i];
}
public double getTotalRainFallForYear(){
double total = 0;
for(int i=0; i<12; i++)
total += monthlyRainFallArr[i];
return total;
}
// function to get average monthly rail fall
public double getAverageMonthlyRainFall(){
double totalYear = getTotalRainFallForYear();
return totalYear/12;
}
// function to get month number with least rail fall
public int getMonthWithLeastRainFall(){
int min_index = 0;
for(int i=1; i<12; i++){
if(monthlyRainFallArr[i] < monthlyRainFallArr[min_index]){
min_index = i;
}
}
return (min_index+1);
}
// function to get month number with most rail fall
public int getMonthWithMostRainFall(){
int max_index = 0;
for(int i=1; i<12; i++){
if(monthlyRainFallArr[i] > monthlyRainFallArr[max_index]){
max_index = i;
}
}
return (max_index+1);
}
}
############## RainFallTest.java ##################
import java.util.Scanner;
public class RainFallTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
double rainFallArr[] = new double[12];
System.out.println(\"Enter rain fall data for 12 month: \");
for(int i=0; i<12; i++){
System.out.print(\"Rail Fall data for \"+(i+1)+\" month: \");
rainFallArr[i] = sc.nextDouble();
}
RainFall rainfall = new RainFall(rainFallArr);
System.out.println(\"Total rain fall for year: \"+rainfall.getTotalRainFallForYear());
System.out.println(\"Average monthly rain fall: \"+rainfall.getAverageMonthlyRainFall());
System.out.println(\"Month Number with least rainfall:
\"+rainfall.getMonthWithLeastRainFall());
System.out.println(\"Month Number with most rainfall:
\"+rainfall.getMonthWithMostRainFall());
}
}
/*
Sample Output:
Enter rain fall data for 12 month:
Rail Fall data for 1 month: 45.43
Rail Fall data for 2 month: 48.76
Rail Fall data for 3 month: 46.56
Rail Fall data for 4 month: 47.23
Rail Fall data for 5 month: 44.32
Rail Fall data for 6 month: 43.23
Rail Fall data for 7 month: 58.76
Rail Fall data for 8 month: 55.65
Rail Fall data for 9 month: 50.76
Rail Fall data for 10 month: 49.12
Rail Fall data for 11 month: 37.45
Rail Fall data for 12 month: 38.00
Total rain fall for year: 565.27
Average monthly rain fall: 47.10583333333333
Month Number with least rainfall: 11
Month Number with most rainfall: 7
*/
Solution
Hi Please find my code:
####### RainFall.java ###################
public class RainFall {
private double[] monthlyRainFallArr;
public RainFall(double[] rainFallArr) {
monthlyRainFallArr = new double[12]; // creating an array to store monthly rainfall
for(int i=0; i<12; i++)
monthlyRainFallArr[i] = rainFallArr[i];
}
public double getTotalRainFallForYear(){
double total = 0;
for(int i=0; i<12; i++)
total += monthlyRainFallArr[i];
return total;
}
// function .
Because an acidic environment encourages the bree.pdf
An acidic environment encourages the growth of fungus, mold, bacteria and viruses. To prevent this, maintaining an alkaline environment is recommended. Keeping surfaces clean and dry also inhibits the proliferation of microorganisms.
first order linear ordinary difernetial equation...SO I.F.=e^-.pdf
This document discusses the solution to a first order linear ordinary differential equation. The integrating factor is e^-x. The solution is given as y=c1e^-x + x^-1, where c1 is a constant.
D . Found both in whales and sharks.There two kinds of animals nee.pdf
D . Found both in whales and sharks.
There two kinds of animals need continously swim in water for the search of food, mate, Prey.
For this purpose they need and continuous supply of energy for their body tissue especially their
muscular system. Therefore their tissues actively carry out electron transport chain.
Solution
D . Found both in whales and sharks.
There two kinds of animals need continously swim in water for the search of food, mate, Prey.
For this purpose they need and continuous supply of energy for their body tissue especially their
muscular system. Therefore their tissues actively carry out electron transport chain..
C is correct. The interface fastEthernet 00.1 command creates a sub.pdf
C is correct. The interface fastEthernet 0/0.1 command creates a subinterface with the decimal. 1.
A, B, D, and E are incorrect. A is incorrect because encapsulation dot1Q 1 sets the encapsulation
for the subinterface. B is incorrect because ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 assigns an IP
address to the subinterface. D is incorrect because the subint is a command option. E is incorrect
because serial interfaces can’t have subinterfaces.
Solution
C is correct. The interface fastEthernet 0/0.1 command creates a subinterface with the decimal. 1.
A, B, D, and E are incorrect. A is incorrect because encapsulation dot1Q 1 sets the encapsulation
for the subinterface. B is incorrect because ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 assigns an IP
address to the subinterface. D is incorrect because the subint is a command option. E is incorrect
because serial interfaces can’t have subinterfaces..
Beacuse ...deinococcus - thermus is a phylum of bacteria that are .pdf
Beacuse ...
deinococcus - thermus is a phylum of bacteria that are highly resistance to environmenta hazards
and known as extremophiles
dinococcus include two families (1) deinococcaceae and 2) trueperaceae with three genera
(1)deinococcus (2) deinobacterium (3) trueperal
The geneus include several species that are resistant to radiation and it is famous for their ability
to eat nuclear waste and other toxic material
it survive in the vaccum of space and extreme heat and cold
-> thermales includes several genera are resitant to heat eg
(marinithermus,meiothermus,oceanithermus,thermus , vulcanithermus, rhabdothermus,)
the thermus aquatic are important in the development of pcr ( polymerase chain reaction)
and repeated cycles of heating DNA to near boiling make it advantage to use a thermostable
DNA polymerase enzyme
Solution
Beacuse ...
deinococcus - thermus is a phylum of bacteria that are highly resistance to environmenta hazards
and known as extremophiles
dinococcus include two families (1) deinococcaceae and 2) trueperaceae with three genera
(1)deinococcus (2) deinobacterium (3) trueperal
The geneus include several species that are resistant to radiation and it is famous for their ability
to eat nuclear waste and other toxic material
it survive in the vaccum of space and extreme heat and cold
-> thermales includes several genera are resitant to heat eg
(marinithermus,meiothermus,oceanithermus,thermus , vulcanithermus, rhabdothermus,)
the thermus aquatic are important in the development of pcr ( polymerase chain reaction)
and repeated cycles of heating DNA to near boiling make it advantage to use a thermostable
DNA polymerase enzyme.
Answera). DeletionGene D is deletedb). DuplicationThe genes.pdf
Answer:
a). Deletion
Gene D is deleted
b). Duplication
The genes, B & C are duplicated
c). Inversion
The oreder BCD is inverted into DCB
d). Translocations
The exchange of genetic material between the non-homologous chromosomes.
Solution
Answer:
a). Deletion
Gene D is deleted
b). Duplication
The genes, B & C are duplicated
c). Inversion
The oreder BCD is inverted into DCB
d). Translocations
The exchange of genetic material between the non-homologous chromosomes..
Ans Cancer cells loss their growth control and multiply at uncontro.pdf
Ans: Cancer cells loss their growth control and multiply at uncontrolled rate. As a result of this
uncontrolled growth it start affecting the normal cell lines in leukemia where as in solid cancer it
causes lump of uncontrolled growth. In both the condition it affect the normal functioning of the
body.
For example: Acute leukemia causes affect on other cell ine also and cause anaemia and
throbocytopenia.
Mutations are more likely in uncontrolled growth because of ill formed or partially formed cell.
Solution
Ans: Cancer cells loss their growth control and multiply at uncontrolled rate. As a result of this
uncontrolled growth it start affecting the normal cell lines in leukemia where as in solid cancer it
causes lump of uncontrolled growth. In both the condition it affect the normal functioning of the
body.
For example: Acute leukemia causes affect on other cell ine also and cause anaemia and
throbocytopenia.
Mutations are more likely in uncontrolled growth because of ill formed or partially formed cell..
Answer Grow mutagenized yeast on rich media. Then grow them on mini.pdf
Answer: Grow mutagenized yeast on rich media. Then grow them on minimal media, as well as
on minimal media containing histidine, minimal media containing leucine, and minimal media
containing both histidine and leucine. Select for yeast that do not grow on minimal media, do not
grow on media supplemented with only histidine or leucine, but do grow on minimal media
supplemented with both histidine and leucine
Reason:
A genetic screen to isolate nutritional mutants in yeast needed to isolate a double mutant that
cannot synthesize histidine or leucine, two nutrients essential for growth. Initially a wild type
yeast strain subjected to mutagen irradiation with a UV light followed by promoting growth of
mutagenized yeast on rich media & followed by its growth on minimal media, as well as on
minimal media containing histidine, minimal media containing leucine. This process is essential
to isolating such a mutant using minimal media containing both histidine and leucin finally
yeastis going to be selected that do not grow on minimal media supplemented with either
histidine or leucine finally a double mutant can be isolated of yeast that do grow on minimal
media supplemented with both histidine and leucine.
Solution
Answer: Grow mutagenized yeast on rich media. Then grow them on minimal media, as well as
on minimal media containing histidine, minimal media containing leucine, and minimal media
containing both histidine and leucine. Select for yeast that do not grow on minimal media, do not
grow on media supplemented with only histidine or leucine, but do grow on minimal media
supplemented with both histidine and leucine
Reason:
A genetic screen to isolate nutritional mutants in yeast needed to isolate a double mutant that
cannot synthesize histidine or leucine, two nutrients essential for growth. Initially a wild type
yeast strain subjected to mutagen irradiation with a UV light followed by promoting growth of
mutagenized yeast on rich media & followed by its growth on minimal media, as well as on
minimal media containing histidine, minimal media containing leucine. This process is essential
to isolating such a mutant using minimal media containing both histidine and leucin finally
yeastis going to be selected that do not grow on minimal media supplemented with either
histidine or leucine finally a double mutant can be isolated of yeast that do grow on minimal
media supplemented with both histidine and leucine..
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)Academy of Science of South Africa
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.More Related Content
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The start of the European Colonization is typically dated to 1492, a.pdf
The start of the European Colonization is typically dated to 1492, although there was at least one
earlier colonization effort. The first known Europeans to reach the Americas are believed to have
been the Vikings (\"Norse\") during the eleventh century, who established several colonies in
Greenland and one short-lived settlement at L\'Anse aux Meadows in the area the Norse called
Vinland, present day Newfoundland. Settlements in Greenland survived for several centuries,
during which time the Greenland Norse and theInuit people experienced mostly hostile contact.
By the end of the fifteenth century, the Norse Greenland settlements had collapsed. In 1492, a
Spanish expedition headed by Christopher Columbus reached the Americas, after which
European exploration and colonization rapidly expanded, first through much of the Caribbean
region (including the islands of Hispaniola,Puerto Rico, and Cuba) and, early in the sixteenth
century, parts of the mainlands of North and South America.
Eventually, the entire Western Hemisphere would come under the domination of European
nations, leading to profound changes to its landscape, population, and plant and animal life. In
the nineteenth century alone over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas. The post-1492
era is known as the period of the Columbian Exchange. The potato, the pineapple, theturkey,
dahlias, sunflowers, magnolias, maize, chilies, and chocolate went East across theAtlantic
Ocean. Smallpox and measles but also the horse and the gun traveled West.
The flow of benefit appears to have been one-sided, with Europe gaining more. However, the
colonization and exploration of the Americas also transformed the world, eventually adding 31
newnation-states to the global community. On the one hand, the cultural and religious arrogance
that led settlers to deny anything of value in pre-Columbian America was destructive, even
genocidal. On the other hand, many of those who settled in the New World were also social and
political visionaries, who found opportunities there, on what for them was a tabula rasa, to aim at
achieving their highest ideals of justice, equality, and freedom. Some of the world\'s most stable
democraciesexist as a result of this transformative process.
The first conquests were made by the Spanish and the Portuguese. In the 1494 Treaty of
Tordesillas, ratified by the Pope, these two kingdoms divided the entire non-European world
between themselves, with a line drawn through South America. Based on this Treaty, and the
claims by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa to all lands touching the Pacific Ocean, the
Spanish rapidly conquered territory, overthrowing the Aztec and Inca Empires to gain control of
much of western South America, Central America, and Mexico by the mid-sixteenth century, in
addition to its earlier Caribbean conquests. Over this same time frame, Portugalconquered much
of eastern South America, naming it Brazil.
Early conquests, claims, and colonies
Other Eur.
The institutions which act as mediator between savers and boorrowers.pdf
The institutions which act as mediator between savers and boorrowers are known as financial
intermediateries.
The answer is d.
financial intermediaries
Solution
The institutions which act as mediator between savers and boorrowers are known as financial
intermediateries.
The answer is d.
financial intermediaries.
Solution Mitochondria is known as power house of the cell.It prod.pdf
Solution
:
Mitochondria is known as power house of the cell.It produces energy needed for different
cellular function in the body.Energy is generated in the form of ATP(Adenosine
triphosphate).Mitochondria provide all needed energy which is enough to produce our body
weight in ATP everyday.If we are more active,requirement of ATP increased.Organs like brain
and heart can not perform their function without ATP..
Sewage before being disposed of either in river stream or on land, h.pdf
Sewage before being disposed of either in river stream or on land, has generally to be treated, so
as to make it safe.
The degree of treatment required, however, depends upon the characteristics of the source of
disposal.
Sewage can be treated in different ways. treatment process are often classified as:
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) tertiary treatment
1) PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
It consists in solely in separating the floating materials (like dead animals, tree branches, papers,
pieces of rags, wood, etc) and also heavy settleable inorganic solids. it also helps in removing the
oil and greases etc. from the sewage.
Grit chamber or detritus tank for removing grit and sand; and skimming tanks for removing oils
and greases.
2) PRIMARY TREATMENT
Primary treatment consists in removing large suspended organic solids. this is usually
accomplished by sedimentation in settling basins.
sometimes, the preliminary as well as primary treatments are classified together under primary
treatment
the organic solids, which are seperated out in the sedimentation tanks are often stabilised by
anaerobic decomposition in a digestion tank or are incenerated. the residue for landfills or soil
conditioners
3) SECONDARY TREATMENT
Secondary treatment involves further treatment of effluents, coming from the primary
sedimentation tank. this is generally accomplished through biological decomposition of organic
matter, which can be carried out either under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. in these biological
units, bacteria will decompose the fine organic matter to produce a clearer effluent.
The treatment reactors, in which the organic matter is decomposed by aerobic bacteria are known
as aerobic biological units; and may consists of:
(i) Filters : intermittent sand filters as well as trickling filters
(ii) Aeration tank: with the feed of recycled activated sludge ( i.e. the sludge which is settled in
secondary sedimentation tank, receiving effluents from the aeration tank)
(iii) Oxidation ponds and aerated lagoons
The treatment reactors, in which the organic matter is destroyed and stabilized by anaerobic
bacteria, are known as anaerobic biological units and may consists of anaerobic lagoons, septic
tanks, imhoff tanks, etc. out of these units only anaerobic lagoons make use of primary settled
sewage and hence, they only can be classified under biological units. septic tanks andimhoff
tanks using raw sewage are therefore not classified as secondary units.
The organic solids separated out in the primary as well as in secondary settling tanks will be
disposed of by stabilizing them under anaerobic process in a sludge digestion tank.
4) FINAL or ADVANCED TREATMENT
This treatment is called as tertiary treatment. consists of removing the organic load left after the
secondary treatment and particularly to kill the pathogenic bacteria. this treatment, which is
normally carried out by chlorination, especially when treated sewage is to be di.
Relational database was proposed by Edgar Codd (of IBM Research) aro.pdf
Relational database was proposed by Edgar Codd (of IBM Research) around 1969. It has since
become the dominant database model for commercial applications (in comparison with other
database models such as hierarchical, network and object models). Today, there are many
commercial Relational Database Management System (RDBMS), such as Oracle, IBM DB2 and
Microsoft SQL Server. There are also many free and open-source RDBMS, such as MySQL,
mSQL (mini-SQL) and the embedded JavaDB (Apache Derby).
A relational database organizes data in tables (or relations). A table is made up of rows and
columns. A row is also called a record (or tuple). A column is also called a field (or attribute). A
database table is similar to a spreadsheet. However, the relationships that can be created among
the tables enable a relational database to efficiently store huge amount of data, and effectively
retrieve selected data.
A language called SQL (Structured Query Language) was developed to work with relational
databases.
Database Design Objective
A well-designed database shall:
Relational Database Design Process
Database design is more art than science, as you have to make many decisions. Databases are
usually customized to suit a particular application. No two customized applications are alike, and
hence, no two database are alike. Guidelines (usually in terms of what not to do instead of what
to do) are provided in making these design decision, but the choices ultimately rest on the you -
the designer.
Step 1: Define the Purpose of the Database (Requirement Analysis)
Gather the requirements and define the objective of your database, e.g. ...
Drafting out the sample input forms, queries and reports, often helps.
Step 2: Gather Data, Organize in tables and Specify the Primary Keys
Once you have decided on the purpose of the database, gather the data that are needed to be
stored in the database. Divide the data into subject-based tables.
Choose one column (or a few columns) as the so-called primary key, which uniquely identify the
each of the rows.
Primary Key
In the relational model, a table cannot contain duplicate rows, because that would create
ambiguities in retrieval. To ensure uniqueness, each table should have a column (or a set of
columns), called primary key, that uniquely identifies every records of the table. For example, an
unique number customerID can be used as the primary key for the Customers table; productCode
for Products table; isbn forBooks table. A primary key is called a simple key if it is a single
column; it is called a composite key if it is made up of several columns.
Most RDBMSs build an index on the primary key to facilitate fast search and retrieval.
The primary key is also used to reference other tables (to be elaborated later).
You have to decide which column(s) is to be used for primary key. The decision may not be
straight forward but the primary key shall have these properties:
Consider the followings in choose the primary key:
Let\'s il.
Option “D” is not true about the net neutrality.Favouring of net n.pdf
Option “D” is not true about the net neutrality.
Favouring of net neutrality argue that without new regulations, Internet service providers would
be able to favour their own private protocols over others
ISPS are able to encourage the use of specific services by utilising private networks to
discriminate what data is counted against bandwidth caps.
Solution
Option “D” is not true about the net neutrality.
Favouring of net neutrality argue that without new regulations, Internet service providers would
be able to favour their own private protocols over others
ISPS are able to encourage the use of specific services by utilising private networks to
discriminate what data is counted against bandwidth caps..
CO2 because the heaviest would have the most attr.pdf
CO2 because the heaviest would have the most attraction ,although the deviation is
little since all have london dispersion forces between then CH4 is larger but nonpolar, hence
there will be little intermolecluar attraction. N2 is a smaller molecule,hence doesnt have much
attraction
Solution
CO2 because the heaviest would have the most attraction ,although the deviation is
little since all have london dispersion forces between then CH4 is larger but nonpolar, hence
there will be little intermolecluar attraction. N2 is a smaller molecule,hence doesnt have much
attraction.
Intensity of light source Io = 1000 countsIntensity after absorpti.pdf
Intensity of light source Io = 1000 counts
Intensity after absorption I = 392 counts
Transmittance T = (I/Io)
= 392/1000 = 0.392
Absorbance A = -log T
= -log(0.392)
= 0.407
Solution
Intensity of light source Io = 1000 counts
Intensity after absorption I = 392 counts
Transmittance T = (I/Io)
= 392/1000 = 0.392
Absorbance A = -log T
= -log(0.392)
= 0.407.
I hereby explain the SDU (service data unit )and PDU ( protocol data.pdf
I hereby explain the SDU (service data unit )and PDU ( protocol data unit) in the view of
transmitter.
Let us understnad the PDUs at different layers
Application layer - PDU is data
Presentation layer - PDU is data
Session layer - PDU is data
Transport layer - PDU segment
Network layer - PDU packet
Data link layer PDU frames
Physical layer PDU bits.
while transmission application, presentation and session layer data is incapsulated and forwarded
to Transport layer. At transport , TCP segments are created as layer 4 PDUs. When passed to IP,
they are treated as layer 3 SDUs. The IP software packages these SDUs into messages called IP
packets or IP datagrams, which are layer 3 PDUs. These are in turn passed down to a layer 2
protocol, say Ethernet, which treats IP datagrams as layer 2 SDUs, and packages them into layer
2 PDUs (Ethernet frames) which are sent on layer 1 .
On the receiving device, the process of encapsulation is reversed. The Ethernet software inspects
the layer 2 PDU (Ethernet frame) and removes from it the layer 2 SDU (IP datagram) which it
passes up to IP as a layer 3 PDU. The IP layer removes the layer 3 SDU (TCP segment) and
passes it to TCP as a layer 4 PDU.
Consclusion is the PDU from upper layer added and encapsulated at sender end and removes and
decapsulated at receiving end.
This is the way communication happens.
Hope it makes sense.
ThanksName used on OSIName Used in TCP/IP NetworksLayer 1 - PhysicalLayer 1 - Network
Access/InterfaceLayer 2 - Data linkLayer 2 - NetworkLayer 3 - NetworkLayer 3- TransportLayer
4 - TransportLayer 4 - ApplicationLayer 5 - sessionThere are only four layers defined in TCP/IP
model
Solution
I hereby explain the SDU (service data unit )and PDU ( protocol data unit) in the view of
transmitter.
Let us understnad the PDUs at different layers
Application layer - PDU is data
Presentation layer - PDU is data
Session layer - PDU is data
Transport layer - PDU segment
Network layer - PDU packet
Data link layer PDU frames
Physical layer PDU bits.
while transmission application, presentation and session layer data is incapsulated and forwarded
to Transport layer. At transport , TCP segments are created as layer 4 PDUs. When passed to IP,
they are treated as layer 3 SDUs. The IP software packages these SDUs into messages called IP
packets or IP datagrams, which are layer 3 PDUs. These are in turn passed down to a layer 2
protocol, say Ethernet, which treats IP datagrams as layer 2 SDUs, and packages them into layer
2 PDUs (Ethernet frames) which are sent on layer 1 .
On the receiving device, the process of encapsulation is reversed. The Ethernet software inspects
the layer 2 PDU (Ethernet frame) and removes from it the layer 2 SDU (IP datagram) which it
passes up to IP as a layer 3 PDU. The IP layer removes the layer 3 SDU (TCP segment) and
passes it to TCP as a layer 4 PDU.
Consclusion is the PDU from upper layer added and encapsulated at sender end and removes and
decapsulated at receiving end.
This is .
Hop1 = 13, p2 = 13, and p3 = 13Ha at least one p is not equal.pdf
Ho:p1 = 1/3, p2 = 1/3, and p3 = 1/3
Ha: at least one p is not equal to 1/3
observedexpectedO - E(O - E)
Solution
Ho:p1 = 1/3, p2 = 1/3, and p3 = 1/3
Ha: at least one p is not equal to 1/3
observedexpectedO - E(O - E).
Hi Please find my code####### RainFall.java ###################.pdf
Hi Please find my code:
####### RainFall.java ###################
public class RainFall {
private double[] monthlyRainFallArr;
public RainFall(double[] rainFallArr) {
monthlyRainFallArr = new double[12]; // creating an array to store monthly rainfall
for(int i=0; i<12; i++)
monthlyRainFallArr[i] = rainFallArr[i];
}
public double getTotalRainFallForYear(){
double total = 0;
for(int i=0; i<12; i++)
total += monthlyRainFallArr[i];
return total;
}
// function to get average monthly rail fall
public double getAverageMonthlyRainFall(){
double totalYear = getTotalRainFallForYear();
return totalYear/12;
}
// function to get month number with least rail fall
public int getMonthWithLeastRainFall(){
int min_index = 0;
for(int i=1; i<12; i++){
if(monthlyRainFallArr[i] < monthlyRainFallArr[min_index]){
min_index = i;
}
}
return (min_index+1);
}
// function to get month number with most rail fall
public int getMonthWithMostRainFall(){
int max_index = 0;
for(int i=1; i<12; i++){
if(monthlyRainFallArr[i] > monthlyRainFallArr[max_index]){
max_index = i;
}
}
return (max_index+1);
}
}
############## RainFallTest.java ##################
import java.util.Scanner;
public class RainFallTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
double rainFallArr[] = new double[12];
System.out.println(\"Enter rain fall data for 12 month: \");
for(int i=0; i<12; i++){
System.out.print(\"Rail Fall data for \"+(i+1)+\" month: \");
rainFallArr[i] = sc.nextDouble();
}
RainFall rainfall = new RainFall(rainFallArr);
System.out.println(\"Total rain fall for year: \"+rainfall.getTotalRainFallForYear());
System.out.println(\"Average monthly rain fall: \"+rainfall.getAverageMonthlyRainFall());
System.out.println(\"Month Number with least rainfall:
\"+rainfall.getMonthWithLeastRainFall());
System.out.println(\"Month Number with most rainfall:
\"+rainfall.getMonthWithMostRainFall());
}
}
/*
Sample Output:
Enter rain fall data for 12 month:
Rail Fall data for 1 month: 45.43
Rail Fall data for 2 month: 48.76
Rail Fall data for 3 month: 46.56
Rail Fall data for 4 month: 47.23
Rail Fall data for 5 month: 44.32
Rail Fall data for 6 month: 43.23
Rail Fall data for 7 month: 58.76
Rail Fall data for 8 month: 55.65
Rail Fall data for 9 month: 50.76
Rail Fall data for 10 month: 49.12
Rail Fall data for 11 month: 37.45
Rail Fall data for 12 month: 38.00
Total rain fall for year: 565.27
Average monthly rain fall: 47.10583333333333
Month Number with least rainfall: 11
Month Number with most rainfall: 7
*/
Solution
Hi Please find my code:
####### RainFall.java ###################
public class RainFall {
private double[] monthlyRainFallArr;
public RainFall(double[] rainFallArr) {
monthlyRainFallArr = new double[12]; // creating an array to store monthly rainfall
for(int i=0; i<12; i++)
monthlyRainFallArr[i] = rainFallArr[i];
}
public double getTotalRainFallForYear(){
double total = 0;
for(int i=0; i<12; i++)
total += monthlyRainFallArr[i];
return total;
}
// function .
Because an acidic environment encourages the bree.pdf
An acidic environment encourages the growth of fungus, mold, bacteria and viruses. To prevent this, maintaining an alkaline environment is recommended. Keeping surfaces clean and dry also inhibits the proliferation of microorganisms.
first order linear ordinary difernetial equation...SO I.F.=e^-.pdf
This document discusses the solution to a first order linear ordinary differential equation. The integrating factor is e^-x. The solution is given as y=c1e^-x + x^-1, where c1 is a constant.
D . Found both in whales and sharks.There two kinds of animals nee.pdf
D . Found both in whales and sharks.
There two kinds of animals need continously swim in water for the search of food, mate, Prey.
For this purpose they need and continuous supply of energy for their body tissue especially their
muscular system. Therefore their tissues actively carry out electron transport chain.
Solution
D . Found both in whales and sharks.
There two kinds of animals need continously swim in water for the search of food, mate, Prey.
For this purpose they need and continuous supply of energy for their body tissue especially their
muscular system. Therefore their tissues actively carry out electron transport chain..
C is correct. The interface fastEthernet 00.1 command creates a sub.pdf
C is correct. The interface fastEthernet 0/0.1 command creates a subinterface with the decimal. 1.
A, B, D, and E are incorrect. A is incorrect because encapsulation dot1Q 1 sets the encapsulation
for the subinterface. B is incorrect because ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 assigns an IP
address to the subinterface. D is incorrect because the subint is a command option. E is incorrect
because serial interfaces can’t have subinterfaces.
Solution
C is correct. The interface fastEthernet 0/0.1 command creates a subinterface with the decimal. 1.
A, B, D, and E are incorrect. A is incorrect because encapsulation dot1Q 1 sets the encapsulation
for the subinterface. B is incorrect because ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 assigns an IP
address to the subinterface. D is incorrect because the subint is a command option. E is incorrect
because serial interfaces can’t have subinterfaces..
Beacuse ...deinococcus - thermus is a phylum of bacteria that are .pdf
Beacuse ...
deinococcus - thermus is a phylum of bacteria that are highly resistance to environmenta hazards
and known as extremophiles
dinococcus include two families (1) deinococcaceae and 2) trueperaceae with three genera
(1)deinococcus (2) deinobacterium (3) trueperal
The geneus include several species that are resistant to radiation and it is famous for their ability
to eat nuclear waste and other toxic material
it survive in the vaccum of space and extreme heat and cold
-> thermales includes several genera are resitant to heat eg
(marinithermus,meiothermus,oceanithermus,thermus , vulcanithermus, rhabdothermus,)
the thermus aquatic are important in the development of pcr ( polymerase chain reaction)
and repeated cycles of heating DNA to near boiling make it advantage to use a thermostable
DNA polymerase enzyme
Solution
Beacuse ...
deinococcus - thermus is a phylum of bacteria that are highly resistance to environmenta hazards
and known as extremophiles
dinococcus include two families (1) deinococcaceae and 2) trueperaceae with three genera
(1)deinococcus (2) deinobacterium (3) trueperal
The geneus include several species that are resistant to radiation and it is famous for their ability
to eat nuclear waste and other toxic material
it survive in the vaccum of space and extreme heat and cold
-> thermales includes several genera are resitant to heat eg
(marinithermus,meiothermus,oceanithermus,thermus , vulcanithermus, rhabdothermus,)
the thermus aquatic are important in the development of pcr ( polymerase chain reaction)
and repeated cycles of heating DNA to near boiling make it advantage to use a thermostable
DNA polymerase enzyme.
Answera). DeletionGene D is deletedb). DuplicationThe genes.pdf
Answer:
a). Deletion
Gene D is deleted
b). Duplication
The genes, B & C are duplicated
c). Inversion
The oreder BCD is inverted into DCB
d). Translocations
The exchange of genetic material between the non-homologous chromosomes.
Solution
Answer:
a). Deletion
Gene D is deleted
b). Duplication
The genes, B & C are duplicated
c). Inversion
The oreder BCD is inverted into DCB
d). Translocations
The exchange of genetic material between the non-homologous chromosomes..
Ans Cancer cells loss their growth control and multiply at uncontro.pdf
Ans: Cancer cells loss their growth control and multiply at uncontrolled rate. As a result of this
uncontrolled growth it start affecting the normal cell lines in leukemia where as in solid cancer it
causes lump of uncontrolled growth. In both the condition it affect the normal functioning of the
body.
For example: Acute leukemia causes affect on other cell ine also and cause anaemia and
throbocytopenia.
Mutations are more likely in uncontrolled growth because of ill formed or partially formed cell.
Solution
Ans: Cancer cells loss their growth control and multiply at uncontrolled rate. As a result of this
uncontrolled growth it start affecting the normal cell lines in leukemia where as in solid cancer it
causes lump of uncontrolled growth. In both the condition it affect the normal functioning of the
body.
For example: Acute leukemia causes affect on other cell ine also and cause anaemia and
throbocytopenia.
Mutations are more likely in uncontrolled growth because of ill formed or partially formed cell..
Answer Grow mutagenized yeast on rich media. Then grow them on mini.pdf
Answer: Grow mutagenized yeast on rich media. Then grow them on minimal media, as well as
on minimal media containing histidine, minimal media containing leucine, and minimal media
containing both histidine and leucine. Select for yeast that do not grow on minimal media, do not
grow on media supplemented with only histidine or leucine, but do grow on minimal media
supplemented with both histidine and leucine
Reason:
A genetic screen to isolate nutritional mutants in yeast needed to isolate a double mutant that
cannot synthesize histidine or leucine, two nutrients essential for growth. Initially a wild type
yeast strain subjected to mutagen irradiation with a UV light followed by promoting growth of
mutagenized yeast on rich media & followed by its growth on minimal media, as well as on
minimal media containing histidine, minimal media containing leucine. This process is essential
to isolating such a mutant using minimal media containing both histidine and leucin finally
yeastis going to be selected that do not grow on minimal media supplemented with either
histidine or leucine finally a double mutant can be isolated of yeast that do grow on minimal
media supplemented with both histidine and leucine.
Solution
Answer: Grow mutagenized yeast on rich media. Then grow them on minimal media, as well as
on minimal media containing histidine, minimal media containing leucine, and minimal media
containing both histidine and leucine. Select for yeast that do not grow on minimal media, do not
grow on media supplemented with only histidine or leucine, but do grow on minimal media
supplemented with both histidine and leucine
Reason:
A genetic screen to isolate nutritional mutants in yeast needed to isolate a double mutant that
cannot synthesize histidine or leucine, two nutrients essential for growth. Initially a wild type
yeast strain subjected to mutagen irradiation with a UV light followed by promoting growth of
mutagenized yeast on rich media & followed by its growth on minimal media, as well as on
minimal media containing histidine, minimal media containing leucine. This process is essential
to isolating such a mutant using minimal media containing both histidine and leucin finally
yeastis going to be selected that do not grow on minimal media supplemented with either
histidine or leucine finally a double mutant can be isolated of yeast that do grow on minimal
media supplemented with both histidine and leucine..
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