The Severity Of Sentencing Guidelines

The Severity Of Sentencing Guidelines
The Severity of Sentencing Guidelines in Relation to the Type of Drug
By: Sunday Saenz
FRNS 5653
Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences
May 1, 2015 Introduction
An illicit drug is actually just a drug that is being abused illegally. A few examples of some
commonly heard of illicit drugs are cocaine, methamphetamine, and marijuana. However, not every
illicit drug is actually illegal to possess. Prescription drugs, such as hydrocodone, oxycodone, and
morphine are often taken without being prescribed, which is illegal.
Punishments for an individual's criminal actions, such as the possession of illicit drugs, have been in
place for centuries. However, many people wonder why certain punishments are more severe than
others and how a judge makes the final decision of what a sentence may be. In Federal Courts, a
sentencing guideline is determined by the individual's criminal history, severity of the crime, and
mitigating factors.1
The United States Sentencing Commission (USSC) is responsible for the creation of the federal
guidelines that are consistent across the United States . When the guidelines were originally
established in the 1960s, judges were required to follow them and not go outside of these guidelines.
This did not take into consideration outside factors, such as cooperation or admitting to their crimes.
It wasn't until the Supreme Court decision of Booker v U.S. in 2005 that that changed and judges
were able to go above or below these
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The War On Drugs And Illegal Drugs
It has been over forty–three years since the United States first waged the "War on Drugs". This war
has cost hundreds of billions of dollars to fight and has supplied our country with a plethora of
mixed results as well as emotions. We have seen fluctuations in the numbers over the years, which
can be linked to different social fads and political agendas. Despite the enormous amount of money
we have spent to rid our country of illegal drugs, we still face all time high addiction and
distribution rates today. These strict drug laws have created an overflow of prisoners, many of
whom are convicted upon non–violent drug charges, and have transformed them from tax paying
citizens into an even larger tax burden for the community. Through President Nixon's declaration of
the "War on Drugs", to the adventurous peaks of drug use in the late 70 's, to the rise of the crack
cocaine industry in the 80 's and now the legalization of recreational cannabis use, this paper will
explain why drugs not only continue to flow across the American borders at an alarming rate, but
also attempt to uncover the effectiveness of this war.
Starting in 1970 we witness the birth of the "War on Drugs" with the passing of a Comprehensive
Drug Abuse Prevention and Control act. This act provided a new framework for the regulation and
enforcement of drug possession and other drug related crime. For more serious crimes such as drug
trafficking the act established tough penalties while lessening

Reducing Drug Trafficking in The United States Essay
The drug problem in the U.S. and around the world is an important issue and seems to be a difficult
problem to tackle across the board. The inflow of drugs has become one of the largest growths in
transnational crime operations; illicit drug use in the United States makes it very difficult for nation
states police and customs forces to get a handle on the issues. War on drugs, drug trafficking has
long been an issue for the United States. There has been a proclamation of "war on drugs" for the
past 44 years.
Drug trafficking and drug abuse has long been a frustrating feature of United States and other
country around the world. The United Nations Office of Drug Control and Crime Prevention points
out that the fight against drug ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the number of people who said they have used cocaine in the last year doubled from 1.2%
to 2.4% during the same period. (Boddiger, D. 2010). The efforts were intended to reduce drug
trafficking. The method was that drug traffickers use small aircraft to transport illicit drug, the
United States essentially relies on the law enforcement authorities in the countries where they land
to interdict them.
In my research I was surprise to learn that an increase in the international drug trade and drug user
estimated 14.8 million Americans were illegal drug users as of 1999. I also read that the
international drug trade generates $200 to $300 billion dollars a year. And due to a great amount of
budget that is spent, this gives the drug trafficker an advantage over the government that has a small
budget. Illegal drugs are considered to be a major source of funding for organized crime. The
Canadian government has attempted to address these problems by implementing a national drug
strategy, which is meant to reduce the demand for and the supply of illicit drugs. Eleven federal
government departments and agencies have spent approximately $500 million annually in
addressing the illegal use of drugs. In order to optimize the effectiveness of such governmental
initiatives and expenditures, it is useful to achieve greater understanding of major trends relating to
drug offences. This information will assist policy makers and criminal justice professionals in
deterring

Dea Task Force Essay
For years now, drug trafficking has been a concern for the nation's government. Not only is this true,
but it is a major problem in other countries as well. Since drug usage and trafficking was considered
a high priority problem, the DEA also known as the drug enforcement administration was created.
This administration began in 1973 by President Nixon. Nixon's intentions by creating the DEA
would be to monitor the drug trafficking and its problems within the United States and throughout
other countries around the world. Since the creation of this agency, there has been a stop to a great
deal of the drug problems around the world.
Although the DEA began in 1973, there was a very similar administration that had been around
since the year, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once a dealer made a huge cash deposit in a bank in Miami, it was a major red flag and the bust was
initiated. "This case was notable as the first combined investigation by the DEA and the FBI on drug
profits behind the marijuana trade." (US Drug Enforcement Administration)
In 1982, operation OPBAT took place. OPBAT is an acronym for Operation Bahamas and Turks and
Caicos Islands. Their job was to fight the flow of drugs to the southeastern United States from the
Caribbean islands. In order to explore the open waters for drug trafficking, the United States
implemented their army and coast guard to help actively support the Royal Bahaman police force.
Drug traffickers in this central area made it very difficult for these various law enforcement agencies
by using high powered water crafts and technology.
The DEA, along with the IRS and several state and local agencies joined together to create
Operation Pisces in 1984. This undercover investigation lasted two years and was successful at
discovering the relationship between street gangs in the United States and the Columbian cartel.
Operation Pisces also investigated and acknowledged the relation among the cartel and dealers in
Italy and Denmark. Once the operation came to a closure in 1987, "law enforcement had arrested
two–hundred and twenty drug dealers and seized $28 million in cash and assets and more than
11,000 pounds of cocaine in Southern California." (US Drug

Canada 's Drug Laws And Drugs
Canada 's drug regulations are covered by the Food and Drug Act and the Controlled Drugs and
Substances Act. In relation to controlled and restricted drug products the Controlled Drugs and
Substances Act establishes eight schedules of drugs and new penalties for the possession,
trafficking, exportation and production of controlled substances as defined by the Governor–in–
Council. Drug policy of Canada has traditionally favoured punishment of the smallest of offenders,
but this convention was partially broken in 1996 with the passing of the Controlled Drugs and
Substances Act.[1]
Contents
HistoryEdit
Until 1908 the use of narcotics, opiates especially, in Canada was unregulated.[2] From the 1850s
onwards, Chinese immigrants came to British Columbia in droves, establishing opium dens in their
isolated communities. Canadian employers saw the Chinese immigrants as a source of cheap labour,
and the government viewed opium consumption as another way to gain revenue, imposing a tax on
opium factories in 1871. However, with the decline of the gold rush in the 1880s resentment
towards the Chinese grew, as unemployed Canadians could not compete with cheap Chinese labour.
[3] Additionally, Japanese immigration to Canada began to rise sharply, resulting in demonstrations
against Asian labour. In 1907, there was a particularly large demonstration against Asian immigrants
in Vancouver 's Chinatown.[4] In response to the demonstrations, Deputy Minister of Labour
Mackenzie King

Animal Testing Should Not Be Banned
When people think of cheating they think of copying off a smart student in school, or having
somebody else do their homework. However in the livestock industry cheating happens in many
other ways. Obviously, the main goal when showing an animal is to win, or make the sale at their
respective shows. How far will exhibitors actually go to win a show though? In recent years there
has been controversy at many major livestock shows over drug testing, and animals testing hot for
illegal drugs which means when tested there was traces found of illegal substances within the
animal. This is not the only way people have been caught cheating though; some exhibitors have
switched animals with another exhibitor prior to the show. Showing an animal at the county fair or
state fair is supposed to be an educational experience where kids learn responsibility and hard work,
not getting placed last in class because somebody cheated to win. In an article Drug Testing in Show
Animals by Living the Country Life states, "Most shows are going to do winners, either class
winners or champions, depends on how deep they 're going to go, and randoms in a urine test." This
quote is explaining a policy on drug testing at some of the major livestock shows across the United
States. Sure, many livestock shows drug test the winners but how do they actually get punished?
The article Drug Testing in Show Animals by Living the Country Life describes, "If drug residues
are found, penalties may include

Introgenic government
Topic: Response and Social Policy paper on "Iatrogenic Government" The response to drug use in
America and in some countries around the world seems to have an interesting history. As the author
Daniel Patrick Moynihan describes the unintended consequences society faces when government
does not deal effectively with issues of drugs in society. He provided several references that shows
the historical and present connections to government interrelations and how many of these decisions
have some form of negative impact and at times causes social breakdown. His historical reference to
drug uses, medicinal properties as well as technology role in our present age does paint a vivid
picture of how government decisions can affect us. Since ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Thus as the author begins to address the issues related to drugs his reference about the government's
approach ring truth "The truth in either event is that we were mostly asserting what we did not know
and would need to learn" (pg. 353). The author's reference to technology is relevant but I will
address the issue of technology later on as I respond to his summary. The history of drug use
represents lessons that were long been seen but obviously overlooked by doctors as well as
pharmaceutical companies. The earlier efforts by government to regulate drug use or alcohol
consumption began with some regulations on Jamaican rum. Since distilled liquor was used in
social events, the government approaches in regulating the trafficking of the "distilled liquor" was
by levying heavy fines on the general tariff bill. The cost of importing Jamaican rum was costlier
than distilled liquor here in America. Again, at the time, the government was mostly dealing with
the abolition of slavery and again the issues around alcohol consumption were minimally dealt with.
Distilled spirits in earlier America was part of bringing Americans together during times of unity. It
was a time to earn easy money and have an all–around good time (pg. 354). People enjoyed alcohol
in the morning for breakfast as well as a celebratory thing. The government knew that drinking
alcohol or distilled liquor caused some medical issues but again, the

Prohibition Of The Face Of Drug Prohibition Laws
Drugs or Don't? Tied Liberty in the face of Drug Prohibition Laws
"Prohibition goes beyond the bounds of reason in that it attempts to control a man 's appetite by
legislation and makes a crime out of things that are not crimes. A prohibition law strikes a blow at
the very principles upon which our government was founded." –Abraham Lincoln
Prohibition is a word for containment; it is an act of limiting and holds a spirit of negation. It limits
our independent and individualist choices. It is not a democratic value unless devised by the
citizens. Prohibiting something on the basis of unsure logistics and deviant arguments is not the way
a democracy thrives. There is a fine line between democracy and authoritarianism. Maybe the
governments today need to realize this fine conception!
Abstract
It has been in our history and we all have suffered through this centered decision–making!
Prohibition by the reasons of certain group of elites in the power structure is the major malice of
democracy. Drug Prohibition is one such veiled prophecy/execution that provides a disastrous
outcome. The central argument of my paper is– How modern day capitalism in all its variations
offers an explanation (negative) to the entire scenario of drug prohibition? What can be the benefits
of this entire arrangement and who are the major beneficiaries remains a crucial query. The recent
outrage in Philippines, the age old war on Drugs led by the US and the billion dollar

America Is The Land Of The Free
Chelsey Turnbull
English composition
America is the land of the free; it's ironic that America also by far has more incarcerated citizens
than any other country in the world. America is at war. We have been fighting drug abuse for almost
a century. In 1972 president Nixon declared a war on drugs. Unfortunately, we are not winning this
war. Drug users are still filling up our jails and prisons, now more than ever. The drug war causes
violent crime and criminal activity due to prohibition, not the drugs themselves. Children in all of
this are left neglected or without parents. The only beneficiaries of this war are organized crime
members and drug dealers. The United States has focused its efforts on the criminalization of drug
use. The government has spent billions of dollars in efforts to rid the supply of drugs. Even with all
this money and effort of law enforcement it has not decreased the demand or supply of illegal drugs.
Not only being highly costly, drug law enforcement has been counterproductive. Current drug laws
need to be reviewed and changed. The United States needs to shift spending from law enforcement
and penalization to education, treatment, and prevention. The war on drugs has caused many
problems in the United States, family problems, financial problems and has increased crime, after
forty years in this war it's time for a change.
In terms of age, 58 percent of children with incarcerated parents are under ten years of age with 8
being the

Global Drug Policy
The global policy on drugs has one main concern, as maintained in the first clause of the 1961 UN
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs: promoting the health and welfare of mankind (United
Nations, 1961). The convention and global drug policy actors have asserted through the years that
drugs pose a threat to this concern, and so an integrated effort to reduce supply, demand and
trafficking of said narcotics is the desired course of action (High Level segment Commission on
Narcotic Drugs, 2009). It seems that this course of action became an end of itself instead of a mean
to an end of health and welfare, as mounting evidence shows that the actions taken to achieve this
have not only been ineffective in reducing supply, demand and trafficking; they have also created
severe violations of human rights, alongside criminalization, a hazard to public health, and drug
cartels which pose a very real threat to peace and security.
Member states have not been oblivious to the fact that the measures taken have been
counterproductive, and an increasing number of states are dissatisfied with the results of this policy
(Doward, 2013). Some have addressed this by decriminalizing possession and use of drugs and
introducing harm reduction programs, considering the issue of demand not a criminal issue but a
public health one. The evidence in favor of such programs was acknowledged by international
bodies such as WHO and UNODC, emphasizing that reducing demand should be done through
means of

Good Storms Coming : Relevance And Implications Of The...
Better Storms Coming: The Relevance and Implications of the Philippine War against Illegal Drugs
of the Duterte Administration "Duterte 's policy is counterproductive and doing the opposite: it is
slaughtering people, it is making the retail (drug) market violent–as a result of state actions,
extrajudicial killings and vigilante killings." – Vanda Felbab–Brown, urban violence and internal
conflict expert at Brookings Institution Perhaps, Felbab–Brown pointed out something striking from
the Philippine president 's strategy of confronting drug criminality in the country as opposed to other
conducts of war on illegal drugs in different nations. Conflicting issues beget from the on–going
offensives taken by the Duterte administration that it took the attention of the world, especially the
spate of extrajudicial killings in the Philippines. So much that Duterte would uphold his banner
campaign, what could be the ground in which the president, as well as the Filipino people stood in
advancing this campaign against illegal drugs? Moreover, besides observable outcomes of the
current narcotics war, what are the implications it will accentuate within the context of the country?
This essay would prove the relevance of the war on illicit drugs and further provide for its possible
moral and political outcomes in the country. The present administration 's war against illegal drugs
poses relevance to the Filipino society. One of the biggest and pressing issues confronted by the

Can Economic Aid Make a Difference in Flow of Drugs? Essays
Can Economic Aid Make a Difference in Flow of Drugs?
1. The United States government spends nearly $100 million annually, working towards the goal of
greatly reducing the drug flow into this country (Abbott 160). Compared to the $100 million the
U.S. spends, the $3 to $5 billion the Latin American countries bring in each year from drug
trafficking is quite unbalanced. While researchers agree drug crops create a source of income for a
number of Latin American people, they disagree about whether or not economic aid from the United
States can make a big enough difference to slow the drug flow into the country. 2. Some experts
believe crop substitution is one way the economic aid money could be used to curb drug trafficking.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The cocaine industry is an important source of jobs and income in regions characterized by
desperate poverty and widespread unemployment" (Lee 184). When one follows the trail of the coca
leaves from the field to the point of smuggling it into the United States, an estimated 500,00 to one
million people are directly employed (Lee 184). Because so many people benifit from the cocaine
industry, simply substituting the crops may not be enough. 4. Others feel the money for economic
aid should be spent in other ways. The mayor of Calamar, Vincente Ferrer Londono, feels that the
production of coca leaves would completely disappear if the United States government would pave
the road from Calamar to San Jose, which is the gateway to the national market. He contends that
the farmers can grow plenty of corn and rice, but due to the very poor road conditions, they can't get
the produce to the market (Massing 179). Michael Massing, a free–lance writer, is in agreement.
saying that even though building a road would cost nearly $2 million, it would be considered a
bargain considering the impact it would have on Colombia's coca production. Michael adds,
"between 1987 and 1988 the United States spent about $ 1 billion trying to intercept drugs at its
borders." If some of this money could be relocated to the economic aid programs to help stop the
growth

Drug Trafficking : An Illegal Drug Trading System
Drug trafficking is an illegal drug trading system in which drugs are brought from other countries to
the United States. According to the article, "Crime and Drug Control Policies in the United States"
written by Thomas Mieczkowski, illegal drug trafficking from Mexico and Colombia have been
hurting the American society for many years. Drugs have been coming into the U.S. in many
different forms and routes especially through the border of the United States and Mexico
(Mieczkowski 2008). The large amounts of drugs brought into America is for intent to sell and make
immense amounts of profit. Most of the drugs coming in from Mexico and other South American
countries are all easily grown or produced from where it comes from. After these drugs enter the
U.S. they are given to distributors who supply portions to many different drug dealers and these
drug dealers sell the drugs to the citizens of America. In most cases the buyer of the drugs are drug
addicts, or someone that 's just trying sell what they got for more profit (Mieczkowski 2008). All
these different drugs are causing thousands of American teens to become addicts, which leads them
to lose control and do absurd things or die due to overdose on those drugs (The History of Drug
Abuse). The DEA and the American government do many things to prevent drugs coming in from
Mexico and confiscate anything they find, but the amount confiscated is nowhere near the amount
actually entering the U.S. (Mieczkowski 2008). Drug

Critical Essay 1
Critical Essay 1
Word Count: 943
Dating back to as early as the 1920s, the use of drugs in several Western films and other forms of
entertainment started to take flight. The portrayal of the drugs used were that of a positive light;
being pleasurable, socially acceptable, and even appropriate to use for those that did not live a
criminal lifestyle.
It wasn't until the 1960s in which the positive connotations with drugs became contradictory. This
was a result of the implementation of stronger drug prohibition laws. Many of the positively
represented films were eradicated to make way for more insightful films about drugs – illustrating
the true horrors of drugs and consequences of addiction. In these films, Boyd finds the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is argued that films displaying such stereotypes aren't trying to be racial in any manner, but to
educate of the social hierarchies present in communities today.
Boyd believes such representations as above are not true, stating there isn't a common concrete
perception about illegal drugs in popular culture. The current beliefs floating around are volatile
representations of the true meaning of drugs.
The first genre of entertainment Boyd delves into is rock and roll, in conjunction with drug films.
After first hand experience of watching one of the three films Boyd chose (Easy Rider, 1969), it is
easy to identify that the use of illegal drugs was not a concern in terms of the protagonists' well
beings, but in fact portrayed in a positive. This doesn't fully go against what Boyd had first believed
about drugs, but falls in favour of the findings of Coveney and Bunton. The protagonists did find
pleasure in their use of drugs (mateship), but for the reasons of wanting to not fall into the norms of
society, as well as for the betterment of their lives (by drug dealing for 'quick and easy' money).
The early 70s brought about new changes to the entertainment industry. This was the time social and
political changes occurred due to factors such as the introduction of the Black Panther Party as well
as the civil rights movement. Boyd discusses Superfly (1972), which displays the conditions of poor
black

Should Medical Marijuana Be Legal?
Due to these canges in state laws that now allow use of recreational and medical marijuana,
businesses and employers face a daunting issue: How do they handle an applicant who requests
reasonable accommodation under Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) for medical marijuana?
According to U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), a reasonable
accommodation is assistance or changes to a position or workplace that will enable an employee to
do his or her job despite having a disability. Under ADA, employers are required to provide
reasonable accommodation to qualified employees with disabilities unless doing so would pose an
undue hardship to the employer or business. Qualified employers are those who hold the necessary
degree, skill and experience for the job and who can perform its essential functions with or without
an accommodation.
CLASSIFICATION OF MARIJUANA Medical Marijuana
It is the use of leaves, flowers and buds of the hemp plant cannabis as treatment for diseases or
symptoms. It contains the healing properties because of high cannabinoid (CBD) content – the non–
psychoactive component of cannabis that may be beneficial in treating pain, epileptic seizures and
possibly psychoses. It also contains Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a molecule that can stimulate
appetite, decrease nausea and reduce pain and produces psychoactive effects. It is commonly used
medically to treat conditions like cancer pain management, glaucoma, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's,

Effects of the United States Failed War on Drugs Policy Essay
Effects of the United States Failed War on Drugs Policy
Hector Arreola
SSCI 306 MWF 10:40–11:50 AM
March 14, 2012
Abstract
The "War on Drugs" policy has been the approach by the United States to protect citizens from the
harmful effects of illegal drugs. The article examines the failures of the war on drug policy has had
on society, such as, increasing violence, increasing the prison population, increased spending of
billions of taxpayer funds, and being racially biased against minorities. The war on drugs policy
reflects a deeper political agenda and is diverting attention away from the real issue by ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, president after president has adopted the "war" metaphor and declared drugs as a national
security risk that must be fought at an international level to maintain society safe. In Bush's speech
to the nation, he states the citizens must come together behind one plan of action, "an assault on
every front" (cited in Elwood, 1995 p. 106). Consequently, the misuse of rhetoric, war metaphors,
and the assault on drugs have had a negative impact on society which has failed American citizens.
Additionally, the war on drugs is also having an impact on minorities and lower socio–economic
citizens by imprisoning African–American and Hispanic citizens at alarming rates. Nationwide, the
rate of persons admitted to prison on drug charges for black men is 13 times higher than that for
White men (Fellner, 2000). Currently African–American and Hispanic citizens make up the majority
of the prison population that is the result of the harsher sentencing of drug related crimes. In 1989,
the Bush administration targeted the public housing projects by devoting $50 million to fight crime
in the public housing projects. This would help restore order and kick out the dealers for good (cited
in Elwood, 1995 p. 104). In 1973, the Rockefeller drug law was enacted which provided extremely
harsh sanction and mandatory minimum prison sentences, for example, sentencing someone to
fifteen years to life for selling an ounce of heroin (as cited in

The War On Drugs
In 1971 President Richard Nixon declared a War on Drugs stating that drug abuse was "public
enemy number one". Four decades later America is still waging this war that many say can never
truly be won. The goal of this campaign has always been the prohibition of drugs, military aid, and
military intervention with the stated aim being to define and reduce the illegal drug trade however
the tactics used thus far have done little to solve the problem of drugs in the United State. The use of
military to combat this issue has resulted in billions of tax dollars with little results. Since 1970 the
drug addiction rate has stayed consistent while the U.S. drug controlled spending has dramatically
increased. Illegal drug trafficking thrives and violence escalates as this war against drugs wages on.
The call to end the war on drugs has been made but can we really end something that should be
treated like any other social issue?
America's prison population has seen a huge increase over the past forty years largely due to the
failed drug war policies. A report released by the National Research Council found that with less
than five percent of the world's population but nearly 25 percent of the world's prisoners, the U.S.
continues to rank first among nations in both prison and jail population and per capita rates. In order
to reduce incarceration it would be necessary to do more than just eliminating mandatory minimums
sentences and harsh criminal penalties for nonviolent drug crimes.

Essay Illegal Drugs and Its Impacts
According to the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse in 2001, 12% of Americans ages 12
and older reported illegal drug use in the past year (Drug Policy Information Clearinghouse, 2003).
Some of the most popular drugs include marijuana, cocaine, and heroine. With such widespread use
worldwide, illegal drugs have serious social and political impacts. Socially, drug use spreads quickly
and is closely related to crimes. Politically, drug use sparks the debate between prohibition and
legalization.
The most widely abuse drug in the United States is marijuana, or cannabis. It has been used since
ancient times in South and East Asia. It spread quickly to the Middle East, and later to North Africa.
In 1545, the Spanish brought the plant to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Containing 50 – 70% more carcinogens in its smoke, marijuana may increase the risk of lung
cancer, lung infections, or other respiratory illnesses. Chronic use of marijuana increases the risk of
mental problems, such as anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia. Long term use also leads to
addiction, which creates withdrawal symptoms when people stop using the drug. Reported
symptoms include craving, irritability, anxiety, and sleeplessness. (NIDA InfoFacts: Marijuana,
2010)
Cocaine, derived from the coca leaf, is another widely used drug that is outlawed in many countries.
Natives of South America chewed coca leaf to increase their stamina. In time, new ways of
processing and synthesizing the leaves created more potent and addictive form of cocaine, now
known popularly as "crack." At first "crack" received widespread support from medical experts and
celebrities. Sigmund Freud believed that cocaine can cure depression and sexual impotence. Coca
Cola used cocaine as one of its main ingredients. Even inventor Thomas Edison and actress Sarah
Bernhart promoted the drugs. As time pass by, the negative side effects of cocaine became more of a
problem. Eventually, due to public pressure, cocaine was included in the list of outlawed narcotics
of the Dangerous Drug Act of 1920. (Cocaine History, n.d)
Cocaine produces euphoria by interfering with neurotransmitters. It blocks several of these
chemicals, such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine,

A Pundit’s Solution to Fixing Drug Violence in Mexico Essay
Thomas Friedman, a biweekly column contributor for the New York Times, is a pundit who
throughout his career has made some bold claims about controversial issues in the news. Bestement
and Gutherson argue that a pundit is merely "one who gives opinions in an authoritative manner",
and that while they may speak convincingly, their skills as pundits lie in "their ability... to learn
quickly about the broad contours of a wide range of subjects, and to project confidence and
authority in talking about them" (Bestement, Gutherson 2005; 2,3). Since a pundit is one who uses
existing prejudices to explain complex issues to large audiences in a concise and very generalized
manner, inaccuracies are frequent in their arguments; but these inaccuracies ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The prohibition of drugs such as cocaine, opium, and marijuana is rooted in the racism and
xenophobia of the people of the United States. It was "believed that cocaine consumption by the
black community could make them disregard the barriers that society had established between
different races", while Chinese were "portrayed as assiduous opium smokers" and Mexicans were
"labeled as avid marihuana smokers" (Recio 2002; 23,24). These faulty conceptions of the
minorities in the United States resulted in "a new perception...that drug consumption could not be
morally accepted and therefore its use should be seriously restricted" (Recio 2002; 24). Medical
professionals in the United States were strongly opposed to an all out ban of these drugs, but
eventually the United States congress passed the Harrison Act. This act was initially designed to
limit the availability of these narcotics by requiring a prescription from a physician to obtain them.
Later, United States congress passed the Volstead Act, which prohibited alcohol. In 1922 the
Harrison Act became a totally prohibitionist piece of legislation (Recio 2002; 25, 26). Immediately
after the Harrison Act and the Volstead Acts were passed, illegal drug traffickers took the place of
physicians in providing narcotics to the people who wanted them (Recio 2002; 26). In order to
prevent this, the United States government decided that if the country producing drugs

America’s Drug War Essay
The War on Drugs, like the war on Terrorism, is a war that America may not be able to afford to
win. For over forty years the United States has been fighting the War on Drugs and there is no end
in sight. It has turned into a war that is about politics and economics rather than about drugs and
criminals. The victims of this war are numerous; but perhaps they are not as numerous as those who
benefit from the war itself.
History of U.S Drug Policy:
While laws prohibiting the use of drugs, in one form or another, can be traced back to the 1870s, it
was not until 1968, when Richard M. Nixon was elected President, that our current drug war was
conceived. In 1970 Congress passed the Comprehensive Drug Abuse and Control Act.(2) With an ...
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Assistant to Egil Krogh was G. Gordon Liddy. Howard Hunt was a consultant on the drug problem
to the president's Domestic Council.
Both of these men would gain fame a few years later as Watergate conspirators. Under these men,
instead of being understood as a health and social problem, drug addiction was defined as a law and
order problem.
On July 1, 1973 the War on Drugs was solidified with the creation of the Drug
Enforcement Administration.(15) The DEA, which was the result of merging the Bureau of
Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs with various other law enforcement and intelligence gathering
agencies, including the ODALE, was given the responsibility of enforcing the nation's federal drug
laws. It's enormous sphere of influence is reflected in its Mission Statement which states among
other things; "The mission of the Drug Enforcement Administration is to enforce the controlled
substances laws and regulations of the United States and bring to the criminal and civil justice
system of the United States, or any other competent jurisdiction, those organizations and principal
members of organizations involved in the growing, manufacture, or distribution of controlled
substances appearing in or destined for illicit traffic in the United States..."(15) The DEA was
designed as an American agency with an international agenda.
During the Ford and Carter administrations drug use began to rise. In 1979 illicit drug use in the
United States peaked

Drug Production and Traffic: An Inventory and Ways to...
Forum: Advisory Panel on the Question of the Indochinese
Introduction
Drug production and trafficking is a widespread issue that has proven to be extremely difficult for
individual governments. The black market for illegal drugs has become almost omnipresent in
modern society as the production and distribution of drugs has evolved into one of the most
profitable industries. United Nations (UN) reports from 2003 value the illegal drug market to be
approximately $320 billion and growing. Governments try to prevent the issue through legal
restrictions such as prohibition which has caused the formation of the black market. In their efforts
to prevent drug trafficking, governments face many obstacles such as the implementation of ...
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Golden Triangle
A region in Asia known for its production of opium that consists of four countries: Laos, Myanmar,
Vietnam, and Thailand.
Golden Crescent
A region in Asia known for its production of opium that consists of three countries: Afghanistan,
Pakistan, and Iran.
History
As drug prohibition laws came into action, a black market for newly illegal drugs became prevalent.
In 19th–century China, the two "Opium Wars" broke out because of disputes between the British
and Chinese. Decades earlier, the British produced large amounts of opium in Bengal, in
Northeastern India, and illegally exported it to China; the Chinese Emperor became wary of the
increasing use of opium and rising number of addicts. In order to control the issue, seeing as the
prohibition laws had not been effective, the emperor demanded that foreign companies surrender
their opium to the government. However, when the British firms refused to comply, the emperor
banned all importing and held foreigners in the country until firms were forced to hand over their
opium. In response, the British sent troops from India that caused havoc to the coastal region of
China, initiating the first Opium War that resulted in the Treaty of Nanking. The second Opium war
followed soon after caused by arguments about the Treaty of Nanking, therefore resulting in another
treaty, the Treaty of

Stopping The Trafficking Of Drugs Into The Country
Stopping the trafficking of drugs into the country is a key part of their overall mission: to protect
America. The Border Patrol's 2012–2016 strategic plan supports the national–level strategies like
the National Drug Control Strategy and "uses a risk–based approach to securing the border".
According to this strategic plan, "Transnational criminal organizations represent a significant cross–
border threat to homeland security". Outlined in the National Drug Strategy, the border security
mission of preventing drug smuggling contributes to the goals. Three goals of the strategy are
stopping initiation, reducing drug abuse and addiction, and disrupting the market for illegal drugs.
There are 3 main outcomes that contribute to drug ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The El Paso Intelligence Center (EPIC) and Joint Task Force North (JTF North) are two important
partners out of many. A vital asset to any agency needing intelligence on suspicious drug smuggling
suspects is the El Paso Intelligence Center (EPIC). Established in 1974, EPIC collects and
distributes information relating to drug, alien and weapon smuggling as well as counterterrorism
resources in support of agents in the field. With an annual budget of 19.6 million dollars, it consists
of over 20 agencies working together and sharing critical intelligence. EPIC provides "access to LE
systems with the opportunity to collaborate daily through exchanges with LE analysts and operators,
as well as routine engagement with federal, states, local, tribal, and international partners". EPIC is
a valuable asset aids in numerous drug smuggling related arrests at ports of entry. In many counter
drug operations, federal law enforcement agencies rely on support from the Department of Defense
(DOD). Joint Task Force North, based at Fort Bliss, Texas, provides DOD assets in support of drug
law enforcement agencies conducting such operations. Joint Task Force North is an element of U.S.
Northern Command (USNORTHCOM). USNORTHCOM provides command and control of DOD
homeland defense efforts and to coordinate defense support to civil authorities. Joint Task Force
North is compromised of active duty and reserve Marines,

Is Decriminalizing Drugs A Right Move?
Alvaro Lopez
Angela Mora
English 1A
30 Sept 2014
Is Decriminalizing Drugs A Right Move? There always seems to be debate on whether the
decriminalization of drugs would be of great public interest. It is a very important and controversial
issue that has many people wondering if legalizing drugs would be a right move or not. In the
article, "Decriminalization Would Increase The Use and The Economic and Social Costs of Drugs"
by David Mineta, Mineta argues about why drugs should not be decriminalized and how keeping
illicit drugs illegal outweigh the possible negative consequences of legalizing these substances.
Mineta himself writes that, "Our position is simple and evidence–based: both decriminalization and
legalization of illicit drugs would increase their use, along with their associated health and social
costs" (Americas Quarterly). According to Mineta the decriminalization of drugs will only allow
more people to become addicted causing more health and social costs because seen as they will be
more widely used. (Americas Quarterly) According to him any tax revenue made from these
substances would not cover the ridiculous high amount of expenses made on social costs associated
with these substances (Mineta). Mineta states how illegal drugs "represented about $181 billion in
social costs in 2002–a figure that would increase, because of increased use, under legalization"
(Americas Quarterly). Mineta relates this to alcohol and tobacco, two substances that cost more

The Liberalization Of Drugs During America
The Liberalization of Drugs in America In 1971, Richard Nixon declared a war against drugs.
Today, it still continues to be a huge failure, leading to mass incarceration in the U.S., corruption,
violence and human rights abuses across the world. The DEA, or Drug Enforcement Administration,
focuses on eliminating the supply of drugs and incarcerating drug traffickers. This strategy is
inefficient because of supply and demand. If one attempts to eliminate the supply, then new ways
will be found or new producers will produce due to demand. An example would be crystal meth. the
U.S. government tried to stop crystal meth's production by outlawing or regulating the sales of
chemicals required to make it ("Controlled Substances Act"). In response, thousands of small–scale
meth production labs popped up using unregulated chemicals. The U.S. then regulated those
chemicals, which then only let the cartel, of whom have more experience and skill, to take over.
With a less than 1% success rate, the DEA is still being funded around 30 billion dollars
(Performance Budget). The reason most of the drugs in the U.S. are illegal are due to racist ties, this
includes heroin (opium), marijuana, and cocaine. The U.S. should end the war on drugs and instead
focus on the rehabilitation and discharge of drug abusers, users and dealers. Prohibition may prevent
some from taking drugs, but in the process it causes huge societal issues. Many of the things we
associate with drug use are actually

Withdrawin: A Short Story Essay examples
Salmaan walked into the dimly lit bedroom with a small syringe containing a volume of clear liquid,
ready for injection. He laid it next to my father, Aamir, hoping he would agree to take it, and then
walked over to the calendar to change the date: April 19th, 2050. He had been one of my father's
most trusted advisors, helping create the largest opium and heroin empire that the world had ever
seen. Despite the immense sums of wealth and power that both garnered throughout their decades of
smuggling, distributing, and profiting from a substance that ruined their lives, he felt helpless at the
sight of his friend succumbing to the unfortunate consequence of those many euphoric nights
stemming from the white poison. My father refused the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He scrambled for a business card he had kept securely in his left shirt pocket, and quickly wrote
down a familiar name and number on the back. After stuffing the piece of paper in my hand, he
calmed a bit. My father began, "Irfaan, I gave you everything you needed and could ever want in
life, but the one thing I never gave was an honest answer to your question. Son, I am dying today
because of a choice I made, or rather, the career I chose." He went on to describe his lucrative
heroin business and its many intricacies ranging from his partners in crime to his remorse for the
damage he caused. He also related the story of his childhood in Afghanistan and his father, my
grandfather, yet another mystery he never spoke of throughout his life. As he finished, his breathing
became shallower and heart rate began to increase until suddenly, it dropped to a feeble pulse. As he
took his final breaths, he lowered his gaze in shame and he whispered, "Promise me that you will
put an end to the monster I created, once and for all, but in a manner that will not tarnish your name
nor your conscience. Promise me. Promise me." As he closed his eyes, inhaling one last time, I
repeated the only words that would form on my trembling lips: I promise. My father let out his final
breath and passed away, leaving behind a monster for me to destroy, but also a peaceful smile,
reassuring his faith in me and my ability to succeed in my fight against the opium

India’s Drug Policy: Amend or Perish Essay examples
India's Drug Policy: Amend or Perish
GrassRoot: GrassRoot is an Indian Social Science Research Institution with the singular aim of
rethinking India's drug policy through interdisciplinary engagement. It encourages thematic research
by according its faculty the privilege to pursue individual research by collaborating with scholars
outside the Institution. The Institution revels as an authority that encourages reformative discourse
in drug policy through increased engagement with multiple stakeholders through social media and
public forums. It's able to sustain its independence from persuasive third–parties by being funded
through a combination of research grants, foundation grants, international agencies and its own
corpus.
Historical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Complicates access to pain relief medication: No need speaks for itself more urgently than the fact
that within a decade of the NDPS Act's enactment, medicinal use of morphine dropped by 97% in
India, thus, reflecting the disturbing complications that the Act has brought in for patients of
dreaded diseases in the country (Ehospice, 2014).
Loss to exchequer: The most powerful argument for depenalization and decriminalisation of certain
illicit drugs would be to save a substantial sum of the national exchequer that would be otherwise
spent on law enforcement agencies and incarcerating drug users. The Indian prisons already suffer
from high occupancy rates some as high as 256% like in the state of Chhattisgarh (Times of India,
2014). Further incarceration only exacerbates this issue.
Stunted Economic Development: The areas that customarily practice cultivation of illicit crops are
subjected to the worst kind of neglect and suffer as victims of State abandonment because of the
illicit nature of activity pursued. Consider districts of Lohit and Anjaw in Arunachal Pradesh where
opium production is the primary and secondary source of livelihood respectively. What's disturbing
is that 40% of the villages in these

Teenagers Drug Use And Its Effects On Society
Yang Qiu
Reading and Writing
Teacher Arnie
April 22 2016
Teenagers drug use
Now ，there are lots of teenagers all over the world who use drug. And it becomes a very normal
thing in society. According to foundation for a drug free world, we realize that drugs can make a
person stop thinking and become very dull.(Drug Free World). And now all medicine has drug, so
teenagers do not know how bad they are.I think now the society has two big elements,that can cause
teenagers use drug , such as environment and different personalities.
First main point is environment. In the environment, I divide it into two parts, family and friends.
Because we can not live by ourselves, we need to go along with others, and if you stay with a person
for long time,he can influent you. For the family part, there are lots of different abuses in the family.
Like divorce, in China, more than 21% people divorce, and 20% want to divorce(Chinese
Newspaper). Sometimes parents think divorce is not a very important thing, but that can make their
children feel harmful. Make them lose confident and want to do something bad to attack their
parents, want their parents to think highly of them. I have a very good friend,she is a very pretty
girl. But her parents divorced five years ago, she felt very sad, she thought her parents did not think
highly of her. She became a gay, she did not want to find a boy like her father, she always felt

Coca Production Of Coca Plant
Coca: the Fight to Survive
The Coca plant has been cultivated in the Bolivian Andes since at least the time of the Inca Empire.
Its cultivation expanded in the 1980s feeding into the international cocaine market. In response to
U.S.–funded attempts to eradicate and fumigate coca crops in the Chapare region of Bolivia, the
indigenous organizations that grow the plant joined together to contest the government in what is
known as the cocalero movement. Evo Morales, who became president of Bolivia in 2006, is a
leader of this movement. The United States' desire to suppress cultivation of the Coca plant due to
its role in making Cocaine does not serve as a suitable rationale of eradicating its production and use
as it yields many different kinds of benefits.
The production of the coca plant is vital for the role it plays in creating cocaine, but the effects of
recreational cocaine use and coca plant use are too different to eradicate the plant altogether.
According to the National Institute of Drug Abuse, Cocaine is a powerfully addictive stimulant drug
that produces short–term euphoria, energy, and talkativeness. In addition, its use can cause
potentially dangerous physical effects like raising heart rate and blood pressure ("Drug Facts:
Cocaine"). It goes on to say that in order to sustain their high, people who use cocaine often use the
drug in a binge pattern–taking the drug repeatedly within a relatively short period of time, at
increasingly higher doses. "This practice can

Essay on Propaganda, Stereotypes, and the War on Drugs
Propaganda, Stereotypes, and the War on Drugs
The West has constantly been fighting the use of illegal drugs for decades by Propaganda.
Propaganda 'is a form of manipulative communication designed to elicit some predetermined
response' (Inge, 1981, 322). Governments have been using many propagandistic methods to reduce
the consumption of illegal drugs such as marginalization or creating stereotypes. By creating a
certain stereotype for the drug users and dealers, governments believe that people would try to avoid
drugs so they won't fit the stereotype. Extensive researche has been performed on this issue and
there was no support that this propaganda tactic made a significant difference in the use of illegal
drugs.
To understand ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The media indirectly tells us, "do you want to look like those dirty, Lazy Mexicans, or those
rapists?"
Another propaganda technique to convince the public against the use of drugs is by relating it to
crime (Solomon,1968, 126) and terrorism. A month after the September 11th attacks on the World
Trade Center, Tony Blair stated in his speech that ninety percent of heroin sold in Brittan was
imported from Afghanistan. Using the stereotype that people from Afghanistan were terrorists, Tony
Blair connected drugs and heroin with terrorism and that buying drugs from Afghanistan is an
indirect tool for their terrorism. Blair states that;
"The arms the Taliban are buying today are paid for with the lived of young British people buying
their drugs on British streets... That is another part of their regime that we should seek to destroy"
(Fitzpatrick, 2001).
Blair's thesis is that the "War on Drugs" is really the "War on terrorism" and if one is patriotic,
he/she would stay away from buying drugs since it benefits the real enemy which is terrorism.
In the last decade, drug use has been very high which elicited the government to take a stronger
stand. Drug awareness programs were held in schools which over–exaggerated the harm of drugs
and 'drug dealers are often portrayed as predators preying on the misery of their customers' (Preston,
2001). Drug users on the other hand are portrayed as being

President Richard Nixon : The United State
On June 17, 1971, President Richard Nixon, addressed the United States of America and its
congress, detailing his plans to stem drug abuse in the United State. He declared it "America's
public enemy number one", saying that "In New York City more people between the ages of 15 and
35 years of age die as a result of narcotics than from any other single cause". Less than a year prior
to his speech, congress had passed into legislation a bill that called for a comprehensive reform of
the country's current drug laws. Still, Nixon felt that the nation needed more as the current drug
policies were not enough to eliminate drug abuse. He went on to propose many ideas for what he
called "a full–scale attack on the problem of drug abuse in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Strict prohibition needs to end, and we need to adopt a more lax policy like decriminalization or
legalization. These have been both shown to help in fixing the aforementioned problems that the
United States currently faces because of the war on drugs.
The war on drugs has cost our government a vast amount of money that could be better spent
elsewhere. In fiscal year 2013 alone, the United States government spent $25.6 billion in an effort to
prevent drug use and its consequences. This was $415.3 million (1.6%) increase from the previous
year. [1] This indicates that our government has no intentions of backing off of their drug stance any
time soon. Overall, the national drug control budget costs the government more than the state,
commerce, and interior departments combined. In addition, large number of drug–related trials clog
our nation's criminal justice courts, and often times the result of these cases is imprisonment for the
accused. Since the start of the war on drugs, the country's incarcerated population has increased
sevenfold, and over one percent of the population now resides in a prison. [3] There are currently
more people behind bars for drug charges today than there were people behind bars for any reason
in 1980. [2] Keeping all of these prisoners incarcerated costs

The Approach of the Drug Policy Research Centre in Uganda
About us
Drug Policy Research Centre (hereafter referred to as DPRC), is a nonprofit public–interest
advocacy group that represents the interests of Ugandans regarding the implementation of drug
policy. Established in 2006, DPRC envisions a Uganda where drug laws and funding priorities are
based on scientific evidence, human rights and tangible reductions in the harm caused both by drug
use and drug laws, instead of the current government policy emphasizing criminal punishment.
Introduction
The ministry of health estimates that 5 to 10 per cent of Uganda's population, estimated at 35
million (MOH, 2005), are users of alcohol, cannabis, khat, aviation fuel, tobacco, amphetamines,
etc. and reports from the Uganda police indicate that abusers of khat and cannabis are increasing in
the country especially in the capital, Kampala. Narcotic drug cases reported and investigated in
2011 were 1,563 compared to 871 cases in 2010 reflecting a 79% increase (Uganda Police,
2011).The increase in use of khat and cannabis has been attributed to underemployment, family
disruptions, high rates of crime and affordability (UYDEL, 2009).
A new report indicates that the economic cost of loss of productivity from drug–related
incarcerations is considerably higher than the cost associated with drug use. In light of this, the
prime minister is weighing options of proposing new legislation which experiments with models of
legal regulation of certain illicit drugs, including the decriminalization of

Young Advocates International Advocate Basic Human Rights...
YAI
Young Advocates International is a domestic human rights organization based in Nigeria. It seeks to
promote the basic tenets of the universal declaration of human rights (UDHR) through advocacy.
Introduction
The international drug control effort began fifty years ago with the aim of eradicating the abuse of
certain drugs by controlling their supply. A complex international system of enforcement grew on
this belief in supply control. Five decades on, the empirical data is available and overwhelming; the
system has failed. Worse still, it has become increasingly clear that the human rights costs of
pursuing many of its policies render them unjustifiable. From mass incarcerations in the United
States and Asia, to the HIV/AIDS epidemic flooding Russia and the waves of violence rippling
through Latin America–the current global drug policies are worsening current global problems.
Nevertheless, driven by a mixture of bureaucratic and ideological inertia, the international drug
control system governed through the United Nations and enforced by a number of core states
continues to pursue many of the same failed policies.
Policy Analysis
The present system of worldwide drug control is constructed upon a suite of United Nations treaties.
This includes the 1961 single convention on Narcotic Drugs as amended by the 1972 protocol, the
1971 convention on psychotropic substances and the 1988 convention against illicit traffic in
Narcotic Drugs and psychotropic substances. These

The Modern War On Drugs
The Modern War on Drugs In the past forty years, the United States has spent over $2.5 trillion
dollars funding enforcement and prevention in the fight against drug use in America (Suddath).
Despite the efforts made towards cracking down on drug smugglers, growers, and suppliers,
statistics show that addiction rates have remained unchanged and the number of people using illegal
drugs is increasing daily (Sledge). Regardless of attempts to stem the supply of drugs, the measure
and quality of drugs goes up while the price goes down (Koebler). Now with the world's highest
incarceration rates and greatest illegal drug consumption (Sledge), the United States proves that the
"war on drugs" is a war that is not being won.
For most of our history, drug use has been legal for recreational, religious, and medicinal purposes.
During the 19th century, opium, morphine, and cocaine could be purchased over–the–counter to
treat medical conditions such as menstrual cramps, teething pain, coughs, depression, and even
addiction (Hellerman). On December 17, 1914, the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act was introduced
which heavily restricted the use of narcotics, and was based on racial fears and discrimination. The
drafters of the bill stated that "negroes under the influence of drugs were murdering whites,
degenerate Mexicans were smoking marijuana, and "chinamen" were seducing white women with
drugs" (Huggins). Regardless of the restrictions placed on narcotics, the 20th century followed the

Essay about Against the War On Drugs in America
The Case Against America's War on Drugs
The legal prohibition on most psychoactive drugs has been in place in this country for the better part
of a century. This policy of prohibition, however, has never been based on reason or careful
consideration, but on the paranoia of a small segment of society and the indifferent willingness of
the majority to accept this vocal minority's claims without question. Outlawing any use of a
particular drug is a violation of the basic freedom of individuals to act as they please in their private
lives. However, even if one does not accept this belief, an objective analysis of the United States'
history of prohibition clearly shows that attempts to enforce this policy have done far more harm
than good, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First of all, the Harrison act was only intended to regulate the sale of these drugs, making them
available over the counter in small doses and in larger doses with a doctor's prescription. Only later
did the courts and law enforcement interpret this law as a prohibition. Reasons for the law included
the association of opium with the widely despised Chinese–American community and lobbying by
medical and pharmaceutical associations who sought a monopoly on the sale of narcotics, but the
primary concern was to meet international obligations created by the new international drug control
treaty. Marijuana was not banned until 1937, but no medical testimony was presented to congress at
this time. Thus prohibition of these drugs occurred with little deliberation and with little rational
justification (Ostrowski).
Alcohol prohibition, the "noble experiment" began in 1918. Few, if any, would deny that this
experiment was a disaster. I will discuss the details of this experiment throughout the paper as it is
relevant to the current war on drugs, but suffice to say that prohibition utterly failed to curb alcohol
consumption while creating a black market for liquor which was dominated by violent criminals,
and encouraging the consumption of hard liquor which was not subject to any legal quality controls.
Alcohol prohibition was repealed in 1933.
The Argument for Legalization
Public fears that drug use poses a real threat to society and the general stigma attached to

Psychoactive Drugs : The Single Convention On Narcotic Drugs
In 1961 the UN adopted the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, where it was noted that the
problem requires urgent and priority, and in 1984 in the "Declaration on the fight against drug
trafficking and drug abuse" the entire conglomerate of problems, ranging from illicit manufacturing
and trafficking to abuse, called "shameful and disgusting crime". And it can be called a kind of
"ostrich policy" (The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961).
There are four key groups of psychoactive drugs: stimulants, depressants, opioids and
hallucinogens. This classification is conditional because most psychoactive drugs have several
effects on the psychological and physical activity of the body, depending on the dose and duration of
use.]
The use ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Marijuana is used to heighten perception, affect mood, and relax. Many people think marijuana is
harmless, but it is not. Signs of marijuana use include red eyes, lethargy, and uncoordinated body
movements. The long–term effects may include decrease in motivation and harmful effects on the
brain, heart, lungs, and reproductive system. People who smoke marijuana are also at increased risk
of developing cancer of the head and neck. A pharmaceutical product, Marinol, that contains
synthetic THC, is available as a prescription medication. It comes in the form of a pill (eliminating
the harmful and cancer–causing chemicals present when marijuana is smoked) and is used to relieve
the nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy for cancer patients and to treat loss of
appetite in AIDS patients.
(Definition of Marijuana & Definition of Alcohol 2012) The aim of this essay is to compare and
contrast two different psychoactive drugs, Alcohol and Marihuana, grounded on physical and
psychological addiction they cause. Alcohol can be stimulant in small doses and depressant in large
doses, whilst marihuana belongs to the hallucinogen group and, therefore, can be depressant
depending on our mood
Alcohol dependence is a leader in the structure of a substance abuse.
The NHS estimates that just under one in 10 (8.7%) men in the UK and one in 20 (3.3%) UK
women show signs of alcohol dependence (sometimes known as "alcoholism"), (The NHS

Drug Trafficking Is The International Problem
Drug trafficking is the illicit production transportation and trade with drugs. These drugs are
produced in one country of the world and with strong network communication are traded to different
destination of the world. It is clear that the existence of drug trafficking is the international problem,
which needs rapid solutions. The harmful impact of drugs is commonly known all over the planet,
that is why the majority of the drugs prohibited. Also it has a tremendous social impact that is
breaking society slowly. This topic caught my attention and wanted to do a research on this topic
because there are numerous issues those conflicts on this topic. Drugs are entering to United States
from numerous places and statistics of deaths are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to congressional research service U.S customs and border protection is the United States
department of homeland security, which is "charged for facilitation and regulation of international
trades, enforcing U.S regulations and laws, including trade, customs and immigration." The agency
protects the U.S from terrorist and dangerous weapons. Also provides protection against human and
drug trafficking and illegal immigration. United States is secured by the agency for agriculture and
economy from harmful pest and diseases. According to U.S. Customs and Border Protection, in FY
2012, "Border Patrol agents on the Southwest border seized more than 5,900 pounds of cocaine and
more than 2.2 million pounds of marijuana." The increases in smuggling issues have forced the
border patrol to the front line of the U.S. war on drugs. Another report by United Nations Office on
Drug and Crime (UNODC), confirms the research work and findings by United Nations Research
Institute for Social Development. According to UNODC, "the major illicit drugs that are being
produced and traded are cocaine, opium, cannabis and heroine." UNDOC's report suggests that the
countries that are involved in the production and trafficking Drug trafficking includes trade of
illegal drugs. Also according to another scholarly research USSC (United States Sentencing
Commission) stated that "Six drug types accounted for 97.0% of drug

Global Public Policy Is Made By State And Non State Actors
Global public issues such as global climate change, international financial market, illicit
international trade, cross border migration, internet governance and cyber war, nuclear proliferation,
global public drug and etc cause a need of global public policy. Basically global public policy has
been designed in order to achieve desired goals in global public challenges. Global public policy is
made by state and non–state actors. In classical political science only the states were recognized as a
significant actors in public policy and international policies were made between states( Wimmer and
Schiller,2002), while in the recent decades non–state actors play important role in global
governance(Whitman, 2009,87). For instance, UN, UNDP, UNIDO are central in the global public
sphere (Kaul 2003).
Global public policy activities take place among non state actors and intergovernmental counterpart
in global agora (Stone, 2008, 5–8).Global public policy needs to be made in global agora.
Previously, global agora was a place for social, economical, political and cultural interaction of
states and non–states members. However, today global agora is evolving with various set of
networks , global public and private partnership and multilateral initiatives global agora is managed
by business and policy elites(Stone, 2008, 10).
Global public policy aim to respond to three types of policy problems (Soroos 1991):
Firstly, transboundary problems such as money laundry, drug trafficking and

Realism Theory and Narcoterrorism Essays
Former President Fernando Belaúnde Terry of Peru first defined the term "narco–terrorism" in 1983.
The term was first created to describe terrorist–type attacks against Peru's anti–narcotics police.
President Terry used to the word "narco–terrorism" to attempt to describe the narcotics trafficker's
use of violence and intimidation to influence the policies of the government. However, the word
narco–terrorism has more than just one definition. According to the DEA, narco–terrorism is
defined as, "participation of groups or associated individuals in taxing, providing security for,
otherwise aiding or abetting drug trafficking endeavors in an effort to further, or fund, terrorist
activities." However, the latest definition of the term ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the United States and Europe are the main importers of cocaine, the main exporters of
cocaine are found in Latin America. Latin America has among one of the most impacted nations
involved in narco–terrorism. In Latin America, cocaine is known as the "atomic bomb". The most
impacted countries of narco–terrorism are Columbia, Mexico, and Peru.
Columbia
Columbia is historically the most impacted nation of narco–terrorism. Columbia was first declared
an independent nation after the fall of Gran Columbia along with Ecuador and Venezuela in 1830.
As of July 2011, CIA World Factbook has estimated its population to be about 44,725,543.
Columbia has 1,138,910 sq km of land, approximately three times the size of California. However,
according to the CIA World Factbook it is estimated that only 2.1% of the land is arable, 1.37% is
already used for permanent crops, and the rest of its 96% is used for "other" reasons. According to
the 2008 World Drug Report, over 99,000 ha of Columbian land is used for cocaine cultivation. Due
to its ongoing civil wars and weak democratic government, Columbia has become a haven for
narco–terrorism. Insurgent groups such as the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC),
National Liberation Army (ELN), and United Self Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) have been
known rely on drug trafficking to carry out bombings, extortion, kidnapping, and assassination.
Narco–Terrorism in Colombia began as a response by the

Exploring Different Kinds of Drugs Essays
Exploring Different Kinds of Drugs
Most of the drugs that people abuse have their effect on the limbic system of the brain. The limbic
system is located deep within the brain near the top of the brain stem. The limbic system produces
the feelings of pleasure, pain, anger, and fear which characterize our emotions. All drugs of
addiction work on our emotions. If a certain drug makes us feel very good, we tend to want to take
that drug again and again. It is because of this temporary good feeling that we become
psychologically addicted to a drug.
Within the limbic system, drugs work on the brain by way of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters
are the chemicals which allow our nerve cells to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All opium products are chemically similar to endorphins and have their pleasurable effects by
substituting for endorphins in our brain.
Opium has been used and abused since the beginning of recorded history. There is a reference to
opium in Homer's Odyssey written in the sixth century BCE. People have for centuries eaten and
smoked opium. Some of these people became addicted to it, others did not. However, in the mid
1800's, opium was refined into morphine and codeine. Morphine and codeine magnified the power
of opium ten times. Also in the mid 1800's, the hypodermic needle was invented. If the hypodermic
needle is used to intravenously inject morphine, it magnifies the power of the drug 10–15 times.
In 1896 opium was further refined into diacetylmorphine, which became known as heroin. It was
named heroin because they thought it was a "hero" drug. It was believed to be nonaddictive, and for
years was a treatment for alcoholism. Alcoholics were advised to stop drinking and substitute heroin
use instead. This was reasonably good therapy because heroin is not as damaging to the physical
body as is alcohol. However, it is far more addictive and damaging to the mind. When the
hypodermic needle is used to intravenously inject heroin, addiction develops quickly.
Heroin is a drug to which people become both psychologically and physiologically

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