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Political Change F ollowing are overviews of the political.docxstilliegeorgiana
Political Change
F ollowing are overviews of the political evolution, in
the postindep endence national period, of each of the
independent Latin Am erican mainland nations and of the
island nations of the Greater Antilles. Included also are
discussions of French Guiana and Pue1to Rico, which are
a part of France and the United States, resp ectively.
These summaries are intended to increase our under-
standing of each country's political geography and its
impact on economic and social development. They will
also enable us to evaluate the significance of new devel-
opments in relation to th eir broader historical contexts .
MEXICO
Upon achieving independence in 1821, Mexico foun d
itself physically devastated by the preceding decade of
war and bitterly divided between cons ervative and lib-
eral creole factions who fough t among thems elves for
the chan ce to govern a nation consisting mostly of
impoverished rural peasants. The first of th e caudillos to .
gain power was a conservative latifunclista nam ed
Augustin Iturbide. Iturbide adm ired grea tly th e
auth oritarian monarchies of Europe and, as Emperor
Augustin I , attempted to expand his dominion into Cen-
tral America. Iturbide's reign lasted only until 1823 and
ushered in a chaoti lmlf.._CflJlb.uy in which Mexico aver-
aged one ruler a year. Th e most promin_ent of these was
a flamboyant, self-s erving de magogue named Antonio
Lopez de ~ant~Anna, who, as Parkes (1970, 198) noted,
"succeeded in becoming, for thi1ty years, the curse of his
125
native country." One of Santa Anna's sorriest disgraces
was losing Texas through an inept military ca mpaign.
The loss led directly to the Mexican-American War of
1846 to 1848, which concluded with Mexico's ceding the
nmthern half of its tenitmy to the United States.
Santa Anna had somehow managed to represen t
both the liberals and conservatives in the course of com-
ing to power. After being deposed on four separate occa-
sions, he fled the country for the last time in 1855. There
followed a brief period of liberal refo!:.._n:!. highlighted by
the preside~cyoTBen!_to Juarez, _a pure-blood~d Indian Y
from the southern state of Oaxaca, who governed with a
mo~al rectitude that has rarely been approached in sub-
sequent Mexican history (Figure 6.1 ). Juarez died in
1872, and in 1876, Porfirio Dfaz began a ~ pt and
re ressive dictatorial reign that was clominated by for- ·
eign economic interests .
~ In 1910, all of Mexico erupted into r~QD.. Out
of the ferm ent and turmoil there e merged, in 1917,_ a
new liberal an d, in so me respects , a radical cgnstit_µ tion
th at h as govern ed Mexico to th e present (Be njamin
2000 ; Bre nn e r 1971 ). Among its prin cipal provisions
were widespread agrarian reform, st~ t restrictions on
th e eco n o mi c h oldings and po litical ac tiviti es of
church es, and broad labor rights.
Yet anothe r outgrowth of the revolution was the
e me rge nce of a domin ant p ...
3. Joining NAFTA may have caused Mexico to fall further away from being an independent Latin America, leaving it rooted in Americas shadow. However, since its start in 1994, foreign investment in Mexico has more than doubled.
4. Mexico started to focus on a broader range of exporting goods. Almost 80% of their exports are manufactured.
5. When China joined the World Trade Center in 2001, it quickly out did Mexico in textile and manufacturing jobs, resulting in approximately 300,000 Mexicans without work, which in turn may be one critical reason for the illegal immigration issues in the USA.
6.
7. The country is divided into 26 states and one federal district (Bras’lia); each state has its own governor and staff
14. Famous for beautiful beachesCurrent President – Luiz Inacio Lulada Silva Statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
15.
16. The manufacturing of oil along with foreign businesses, tried to throw Venezuela into the first world.
17. The focus on oil caused neglect to its agricultural economy.
18. In the 1980’s, everything seemed to spiral downward after the price of oil dropped. Venezuela found itself with a huge deficit.
19. Severe measures introduced in 1989 by PérezJiménez (elected for the second time) prompted protests, which resulted in more than 300 lives in three days of bloody riots known as ‘El Caracazo.’
20. The 1998 election put Hugo Chávez into the presidency. He compared himself to Bolívar. He promised a ‘peaceful and democratic social revolution (there was nothing peaceful about it).
21. He rewrote the constitution, giving him more power and by 2001 huge protests occurred. In 2002 he was forced to resign.
22. National politics continued to be shaky until Chávez again in 2004, after his pockets were nicely lined with oil money.
![MexicoThe Umbilical Cord ,[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)