This newsletter discusses the postal history of Carpatho-Ukraine and surrounding areas. It provides an update on the distribution method for the newsletter, wishes a member recovering from a stroke well, and summarizes the early development of Hungary's postal system beginning in the 15th century under King Matthias I. It also shares an old map from 1528 showing Hungary and discusses the establishment of postal routes between Vienna and parts of Hungary in the early 1700s.
The newsletter discusses:
1) The formation of a study circle focused on the postal history of Carpatho-Ukraine, composed of members from different countries.
2) A meeting of the study circle founders in Prague where they discussed cooperation and furthering their shared interest in Carpatho-Ukraine postal history.
3) The occupation of Carpatho-Ukraine by Hungarian forces in March 1939 after the short-lived independence of the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine, and commemorative postcards produced to celebrate the meeting of Hungarian and Polish forces at the border.
This document discusses the Study Circle for the Postal History of Carpatho-Ukraine and its newsletter. It provides information about the group's focus on the history of the region known by various names. It also outlines how past issues of the newsletter can be accessed online and the benefits of joining the Study Circle. Additionally, it shares news about members' exhibits receiving awards and discusses some rules and guidelines for contributions to the newsletter.
This document provides information about the Study Circle for the Postal History of Carpatho-Ukraine newsletter, including its purpose and distribution methods. It discusses upcoming events like a member's exhibition and provides an obituary notice. The main article traces the history of a pre-stamp letter sent from Székesfehérvár, Hungary to Bozos, Ukraine in 1835 and discusses how gazetteers were used to identify the location of Bozos.
1) In late December 1914, Crown Prince Karl Franz Josef of Austria-Hungary visited troops in Upper Hungary, including in the territory commanded by Lieutenant General Rónai-Horváth.
2) Strict precautions were taken to ensure the Crown Prince's safety during his visit, including banning civilian traffic and cleaning roads.
3) On December 30th, the Crown Prince was scheduled to travel by automobile from Munkács to Ungvár and then continue by special royal train to meet Rónai-Horváth's troops.
This document summarizes an article from 1982 about pre-stamp and stampless mail from the Carpatho-Ukraine region. It provides examples of early mail from the 1600s-1800s, including military exemptions, official letters, and church letters written in Latin, German, Hungarian, and Russian. The mail examples are drawn from several renowned collectors' collections and represent international cooperation. The article also begins to classify the postal markings used in the pre-stamp period, based on Hungarian classifications. It provides the first part of a planned series covering the postal history and stamps of the Carpatho-Ukraine region.
The newsletter provides information about the Study Circle for the Postal History of Carpatho-Ukraine and discusses distributing the newsletter online in the future. It also includes several articles summarizing auction results of Carpatho-Ukraine postal items, describing a 1903 letter that traveled from Romania to Jerusalem in 11 days, and giving an overview of the battles in the Carpathian mountains between Austria-Hungary and Russia during 1914-1915, focusing on the operations of the Szurmay Corps in the Ung Valley.
This newsletter summarizes the final issue of the Sub-Carpathian Messenger newsletter. It discusses the readership and contributions over the past 6 years of publishing 722 pages of content. It thanks authors and readers for their support. The final article discusses the auction of a rare 3-color franking from 1859 with the earliest known use of a Rahó postmark on the Austrian 1858 issue. It was sold for a relatively low price and the buyer is congratulated. The newsletter is concluding after 6 years of publication.
This newsletter provides updates on postal history findings related to Carpatho-Ukraine. It discusses:
1) A registered letter from 1851 in Ungvár with transit and arrival marks.
2) Three picture postcards from 1915 in Beregszász with a new "Weiterleiten" military censorship mark.
3) A field post card from 1919 indicating Polní Pošta 12 was located in Munkács, contradicting previous beliefs.
4) Details on the use of orange cancellation marks in Užhorod in 1938 and the locations of various Czechoslovak field post offices during that period.
The newsletter discusses:
1) The formation of a study circle focused on the postal history of Carpatho-Ukraine, composed of members from different countries.
2) A meeting of the study circle founders in Prague where they discussed cooperation and furthering their shared interest in Carpatho-Ukraine postal history.
3) The occupation of Carpatho-Ukraine by Hungarian forces in March 1939 after the short-lived independence of the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine, and commemorative postcards produced to celebrate the meeting of Hungarian and Polish forces at the border.
This document discusses the Study Circle for the Postal History of Carpatho-Ukraine and its newsletter. It provides information about the group's focus on the history of the region known by various names. It also outlines how past issues of the newsletter can be accessed online and the benefits of joining the Study Circle. Additionally, it shares news about members' exhibits receiving awards and discusses some rules and guidelines for contributions to the newsletter.
This document provides information about the Study Circle for the Postal History of Carpatho-Ukraine newsletter, including its purpose and distribution methods. It discusses upcoming events like a member's exhibition and provides an obituary notice. The main article traces the history of a pre-stamp letter sent from Székesfehérvár, Hungary to Bozos, Ukraine in 1835 and discusses how gazetteers were used to identify the location of Bozos.
1) In late December 1914, Crown Prince Karl Franz Josef of Austria-Hungary visited troops in Upper Hungary, including in the territory commanded by Lieutenant General Rónai-Horváth.
2) Strict precautions were taken to ensure the Crown Prince's safety during his visit, including banning civilian traffic and cleaning roads.
3) On December 30th, the Crown Prince was scheduled to travel by automobile from Munkács to Ungvár and then continue by special royal train to meet Rónai-Horváth's troops.
This document summarizes an article from 1982 about pre-stamp and stampless mail from the Carpatho-Ukraine region. It provides examples of early mail from the 1600s-1800s, including military exemptions, official letters, and church letters written in Latin, German, Hungarian, and Russian. The mail examples are drawn from several renowned collectors' collections and represent international cooperation. The article also begins to classify the postal markings used in the pre-stamp period, based on Hungarian classifications. It provides the first part of a planned series covering the postal history and stamps of the Carpatho-Ukraine region.
The newsletter provides information about the Study Circle for the Postal History of Carpatho-Ukraine and discusses distributing the newsletter online in the future. It also includes several articles summarizing auction results of Carpatho-Ukraine postal items, describing a 1903 letter that traveled from Romania to Jerusalem in 11 days, and giving an overview of the battles in the Carpathian mountains between Austria-Hungary and Russia during 1914-1915, focusing on the operations of the Szurmay Corps in the Ung Valley.
This newsletter summarizes the final issue of the Sub-Carpathian Messenger newsletter. It discusses the readership and contributions over the past 6 years of publishing 722 pages of content. It thanks authors and readers for their support. The final article discusses the auction of a rare 3-color franking from 1859 with the earliest known use of a Rahó postmark on the Austrian 1858 issue. It was sold for a relatively low price and the buyer is congratulated. The newsletter is concluding after 6 years of publication.
This newsletter provides updates on postal history findings related to Carpatho-Ukraine. It discusses:
1) A registered letter from 1851 in Ungvár with transit and arrival marks.
2) Three picture postcards from 1915 in Beregszász with a new "Weiterleiten" military censorship mark.
3) A field post card from 1919 indicating Polní Pošta 12 was located in Munkács, contradicting previous beliefs.
4) Details on the use of orange cancellation marks in Užhorod in 1938 and the locations of various Czechoslovak field post offices during that period.
This newsletter issue provides information about the Study Circle for the Postal History of Carpatho-Ukraine and includes several articles related to the region's postal history. It describes an auction where a complete set of early postcards from Podkarpatská Rus sold for €658. It also details the formation of the 1st Royal Hungarian Home-Guard Hussars Brigade and includes images of documents from the unit. Further, it discusses postal agencies that operated in Carpatho-Ukraine and presents pieces with cancels from Őrhegyalja and Křivá.
This document discusses the examination of negative UNGVAR cancellations on letters from the early 19th century. It summarizes:
1) Nine letters purported to bear the rare negative UNGVAR cancellation have been examined, but all were determined to be forgeries based on inconsistencies in the placement and color of the cancellation.
2) The only known genuine example is held in the Stamp Museum in Budapest, and provides a baseline for comparison.
3) An examination of details like address styles, rates, and physical characteristics often revealed inconsistencies indicating the letters were forged. While no single aspect proves forgery, taken together they cast strong doubt on the authenticity of the pieces.
This newsletter issue provides information about an interest group focused on the postal history of Carpathian Ukraine. It includes pictures and postcards from the early 1900s time period showing places like Volosyanka. It also summarizes information from other sources about early airmail routes in the region during Czechoslovak rule, including a short-lived airmail connection between Spišská Nová Ves and Užhorod in June 1919 to reconnect separated army groups. Finally, it shows several covers and postcards mailed from Volosyanka and Užok during the Czechoslovak period in the early 20th century.
This issue of The Sub-Carpathian Messenger discusses postal history items from the Carpatho-Ukraine region that were recently sold at auction. It also provides historical context about places mentioned, including Nagyszőllős and Szőllősvégardó, through entries from old gazetteers and maps. In addition, the issue announces that the editor will stop publishing the newsletter after 10 years in November 2018 unless someone takes over the role.
This newsletter discusses the postal history of Carpatho-Ukraine (Zakarpattya). It provides an update on the Study Circle and its newsletter. It summarizes recent auction results including field postcards and money transfer orders from the region. It also reports on exhibits at Europhilex 2015 praising the Carpatho-Ukraine and Hungarian exhibits while noting room for improvement. Finally, it raises unsolved questions about district marks used during the Hungarian administration of the region.
This newsletter provides information on postal history items from the Carpatho-Ukraine region. It discusses the sale of stamps from the first Austrian issue with postmarks from the region. It also features covers sent to Szőllősvégardó in 1830 and 1859, an early letter from Kaszony in 1859, uses of the first correspondence cards in the region in 1870-1871, and excerpts from a 1905 travel guide on visiting the region. Photographs show the construction of a railway bridge in 1905 and postcards from Volosyanka postmarked in 1929.
The document is a newsletter about the postal history of Carpatho-Ukraine. It provides details about an auction of the renowned philatelist Jay T. Carrigan's collection of Carpatho-Ukraine stamps and postal history. The auction contained rare stamps with inverted surcharges, double surcharges, stamps with different types of surcharges, and covers mailed from Carpatho-Ukraine. Many of the lots surpassed the estimated prices due to the importance of Carrigan's collection in documenting the postal history of this region.
The document is the October 2016 issue of "The Sub-Carpathian Messenger", a newsletter about the postal history of Carpatho-Ukraine. It discusses the Study Circle that studies the region, provides information about accessing past newsletters online, and reprints the catalog from an auction of the renowned Jay Thomas Carrigan collection of Carpatho-Ukraine stamps and postal history. The catalog offers over 150 lots of stamps, covers, and postal stationery from the period.
1) The document is a newsletter about the postal history of Carpatho-Ukraine. It discusses the study circle and newsletter, provides information on accessing past newsletters, and outlines rules for article submissions.
2) It provides an obituary for Jay Thomas Carrigan, an expert on Carpatho-Ukraine philately, discussing his background and contributions to the field.
3) It summarizes and provides images of items from Carrigan's collection of Carpatho-Ukraine that were auctioned, including covers, stamps, and sheets, noting that the items are considered expertized due to coming from his collection.
The document is a newsletter about the postal history of Carpatho-Ukraine. It includes an obituary for Jay Thomas Carrigan, a renowned expert on Carpatho-Ukraine philately. It summarizes his collection and career, and reprints auction listings of stamps from his collection of Carpatho-Ukraine, including provisional issues from Khust and Mukacevo in 1944, which received prices above their estimates. It provides information about the study circle and accessing back issues of the newsletter online.
This newsletter provides information about a study circle focused on the postal history of Carpatho-Ukraine. It discusses the group's origins and distribution of its newsletter online and via mail. The newsletter also summarizes recent auction results of Carpatho-Ukraine stamps and cancels. Additionally, it shares pictures of postcards and railway post office cancels from the region, and provides details on postmarks used when the area briefly rejoined Hungary in 1938.
The document discusses the Czechoslovak field post in Sub-Carpathia (now western Ukraine) in 1919-1920. It describes the union of the region with Czechoslovakia and the presence of Czechoslovak troops in the area at this time. Specifically, it provides details on the operations of Field Post Offices 12, 14, 22, 46, and 75 in Sub-Carpathia, clarifying their locations and periods of operation there based on sources. An example postcard with a rare cancel from Field Post Office 14 in Mukachevo is also shown.
This newsletter provides information about a study circle focused on the postal history of Carpatho-Ukraine. It discusses the group's origins, purpose, and activities. The newsletter is distributed online and via mail. This issue features articles from various authors, including a letter from 1821 with unusual postmarks, an 1858 letter between Kaschau and Alsó Vereczke franked with Austrian stamps, and a mystery 1917 censor mark on a postal card from Huszt. The newsletter seeks to share information about postal history from the Carpatho-Ukraine region.
This issue of the newsletter discusses postal history and transportation infrastructure in the Carpatho-Ukraine region. It begins by confirming the use of Correspondenz-Karte postal cards in Ungvár in 1870. Pages are then dedicated to identifying the correct railway viaduct pictured from a previous issue and providing historical context on its repair. Scans from a 1928 tourist guide to the Podkarpatská Rus region are shared, alongside relevant sections from a 1937 road map. The issue concludes by showing a 1919 Czechoslovak field post letter originating from Perecsény.
The newsletter discusses the postal history of Carpatho-Ukraine (also known as Podkarpatská Rus, Kárpátalja, and Zakarpattya). It announces that the editor will stop editing the newsletter after the November 2018 issue unless someone volunteers to take over. It also provides updates on auctions of Carpatho-Ukraine collections, including one by Walter Rauch that did not meet reserve, and announces the third online edition of Jan Verleg's monograph on Carpatho-Ukraine postal history. Additionally, it shares information about prisoner of war camps located in the region during WWI.
This document is the February 2018 issue of The Sub-Carpathian Messenger newsletter. It provides information about the Study Circle for the Postal History of Carpatho-Ukraine, including that the editor will stop editing after 10 years in November 2018. It summarizes auction results for postal history from the region. It also begins showcasing pieces from the renowned Béla Simády collection on the postal history of the region in 1945, with detailed images and descriptions of covers, cards, and cancellations from that period.
This document provides information about the Study Circle for the Postal History of Carpatho-Ukraine and their newsletter, the Sub-Carpathian Messenger. It discusses the purpose and distribution of the newsletter. It also summarizes an auction of several interesting postal history items from the region, including cash on delivery forms from Munkács in 1919 and a postal cancellation from Dovhoje from 1926. Finally, it provides a summary of a chapter from a book on the Ruthenian emigration to North America, which describes the origins, homeland, and reasons for emigration of the Carpatho-Rusyns between 1885-1914 and 1920-1924.
The document is a newsletter from the Study Circle for the Postal History of Carpatho-Ukraine. It discusses upcoming changes to the newsletter, with the editor planning to step down after 10 years. It also provides summaries of recent auctions involving Carpatho-Ukraine postal history items. Additionally, it shares information from members on rare mail routes from the region in the 18th and 19th centuries, including additions to knowledge from a previous article.
The document summarizes the sale of the Georg von Steiden Carpatho-Ukraine stamp collection by Raritan Stamps auction house. It contained 275 lots focusing on stamp issues from 1944-1945 and postal stationery from the region. Some of the highlights that sold for high prices included proofs, errors, and covers with rare usages. The auction realized strong prices showing the significance of the collection for scholars of Carpatho-Ukraine philately.
This document is a newsletter from the Study Circle for the Postal History of Carpatho-Ukraine. It provides information about the group and their newsletter, as well as articles contributed by members on the postal history topics of the region. These include pictures and examples of pre-stamp and early stamped mail sent to and from the area now part of Ukraine. The newsletter aims to share knowledge and research on the postal history and philately of Carpatho-Ukraine.
The document discusses prototyping and provides examples of different types of prototypes including paper prototypes, digital prototypes, storyboards, role plays, and space prototypes. It explains that prototyping is used to make ideas tangible and test reactions from users in order to gain insights. Prototypes should be iterated on and fail early to push ideas further and save time and money. Both low and high fidelity prototypes are mentioned as ways to test ideas at different stages of the design process.
10 Insightful Quotes On Designing A Better Customer ExperienceYuan Wang
In an ever-changing landscape of one digital disruption after another, companies and organisations are looking for new ways to understand their target markets and engage them better. Increasingly they invest in user experience (UX) and customer experience design (CX) capabilities by working with a specialist UX agency or developing their own UX lab. Some UX practitioners are touting leaner and faster ways of developing customer-centric products and services, via methodologies such as guerilla research, rapid prototyping and Agile UX. Others seek innovation and fulfilment by spending more time in research, being more inclusive, and designing for social goods.
Experience is more than just an interface. It is a relationship, as well as a series of touch points between your brand and your customer. Here are our top 10 highlights and takeaways from the recent UX Australia conference to help you transform your customer experience design.
For full article, continue reading at https://yump.com.au/10-ways-supercharge-customer-experience-design/
This newsletter issue provides information about the Study Circle for the Postal History of Carpatho-Ukraine and includes several articles related to the region's postal history. It describes an auction where a complete set of early postcards from Podkarpatská Rus sold for €658. It also details the formation of the 1st Royal Hungarian Home-Guard Hussars Brigade and includes images of documents from the unit. Further, it discusses postal agencies that operated in Carpatho-Ukraine and presents pieces with cancels from Őrhegyalja and Křivá.
This document discusses the examination of negative UNGVAR cancellations on letters from the early 19th century. It summarizes:
1) Nine letters purported to bear the rare negative UNGVAR cancellation have been examined, but all were determined to be forgeries based on inconsistencies in the placement and color of the cancellation.
2) The only known genuine example is held in the Stamp Museum in Budapest, and provides a baseline for comparison.
3) An examination of details like address styles, rates, and physical characteristics often revealed inconsistencies indicating the letters were forged. While no single aspect proves forgery, taken together they cast strong doubt on the authenticity of the pieces.
This newsletter issue provides information about an interest group focused on the postal history of Carpathian Ukraine. It includes pictures and postcards from the early 1900s time period showing places like Volosyanka. It also summarizes information from other sources about early airmail routes in the region during Czechoslovak rule, including a short-lived airmail connection between Spišská Nová Ves and Užhorod in June 1919 to reconnect separated army groups. Finally, it shows several covers and postcards mailed from Volosyanka and Užok during the Czechoslovak period in the early 20th century.
This issue of The Sub-Carpathian Messenger discusses postal history items from the Carpatho-Ukraine region that were recently sold at auction. It also provides historical context about places mentioned, including Nagyszőllős and Szőllősvégardó, through entries from old gazetteers and maps. In addition, the issue announces that the editor will stop publishing the newsletter after 10 years in November 2018 unless someone takes over the role.
This newsletter discusses the postal history of Carpatho-Ukraine (Zakarpattya). It provides an update on the Study Circle and its newsletter. It summarizes recent auction results including field postcards and money transfer orders from the region. It also reports on exhibits at Europhilex 2015 praising the Carpatho-Ukraine and Hungarian exhibits while noting room for improvement. Finally, it raises unsolved questions about district marks used during the Hungarian administration of the region.
This newsletter provides information on postal history items from the Carpatho-Ukraine region. It discusses the sale of stamps from the first Austrian issue with postmarks from the region. It also features covers sent to Szőllősvégardó in 1830 and 1859, an early letter from Kaszony in 1859, uses of the first correspondence cards in the region in 1870-1871, and excerpts from a 1905 travel guide on visiting the region. Photographs show the construction of a railway bridge in 1905 and postcards from Volosyanka postmarked in 1929.
The document is a newsletter about the postal history of Carpatho-Ukraine. It provides details about an auction of the renowned philatelist Jay T. Carrigan's collection of Carpatho-Ukraine stamps and postal history. The auction contained rare stamps with inverted surcharges, double surcharges, stamps with different types of surcharges, and covers mailed from Carpatho-Ukraine. Many of the lots surpassed the estimated prices due to the importance of Carrigan's collection in documenting the postal history of this region.
The document is the October 2016 issue of "The Sub-Carpathian Messenger", a newsletter about the postal history of Carpatho-Ukraine. It discusses the Study Circle that studies the region, provides information about accessing past newsletters online, and reprints the catalog from an auction of the renowned Jay Thomas Carrigan collection of Carpatho-Ukraine stamps and postal history. The catalog offers over 150 lots of stamps, covers, and postal stationery from the period.
1) The document is a newsletter about the postal history of Carpatho-Ukraine. It discusses the study circle and newsletter, provides information on accessing past newsletters, and outlines rules for article submissions.
2) It provides an obituary for Jay Thomas Carrigan, an expert on Carpatho-Ukraine philately, discussing his background and contributions to the field.
3) It summarizes and provides images of items from Carrigan's collection of Carpatho-Ukraine that were auctioned, including covers, stamps, and sheets, noting that the items are considered expertized due to coming from his collection.
The document is a newsletter about the postal history of Carpatho-Ukraine. It includes an obituary for Jay Thomas Carrigan, a renowned expert on Carpatho-Ukraine philately. It summarizes his collection and career, and reprints auction listings of stamps from his collection of Carpatho-Ukraine, including provisional issues from Khust and Mukacevo in 1944, which received prices above their estimates. It provides information about the study circle and accessing back issues of the newsletter online.
This newsletter provides information about a study circle focused on the postal history of Carpatho-Ukraine. It discusses the group's origins and distribution of its newsletter online and via mail. The newsletter also summarizes recent auction results of Carpatho-Ukraine stamps and cancels. Additionally, it shares pictures of postcards and railway post office cancels from the region, and provides details on postmarks used when the area briefly rejoined Hungary in 1938.
The document discusses the Czechoslovak field post in Sub-Carpathia (now western Ukraine) in 1919-1920. It describes the union of the region with Czechoslovakia and the presence of Czechoslovak troops in the area at this time. Specifically, it provides details on the operations of Field Post Offices 12, 14, 22, 46, and 75 in Sub-Carpathia, clarifying their locations and periods of operation there based on sources. An example postcard with a rare cancel from Field Post Office 14 in Mukachevo is also shown.
This newsletter provides information about a study circle focused on the postal history of Carpatho-Ukraine. It discusses the group's origins, purpose, and activities. The newsletter is distributed online and via mail. This issue features articles from various authors, including a letter from 1821 with unusual postmarks, an 1858 letter between Kaschau and Alsó Vereczke franked with Austrian stamps, and a mystery 1917 censor mark on a postal card from Huszt. The newsletter seeks to share information about postal history from the Carpatho-Ukraine region.
This issue of the newsletter discusses postal history and transportation infrastructure in the Carpatho-Ukraine region. It begins by confirming the use of Correspondenz-Karte postal cards in Ungvár in 1870. Pages are then dedicated to identifying the correct railway viaduct pictured from a previous issue and providing historical context on its repair. Scans from a 1928 tourist guide to the Podkarpatská Rus region are shared, alongside relevant sections from a 1937 road map. The issue concludes by showing a 1919 Czechoslovak field post letter originating from Perecsény.
The newsletter discusses the postal history of Carpatho-Ukraine (also known as Podkarpatská Rus, Kárpátalja, and Zakarpattya). It announces that the editor will stop editing the newsletter after the November 2018 issue unless someone volunteers to take over. It also provides updates on auctions of Carpatho-Ukraine collections, including one by Walter Rauch that did not meet reserve, and announces the third online edition of Jan Verleg's monograph on Carpatho-Ukraine postal history. Additionally, it shares information about prisoner of war camps located in the region during WWI.
This document is the February 2018 issue of The Sub-Carpathian Messenger newsletter. It provides information about the Study Circle for the Postal History of Carpatho-Ukraine, including that the editor will stop editing after 10 years in November 2018. It summarizes auction results for postal history from the region. It also begins showcasing pieces from the renowned Béla Simády collection on the postal history of the region in 1945, with detailed images and descriptions of covers, cards, and cancellations from that period.
This document provides information about the Study Circle for the Postal History of Carpatho-Ukraine and their newsletter, the Sub-Carpathian Messenger. It discusses the purpose and distribution of the newsletter. It also summarizes an auction of several interesting postal history items from the region, including cash on delivery forms from Munkács in 1919 and a postal cancellation from Dovhoje from 1926. Finally, it provides a summary of a chapter from a book on the Ruthenian emigration to North America, which describes the origins, homeland, and reasons for emigration of the Carpatho-Rusyns between 1885-1914 and 1920-1924.
The document is a newsletter from the Study Circle for the Postal History of Carpatho-Ukraine. It discusses upcoming changes to the newsletter, with the editor planning to step down after 10 years. It also provides summaries of recent auctions involving Carpatho-Ukraine postal history items. Additionally, it shares information from members on rare mail routes from the region in the 18th and 19th centuries, including additions to knowledge from a previous article.
The document summarizes the sale of the Georg von Steiden Carpatho-Ukraine stamp collection by Raritan Stamps auction house. It contained 275 lots focusing on stamp issues from 1944-1945 and postal stationery from the region. Some of the highlights that sold for high prices included proofs, errors, and covers with rare usages. The auction realized strong prices showing the significance of the collection for scholars of Carpatho-Ukraine philately.
This document is a newsletter from the Study Circle for the Postal History of Carpatho-Ukraine. It provides information about the group and their newsletter, as well as articles contributed by members on the postal history topics of the region. These include pictures and examples of pre-stamp and early stamped mail sent to and from the area now part of Ukraine. The newsletter aims to share knowledge and research on the postal history and philately of Carpatho-Ukraine.
The document discusses prototyping and provides examples of different types of prototypes including paper prototypes, digital prototypes, storyboards, role plays, and space prototypes. It explains that prototyping is used to make ideas tangible and test reactions from users in order to gain insights. Prototypes should be iterated on and fail early to push ideas further and save time and money. Both low and high fidelity prototypes are mentioned as ways to test ideas at different stages of the design process.
10 Insightful Quotes On Designing A Better Customer ExperienceYuan Wang
In an ever-changing landscape of one digital disruption after another, companies and organisations are looking for new ways to understand their target markets and engage them better. Increasingly they invest in user experience (UX) and customer experience design (CX) capabilities by working with a specialist UX agency or developing their own UX lab. Some UX practitioners are touting leaner and faster ways of developing customer-centric products and services, via methodologies such as guerilla research, rapid prototyping and Agile UX. Others seek innovation and fulfilment by spending more time in research, being more inclusive, and designing for social goods.
Experience is more than just an interface. It is a relationship, as well as a series of touch points between your brand and your customer. Here are our top 10 highlights and takeaways from the recent UX Australia conference to help you transform your customer experience design.
For full article, continue reading at https://yump.com.au/10-ways-supercharge-customer-experience-design/
http://inarocket.com
Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
How to Build a Dynamic Social Media PlanPost Planner
Stop guessing and wasting your time on networks and strategies that don’t work!
Join Rebekah Radice and Katie Lance to learn how to optimize your social networks, the best kept secrets for hot content, top time management tools, and much more!
Watch the replay here: bit.ly/socialmedia-plan
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldabaux singapore
How can we take UX and Data Storytelling out of the tech context and use them to change the way government behaves?
Showcasing the truth is the highest goal of data storytelling. Because the design of a chart can affect the interpretation of data in a major way, one must wield visual tools with care and deliberation. Using quantitative facts to evoke an emotional response is best achieved with the combination of UX and data storytelling.
This document summarizes a study of CEO succession events among the largest 100 U.S. corporations between 2005-2015. The study analyzed executives who were passed over for the CEO role ("succession losers") and their subsequent careers. It found that 74% of passed over executives left their companies, with 30% eventually becoming CEOs elsewhere. However, companies led by succession losers saw average stock price declines of 13% over 3 years, compared to gains for companies whose CEO selections remained unchanged. The findings suggest that boards generally identify the most qualified CEO candidates, though differences between internal and external hires complicate comparisons.
This document provides information about the Study Circle for the Postal History of Carpatho-Ukraine and their newsletter. It discusses the distribution method changing to an online archive and encourages contributions from readers. It also outlines some basic rules and regulations for the newsletter. Several subsequent sections provide historical postal route information and details on postmarks from the region.
This document discusses the Study Circle for the Postal History of Carpatho-Ukraine and its newsletter. It provides information about the group's focus on the history of the region known by various names. It also outlines how past issues of the newsletter can be accessed online and the benefits of joining the Study Circle. Additionally, it shares news about members' exhibits receiving awards and discusses some rules and guidelines for contributions to the newsletter.
The document is issue 19 of The Sub-Carpathian Messenger newsletter from February 2012. It provides information about the Study Circle for the Postal History of Carpatho-Ukraine, details on accessing past newsletter issues online, and a call for members to contribute articles. The main article discusses the neglected pre-stamp post office of Nyíresfalva (now Dunkovytsya, Ukraine), including maps showing its location on postal routes from 1786 to 1849. Brief articles also profile two new books on local postal history and describe six rare registered pre-stamp letters from the region.
The document discusses the postal history of Nyíresfalva, a post office that operated from 1787 to 1838 in the Carpatho-Ukraine region. It provides details on Nyíresfalva from historical maps and texts, noting the village is now called Dunkovytsya and lies on the road from Mukachevo to Khust. The document also shares information on 6 registered letters from the pre-stamp period found in various collections, with one each from Alsó-Vereczke, Munkács, and Tecső and three from Szerednye.
This document is a newsletter from the Study Circle for the Postal History of Carpatho-Ukraine. It includes summaries of recent auctions containing Carpatho-Ukraine items, as well as maps of the region from the 16th-18th centuries and early 20th century showing postal routes and towns. It provides an overview of resources for researching maps and postal history of Carpatho-Ukraine.
The Realm of St. Stephen A History of Medieval Hungary (895-1526Aaron446743
This is a comprehensive textbook on the historiography of medieval Eastern and Central Europe. It traces the medieval kingdom of Hungary - which covered the vast territory of the Carpathian basin - from the conquest by the Magyar tribes in 895 until defeat by the ottomans at the battle of Mohacs in 1526.
The book is divided into two broad periods: the "national" Magyar kings of the Arpadian dynasty who had ruled from 895 were replaced in 1301 by rulers from a number of European dynasties, culminating in the radical changes to political and social structures of the 13th century.
This document is a newsletter from the Study Circle for the Postal History of Carpatho-Ukraine. It discusses upcoming changes to the newsletter's editorship and distribution methods. It also provides summaries of items from a recent philatelic auction featuring Carpatho-Ukraine postal history. Additionally, it shares pictures and details of postal history items exchanged between locations in the Carpatho-Ukraine region during the late 1840s-early 1920s time period.
This document summarizes information from the January 2009 issue of The Sub-Carpathian Messenger newsletter. It discusses the life of Fedor Feketa, an early 19th century postal worker from Carpatho-Ukraine. It also provides an overview of recent auction highlights of Carpatho-Ukrainian stamps and covers, and analyzes World War I censorship marks used in the region by the Austro-Hungarian army. The article includes pictures and details of specific stamps and postal markings.
This document discusses:
1. The field post of the German Southern Army in Subcarpathia in 1915 during World War I as they defended against advancing Russian troops in the region.
2. In late 1914, Russian troops posed a threat of controlling Carpathian mountain passages to the Hungarian plain. German divisions were sent to the area to form a new army with Austrian troops already there.
3. While harsh winter and strong Russian resistance delayed their plans, the German and Austrian forces succeeded in a major breakthrough of the front in May 1915, pushing the Russians back from the region.
- Orest Subtelny was a historian who specialized in Ukrainian history. He studied under Omeljan Pritsak at Harvard, who focused on Central Asian history, but Subtelny was more interested in Ukraine.
- Subtelny's early works focused on Ukrainian Cossack history and sources, revealing his interest in Ukrainian national history rather than Pritsak's "territorial" views. These works were published by Ukrainian American institutions.
- Subtelny emerged as a master of multiple European languages in his writing and translations, which was unusual for American scholars at the time. He brought attention to understudied historical sources about Ukraine.
The document is a newsletter of the Study Circle for the Postal History of Carpatho-Ukraine. It provides information on:
1) The organization and goals of the Study Circle, which studies the postal history of the region known as Carpathian Ruthenia.
2) A change in the distribution method of the newsletter, which will now be available online through DocStoc for members and non-members to view.
3) Details on two auction items from Carpatho-Ukraine - a postal money order sold for EUR 613 and a letter with Carpatho-Ukraine stamps that sold for EUR 1256.
This document provides summaries of several articles from The Sub-Carpathian Messenger newsletter. It discusses the study circle focused on the postal history of Carpatho-Ukraine and changes to distributing the newsletter online. It also summarizes articles on identifying forged postmarks from Tisza Ujlak and analyzing challenging pre-philatelic letters, including an example of an "Abzugsbrief" letter with a reduced postage due to redirection.
This document is the March 2009 issue of "The Sub-Carpathian Messenger", a newsletter about the postal history of the Carpatho-Ukraine region. It contains several articles and summaries: an apology for incorrectly stating when someone died; a discussion of possible forgeries of pre-philatelic Hungarian stamps; background on the newsletter and study circle; and articles about early postmarks from Ungvar and commemorative cards related to the 1939 return of the Carpatho-Ukraine region to Hungary.
A History of Romanian Historical Writing.pdfWendy Hager
This chapter discusses the early history of historical writing among Romanians in the 15th-16th centuries. It notes that Romanians began writing their own history later than neighboring peoples like Germans, Bulgarians, and Hungarians. The first Romanian historical works emerged in the 15th century from monasteries and were influenced by Byzantine models transmitted through Old Church Slavonic. Early Romanian historians wrote under different foreign and domestic regimes in Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania. While subject to various political authorities, they emphasized the essential unity of the Romanian people.
A History of Romanian Historical Writing.pdfFiona Phillips
This chapter discusses early historical writing in Romanian lands from the 15th-16th centuries. The first Romanian chronicle was appended to a Byzantine chronicle in the 15th century and covered Moldavian history from 1359-1507. Subsequent Moldavian chronicles continued the narrative. Grigore Ureche wrote the first chronicle entirely in Romanian around 1600 covering Moldavian history from 1359-1594. Miron Costin extended Ureche's chronicle from 1595-1661. Both emphasized the Roman origins of Romanians and their linguistic unity. They viewed history through the lens of divine providence and the actions of rulers. This early writing helped assert Romanian identity and reflected Byzantine influences.
Reading plan - DVALD Comenius project - "Was he really Dracula?"721023
This document provides background information on Vlad III, known as Vlad Tepes or Vlad Dracula, who ruled as Prince of Wallachia in the 15th century. It discusses his reputation both as a folk hero in Romania for protecting his people from the Ottomans through brutal methods like impalement, and as a tyrant in Western Europe due to reports of his extreme cruelty. The document also notes how Vlad inspired the character of Count Dracula in Bram Stoker's novel and analyzes his differing portrayals in Romanian versus German/Hungarian sources from his time.
Reading plan - DVALD Comenius project - "Was he really Dracula?"721023
A reading lesson of English prepared by Zespol Szkol Ponadgimnazjalnych No 1 within the :Democratic Values and Linguistic Diversity" Comenius LLP project.
This document is the November 2018 issue of "The Sub-Carpathian Messenger", a newsletter about the postal history of the Carpatho-Ukraine region. It discusses that this will be the last issue edited by the current editor after 10 years, and invites others to take over. It also continues showcasing pieces from the stamp collection of Bela Simady, with descriptions of postal markings and rates seen on 14 sheets of letters and cards mailed in the Carpatho-Ukraine region.
This document summarizes information about double circle postmarks used in the Carpatho-Ukraine region between 1846-1850, prior to the introduction of postage stamps. It provides an overview of postal rates during this period as they changed over time. It also lists the earliest known usage dates of double circle postmarks for various post offices in the region, such as Alsó Vereczke on January 16, 1848. Few private letters from the period still exist, and the document shows images of rare examples from Alsó Vereczke and Beregszász to illustrate these findings.
This document provides information about the Study Circle for the Postal History of Carpatho-Ukraine and their newsletter, the Sub-Carpathian Messenger. It discusses the auction of Tønnes Ore's collection of Carpatho-Ukraine stamps and postal history, including a table listing the auction lots, estimated prices, and final sale prices. It also provides an obituary for Otto Hornung, a noted philatelist and journalist who was born in Czechoslovakia and settled in London after having to flee his home country twice.
This document discusses a newsletter about the postal history of Carpatho-Ukraine. It provides information about the study circle, past issues of the newsletter, and rules and regulations. It also contains an article summarizing pre-stamp mail from several towns in the region, including illustrations of covers and postmarks from the period.
The newsletter discusses the postal history of Carpatho-Ukraine. It provides details about a study circle focused on this topic and their newsletter. The document includes an article summarizing the postal services established by Ferenc Rákóczi II, Prince of Transylvania in 1703-1711. Rákóczi set up four main postal routes and several minor routes across territories he controlled. The service transported letters and passengers and was mainly used for military purposes to support the rebellion against the Habsburgs.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
The SCM #011
1. The Sub-Carpathian Messenger
Newsletter of the Study Circle
for the Postal History of the Carpatho-Ukraine
Number 11 – June 2010
Ora Pokorný – Haymaking in the Podkarpatská Rus
The Sub-Carpathian Messenger – Number 11 (June 2010) Page: 1
2. About us and the Newsletter
The Study Circle is a loose group of persons who are interested in the postal (and general) history
of the area known as Kárpátalja in Hungarian, as Podkarpatská Rus during the First Czechoslovak
Republic, which had a short day of independence as Carpatho Ukraine, and later was integrated
into the Ukrainian SSR in the Soviet Union as the ‘Zakarpatskaja Oblast’. Since 1991 it is ЗАКАР-
ПАТТЯ, the westernmost administrative district in the now independent Ukraine.
The Newsletter came out of a meeting of a few collectors during the PRAHA 2008, its first number
appeared in November 2008. We aim at producing at least four issues per year but cannot promise
regular publication intervals. As we can see from the numbers at the DocStoc web site, this News-
letter is read by more than hundred people.
Change in distribution method
With the (much appreciated !) help of John Lechtanski we have found a public place where we
can store all issues of our Newsletter – at no cost which is even better.
Since SCM #006 you can view and download each issue (including the “old” ones) from the Web
address:
http://www.docstoc.com/collection/128/The-Sub-Carpathian-Messenger
For downloading you will need to register with DocStoc which again is free of charge. If you en-
counter any problems with access to the mentioned web site, please let us know.
For those who have no Internet access and/or no e-mail, the distribution method will stay the
same: you will receive a colour print-out by air/surface mail as you did in the past.
Everybody can freely access the uploaded numbers of the Newsletter but the notification service
for new numbers will be limited to the members of the Study Circle. So joining us still has some
advantage.
At the ANTVERPIA 2010 (FEPA) our member Tønnes Ore got 82 points (Vermeil) for his “Postal
History of Carpatho Ukraine” exhibit. We congratulate although he was disappointed – the level of
knowledge in the international juries is taking its time to adapt to reality.
Rules and Regulations
All articles in the Newsletter carrying the name of an author are the sole responsibility of this
author and should not be taken to represent the common opinion of the Study Circle. Such
articles are, if not marked otherwise, copyrighted by the respective author. Free use within the
Study Circle is granted.
Participation in the Study Circle is not bound to a formal membership and does not include the
duty to pay a membership fee. There is a moral obligation to support the Newsletter from time to
time by sending some article, some interesting piece of information, some question, some answer
or whatever.
We will “print” everything even only loosely connected with our subject of interest so any contri-
bution is certainly welcome. Please send it (as Word 2003 document, graphical elements in JPEG,
300 dpi) to our editor’s e-mail address (kb@aatc.at). His postal address, if you would need it, is:
Dr. Helmut Kobelbauer, Untergrossau 81, A-8261 Sinabelkirchen, Austria / Europe
The Sub-Carpathian Messenger – Number 11 (June 2010) Page: 2
3. Helmut Kobelbauer
Our Best Wishes to Andrew Cronin
During the world exhibition in London I have heard a rumour that our
member from Toronto (Canada), the avid collector and knowledgeable
researcher of world postal history, Andrew Cronin, has passed away. It
took some time to have it confirmed that this rumour is NOT TRUE – he
has suffered a stroke some months ago, is now in a nursing home in
Ontario, is properly cared for and is recovering. We wish him a long life
in good health !
Born in 1925 in Greece and living for a number of years in Australia, he
finally settled in Canada, working as a pharmacist. Fluent in an incre-
dible number of languages, he has been specially involved in Russian
philately with the natural “extensions” Carpatho-Ukraine and Mongolia.
For exactly 30 years, from 1977 till 2007, he was editor of the famous “ЯМЩИК” (YAMSHCHIK –
The Post-Rider). Each year saw two numbers of this magazine of the Canadian Society of Russian
Philately (CSRP), coming up in total to more than 5000 pages, backed to the brim with first-hand
information on all aspects of this fascinating subject. Earlier issues also had a number of original
contributions on the Carpatho-Ukraine.
The CSRP team in 1979: Patrick J. Campbell,
Rev. Rabbi L. L. Tann, Alex Artuchov, and
Andrew Cronin
The title page of the last number of “The Post-Rider”
I have not yet had the honour meeting Andrew Cronin in person during one of his visits to the Old
Continent but during our e-mail and letter contacts he always was very friendly and helpful. So
my best wishes go to him and I am sure that all members of our small circle agree with me.
The Sub-Carpathian Messenger – Number 11 (June 2010) Page: 3
4. Helmut Kobelbauer
A Map of Hungary from 1528
Lazarus: Tabula Hungariae ad quator latera […], Ingolstadt, 1528.
The Sub-Carpathian Messenger – Number 11 (June 2010) Page: 4
5. We have found this map on the Internet – at the University of Tübingen (Germany) an exhibition
was prepared under the title “Hungary on Maps”. By good luck, we were able to download some
of the material. The following comment accompanied this oldest map of Hungary:
“Although this well-known map has aroused a great deal of controversy, little more emerges from con-
temporary sources than the fact that the compiler of the work in which it was published was one Lazarus
(Hungarian form: Lázár); we do not even know if this is a surname or a first name. The sources refer to him
as a “scholar”, which at this time was a term used for those whose education included the study of Latin but
not a university degree. It is clear that he was a Hungarian, but the designation of his occupation as “secre-
tarius” does not at this time necessarily imply that he was secretary to some official, since officials of the
royal chancery also bore this title. There are some 1,400 place-names on Lazarus’s map and the spelling of
these, in respect of the representation of contemporary Hungary vowel sounds, overwhelmingly follows the
conventions in the documents of the Hungarian chancery. It seems that the manuscript version of the map
was completed by Lazarus around 1514. The title of the printed version, and other sources, suggest that he
did not live to see his map published.
The role of Georg Tannstetter, who taught at the University of Vienna and whose name appears in the title
of the printed map, was probably the preparation of the manuscript map for the press. He was in all likeli-
hood responsible for the title of the printed version. To provide room for the title and for the Emperor Ferdi-
nand’s coat-of-arms on the map itself, he had to “liberate” almost 200 square cm of space. This intervention
changed the original design of the map: in particular, the characteristic direction of the flow of the Danube
through Hungary was radically altered. Almost certainly, he was also responsible for the Latin and German
description of Hungary on the lower part of the map.
The map was found by Johannes Cuspinianus, a regular diplomatic visitor to Buda, presumably after Sulei-
man the Magnificent’s forces left it on 25 September 1526. He is the source of the historical comments,
such as that on Trajan’s Bridge, and it was he who financed the publication of the map.
The Tabula Hungarie (apart from its placenames) was carved in wood in the press of Peter Apianus of
Ingolstadt. The cast type inscriptions and the place-names were placed as small plates in the appropriate
places by the process known as stereotyping. As far as we know this was probably the first example of the
application of this revolutionary process to the production of maps in multiple copies. Unfortunately the in-
scriptions often fell off the surface of such printing blocks during the printing process, so that a number of
the offprints that were made are faulty.
This copy of the Tabula Hungarie lacks a number of actual place-names where a place or settlement is
marked. Thus it seems that the copy purchased by Count Sándor Apponyi in 1896 – the only copy extant
and now in the National Library of Hungary under the shelfmark OSZK App. M. 136 – was not one of the
first to be printed.”
The interest for Hungary at this time was certainly driven by
the fact that the Ottoman troops under Suleiman the Magnifi-
cent had crushed King Ludwig II. of Hungary and his Magyar
forces in a decisive battle at Mohács on August 29th, 1526.
One cannot overestimate the impact of this lost battle on the
subsequent history of the Danube basin: only in 1699 were
Central and Eastern Hungary (including its later capital Buda-
pest) finally recaptured from the Turks.
Since King Ludwig had died without a son, his brother-in-law
(and Emperor) Ferdinand I. inherited all his possessions and
became King of Bohemia and of Hungary, too. Thus Hungary
was added to the possessions of the Habsburg dynasty.
Portrait of Suleiman by Nigari towards the end of his reign in 1560
The Sub-Carpathian Messenger – Number 11 (June 2010) Page: 5
6. Ludwig II., King of Hungary and Bohemia (1506 – 1526).
Portrait by Hans Krell
One can find a good description of the very earliest organized “postal
system” for Hungary in the English summary of the new book »A
Magyar Bélyeg Története« [Hungarian Stamps – A History], published
in 2010 by Kossuth Kiadó. On page 228 it says:
“From the very beginnings of nationhood, humankind has found it essential to
send and receive news, albeit the people who sought the news were generally
the rulers of these nations and their main interests were political events. Hun-
gary was no exception. Rulers from the House of Árpád (11th to 13th century)
employed the ancient courier system and promulgated their decrees through
heralds. A well-organized postal system during the reign of King Matthias (1458 – 1490) grew in efficiency
when a new vehicle, named after the village of Kocs (pronounced Coach) was put into service.
Under Matthias’s successors the courier system withered and collapsed, but the threat of the approaching
Ottoman Army (early 1500s) made it essential to have a regular postal connection between Vienna and
Buda (the royal seats in medieval Hungary). Starting in 1523, the route was travelled once a week. […] After
the Battle of Mohács (1526), when the region came under the influence of Ferdinand I. of the Holy Roman
Empire, court postmaster Anton Taxis organized a regular postal service between Vienna and Pressburg
(today’s Bratislava), and in 1527 Mathias Taxis established a regular route between Vienna and Buda with
10 permanent stations.”
A similar description can be found in Dr. Rüdiger Wurth’s »Österreichisches Jahrbuch 1981 für
Postgeschichte und Philatelie« on pages 61 and 62. He writes:
„Aus diesen Frühformen wurde das ungarische Postwesen unter der Herrschaft des Mathias Corvinus,
1458 bis 1490, auf ein höheres Niveau gehoben. Das von ihm zur Residenz erhobene Buda (Ofen) war
auch zur Kurierzentrale geworden. Die Erlässe des Königs, jedoch auch Briefe und Geldsendungen wurden
von hier aus über das ganze Land getragen. […] Bemerkenswert ist es, daß nach der Eroberung Wiens
durch König Mathias dieser hier ab Juni 1485 residierte und sein Königreich regierte, was zur Folge hatte,
daß auch der Kopf des Kurierwesens – analog höfischer Ordnung – nach Wien verpflanzt worden war und
alle Verbindungen hier ihren Ausgang nahmen und auch hier wieder zusammenliefen; so war kurzfristig
Wien Zentrum des ungarischen Kurier-Postwesens. Mit dem Tode des Königs Mathias zerfiel mit der Herr-
schaft auch seine höfisch-postalische Organisation; noch im Todesjahr 1490 war Maximilian aus Österreich
nach Ungarn vorgedrungen […] Von den früheren ungarischen Kursen mögen
sich einzelne in beschränktem Ausmaße und auch ohne fahrplanmäßige Regel-
mäßigkeit erhalten haben, das Niveau aus der Herrschaftszeit des Mathias Cor-
vinus erreichten sie jedoch niemals mehr.“
And he continues:
„In dieser postalischen Situation befindet sich das Land, als mit dem für Ludwig
II. unglücklichen Ausgang der Schlacht bei Mohács, 1526, für Ungarn und Sie-
benbürgen eine völlig veränderte, neue politische Situation eintrat. Der Erb-
vertrag war zu Gunsten des habsburgischen Herrscherhauses aktuell geworden
und dieses wollte unter Ferdinand als neuem ungarischen König diesen auch
realisieren. Postorganisatorisch sah dies zunächst so aus, daß der Hofpost-
meister in Wien, Anton von Taxis (1526-1548), seinen Verwandten Matthias von
Taxis zum Postmeister in Ofen (Buda) bestellte. Eine Ernennung, die kaum zu
praktischem Werte kommen konnte, denn Ofen war bald, noch ehe das Osma-
nenheer 1529 Wien erreichte, türkisch geworden.“
Buda was finally occupied by Ottoman forces in 1541 and stayed under
their rule until 1686; in the meantime Pressburg (Pozsony) was the no-
minal capital of (Habsburg) Hungary.
Ferdinand I., Ruler of the Holy Roman Empire
The Sub-Carpathian Messenger – Number 11 (June 2010) Page: 6
7. Detail of the above map, showing the Northeastern part and the border mountains.
In the following decades Hungary was actually divided into three parts: the central and southern
areas which were under Turkish rule, the far west and part of the north under Habsburg admini-
stration, and the far east as the (more or less independent) principality of Siebenbürgen.
Map taken from Paul Lendvai: »Die Ungarn. Ein Jahrtausend Sieger in Niederlagen«.
4th edition, Bertelsmann, Munich (1999), page 118.
The Sub-Carpathian Messenger – Number 11 (June 2010) Page: 7
8. Helmut Kobelbauer
The Development of Postal Connections in Hungary: Snapshot from 1709
In SCM #010 I have reported on a map from 1780 which shows (and lists) the postal connections in
(part of) Historical Hungary.
The earliest known postal routes map of Germany (“Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation”)
is that of Iohann Peter Nell, post official in Prague, printed in 1709 by Iohann Baptist Homann in
Nuremberg. Its eastermost border area shows (as is written in the map) HUNGARIÆ PARS, i. e., a
part of Hungary.
One can see that already at this early date there have been two postal connections relevant to
our question, one from Vienna towards Kassa/Kaschau/Košice and the other from Vienna to Ofen
(Buda). A third line, not mentioned in our 1780 snapshot, went from Vienna to Agram along the
western border of Hungary. One can also speculate whether the line Vienna – Ofen was continuing
further to Eastern Hungary and to Siebenbürgen.
The Sub-Carpathian Messenger – Number 11 (June 2010) Page: 8
9. # Name on the map Posten Sum Hungarian name Current name
1 Fischa 1½ 1½ --- Fischamend (AT)
2 Altenburg 1½ 3 --- Bad Deutsch-Altenburg (AT)
3 Iärndorf 1½ 4½ --- Deutsch Jahrndorf (AT)
4 Wiselburg 1½ 6 Moson Moson (HU)
5 Hochstraßen 1 7 Öttevény Öttevény (HU)
6 Raab 1 8 Gyır Gyır (HU)
7 Göny 1½ 9½ Gönyő Gönyő (HU)
8 Nesmühl 1 10½ Neszmély Neszmély (HU)
9 Neudorf 1 11½ Nyergesújfalu Nyergesújfalu (HU)
10 Dorach 1½ 13 Dorog Dorog (HU)
11 Wereswar 1½ 14½ Pilisvörösvár Pilisvörösvár (HU)
12 Offen / Buda 1½ 16 Buda Budapest (HU)
Table 1: Postal route from Vienna to Ofen.
Additionally there is a detour from Göny to Comorn and back from Comorn to Nesmühl, each of
them being 1½ Posten.
# Name on the map Posten Sum Hungarian name Current name
1 Fischa 1½ 1½ --- Fischamend (AT)
2 Altenburg 1½ 3 --- Bad Deutsch-Altenburg (AT)
3 Presburg 1 4 Pozsony Bratislava (SR)
4 Langschitz 1 5 Cseklész Bernolákovo (SR)
5 Sarfö 1 6 Pozsonysárfı Blatné (SR)
6 Tyrna 1 7 Nagyszombat Trnava (SR)
7 Freystädtl 1½ 8½ Galgóc Hlohovec (SR)
8 Rippina 1½ 10 Nagyrépény Veľké Ripňany (SR)
9 Topolzan 1 11 Nagytapolcsány Topoľčany (SR)
10 Sambokret 1 12 Nyitrazsámbokrét Žabokrety nad Nitrou (SR)
11 Vestenitz 1 13 Alsóvesztény Dolné Vestenice (SR)
12 Baymaz 1 14 Bajmócz Bojnice (SR)
13 Rudna 1 15 Turóczrudnó Rudno (SR)
Table 2: Postal route from Vienna towards Caschau.
Please be aware that the route given in table 2 is incomplete.
On the other hand it is quite improbable that the postal line east of Kaschau was in use because
during this period there was heavy fighting between the Habsburg
troops and the Kuruc “rebels” under the leadership of Ferenc II.
Rákóczi in the first Hungarian War for Independence (1703 – 1711).
Born 1676 as son of Jelena Zrinska (Zrínyi Ilona in Hungarian) and
Ferenc I. Rákóczi, he became the richest Hungarian landlord of his
time. Raised in the castle of Munkács, he also befriended Count
Miklós Bercsényi, whose property at Ungvár lay next to his. During
the War of the Spanish Succession and spured by the French Throne,
Kuruc forces in 1703 began a new uprising in Munkács, and Rákóczi
was asked to head it. He accepted this request and together with
Miklós Bercsényi and Tamás Esze started an initially successful war
against the Habsburg forces. But the success did not last long …
From 1705 on, protracted peace negotiations between the Hungarians and Emperor Leopold I.
took place, interspersed with further military actions. The decisive battle of Trenčín (August
1708) saw the Kuruc troops defeated, and Rákóczi’s forces were restricted to the area around
The Sub-Carpathian Messenger – Number 11 (June 2010) Page: 9
10. Munkács and the Szabolcs county. Not trusting the word of János Pálffy, who was the Emperor’s
envoy charged with negotiations with the rebels, the Prince left the Kingdom of Hungary for
Poland on 21 February 1711. Later he fled to Paris and finally to the Ottoman Empire where he
died in 1735.
During his rule, Prince Rákóczi established a postal system of his own in the area under his power,
which included Transylvania (Fürstentum Siebenbürgen) but obviously this courier mail was funda-
mentally limited to the interests of the Court and the Military.
The end of the “Kuruc rebellion” was noted even in Western Europe:
This is a copper etching by Peter Schenk, printed 1720 in Amsterdam in sepia ink. The Latin text
on the right goes:
MONGATZIUM, oppidum Superioris Hungariae deditum Caesarianis qua victoria bellum
intestinum est et pax com Hungaris inita 29 Aprilis 1711.
In English:
MUNKATS, a city in Upper Hungary, handed over to Imperial [troops] after their victory in the civil
war and peace had been made with the Hungarians [in Szatmár] on April 29th, 1711.
Part of the Rákóczi possessions near Munkács in the following years were given to the Roman-Ca-
tholic Schönborn family, establishing their presence in this region – see SCM #008.
The Sub-Carpathian Messenger – Number 11 (June 2010) Page: 10
11. Helmut Kobelbauer
Registry Numbers on Pre-Stamp Letters to Bishop Bazil Popovics
Pre-stamp letters from our area of interest are not really rare because the bishops of the Greek-
Catholic Episcopal Church (of Munkács) in Ungvár, especially Bazil Popovics, asked their parish
priests for regular written reports. The respective archive was raided in 1944 when Soviet troops
occupied the city, and from it a seemingly endless stream of such covers/letters has found its way
to the market.
Nearly all these church letters have some number near the top left-hand corner of the cover, and
it is obvious that this was some sort of registry. But was it a number per year or was it a conti-
nuous count going on forever from some mythical start ?
Church letter, Huszt to Unghvár, January 7th, 1848 – register number 1
Church letter, Dolha (via Huszt) to Unghvár, February 3rd, 1847 – register number 27
I think that the covers shown above clearly indicate that the register numbers were used on a per
year basis, i. e., started over again with number 1 at the beginning of each Christian year. This
will help to (over time) build an index of such register numbers which again will help us to smoke
out forgeries of pre-stamp letters. You are welcome to participate and contribute to this index !
The Sub-Carpathian Messenger – Number 11 (June 2010) Page: 11
12. Dénes Czirók
Carpatho-Ukraine Pieces in HUNFILA 2010
At the last HUNFILA exhibition in Hungary (Sopron, 26-28 March 2010) we organised a ‘Hungarian
Master Championship Class’ and showed Hungarian material of the highest class, i. e., material
which had been awarded more than 85 points in FIP or FEPA exhibitions in the last few years. Of
course, there were a lot of visitors from neighbouring countries such as Austria, Slovakia, Croatia
and Slovenia, but also from Germany and Italy. In the room we had a discussion with Mr. Kobel-
bauer about items on display that we could also present to the readers of the SCM and we found
two particularly interesting pieces in the exhibition.
The first was an 1873 registered cover from UNGHVÁR to the Netherlands in my exhibit on ‘Mail
from Hungary to abroad 1867-1900’:
As we can see it is a 5 Kreuzer postal stationery envelope where the imprinted franking was supp-
lemented with three additional stamps, an engraved 3 Kr, 5 Kr and 10 Kr, to make up a total of 23
Kreuzer. On the rear there is a receiving cancellation of Amsterdam but no additional franking.
The problem with the cover is the rate. We do not know all the rates from Hungary to abroad in
the period between 1 May 1867 (when the independent Hungarian postal administration came into
being) and the establishment of the UPU in 1875, but we know for certain that from October 1868
on the rate to the Netherlands was only 10 Kr/Loth and the registration fee was 10 Kr. So why are
there 23 Kr on this cover?
The Sub-Carpathian Messenger – Number 11 (June 2010) Page: 12
13. My theory is that the sender was confused by the range of different foreign rates then in ope-
ration. It is very normal to find underfranking and overfranking on foreign letters of this period,
and in this case it looks as if the sender firmly intended to apply a total franking of 23 Kr, app-
lying the 3 Kr stamp first, then the 5 Kr and finally the 10 Kr which overlapped the 5 Kr slightly.
This suggests to me that the sender thought the postage rate to the Netherlands was the same as
that to Great Britain which was 13 Kr at the time. An interesting insight on why the UPU was such
an important innovation in promoting international communications.
The second piece was an 1871 Delivery Receipt (Abgabs-Recepisse) in purple colour that I showed
in my exhibit on ‘Coach Mail from Hungary 1750-1900’:
Front side and reverse of this “Abgabs=Recepisse” from 19 January 1871.
Generally the Delivery Receipt is a very rare item of which only three examples are currently
known in this era and in addition it is stamped with a negative Postmaster’s cancellation from
POLENA that is otherwise unknown. This mark was only used to show the originating Post Office
and not for cancellation of stamps. According to the receipt the addressee took delivery of a
packet on 20 January 1871 weighing 4 Loths and with a value of 2 Forint 50 Kr that had arrived
from Kassa by coach mail. For this he paid a total of 2 Ft 74 Kr, including 24 Kr in postage and
2 Ft 50 Kr as the cash on delivery amount. It is a fantastic piece in every respect for receipt
collectors, for Carpatho-Ukraine collectors and for me as a Coach Mail collector!
The Sub-Carpathian Messenger – Number 11 (June 2010) Page: 13
14. Helmut Kobelbauer
Ungvár 1914 – The k. u. k. Infantry Regiment 66 was stationed here
Postcard, Ungvár, April 15th, 1914, to Esseg/Osijek.
As the above card shows, in the year 1914 (before the Great War) the “K. u. k. Infanterieregiment
Nr. 66” was stationed in Ungvár. The card goes to Ferdinand Hölbling in Esseg (Osijek), at that
time one of the few printing companies selling the military their special forms.
The Sub-Carpathian Messenger – Number 11 (June 2010) Page: 14
15. Helmut Kobelbauer
Ballonpost Przemyśl 1915 – Further Additions
In SCM #004 (pp. 14 to 16) I have written about the curious postcards which were sent in early
March 1915 from the besieged fortress of Przemyśl by paper balloons.
In the meantime a number of such postcards have been offered by the Austrian auction house
ÖPHILA, and therefore we can show now the colour copy of such a piece:
Field post card from Przemyśl, cancelled at F.P.O. 47, March 19th, 1915
This bluish-gray card carries the “Ballonpost Przemyśl | 1915.” mark together with the numerator
“5503” and the circular “IX. | 54.”, a handwritten censorship mark “Zensurirt Lt. Kohner[?]” and
a red “ZENSURIERT.” at the bottom. It has affixed an Austrian regular stamp of the 1908/1913
series which stayed uncancelled. We know that this card has been found near Turjaremete and
was cancelled by the Austro-Hungarian F.P.O. 47 on “19. III. 15”.
The 5h regular stamp was not strictly necessary – the card was valid field post and therefore free
of charge. On the other hand, a private finder might have hesitated to forward the card without
postage, and 5 Heller was just the right franking for a civil postcard at that time.
Keith Tranmer in our on-going correspondence was very doubtful about the assertion of Gerhard
Schenk that F.P.O. 47 at that time was stationed at Cracow. He says it was with the 8th Cavalry
Division (2nd Army of General Böhm-Ermolli). I have also written to Mr. Schenk about this question
but have not received an answer.
The actual location of F.P.O. 47 mid of March 1915 therefore should be considered an open issue.
Even Turjaremete has become possible again …
In the mentioned article (loc. cit., p. 15) there was also a reference to the post offices of Lemes
and Margitfalva where such cards have been cancelled. Keith Tranmer has clarified that the
respective marks were arrival marks after the cards had been handed over to the Hungarian civil
mail for normal forwarding. In these cases there is definitely no connection with a “first recovery”
of the paper balloons.
The Sub-Carpathian Messenger – Number 11 (June 2010) Page: 15
16. Helmut Kobelbauer
Another Hint to the Location of Czechoslovak Polní Pošta 12
You may remember that I have been a bit sceptical about the date when the Czechoslovak troops
moved out of the so-called zone 1 which then was occupied (or liberated, depending on your point
of view) by Hungarian forces between November 5th and 9th, 1938.
Jan Verleg (with reference to Mr. Vostatek) writes that PP 12 moved from Užhorod to Perečín on
October 20th, 1938, and PP 24 from Mukačevo to Svaljava on the same day.
I have considered these reported moves to be possibly a bit early – the First Vienna Award (which
gave zone 1 to Hungary) was negotiated and decided only on November 2nd, 1938. But it seems
that I was wrong nevertheless:
The shown registered (military) letter is from the Main Field Post Office (in Prague) to the com-
mander of Polní Pošta 12 on October 28th, 1938, and the destination of PP 12 is given as Perečín
(already).
Of course, it would be nice to have more than just this single letter indicating that the troops’
movement happened really at the date as given in the literature. It would be even better if
somebody could give a (good) reason for this early move …
In that context it is curious that the earliest postmark from a civil post office for the dislocated
troops of the 45th Infantry Regiment (see SCM #002, page 13) is from October 22nd, 1938. Is this a
chance coincidence ?
I am hoping for further revelations – with YOUR much appreciated help.
The Sub-Carpathian Messenger – Number 11 (June 2010) Page: 16
17. Helmut Kobelbauer
On Hungarian Postal Tariffs from 1938 to 1944: Deviating Cards
In general the table of postal tariffs on page 124 of Jan Verleg’s monograph is very valuable (like
the rest of the book). But when checking against a number of Hungarian postcards from the 1938
to 1944 period, not everything fits.
Fig. 1: Postcard, Csap to Budapest, November 25th, 1938 – 2 fillér
Fig. 2: Postcard, Ungvár to Makó, February 10th, 1939 – 2 fillér
My troubles started with the two postcards shown above. Both look absolutely “normal” – but in-
stead of the nominal fee of 10f both carry “only” a 2f stamp. And none shows any mark of fee’s
deficiency or postage due handling. Curious …
Let us repeat the tariffs for domestic (i. e., not local) postcards:
10f From the beginning of the (re-)annexation until 1941-09-14
12f From 1941-09-15 until 1943-06-30
18f From 1943-07-01 until the end of the Hungarian administration (in October 1944)
Maybe there was some special tariff for the “returned home” (visszatért) areas ? To get a clearer
picture, I began to search for further deviations …
The Sub-Carpathian Messenger – Number 11 (June 2010) Page: 17
18. Fig. 3: Postcard, Huszt to Budapest, March 27th, 1939 – 2 fillér
Fig. 4: Postcard, Terebesfejérpatak to Kazár, June 20th, 1939 – 2 fillér
Now these are postcards from zone 2, so a special “Visszatért” tariff would not explain them.
Fig. 5: Postcard, Körösmezı to Miskolc, September 20th, 1941 – still 2 fillér
The Sub-Carpathian Messenger – Number 11 (June 2010) Page: 18
19. Fig. 6: Postcard, Rahó to Budapest, October 18th, 1941 – now 3 fillér
Fig. 7: Postcard, Hársfalva to Budapest, January 21st, 1942
6 fillér postage due, therefore should have been 3 fillér
The last two cards prove that some time between September and October 1941 this assumed (spe-
cial) tariff was raised from 2f to 3f – whatever the “speciality” was. In time this would fit in with
the change in “normal” tariffs for a postcard (from 10f to 12f) which took place on September
15th, 1941.
Have you already found some pattern why these postcards are “special” ? If yes – have you taken
into consideration that all shown cards have originated from the Zone 1 or Zone 2 areas ?
Not only searching for “Tiszalonka” (or “Luh”) in old and modern maps is a detective’s game …
With the gracious and reliable help of my good friend Tamás Gudlin in the meantime I have found
the answer to the implicit question. Still I am curious: who else has detected this apparent devia-
tion in postcard tariffs ? And who would know the correct answer, too, why this reduced payment
was possible and legal ?
In a continuation I will show further examples from later years and provide the answer.
To be continued …
The Sub-Carpathian Messenger – Number 11 (June 2010) Page: 19
20. Helmut Kobelbauer
On the Question of Currency in the NRZU in 1944/1945
The second half of October 1944 saw the First Hungarian Army defeated in the Eastern Carpa-
thians, and by the end of this month most of the Sub-Carpathian Region was liberated (if you like
that term) by the victorious 4th Ukrainian Front as part of the Soviet Red Army.
The Czechoslovak Government (in Exile) sent an Official Delegation under the heading of Minister
Frantiček Nemec to the liberated area. On October 27th, 1944, it began to operate from its seat in
Chust. It stayed there until March 1945 when it left for Košice.
With hindsight we know now that President Beneš had decided some time earlier to give the
rebellious province to the Soviet Union for good, and the Soviets were only too happy to get a
final foothold in the Hungarian Plain. In late November 1944 they had a National Council organi-
zed in Užhorod who openly asked for a “reunion” of the Transcarpathian Ukraine with the Soviet
Union.
Jan Verleg states in his monograph (page 152):
“At the time the [Czechoslovak] governmental delegation started its activities, Hunga-
rian currency was used in Carpatho-Ukraine.”
and later (page 165):
“As no denomination of currency is mentioned on the stamps [issued by the NRZU], it
was originally assumed that Hungarian, Czechoslovakian and Russian money could be
used. […] He [= Dr. Petrezkij] wrote that in those days Hungarian Pengö and Czecho-
slovak Crowns were legal currency.”
The following form is from the time in question. It was obviously ordered/printed by the admini-
stration then in power, i. e., by sub-ordinates of the NRZU. To be more exact, it is a payment
order (lot 255 from the von Steiden auction at Raritan – the only one I got ).
My Ukrainian is not as strong as I would wish it to be (yes, it is Ukrainian – the Russians do not use
the letter “i”). But in the middle of the form, even I can recognize the text “на суму 742 П 24 ф”,
i. e., “to the sum of 742 P 24 f”. And my guess would certainly be that “P” stands for Pengö, and
“f” for fillér. Wouldn’t you agree ? (And the currency is pre-printed, not filled in.)
The Sub-Carpathian Messenger – Number 11 (June 2010) Page: 20
21. Helmut Kobelbauer
Illustrated Covers from the Soviet Kárpátalja
On page 213 of his monograph Jan Verleg tells us: “A great many illustrated postcards and covers
with topics related to Carpatho-Ukraine have been issued over the years. […] It is not possible
within the scope of this book to catalogue them.”
I fully agree with Jan that preparing a complete catalogue of such items is probably impossible.
But I would like to show a few such illustrated covers, just to give an impression of another
aspect of our wonderful common interest.
Cover (4 kop) with view of hotel “Uzhgorod” – issued 16/XI 1977.
Kholmok to Sájopüspöki (Hungary), August 4th, 1978.
Cover (4 kop) with sanatorium “Karpaty” – issued 09/IV 1979.
Beregove to Debrecen, August 8th, 1981.
The Sub-Carpathian Messenger – Number 11 (June 2010) Page: 21
22. I have, of course, chosen such covers as are not already pictured in Jan’s book. Since the items
are coming from a “real” correspondance (no philately involved), their quality is not always up to
our expectations.
Cover (5 kop) with view of pioneers’ hostel – issued 06/XI 1984.
Uzhgorod to Budapest, August 12th, 1985.
Cover (5 kop) with international youth hostel “Verkhovina”
in Nevicke – issued 11/XII 1987.
Uzhgorod to Budapest, August 16th, 1988.
Such letters from the Soviet Union to Hungary were treated equally to domestic letters; the fee for a
domestic letter went from 4 kop to 5 kop starting February 1st, 1983.
The Sub-Carpathian Messenger – Number 11 (June 2010) Page: 22
23. Cover (5 kop) with musical-dramatic theatre
in Uzhgorod – issued 20/III 1989.
Uzhgorod to Budapest, March 5th, 1990.
The last cover is one that Jan Verleg has (partially) shown in his book (page 213) and displays the
memorial plaque of the Sub-Carpathian messenger who gave our newsletter its name:
Cover (5 kop) with plaque of Fedor Fekete
in Tur’y Remety – issued 12/VII 1989.
Uzhgorod to Budapest, January 23rd, 1991.
On August 24th, 1991, the Ukraine declared its independence and established its own full postal
authority on January 1st, 1992, thus ending the era of Soviet political and postal administration.
Covers like those shown were accepted by the Ukrainian post and were in use at least until the
end of the year 1993 (transition period from the Soviet to the Ukrainian post).
The Sub-Carpathian Messenger – Number 11 (June 2010) Page: 23
24. Dr. Alexander Malycky
Ukrainian Commemorative Postal Stationery
The Ukrainian post issued on February 20th, 2009, the shown envelope in memory of the 70th
anniversary of the Carpatho-Ukraine with the picture of Father Avhustyn Voloshyn.
The Editor
Corrections
After ten numbers of “The Sub-Carpathian Messenger” I want to especially thank those who have
critically read some of or all the articles and told me about mistakes. Continue with the good
work, please!
SCM #001, page 4:
The three colours’ cover was offered before by Köhler (275th auction in February 1992) and is now
in the collection of our member Jakab András.
SCM #001, page 15:
The 15th Ottoman Corps was fighting in Galicia, not in the Sub-Carpathian region.
SCM #002, page 16:
The tariff of the card (2f) has nothing to do with the VISSZATÉRT areas or activities.
SCM #003, page 3:
The negative red seal of Unghvar has already been used in the year 1813.
SCM #006, page 15:
The registration mark on the Uzsok letter is regular (for this time), not a provisional one.
SCM #007, page 12:
In this postmark type there is no day time marker and therefore it is not missing.
SCM #009, page 5:
The shown marks of N-BEREZNA and PERECSÉNY are not marks of the Hungarian state post.
The Sub-Carpathian Messenger – Number 11 (June 2010) Page: 24