The Role of NM
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Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty that uses small amounts of radioactive materials, called radiopharmaceuticals, to diagnose and treat diseases. Radiopharmaceuticals are introduced to the body by injection, swallowing or inhalation and emit radiation that is detected by special cameras and computers to create images of organs, bones or tissues. Nuclear medicine allows physicians to see how organs and tissues are performing without invasive procedures and in a safe, painless manner. Professionals in nuclear medicine include nuclear medicine technologists who administer radiopharmaceuticals and perform scans, nuclear medicine physicians who interpret the scans, and nuclear pharmacists who prepare radiopharmaceuticals in a radiopharmacy lab. Strict radiation safety protocols are followed to minimize radiation
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N1A_GROUPA4_DiagnosticTest_X-RAY-MRI-CT-SCAN.pdf
X-rays, MRI, and CT scans are common diagnostic medical imaging tests. X-rays use radiation to produce images of bones and some soft tissues. MRI uses strong magnets and radio waves to produce detailed cross-sectional images without exposing the patient to radiation. CT scans combine X-rays with computer processing to create cross-sectional images of the body. Each test provides different information to assist physicians in diagnosis and treatment planning.
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Neuro oncologists put into reading the mechanism of tumours in the brain. These experts research the biology of neurological cancer that can help revive patients suffering from it.
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Difference between Nuclear Medicines and others imaging modalities
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A hand-held hybrid gamma-near-infrared fluorescence imaging camera
The document describes a novel hand-held hybrid near-infrared (NIR)-gamma camera called the Hybrid Gamma Camera (HGC). The HGC consists of an optical camera modified to image in the infrared spectrum, fitted with an 850nm bandpass filter and LED ring for excitation, aligned with a gamma camera to provide co-registered images. Phantom and mouse studies show the HGC can produce fused fluorescence and gamma images from a dual radio-NIR tracer. While the HGC has lower sensitivity than commercial fluorescence cameras, it demonstrates the feasibility of simultaneous gamma and fluorescence imaging in a portable device, with potential for intraoperative use.
Comparison of columnar and pixelated scintillators for small field of view hy...
This study compared the performance of a hybrid gamma camera (HGC) using either a columnar thallium-doped cesium iodide (CsI:TI) scintillator or a pixelated gadolinium oxysulfide (GOS) ceramic scintillator. The HGC's intrinsic spatial resolution, intrinsic and extrinsic sensitivity, count rate capability, and uniformity were evaluated. The results showed the HGC had significantly better spatial resolution with CsI:TI but was more sensitive with GOS, though it had poorer spatial resolution, uniformity, and count rate capability with GOS. Therefore, CsI:TI is preferred for applications where high spatial resolution is important.
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This document describes a study comparing the performance of a Hybrid Compact Gamma Camera (HCGC) using two thicknesses of caesium iodide scintillators. Intrinsic spatial resolution, system spatial resolution, and system sensitivity were measured according to established protocols. The 600um scintillator provided better spatial resolution while the 1500um scintillator doubled system sensitivity. Overall, the HCGC shows potential for applications like small organ imaging and surgical procedures, warranting further evaluation and testing with other scintillator materials to optimize performance.
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The document describes the design and performance evaluation of a Hybrid Compact Gamma Camera (HCGC) for medical imaging. It evaluated two detector configurations (600μm and 1500μm) in terms of spatial resolution, uniformity, sensitivity, and count rate capability. The 1500μm configuration demonstrated better performance across all metrics tested. Both configurations significantly outperformed a typical large field-of-view gamma camera, showing potential for improved resolution and portability for applications like sentinel lymph node imaging.
Festival of PGR
Nuclear diagnostic imaging allows physicians to see how the body is functioning internally by injecting radioactive material called radiopharmaceuticals and detecting the gamma radiation emitted using gamma cameras. The document compares the efficacy of two gamma cameras - the Hybrid Compact Gamma Camera (HCGC) and the XRI-UNO CdTe semiconductor-based detector. Images of a cannula tube filled with radioactive material taken with each camera showed that the HCGC image had higher spatial resolution. The initial studies encourage further evaluation of the HCGC for use in surgical settings over the XRI-UNO.
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The document discusses a hybrid compact gamma camera used for nuclear diagnostic imaging. The camera can produce optical images, gamma images, and fused gamma-optical images to provide insights into what is occurring inside the body. The hybrid compact gamma camera allows for multi-modal nuclear diagnostic imaging.
EUS3
This document discusses the role of nuclear medicine in cancer treatment. It begins by outlining cancer's biological features and current treatment methods. It then explains that nuclear medicine uses small amounts of radioactive material attached to pharmaceuticals to diagnose and treat diseases non-invasively. Some key nuclear medicine applications for cancer treatment discussed are using I-131 for thyroid cancer and Graves' disease, Zevalin for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, TheraSphere for hepatocellular carcinoma, and samarium injections to relieve bone pain. In conclusion, nuclear medicine is producing new therapeutic techniques that can replace other modalities due to being safe, painless, and cost-effective.
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The document discusses the harmful effects of radiation on human health. It outlines the history of understanding radiation hazards from studies of radium dial painters, uranium miners, early medical workers and atomic bomb survivors. It defines radiation exposure and ionizing radiation, and describes the chain of biological events that can occur following radiation exposure, including effects on cells and tissues. The document concludes by discussing radiation protection practices aimed at limiting risk to people and the environment by keeping radiation exposure as low as reasonably achievable.
challenges of small field dosimetry
Small field dosimetry poses challenges due to the lack of charged particle equilibrium and penumbra effects. Monte Carlo modeling and specialized dosimeters are used to measure small fields between 0.3-4 cm used in techniques like IMRT, stereotactic radiosurgery, and cyberknife. Film, pinpoint chambers, and MOSFET dosimeters provide high spatial resolution but require corrections. Gel dosimeters allow 3D dose mapping but are time-consuming. Future work aims to minimize measurement perturbations in small fields.
Optimisation of X-Ray CT within SPECTCT Studies
This document discusses optimizing the X-ray CT dose in SPECT/CT studies. It begins by examining the correlation between patient body mass index (BMI) and abdominal thickness measured on CT images from SPECT/CT studies. Data from 18 patients was analyzed to determine if the anthropomorphic phantom used in the study reasonably approximated larger patients. The document then outlines a study using the phantom to acquire SPECT and CT images under various protocols to evaluate the relationship between CT dose and image noise and accuracy of attenuation correction. A nuclear medicine radiologist will then qualitatively analyze the images to determine the best protocol that maintains image quality while optimizing dose. The goal is to develop a low-dose CT protocol for use in SPECT
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This document describes the development and initial testing of a hybrid gamma-optical camera for diagnostic imaging applications. The hybrid camera combines an optical camera with a gamma camera in an aligned configuration, allowing for high spatial resolution scintigraphic imaging fused with anatomical context from optical images. Initial tests show the camera has sub-millimeter spatial resolution and a sensitivity suitable for intraoperative use. Images of a simulated lymphatic vessel filled with a radioactive tracer demonstrate the camera can accurately localize radioactive uptake with anatomical guidance from the optical image. The hybrid camera design shows potential for applications like sentinel lymph node mapping during surgery.
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The document evaluates the performance of an XRI-UNO CdTe detector compared to a compact gamma camera (CGC) for medical imaging applications. It finds that the CdTe detector has better intrinsic spatial resolution and count rate capability but lower sensitivity compared to the CGC. While the CdTe detector exceeds the CGC in some areas, its low sensitivity means it cannot replace the CGC for medical imaging. Further work will explore using different scintillator materials instead of semiconductors.
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This document discusses liver cancer, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. It defines primary and secondary liver cancer and notes various causes. Diagnosis involves physical exams, blood tests, and imaging studies like ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI. Treatment options reviewed are surgery, chemotherapy, radiofrequency ablation (RFA), and TheraSphere. TheraSphere involves inserting radioactive glass beads into the hepatic artery and is presented as a new, targeted treatment option with fewer side effects than other therapies. A case study is presented demonstrating the treatment process for a patient receiving TheraSphere.
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The Role of NM
- 2. What is NM ? Why NM ? How is NM Differ from others ? Professions in NM Radiation Safety NM Applications
- 3. Sometimes seeing things from the Outside doesn't tell the whole story. It may look okay, but on the Inside it may NOT be okay.
- 4. Nuclear Medicine is an area of Radiology that Allows doctors to see from the Outside how the body is working Inside
- 5. Nuclear Medicine is a medical specialty that is used to Diagnose and Treat diseases in a Safe and Painless way.
- 6. Nuclear Medicine refers to ( a Pharmaceutical ) that is attached to a small quantity of Radioactive Material ( a Radioisotope )
- 8. Nuclear Medicine Other Modalities Detect the Radiation coming from inside patient’s body. Expose the patient to Radiation from outside the body Determines the Cause of Medical Problem based on Organ Function. Determine the Presence of Disease based on Anatomy or Structural Appearance.
- 10. The one who works in the Hot Lab to Prepare Dispense Distribute Radiopharmaceuticals, or Radioactive Drugs
- 11. Who works with Nuclear Imaging instrumentation and Radiation dosimetry.
- 12. Administer radiopharmaceuticals Perform imaging procedures Enhance images utilizing a computer During an imaging procedure, technologist works with the patient, describes the procedures, answers questions and monitors the physical condition of the patient.
- 13. All Exposure to be kept As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)
- 16. Personnel Dosimeters: Film Badge. Ring Badge. Electronic Dosimeter. Radiation Instruments: Giger Muller. Survey Meter.
- 17. Hot Lab
- 18. Label All Radioactive Materials.
- 19. Do not Eat, Drink or Smoke in Radioactive work Areas.
- 20. Discard all Radioactive Materials and Disposable work Materials in Radioactive Waste Receptacles.
- 22. Bone Scan
- 23. Renal Scan DMSA
- 24. Lung Scan
- 25. Cardiac Scan
- 27. Sentinel Node
- 28. HIDA Scan
- 29. Gastric Emptying
- 30. GI Bleeding
- 31. MIBG
- 32. I-123 WB Scan
- 33. I-131
- 34. TheraSphere
- 35. Zevalin