The Road to War
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The document discusses the United States' path to entering World War II. It describes the country's initial neutrality and isolationist policies of the 1930s. While seeking to avoid war through acts like cash and carry trading, these policies also hindered countries fighting aggression. As the war escalated in Europe in 1940, the U.S. took steps like increasing defense spending and instituting the first peacetime military draft. FDR ran for an unprecedented third term in 1940 on a platform of supporting the Allied war effort. After the election, FDR gained powers through acts like Lend-Lease to aid Britain and later the Soviet Union. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 ended U.S. neutrality and
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The Neutrality Acts of the 1930s were passed by the US to remain isolationist and avoid involvement in World War II. They banned arms trade and loans to belligerent nations. Later acts established a "cash and carry" system and included civil wars. The Lend-Lease Act of 1941 ended neutrality by allowing the US to support allies. The US also instituted the draft and established naval bases in Britain in moves away from isolationism prior to entering the war in 1941.
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Us neutrality in the 1930’s
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The document provides background information on the Allied powers and neutrality acts passed by the United States in the lead up to WWII. It discusses key events such as the Pearl Harbor attack, major battles in the Pacific and Europe, and the Manhattan Project that led to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The document outlines America's path from isolationist policies to entering WWII as a result of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.
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The document discusses America's foreign policy in the early 20th century as it moved between isolationism and internationalism. While often characterized as isolationist in the 1920s, the US was actively involved through conferences, agreements, and loans abroad. FDR believed the US could not remain isolated as Germany and fascism rose. Though neutral at first, FDR took steps like Lend-Lease to aid Britain and passed embargoes against Japan. Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor led the US to enter World War II.
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The document summarizes events at the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War. It discusses how tensions between the US and Soviet Union led to the Iron Curtain dividing Europe. It also describes the US policy of containment to resist Soviet expansion, the Truman Doctrine to provide aid to Greece and Turkey, and the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe's economies. Finally, it summarizes the crisis in Berlin where the Soviets blocked land access to the city, requiring the Berlin Airlift to supply it by air until the blockade ended in 1949.
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The document provides an overview of key events and causes leading up to World War 2, including Hitler gaining power in Germany, ignoring the Treaty of Versailles, and invading Poland. When Germany invaded Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany, marking the start of WWII in September 1939. The two main opposing sides were the Allies (Britain, France, USSR, US, Canada and others) versus the Axis powers of Germany, Italy and Japan. Several major battles are described such as Dunkirk, the Battle of Britain, the Battle of the Atlantic involving Canadian merchant sailors, and Canadian involvement in campaigns in Europe, including Dieppe and later Italy.
Progressive Presidents
Progressivism had several effects on the national government in the early 1900s:
- Theodore Roosevelt became president in 1901 and pursued progressive reforms like trust busting and consumer protections.
- William Taft succeeded Roosevelt and also pursued progressive reforms as president from 1909-1913, including expanding federal power over corporations.
- Woodrow Wilson was elected in 1912 as a progressive and enacted reforms like the Federal Reserve Act and Federal Trade Commission.
- These progressive presidents expanded the role and power of the federal government to regulate industry and protect consumers in unprecedented ways compared to earlier administrations.
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Roosevelt worked to improve foreign relations and adopt an isolationist stance in the 1930s as countries like Germany and Japan rose in power and aggression. As World War II began in Europe in 1939, Roosevelt provided some aid to Britain and France while maintaining official neutrality, though he recognized the threat posed by the Axis powers. By 1940, with Germany occupying much of Europe and threatening Britain, Roosevelt began abandoning the neutrality stance and provided more direct aid, seeing America's involvement as necessary to defend democracy.
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The document summarizes America's entry into World War II. Although the U.S. remained neutral at first, President Roosevelt helped Britain and France through measures like revising neutrality laws and passing the Lend-Lease Act. Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 killed over 2,400 Americans and drew the U.S. fully into the war against Germany and Japan.
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The document summarizes the key events that led to the American Revolution from the 1760s through 1776. It describes several Acts passed by the British Parliament that taxed the colonies, such as the Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, and Tea Act. It also discusses colonial responses including the Stamp Act Congress, Boston Tea Party, and the battles of Lexington and Concord. Finally, it notes that the Second Continental Congress formed the Continental Army led by George Washington and eventually declared independence from Britain with the Declaration of Independence in 1776.
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The document discusses the rise of dictators in Europe following World War 1 and the economic and political conditions that led to World War 2. It describes how Germany was blamed for WWI and suffered severe economic consequences under the Treaty of Versailles. The Great Depression hit Germany especially hard and led to hyperinflation, rising nationalist sentiment. Meanwhile, dictators like Stalin, Mussolini and Hitler rose to power in the Soviet Union, Italy and Germany respectively, consolidating control and violating agreements to rearm for war.
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HW#43
Americans changed their lives in many ways to support the war effort during World War 2. The government implemented policies like the Selective Service Act to draft men into military service. Citizens were encouraged to buy war bonds to help finance the war and conserve resources through rationing of goods. People grew victory gardens to address food shortages and the Office of War Information coordinated the dissemination of war information. Industry shifted from making consumer goods to weapons and equipment. Women entered the workforce in large numbers to replace men. Minority groups also contributed significantly despite facing discrimination, with African Americans and Japanese Americans experiencing internment.
End of cold war
(1) Iraq invaded and occupied Kuwait in 1990, which led the United States to lead a coalition to force Iraq's withdrawal from Kuwait. (2) The Persian Gulf War was a decisive victory that restored Kuwait's sovereignty and boosted American morale and confidence after the Vietnam War. It erased the "Vietnam Syndrome" by demonstrating that the United States military could achieve a swift victory with few casualties.
Germ, 'Nam, Cuba
The document discusses key events and entities related to the division of Germany and Vietnam after WWII, as well as the Cuban Revolution. It describes conferences that divided Germany into Western and Soviet spheres of influence, leading to the construction of the Berlin Wall. In Vietnam, nationalists fought the French and a civil war broke out between communist North Vietnam and democratic South Vietnam. The document also outlines Castro's overthrow of the Batista dictatorship in Cuba and the failed Bay of Pigs invasion backed by the US.
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John Adam's presidency was defined by tensions with Great Britain and France during the Quasi-War. The British attacked American ships bound for Europe, while France grew angry over Jay's Treaty which favored British trade. Adams sent diplomats to France to negotiate, but the French demanded a bribe, fueling anti-French sentiment. Adams signed the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts to deport dangerous aliens and suppress criticism of the government. This increased partisan conflicts between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans over states' rights and federal power.
Asia after world war ii
After World War 2, Japan faced immense physical destruction from bombing campaigns. Its infrastructure, buildings, and crops were devastated. Politically, Japan transitioned to a parliamentary constitutional monarchy with the Emperor now a symbolic figurehead. The U.S. occupied Japan from 1945 to 1952 to facilitate its rebuilding. Economically, Japan rapidly industrialized based on a free market system, becoming a major exporter of cars, electronics, and other goods, developing the second largest economy in the world.
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The Cold War began after World War II as tensions grew between the United States and the Soviet Union. They disagreed on how to govern Europe and both sought to expand their influence through military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact. This led to a nuclear arms race and proxy wars between the two superpowers in regions like Korea and Vietnam. By the late 1980s, reforms under Gorbachev in the Soviet Union helped lead to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union, bringing an end to the Cold War.
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The document provides background information on several key events leading up to and during World War II. It discusses the rise of dictators like Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin in the 1930s. It also outlines America's initial isolationist policies after WWI and its gradual movement towards supporting the Allies through measures like Lend-Lease and sanctions against Japan. The document summarizes major military campaigns in both the European and Pacific theaters, including D-Day, the Battle of the Bulge, and the island hopping strategy against Japan. It also addresses the Holocaust and internment of Japanese Americans during the war.
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The document summarizes events at the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War. It discusses how tensions between the US and Soviet Union led to the Iron Curtain dividing Europe. It also describes the US policy of containment to resist Soviet expansion, the Truman Doctrine to provide aid to Greece and Turkey, and the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe's economies. Finally, it summarizes the crisis in Berlin where the Soviets blocked land access to the city, requiring the Berlin Airlift to supply it by air until the blockade ended in 1949.
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There were four main reasons that motivated the U.S. to become an imperial power in the late 19th century: 1) Economic motivations including the need for new markets and resources to fuel industrial growth; 2) Military and political motivations to build American influence and naval power to compete with European empires; 3) Cultural and ideological beliefs in social Darwinism and the white man's burden to spread American civilization; 4) Nationalist motivations as the closing of the western frontier threatened American identity and prosperity.
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The document provides an overview of key events and causes leading up to World War 2, including Hitler gaining power in Germany, ignoring the Treaty of Versailles, and invading Poland. When Germany invaded Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany, marking the start of WWII in September 1939. The two main opposing sides were the Allies (Britain, France, USSR, US, Canada and others) versus the Axis powers of Germany, Italy and Japan. Several major battles are described such as Dunkirk, the Battle of Britain, the Battle of the Atlantic involving Canadian merchant sailors, and Canadian involvement in campaigns in Europe, including Dieppe and later Italy.
Progressive Presidents
Progressivism had several effects on the national government in the early 1900s:
- Theodore Roosevelt became president in 1901 and pursued progressive reforms like trust busting and consumer protections.
- William Taft succeeded Roosevelt and also pursued progressive reforms as president from 1909-1913, including expanding federal power over corporations.
- Woodrow Wilson was elected in 1912 as a progressive and enacted reforms like the Federal Reserve Act and Federal Trade Commission.
- These progressive presidents expanded the role and power of the federal government to regulate industry and protect consumers in unprecedented ways compared to earlier administrations.
Chapter 29: World War II
Roosevelt worked to improve foreign relations and adopt an isolationist stance in the 1930s as countries like Germany and Japan rose in power and aggression. As World War II began in Europe in 1939, Roosevelt provided some aid to Britain and France while maintaining official neutrality, though he recognized the threat posed by the Axis powers. By 1940, with Germany occupying much of Europe and threatening Britain, Roosevelt began abandoning the neutrality stance and provided more direct aid, seeing America's involvement as necessary to defend democracy.
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The document provides background information on postwar Japan and various Asian countries from 1945 onwards. It discusses Japan being stripped of its empire by the US occupation forces led by General MacArthur. It then covers the division of India and Pakistan, the ongoing conflict over Kashmir, the division of Korea and war between North and South, as well as the beginnings of US involvement in Vietnam against the communist North. It focuses on the nationalist and independence movements in Asia in the aftermath of World War 2 and the increasing tensions and conflicts between Western and communist Eastern blocs in the region.
American Expansionism
The document summarizes American expansionism and imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It discusses how the US sought new markets and resources overseas after the Civil War due to industrial overproduction at home. This led the US to pursue expansion through purchases of Alaska and Midway Islands, annexation of Hawaii, and assertion of influence over Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, and Latin America through the Spanish-American War and Roosevelt Corollary. The Panama Canal was built to further US economic and military interests in the region. While dollar diplomacy sought to avoid military intervention, threats were often used to protect American business investments abroad, fueling anti-American sentiment in Latin America.
Elections 1948-1960
The document summarizes several US presidential elections between 1948 and 1960. It discusses Harry Truman winning reelection in 1948 despite facing major challenges. It also outlines the candidates in the 1952 and 1960 elections, with Dwight Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy emerging as the respective winners. Key factors in JFK's narrow 1960 victory included the first televised debates where he outperformed Richard Nixon, and his phone call supporting Martin Luther King Jr. after King's arrest.
Chapter 19 sec 4
The document summarizes America's entry into World War II. Although the U.S. remained neutral at first, President Roosevelt helped Britain and France through measures like revising neutrality laws and passing the Lend-Lease Act. Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 killed over 2,400 Americans and drew the U.S. fully into the war against Germany and Japan.
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Eoct review questions gps 19 and 20 wwii and cold war
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La depresión de 1929 también tuvo impacto en Japón tanto a nivel económico como social . En la elite intelectual y político-militar japonesa existía la sensación de que uno de los problemas de la nación era el exceso de la población para un territorio limitado
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El documento describe las transformaciones sociales en España durante el siglo XIX, incluyendo el lento crecimiento demográfico, el cambio de una sociedad estamental a una sociedad de clases, y el surgimiento de nuevos grupos sociales. Las crisis de subsistencia, epidemias y enfermedades endémicas limitaron el crecimiento de la población. La nueva sociedad de clases se dividió entre las clases altas dominantes, las clases medias, y las clases bajas campesinas y proletariado urbano.
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World War II began in 1939 after Germany invaded Poland. The main fascist countries that formed the Axis powers were Germany, Italy, and Japan, led by Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo respectively. As the war escalated, the Allied powers of the US, Britain, Soviet Union, and others opposed the Axis. Major events included Germany bombing London and battling Britain for air control, Germany and the Soviet Union invading Poland, and Japan attacking Pearl Harbor in 1941 which brought the US into the war. The war was fought on battlefields across Europe and in brutal fighting in the Pacific, until the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, leading Japan to surrender and end World War II.
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Hitler signed a nonaggression pact with Stalin allowing Germany to invade Poland without Soviet opposition. When Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany, marking the start of World War 2. The US remained officially neutral but provided increasing aid to Britain through measures like cash-and-carry and destroyer deals to help the British war effort against Germany.
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After England and France declared war on Germany, President Roosevelt declared the US neutral but determined to help the Allied countries. He revised neutrality laws to allow the US to sell weapons to Allied countries. FDR was re-elected in 1940 on a platform of continued support for Britain. The Lend-Lease Act allowed the US to send weapons to Britain. Japan grew angry over US embargoes and froze Japanese assets in response to threats in the Pacific. Japan then attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, bringing the US into World War II.
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The USA entered WWI in 1917 for several reasons: German unrestricted submarine warfare sank American merchant ships and violated free trade; the Zimmerman Telegram proposed a German alliance with Mexico against the US; and President Wilson hoped to make the world safe for democracy. When the US joined the Allies, it provided troops and supplies that helped tip the balance in their favor. The war had significant impacts on the US such as women entering the workforce, the passage of women's suffrage and prohibition, and the Great Migration of African Americans to northern cities. The Treaty of Versailles after WWI was harsh on Germany and contributed to the start of WWII.
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Ronald Reagan was a conservative American politician who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Some key details about his life and presidency include: He was born in 1911 in Illinois and got his start in Hollywood before pursuing a career in politics. As President, Reagan advocated for lower taxes, less government regulation of the economy, and increased defense spending. His policies aimed to stimulate economic growth and roll back communism. However, his presidency was also marked by controversies like the Iran-Contra affair and growing inequality.
Watergate
The Watergate scandal of the 1970s involved the burglary of the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate apartment complex in Washington D.C. by Republican operatives connected to President Richard Nixon's re-election campaign. Multiple investigations revealed that senior White House officials, including Nixon, were involved in attempting to cover-up the burglary and other abuses of power. Facing impeachment and criminal prosecution, Nixon resigned as president on August 9, 1974, becoming the only U.S. president to resign from office. His successor Gerald Ford later pardoned Nixon for any federal crimes he may have committed.
Nixon, Ford, & Carter (1969-1981)
Nixon avoided relying directly on his cabinet and instead relied heavily on a close staff led by H.R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman. Nixon struggled with high inflation and unemployment during his first term despite implementing wage and price freezes. The 1973 oil embargo caused by OPEC quadrupling oil prices in response to U.S. support for Israel seriously worsened inflation and led to a recession. Nixon also implemented a "Southern Strategy" of appealing to white southern voters by slowing desegregation and cutting funding for fair housing laws. In foreign policy, Nixon and his National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger pursued détente, relaxing tensions with major communist powers China and the Soviet Union through realpolitik negotiations and
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The Vietnam War began in 1954 after France lost control of Vietnam to Ho Chi Minh's Viet Minh forces. Vietnam was divided at the 17th parallel, with Ho Chi Minh controlling North Vietnam and Ngo Dinh Diem controlling South Vietnam. The US initially provided aid to Diem's repressive government in South Vietnam and gradually increased military involvement over the following decades. Despite massive US bombing campaigns and increasing troop deployments, the Tet Offensive in 1968 showed that the US was not winning the war. Growing anti-war sentiment led Nixon to begin withdrawing troops in 1973, and South Vietnam fell to Communist rule in 1975. The human and financial costs of the war were immense.
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This document defines political parties and describes their functions. It explains that political parties seek to control government by winning elections. Parties work to nominate candidates, campaign, take policy stances to attract voters, and oversee the conduct of government once in power. The US has a two-party system due to historical precedent, tradition, and electoral rules that make it difficult for third parties to succeed. Multi-party systems elect multiple parties through coalitions, providing broader representation.
President Nixon
Nixon pursued a policy of détente by relaxing tensions with major communist powers. His national security advisor Henry Kissinger played a key role in secret diplomatic outreach to China and the Soviet Union. This led to Nixon's historic 1972 visit to China, establishing diplomatic relations and further cooperation. Nixon also reached agreements with the Soviet Union, including the SALT I treaty that imposed the first limits on nuclear weapons.
Watergate
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Impact of the Cold War
The Cold War had major impacts on national security and domestic policies in the US. The National Security Act of 1947 created new institutions like the Department of Defense and CIA to centralize defense efforts. NSC-68 called for expanding the military budget to actively counter communism globally. McCarthyism spread fear of communist influence domestically. Military spending increased dramatically as a percentage of GDP due to the arms race with the Soviet Union. Eisenhower later warned of the growing influence of the "military-industrial complex" on politics and society.
Korean War
The Korean War began in 1950 when North Korean troops invaded South Korea, crossing the 38th parallel dividing line. The United Nations backed the US-led defense of South Korea in an effort to contain communism. Fighting escalated as Chinese troops joined the North Koreans, pushing UN forces back below the 38th parallel. The war settled into a stalemate along the border until an armistice was signed in 1953, leaving Korea still divided at the 38th parallel. The war had significant effects including the rise of the US military-industrial complex and the desegregation of American military units.
1950s Culture
The 1950s saw a period of prosperity and social conformity in the United States. Several key developments included the post-World War II baby boom, the rise of automobile-centered suburban living, and the emergence of consumerism and new household appliances. Television became hugely popular and shaped popular culture, while new youth cultures like rock n' roll music and teen rebellion also emerged. Strict gender roles were emphasized, and families often conformed to stereotypical television portrayals of suburban life. Religious observance increased and the nuclear family became the societal ideal.
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FDR took steps in the early 1940s to prepare the US for potential involvement in World War II by asking businesses to support Britain's defense efforts and warning of threats posed by Axis nations like Germany. He knew the US would need to massively scale up production of war materials if it did enter the war. FDR mobilized the military and passed laws for conscription. When the US did enter the war in 1941, the government took control of the economy and directed industries to focus on weapons production. Massive federal spending and taxation financed the war effort while rationing and shortages affected daily life on the home front.
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The document summarizes the rise of fascism in Europe in the 1930s and the events leading up to America's entry into World War 2. It describes how Germany, Italy, and Japan increasingly violated international laws and invaded other nations. While the League of Nations condemned these actions, they were unable to stop them. Britain and France initially pursued a policy of appeasement toward Germany. As Germany continued expanding territorially through Europe, President Roosevelt took steps to increase US defense and aid to Britain through measures like Lend-Lease, but most Americans still favored isolationism. The war began in Europe in 1939 with the German invasion of Poland. By 1940, Germany had conquered much of the continent while Britain stood alone, increasing pressure
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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The Road to War
- 1. The Road to War Ch. 17.4 pp. 585-589
- 2. Neutrality • Focus on domestic concerns • Great Depression, unemployment, New Deal programs • FDR seeking re-election in 1940 • Bitter taste left from WWI • History of isolationism
- 3. Neutrality Acts • 1935—Banned U.S. from providing weapons to belligerent nations • 1936—Banned loans to belligerent nations • 1937—Permitted trade w/ belligerent nations, but Cash & Carry only • Didn’t help countries fighting aggression • U.S. was part of the appeasement problem
- 5. Some action! • Built military bases on British possessions in the Atlantic – In exchange for 50 destroyers given to Brits – Ended neutrality by doing this! • Congress increased defense spending and had a peacetime draft – Selective Service & Training Act—Sept. 1940 • 1st ever peacetime draft • Ages 21-35; later 18-45 • U.S. had 2.2 million sailors & soldiers by Dec. 1941 • Roughly 10 million inducted via draft during WWII
- 6. Election of 1940 • FDR ran for an unprecedented 3rd term – Not a constitutional amendment yet (22nd/1947) • Wendell Willkie, lawyer & industrialist, no political experience, darkhorse candidate, flip-flopped on American intervention in WWII, very critical of FDR’s New Deal & his attempt at a 3rd term • WWII was central issue • FDR did esp. well in large urban areas
- 8. Lend-Lease Act • After winning election of 1940 • President had power to lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of arms and other equipment whose defense was considered vital to the security of the US • When Germany invaded the Soviets in 1941, they expanded the program to them
- 9. Four Freedoms Speech • FDR’s State of the Union speech; Jan. 1941 • Four fundamental freedoms that people everywhere should enjoy – Freedom of speech – Freedom of worship – Freedom from want – Freedom from fear • Became a basis for war aims • An attempt to gain public support
- 12. Atlantic Charter • FDR and Churchill • Ideological foundation of the Western cause • Similar to Fourteen Points in that it: • Called for economic collaboration • Guarantees of political stability • Free trade, national self-determination, collective security
- 14. Opposition to War • America First Committee – 800 K members in 1940 – Hoped to block further aid to Britain – Charles Lindbergh=spokesperson
- 15. Japan/Pearl Harbor • In July of 1940 FDR limited sale of supplies to Japan – Steel, iron • Hoped to limit Japanese aggression; didn’t work • Later cut off all oil shipments • War seemed inevitable
- 16. Japan/Pearl Harbor • Hideki Tojo, militant army officer, rose to power in Japan in October of 1941
- 17. Japan/Pearl Harbor • Thanks to code-breaking the U.S. knew Japan was planning an attack…but didn’t know when • Japan hoped to cripple America’s Pacific Fleet & achieve goals before U.S. Navy could recover
- 18. Japan/Pearl Harbor • Attacked at 7 AM on December 7, 1941 • A Sunday • Japanese airplanes were detected on radar, but ignored • W/in an hour 180 planes had arrived • ½ of the Pacific Fleet was located there • Attack was over by 9:45 AM • 2,400 Americans killed • 200 warplanes damaged/destroyed • 18 warships sunk/damaged • Japan lost only 29 planes
- 19. Japan/Pearl Harbor • FDR declared war on Japan the next day. • “A date which will live in infamy.” • Germany & Italy declared war on the U.S. on December 11, 1941