Ring provides flexibility in syntax through allowing keywords and operators to be changed. The ChangeRingKeyword and ChangeRingOperator commands allow existing keywords and operators to be replaced, which is done at the scanner stage before parsing. This allows programming in different styles within the same project, but developers must remember to restore the original keywords and operators to avoid conflicts. Keywords and operators can be temporarily changed to obfuscate code or test for errors.

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4 - In programming, If we have access to more than one scope - Then problems may come if we don’t manage things
correctly
5 - It’s always more secure to reduce the number of visible scopes
6 - Some programming languages force you to manage the scope in some way, while others not!
In Ring
1 - Special and very simple scope rules that are designed for Flexibility first then Security
2 - Ring is designed to support programming in the small and programming in the large.
3 - The language provide the different programming paradigms that you may select from based on the project size.
Errors comes only if you selected a bad paradigm for the target project or you are using the paradigm in a way that is
not correct or at least not common.
4 - In Ring you have the choice, you can use global variables or avoid them. you can give them a special $ mark or
leave them. you can use object-oriented or stay with procedures. you can use the class region (after the class name
and before any method) just for attributes or use it for code too.
5 - Just read the next scope rules and think about them then use them in your favorite way.
Scope Rules:
1 - At any place in our program code we have only at maximum Three Scopes (Local Scope, Object Scope and Global
Scope).
2 - When Ring find a variable it will search in the local scope first then in the object scope then in the global scope.
3 - At any time inside procedures or methods you can use braces { } to access an object and change the current object
scope.
4 - In the class region (After the class name and before any method) this is a special region where both of the object
scope and the local scope point to the object scope. I.e. No local variables where each variable you define in this
region will become an attribute.
5 - Before defining any variable (in any scope and in the class region too) a search process will be done to use the
variable if it’s found.
6 - Functions and Methods parameters are defined automatically as local variables to these functions or methods.
7 - Using Object.Attribute will search in the object attributes only.
8 - Using Self.Attribute will lead to a search for Self first then search in Self Attributes.
9 - The Self reference inside class region (after the class name and before any method) always point to the object scope
created from the class.
10- The Self reference inside methods will be changed when we uses Braces to be a reference to the object that we
access.
11- Writing variable names directly in the class region (after the class name and before any method) means using them
or define then (in order).
12- Using self.attribute in the class region reduce search to the object scope (avoid conflict with global scope).
From these rules you can understand all types of conflicts and why you may have them and how to avoid them
Simple advices to avoid any conflict and use the scope rules in a better way
1 - Try to avoid global variables
2 - Use the Main Function - This will help you to avoid global variables
3 - If you are going to use many global variables use the $ mark before the variable name
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4 - In the class region if you don’t respect the advice number three ($) then use self.attribute when you define your
attributes
5 - You can use object.attribute and object.method() instead of object { attribute } and object { method() } if you don’t
like changing the object scope.
6 - If you will use nested braces in a class - think about using the class region if possible because in this region you
will have access to the object that you access using { } + access to the class attributes
7 - If you are inside a class method and used nested braces you will change the object scope with each brace and you
will loss the access to the class attributes directly but you have access to the local scope before and after using brace
{ } , if you will read/modify the class attribute from braces then use This.Attribute because using ‘This’ means (The
object created from this class) while using ‘Self’ means (The object in the current object scope).
After understanding all of the previous points, You will master this topic.
65.15. Summary of Scope Rules 772

3. CHAPTER
SIXTYSIX
SCOPE RULES FOR FUNCTIONS AND METHODS
In this chapter we will learn about the scope rules for functions and methods.
You need to know the next information once you started using Ring for large applications.
These applications may contains and use
• Many Packages and Classes written in Ring
• Many Functions written in Ring
• Standard Ring Functions (Written in C language)
• Functions and Classes written in C/C++ languages
66.1 How Ring find the Functions and Methods?
When you call a method or function, Ring will start a search process to find this function
If found –> Call the function and store the function pointer in the cache so Ring can use it again with doing another
search.
If not found —> Runtime error message (That you can avoid using Try/Catch)
How the search process is done?
Search for functions/methods follow the next order
1 - Search in methods (if we are inside class method or object using braces {})
2 - Search in functions written by the programmer using Ring Code
3 - Search in functions written in C/C++ like standard Ring functions
This enable us to write clean code inside classes methods and avoid any conflict with functions.
If we want to call a function with the same name as a method in the class we will need a wrapper function or we will
access a temp. object using { } then call that function there.
We can replace C/C++ Functions with Ring Functions.
We can replace Ring Functions with Ring Methods.
Note: Using self.method() is not necessary in any use case.
Tip: We can use this.method() to escape from the current active scope that we access using braces {} and call a
method in the class that we are inside.
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66.2 Example about Sharing Names between Functions and Methods
Look at the next example
func main
o1 = new myclass { test() test2() }
test2()
func f1
see "f1 function" + nl
func f2
see "f2 function" + nl
func f3
see "f3 function" + nl
func test2
myline()
see "test2 function" + nl
new myclass {
f1()
f2()
f3()
self.f3()
}
myobj = new myclass
myobj.f3()
myline()
func myline
see copy("=",40) + nl
Class myclass
func test
myline()
see "test method" + nl
f1()
f2()
f3()
myline()
func f3
see "f3 method" + nl
func test2
myline()
see "test2 method" + nl
self {
f1()
f2()
f3()
}
myline()
Output:
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========================================
test method
f1 function
f2 function
f3 method
========================================
========================================
test2 method
f1 function
f2 function
f3 method
========================================
========================================
test2 function
f1 function
f2 function
f3 method
f3 method
f3 method
========================================
66.3 Calling a function sharing the name with a method in the current
class
In the previous example we have a function called f3() and we have a method called f3()
How we can call the f3() function from the test() method ?
Solution (1) : Change the current object scope to another object scope
In this solution we will have an empty class called local that we will use to change the current object scope.
func main
o1 = new myclass { test()}
func f1
see "f1 function" + nl
func f2
see "f2 function" + nl
func f3
see "f3 function" + nl
func myline
see copy("=",40) + nl
Class myclass
func test
myline()
see "test method" + nl
f1()
f2()
f3() # call f3() method
new local { f3() } # call f3() function
myline()
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func f3
see "f3 method" + nl
class local
Output:
========================================
test method
f1 function
f2 function
f3 method
f3 function
========================================
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7. CHAPTER
SIXTYSEVEN
SYNTAX FLEXIBILITY
In this chapter we will learn about some options that are provided automatically by the Ring compiler for syntax
flexibility.
67.1 Change Language Keywords
We can change any keyword using the ChangeRingKeyword command.
Note: Remember to restore the keyword again if the team will mix between styles in the same project.
Tip: The ChangeRingKeyword command is executed in the scanner stage by the compiler (before parsing).
Syntax:
ChangeRingKeyword <oldkeyword> <newkeyword>
Example:
ChangeRingKeyword see print
print "welcome" + nl
ChangeRingKeyword print see
see "Welcome" + nl
Example:
ChangeRingKeyword func function
ChangeRingKeyword see print
ChangeRingKeyword ok endif
ChangeRingKeyword next endfor
ChangeRingKeyword end endwhile
x = 10
while x > 0
print "x = " + x + nl
for t = 1 to 10
if t = 3
print "number three" + nl
endif
endfor
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x--
endwhile
test()
function test
print "message from test" + nl
ChangeRingKeyword function func
ChangeRingKeyword print see
ChangeRingKeyword endif ok
ChangeRingKeyword endfor next
ChangeRingKeyword endwhile end
67.2 Change Language Operators
We can change any operator using the ChangeRingOperator command.
Note: Remember to restore the operator again if the team will mix between styles in the same project.
Tip: The ChangeRingOperartor command is executed in the scanner stage by the compiler (before parsing).
Syntax:
ChangeRingOperator <oldkeyword> <newkeyword>
Example:
The next program hide the + operator by changing it to _+
changeringoperator + _+
changeringkeyword SEE PRINT
try
print 5 + 10
catch
print nl print "error" print nl
done
changeringoperator _+ +
The next program change the + operator to “plus”.
changeringoperator + plus
changeringkeyword SEE PRINT
Print 5 plus 5
changeringoperator plus +
changeringkeyword PRINT SEE
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67.3 Load Syntax Files
You may store a group of ChangeRingKeyword and ChangeRingOperator commands in a file to use later in many
source files. You can’t use the Load command to call these files because
• ChangeRingKeyword and ChangeRingOperator commands are executed in the scanner phase by the compiler
(before parsing).
• The load command is executed in the parsing phase (after the scanner phase).
Solution: Use the LoadSyntax Command which is executed in the scanner phase.
Syntax:
LoadSyntax "syntaxfile.ring"
Example:
File : StyleBasicOn.ring
ChangeRingKeyword see print
ChangeRingKeyword ok endif
ChangeRingKeyword next endfor
ChangeRingKeyword end endwhile
File : StyleBasicOff.ring
ChangeRingKeyword print see
ChangeRingKeyword endif ok
ChangeRingKeyword endfor next
ChangeRingKeyword endwhile end
File : UseStyleBasic.ring
LoadSyntax "stylebasicon.ring"
x = 10
while x > 0
print "x = " + x + nl
for t = 1 to 10
if t = 3
print "number three" + nl
endif
endfor
x--
endwhile
LoadSyntax "stylebasicoff.ring"
see "done" + nl
Note: files called by the LoadSyntax command must contains ChangeRingKeyword and ChangeRingOperator com-
mands only.
Tip: files called by the LoadSyntax command doesn’t support functions, packages and classes. just imperative
commands only.
Note: Using this feature you can create many styles that you can use in the same project and you can support Ring
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translation to other languages like Arabic, French and so on.
Tip: The effect of LoadSyntax command is related to the current source code file only.
67.4 Using “()” around the function parameters
We can use () around the function parameters (optional).
Example:
hello()
sum(3,4)
func hello()
see "Hello" + nl
func sum(x,y)
see x+y+nl
Output:
Hello
7
Example:
myfunc = func x,y { see x + y + nl }
call myfunc (3,4)
myfunc2 = func (x,y) { see x+y+nl }
call myfunc(3,4)
Output:
7
7
67.5 Using Semi-colon after and between statements
In Ring we can use semi-colon after and between statements (optional).
Example:
# Using semi-colon is optional
see "Hello" + nl ; see "How are you?" + nl ; see "Welcome to Ring" + nl ;
one() ; two() ; three() ;
func one ; see "one" + nl ;
func two ; see "two" + nl ;
func three ; see "three" + nl ;
Output:
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