This research examined the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and employee engagement, using a sample of 372 employees from small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Syria. Our study aimed to provide an empirical understanding of the intricacies that interplay between the entrepreneurial orientation of firms and the level of employee engagement. The results indicate a positive correlation between these two factors. The insights provided by this study may be valuable for business owners, policymakers, and researchers alike.
Examining the Influence of Human Resource Practices on Entrepreneurial Orient...AI Publications
This study aims to investigate the influence of human resource practices on entrepreneurial orientation (EO) in the context of startups in Syria. The research focuses on 403 employees working in various startup organizations. By utilizing a quantitative approach, data will be collected through surveys to measure the perceptions of employees regarding human resource practices and entrepreneurial orientation. The findings of this study will contribute to the existing literature by providing insights into the relationship between human resource practices and entrepreneurial orientation in the unique context of startup organizations in Syria.
Improvement of Business Performance through Entrepreneurial Orientationijtsrd
Entrepreneurial orientation is important factors needed by small and medium enterprises SMEs to face environmental challenges in a dynamic and competitive business world achieve business performance. This study aims to examine the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on business performance. The research sample of 117 culinary SMEs. Data was collected through a survey by distributing questionnaires and documentation. Data analysis techniques using structural equation modeling with the Partial Least Square PLS approach. The results showed that of entrepreneurial orientation had a significant positive effect on business. Asmawiyah | Afiah Mukhtar | Andi Rifqah Purnama Alam "Improvement of Business Performance through Entrepreneurial Orientation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35740.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/randd-management/35740/improvement-of-business-performance-through-entrepreneurial-orientation/asmawiyah
The Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Business Performance: A Study of...ijtsrd
The present study aims to examine the impact of entrepreneurial orientation on business performance of 30 horticulture related firms in Kashmir. The entrepreneurial orientation is measured by five dimensions identified from the literature on the subject and financial performance; a dependent variable, is treated as a measurement for business performance. The correlation and regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance of the sampled firms. Sameer Ahmad Shalla"The Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Business Performance: A Study of SMEs in Horticulture Sector" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2291.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/strategic-management/2291/the-impact-of-entrepreneurial-orientation-on-business-performance-a-study-of-smes-in-horticulture-sector/sameer-ahmad-shalla
Examining the Influence of Human Resource Practices on Entrepreneurial Orient...AI Publications
This study aims to investigate the influence of human resource practices on entrepreneurial orientation (EO) in the context of startups in Syria. The research focuses on 403 employees working in various startup organizations. By utilizing a quantitative approach, data will be collected through surveys to measure the perceptions of employees regarding human resource practices and entrepreneurial orientation. The findings of this study will contribute to the existing literature by providing insights into the relationship between human resource practices and entrepreneurial orientation in the unique context of startup organizations in Syria.
Improvement of Business Performance through Entrepreneurial Orientationijtsrd
Entrepreneurial orientation is important factors needed by small and medium enterprises SMEs to face environmental challenges in a dynamic and competitive business world achieve business performance. This study aims to examine the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on business performance. The research sample of 117 culinary SMEs. Data was collected through a survey by distributing questionnaires and documentation. Data analysis techniques using structural equation modeling with the Partial Least Square PLS approach. The results showed that of entrepreneurial orientation had a significant positive effect on business. Asmawiyah | Afiah Mukhtar | Andi Rifqah Purnama Alam "Improvement of Business Performance through Entrepreneurial Orientation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35740.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/randd-management/35740/improvement-of-business-performance-through-entrepreneurial-orientation/asmawiyah
The Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Business Performance: A Study of...ijtsrd
The present study aims to examine the impact of entrepreneurial orientation on business performance of 30 horticulture related firms in Kashmir. The entrepreneurial orientation is measured by five dimensions identified from the literature on the subject and financial performance; a dependent variable, is treated as a measurement for business performance. The correlation and regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance of the sampled firms. Sameer Ahmad Shalla"The Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Business Performance: A Study of SMEs in Horticulture Sector" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2291.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/strategic-management/2291/the-impact-of-entrepreneurial-orientation-on-business-performance-a-study-of-smes-in-horticulture-sector/sameer-ahmad-shalla
Talent Retention and Employees’ Resilience of Telecommunication Companies in ...Premier Publishers
This study investigated the relationship between talent retention and employee resilience of telecommunication companies in Rivers State, Nigeria. Talent retention was conceptualized the independent variable while interpersonal competence, adaptability, and pro-activeness were used as measures of the dependent variable. The study adopted the cross-sectional survey in its investigation of the variables. The primary source of data was generated through a self- administered questionnaire. A sample of one hundred and nine (109) respondents were drawn from a population of one hundred and thirty-four (134) respondents, using the Taro Yamane’s formula for sample size determination. The research instrument was validated through the supervisor’s vetting and approval while the reliability of the instrument was achieved by the use of the Cronbach Alpha coefficient with all the items scoring above 0.70. Data generated were analyzed and presented using both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The hypotheses were tested using the Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation Statistics. The tests were carried out at a 95% confidence interval and a 0.05 level of significance. Empirical findings revealed that talent retention positively and significantly influences employee resilience of telecommunication companies in Rivers State, Nigeria. The result of the findings further revealed that talent retention of telecommunication companies in Rivers State, Nigeria gave rise to interpersonal competence, adaptability, and pro-activeness. The study recommends that management of telecommunication companies should do their best to retain employees who have been a positive impact on the companies and use it to motivate other employees working within the designated department in the company.
A STUDY ON EMPLOYEE PERCEPTION TOWARDS ORGANISATIONAL COMMITMENT AND ITS IMPA...IAEME Publication
The organizations in both public and private sectors have been putting their efforts toward creating performance culture, which is characterized by a search for strategies to improve the contribution of both individuals and organizations to enhance the performance. The Organizational Commitment is found to be one of the factors associated with enhancing Job Performance. Higher affective Commitment towards an organisation is considered an important determinant of dedication and loyalty. Affectively committed employees considered to be having a sense of belonging and identification exhibit their increased involvement in organisation’s activities and their desire to perform well in the organisation. The perception that organisation values their wellbeing evidently led employees’ to identify the organization’s wellbeing with their own. This study portrait the behavioral aspects of the employees of the firm, exhibiting their commitment to the organization.
360 Degree Appraisal and Employee Commitmentijtsrd
The paper examined the relationship between 360 degree appraisal and employee commitment. Employee commitment is simply a relationship between employees and organization. The 360 degree performance appraisal as evident from existing literature is one of the appraisal system that has in the recent years gained significant popularity. The paper concludes that paper concludes that employees become committed to an organisation when leaders tend to exhibit behaviours that are geared towards developing them other than largely focusing on pay and promotion. Findings studies suggests that this traditional appraisal system tends to overlook a number of employee traits due to its standardised nature. The paper recommends that performance appraisal systems should be designed in such a way that they create perceptions of fair treatment relative to other employees as well as the employee”˜s own expectations. Victor Barinua | Ezeogu, Sylvia Onyekachukwu "360 Degree Appraisal and Employee Commitment" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50287.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/50287/360-degree-appraisal-and-employee-commitment/victor-barinua
The present study aimed to examine the effect of the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) on organizational performance (OP). This study was motivated by the mixed findings in literature regarding the relationships between EO and organizational performance. Owing to the mixed results, a novel stream of research was created and this motivated further examining of the impact of other variables that may shed a light on the nature of the relationship. Several theories have been proposed in literature posit the direct relationships among strategies, resources and capabilities as antecedents of success. In this study, copies of questionnaires were distributed to 300 Libyan banks branches, where 200 copies of questionnaires were returned and analyzed. The proposed hypothesis was tested through PLS-SEM and the study results showed that EO positively predicted organizational performance.
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of financial distress, rewards and company performance using return on assets (ROA), managerial ownership, ownership concentration, directors' composition and leverage on directors' remuneration with company size, leverage and company age as control variables. The study population comprised manufacturing companies in the food and beverage sector listed on the ASEAN state stock exchange. The study used a purposive sampling method. The sample number consisted of 68 manufacturing companies. The data used are secondary data obtained from ASEAN state stock exchanges. Data analysis used multiple linear regression. The results indicate that ROA, managerial ownership, ownership concentration, firm size and leverage have a significant effect on directors' remuneration, while financial distress, reward, company age and state have no significant effect on directors' remuneration. The implications of study mean that boards of directors can conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the directors' remuneration system by establishing a team that has the authority to provide input and formulation of a remuneration system that meets the principle of fairness.
Role of social and human capital in business model adaptationAntonio Dottore
Paper presented at the 2013 Babson Conference on entrepreneurship. It shows that certain types of social capital (from networking) and of human capital (mostly experience-based) are important for business model adaptation in new ventures.
The interaction of the two (Social*Human) creates useful synergies.
Impact of Employee Engagement on PerformanceIJAEMSJORNAL
Employee engagement is a vast concept and has a wide area of interpretation and thus each organisation interprets the meaning of employee engagement on its own terms, knowledge, and culture. Employee engagement is a relationship between the employee and the enterprise, an engaged employee is the one who is entirely engrossed in and ardent about their work and so takes positive steps to further the organisation's prestige and interests. The construct employee engagement is built on the foundation of concepts like organisation citizenship behaviour, employee commitment, and job satisfaction. Though it relates to and besets these concepts but employee engagement is broader in scope. In today's scenario organisations have started looking out for ways more stronger than only monetary incentives to keep employees involved and work towards goals, hence comes the role of employee engagement which helps the employees realise they are a part of the organisation and thus employees are emotionally connected to their organization and highly involved in their job with a great enthusiasm for the success of their employer, going an extra mile beyond the employment contractual agreement assuming all their efforts leads to the growth of what already belongs to them. Since Employee engagement is a fairly novel concept thus a lot of measurement metrics are not present to find out direct relationship between employee engagement and its impact on the performance of employees thus the purpose of this paper is to find out an Impact of employee engagement on the performance of the employees.
Entrepreneurial Management A Literature Reviewijtsrd
Entrepreneurial management is a mode of management that is proactive, opportunity driven, and action oriented. Entrepreneurial management style is evidenced by the firm’s strategic decisions and operating management philosophies. There is a significant difference between entrepreneurial management and traditional management. Entrepreneurial firms are those where upper management possesses an entrepreneurial management style. A style, which originates from the firms’ strategic decisions and operating management philosophies. Entrepreneurial managerial behaviour promotes a culture of creativity and risk taking, creates flat informal structures, and promotes strategy so as to take advantage of the opportunities that are identified. Traditional managerial behaviour on the other hand emphasizes planning, control, monitoring, evaluation, and formalized organizational structures. The purpose of this paper is to conceptually examine entrepreneurial management as an emerging construct in management. Adim, Chidiebere Victor | Mezeh, Akpobolokami Andy "Entrepreneurial Management: A Literature Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49607.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/49607/entrepreneurial-management-a-literature-review/adim-chidiebere-victor
Abstract— The IT industry is considered to be dynamic in nature where strategies are changing faster than policies.
Organizations inherently view merger as a key to business change, especially when they want to make a union play. The
relentless pace of technology change and the constant union of different business models across the industry prompt a “buy
vs. build” decision to generally result in “buy”. Mergers are said to be successful only if they lead to an increment in
shareholder value, but latest study conducted by KPMG in 2013 indicates that 83% of merger deals did not boost
shareholder returns. And one of the most noticeable reasons of failure was lack of HR integration between two companies
undergoing the transition. It is evident from the research done across the globe that there has been negligible attention
shown towards IT industry. The mergers have been increasing in this sector ever since a few decades where the IT industry
has grown manifolds, however not many research studies have been able to capture the essence of the matter. The HR
function in IT industry which deals with high volume of employees who have a significant impact on the performance and
results is often undermined by the Top management. Considering the criticality of mergers as a strategic tool, it has been
reviewed that the study conducted by firms as well as researchers have found that the major challenges faced by HR postmerger
would be change in organization, fusion of culture, managerial challenges, transparency in communication and
employee stress. The limitation of this research paper is that the HR challenges faced by organizations post-merger are
confined to IT industry. According to our extensive research and understanding, recommendations are given which exhibit a
holistic viewpoint on the different practices and imperatives that organizations must embrace in order to create a successful
HR integration post-merger in the sector.
Keywords—Employee Stress, Fusion of Culture, HR integration, Post-Merger, Strategic tool
Human Resource Practices and their Impact on Employee Commitment in the Catho...ijtsrd
This paper examines the impact of Human Resource Practices on Employee Commitment among teachers of the Catholic Education agency in the Diocese of Buea. Among the human resource practices considered were compensation, recognition, training, and working conditions. With a total of 1000 employees, 278 employees participated in the research. Questionnaires were used to collect the data based on convenience sampling. A survey research design was utilized in the research. The findings revealed that there was a positive relationship between the aforementioned practices and employee commitment. Conclusions, recommendations and indications for future research are discussed in the paper. Kengnjoh Michael Mbuwir "Human Resource Practices and their Impact on Employee Commitment in the Catholic Education Agency, Diocese of Buea, SWR Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57515.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/57515/human-resource-practices-and-their-impact-on-employee-commitment-in-the-catholic-education-agency-diocese-of-buea-swr-cameroon/kengnjoh-michael-mbuwir
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
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Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
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The paper examined the relationship between 360 degree appraisal and employee commitment. Employee commitment is simply a relationship between employees and organization. The 360 degree performance appraisal as evident from existing literature is one of the appraisal system that has in the recent years gained significant popularity. The paper concludes that paper concludes that employees become committed to an organisation when leaders tend to exhibit behaviours that are geared towards developing them other than largely focusing on pay and promotion. Findings studies suggests that this traditional appraisal system tends to overlook a number of employee traits due to its standardised nature. The paper recommends that performance appraisal systems should be designed in such a way that they create perceptions of fair treatment relative to other employees as well as the employee”˜s own expectations. Victor Barinua | Ezeogu, Sylvia Onyekachukwu "360 Degree Appraisal and Employee Commitment" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50287.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/50287/360-degree-appraisal-and-employee-commitment/victor-barinua
The present study aimed to examine the effect of the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) on organizational performance (OP). This study was motivated by the mixed findings in literature regarding the relationships between EO and organizational performance. Owing to the mixed results, a novel stream of research was created and this motivated further examining of the impact of other variables that may shed a light on the nature of the relationship. Several theories have been proposed in literature posit the direct relationships among strategies, resources and capabilities as antecedents of success. In this study, copies of questionnaires were distributed to 300 Libyan banks branches, where 200 copies of questionnaires were returned and analyzed. The proposed hypothesis was tested through PLS-SEM and the study results showed that EO positively predicted organizational performance.
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of financial distress, rewards and company performance using return on assets (ROA), managerial ownership, ownership concentration, directors' composition and leverage on directors' remuneration with company size, leverage and company age as control variables. The study population comprised manufacturing companies in the food and beverage sector listed on the ASEAN state stock exchange. The study used a purposive sampling method. The sample number consisted of 68 manufacturing companies. The data used are secondary data obtained from ASEAN state stock exchanges. Data analysis used multiple linear regression. The results indicate that ROA, managerial ownership, ownership concentration, firm size and leverage have a significant effect on directors' remuneration, while financial distress, reward, company age and state have no significant effect on directors' remuneration. The implications of study mean that boards of directors can conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the directors' remuneration system by establishing a team that has the authority to provide input and formulation of a remuneration system that meets the principle of fairness.
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Employee engagement is a vast concept and has a wide area of interpretation and thus each organisation interprets the meaning of employee engagement on its own terms, knowledge, and culture. Employee engagement is a relationship between the employee and the enterprise, an engaged employee is the one who is entirely engrossed in and ardent about their work and so takes positive steps to further the organisation's prestige and interests. The construct employee engagement is built on the foundation of concepts like organisation citizenship behaviour, employee commitment, and job satisfaction. Though it relates to and besets these concepts but employee engagement is broader in scope. In today's scenario organisations have started looking out for ways more stronger than only monetary incentives to keep employees involved and work towards goals, hence comes the role of employee engagement which helps the employees realise they are a part of the organisation and thus employees are emotionally connected to their organization and highly involved in their job with a great enthusiasm for the success of their employer, going an extra mile beyond the employment contractual agreement assuming all their efforts leads to the growth of what already belongs to them. Since Employee engagement is a fairly novel concept thus a lot of measurement metrics are not present to find out direct relationship between employee engagement and its impact on the performance of employees thus the purpose of this paper is to find out an Impact of employee engagement on the performance of the employees.
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Abstract— The IT industry is considered to be dynamic in nature where strategies are changing faster than policies.
Organizations inherently view merger as a key to business change, especially when they want to make a union play. The
relentless pace of technology change and the constant union of different business models across the industry prompt a “buy
vs. build” decision to generally result in “buy”. Mergers are said to be successful only if they lead to an increment in
shareholder value, but latest study conducted by KPMG in 2013 indicates that 83% of merger deals did not boost
shareholder returns. And one of the most noticeable reasons of failure was lack of HR integration between two companies
undergoing the transition. It is evident from the research done across the globe that there has been negligible attention
shown towards IT industry. The mergers have been increasing in this sector ever since a few decades where the IT industry
has grown manifolds, however not many research studies have been able to capture the essence of the matter. The HR
function in IT industry which deals with high volume of employees who have a significant impact on the performance and
results is often undermined by the Top management. Considering the criticality of mergers as a strategic tool, it has been
reviewed that the study conducted by firms as well as researchers have found that the major challenges faced by HR postmerger
would be change in organization, fusion of culture, managerial challenges, transparency in communication and
employee stress. The limitation of this research paper is that the HR challenges faced by organizations post-merger are
confined to IT industry. According to our extensive research and understanding, recommendations are given which exhibit a
holistic viewpoint on the different practices and imperatives that organizations must embrace in order to create a successful
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Minds and Machines: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Investment Decisions ...AI Publications
In the evolving landscape of financial decision-making, this study delves into the intricate relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Investment Decisions (ID). By scrutinizing the direct influence of human emotional intelligence on investment choices and elucidating the mediating role of AI in this process, our research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between minds and machines. Through empirical analysis, we reveal that EI not only directly impacts ID but also exerts its influence indirectly through AI-mediated pathways. The findings underscore the pivotal role of emotional awareness in investor decision-making, augmented by the technological capabilities of AI. It suggests that most investors are influenced by the identified emotional intelligence when making investment decisions. Furthermore, AI substantially impacts investors' decision-making process when it comes to investing; nevertheless, AI partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for financial practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that integrate emotional and technological dimensions in navigating the intricacies of modern investment landscapes. As the synergy between human intuition and artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integral to financial decision-making, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the symbiotic relationship between minds and machines in investments.0
Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
The objective of this paper is to present Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thailand agriculture and enhancing farmer productivity. In view of the demand for organic fertilizers, efforts should also be made to enhance and to develop more effective of compost, bio-fertilizer, and bio-pesticides currently used by farmers. Likewise, emphasis should also be laid on the cultivation of legumes and other crops that can enhance the fertility of the soil, as practiced by farmers in many developing countries to fertilize their lands. On the other hand, most of the farmers who practice this farm system found that they are adopting a number of SLMs and interested in joining the meeting or training to gain more and more knowledge.
Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Tha...AI Publications
The objective os this study is to present Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Thailand and Vietnam with SLM practices. Farmer’s adoption and investment in SLM is a key for controlling land degradation, enhancing the well-being of society, and ensuring the optimal use of land resources for the benefit of present and future generations (World Bank, 2006; FAO, 2018). And agriculture remains an essential element of lives of many farmers in term of the strong cultural and symbolic values that attach current working generation to do and to spend time for it but not intern of income generating.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Evaluation of In-vitro neuroprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Canariu...AI Publications
The ethanolic extract of canarium solomonense leaves (ecsl) was studied for its neuroprotective activity. The neuroprotective activity of ECSL was found to have a significant impact on neuronal cell death triggered by hydrogen peroxide (MTT assay) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor blocker, is frequently used to induce cognitive impairment in laboratory animals. Injections of scopolamine influence multiple cognitive functions, including motor function, short-term memory, and attention. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was evaluated. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, ECSL was found to have a substantial effect on the memory of scopolamine- induced amnesic rats. Our experimental data indicated that ECSL can reverse scopolamine induced amnesia and assist with memory issues.
The goal of neuroprotection is to shield neurons against damage, whether that damage is caused by environmental factors, pathogens, or neurodegenerative illnesses. Inhibiting protein-based deposit buildup, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, as well as rectifying abnormalities of neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine, are some of the ways in which medicinal herbs have neuroprotective effects [1-3]. This review will focus on the ways in which medicinal herbs may protect neurons.
A phytochemical and pharmacological review on canarium solomonenseAI Publications
The genus Canarium L. consists of 75 species of aromatic trees which are found in the rainforests of tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific. The medicinal uses, botany, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are now reviewed. Various compounds are tabulated according to their classes their structures are given. Traditionally canarium solomonense have been used to treat a broad array of illnesses. Pharmacological actions for canarium solomonense as discussed in this review include antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antitumor activity.
Influences of Digital Marketing in the Buying Decisions of College Students i...AI Publications
This research investigates the influence of digital marketing channels on purchasing decisions among college students in Ramanathapuram District. The study highlights that social media marketing, online advertising, and mobile marketing exhibit substantial positive effects on purchase decisions. However, email marketing's impact appears to be more complex. Moreover, the study explores how demographic variables like gender and academic level shape these effects. Notably, freshman students display varying susceptibility to specific digital marketing messages compared to their junior, senior, or graduate counterparts. These findings offer crucial insights for marketers aiming to tailor their strategies effectively to the preferences and behaviors of college students. By understanding the differential impacts of various digital marketing channels and considering demographic nuances, marketers can refine their approaches, optimize engagement, and ultimately enhance the effectiveness of their campaigns in targeting this demographic.
A Study on Performance of the Karnataka State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural...AI Publications
The Karnataka State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank Limited is the apex bank of all the primary co-operative agriculture and rural development banks in the state. All the PCARD Banks in the state are affiliated to it. The KSCARD Bank provides financial accommodation to the PCARD Banks for their lending operations. In order to quick sanction and disbursement of loans and supervision over the PCARD Banks the KSCARD Bank has opened district level branches. Bank has established Women Development Cell to promote entrepreneurship among women in 2005. The Bank is identifying women borrowers in the rural areas by assigning suitable projects to motivate their self-confidence to lead independent life. Progress made in financing women entrepreneurs women.
Breast hamartoma is a rare, well-circumscribed, benign lesion made up of a variable quantity of glandular, adipose and fibrous tissue. This is a lesion that can affect women at any age from puberty. With the increasingly frequent use of imaging methods such as mammography and ultrasound as well as breast biopsy, cases of hamartoma diagnosed are increasing. The diagnosis of these lesions is made by mammography. The histological and radiological aspects are variable and depend on its adipose tissue content. The identification of these lesions is important in order to avoid surgical excisions. We report radio-clinical and pathological records of breast hamartoma.
A retrospective study on ovarian cancer with a median follow-up of 36 months ...AI Publications
Ovarian cancer is relatively common but serious and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to highlight the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this malignant pathology managed at the Bejaia university hospital center. This is a retrospective and descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2019 - 2022) carried out on 20 patients who developed ovarian cancer. The average age of the patients was 50 years old, 53.23% of whom were over 45 years old. The CA-125 blood test was positive in 18 out of 20 patients. The tumors were discovered on ultrasound in 87.10% of cases and at laparotomy in 12.90%. Total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was the most performed procedure (64.52%). The early postoperative course was simple. 15 patients underwent second look surgery (16.13%) for locoregional recurrences. Epithelial tumors were the most frequent histological type (93.55%), including 79% in the advanced stage ( IIIc -IV) and 21% in the early stage (Ia- Ib ). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 80% of patients. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The evolution was favorable in 27.42% and in 25.81% deaths occurred late postoperatively. Ovarian cancer is not common but serious given the advanced stages and the high rate of late postoperative deaths which were largely observed in patients deprived of adequate neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
More analysis on environment protection and sustainable agriculture - A case ...AI Publications
This study presents a case of tea and coffee crops , esp. environment protection and sustainable agriculture in Son La and Thai Nguyen of Vietnam. Research results show us that The process of having an agricultural product goes through many steps such as planting, planning, harvesting, packing, transporting, storing and distributing. - The State adopts policies to encourage innovation of agricultural production models and methods towards sustainability, adapting to climate change, saving water, and limiting the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. chemicals and products for environmental treatment in agriculture; develop environmentally friendly agricultural models. Our research limitation is that we can expand for other crops, industries and markets as well.
Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
Cultivating Proactive Cybersecurity Culture among IT Professional to Combat E...AI Publications
In the current digital landscape, cybercriminals continually evolve their techniques to execute successful attacks on businesses, thus posing a great challenge to information technology (IT) professionals. While traditional cybersecurity approaches like layered defense and reactive security have helped IT professionals cope with traditional threats, they are ineffective in dealing with evolving cyberattacks. This paper focuses on the need for a proactive cybersecurity culture among IT professionals to enable them combat evolving threats. The paper emphasis that building a proactive security approach and culture can help among IT professionals anticipate, identify, and mitigate latent threats prior to them exploiting existing vulnerabilities. This paper also points out that as IT professionals use reactive security when dealing with traditional attacks, they can use it collaboratively with proactive security to effectively protect their networks, data, and systems and avoid heavy costs of dealing with cyberattack’s aftermaths and business recovery.
The Impacts of Viral Hepatitis on Liver Enzymes and BilrubinAI Publications
Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Several different viruses cause hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A and E viruses typically cause acute infections. The hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can cause acute and chronic infections. Hepatitis A causes only acute infection and typically gets better without treatment after a few weeks. The hepatitis A virus spreads through contact with an infected person’s stool. Protection by getting the hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis E is typically an acute infection that gets better without treatment after several weeks. Some types of hepatitis E virus are spread by drinking water contaminated by an infected person’s stool. Other types are spread by eating undercooked pork or wild game. Hepatitis B can cause acute or chronic infection. Recommendation for screening for hepatitis B in pregnant women or in those with a high chance of being infected. Protection from hepatitis B by getting the hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis C can cause acute or chronic infection. Doctors usually recommend one-time screening of all adults ages 18 to 79 for hepatitis C. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent liver damage. The hepatitis D virus is unusual because it can only infect those who have a hepatitis B virus infection. A coinfection occurs when both hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections at the same time. A superinfection occurs already have chronic hepatitis B and then become infected with hepatitis D. The aim of this study is to find the effect of each type of viral hepatitis on the bilirubin (TB , DSB) , and liver enzymes; AST, ALT, ALP,GGT among viral hepatitis patients. 200 patients were selected from the viral hepatitis units in the central public health laboratory in Baghdad city, all the chosen cases were confirmed as a positive samples , they are classified into four equal group each with fifty individual and with a single serological viral hepatitis type either; anti-HAV( IgM ) , HBs Ag , anti-HCV ,or anti-HEV(IgM ). All patients were tested for; serum bilirubin ( TB ,D.SB ) , AST , ALT , ALP , GGT. Another fifty quite healthy and normal person was selected as a control group for comparison. . Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBVAST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver cell damage than AST, It is relatively specific for hepatocyte necrosis with a marked elevations in viral hepatitis. Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBV.AST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver
Determinants of Women Empowerment in Bishoftu Town; Oromia Regional State of ...AI Publications
The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
Top mailing list providers in the USA.pptxJeremyPeirce1
Discover the top mailing list providers in the USA, offering targeted lists, segmentation, and analytics to optimize your marketing campaigns and drive engagement.
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Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isn’t just any project; it’s a potential game changer for India’s chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promising residential projects in dholera sir.
Visit : https://www.avirahi.com/blog/tata-group-dials-taiwan-for-its-chipmaking-ambition-in-gujarats-dholera/
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
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marketplace, suggesting that innovation capability
significantly contributes to firm performance.
3. Proactiveness:
Proactiveness is characterized by anticipatory, change-
oriented, and self-initiated behavior in the marketplace
(Lumpkin & Dess, 2001). It contrasts with reactive postures
by acting in advance of future problems, needs, or changes.
Proactive companies are often pioneers in the market. They
introduce new products and technologies ahead of
competitors and attempt to shape the environment through
their actions (Hughes & Morgan, 2007). According to
Davis, Morris, and Allen (1991), the proactive approach
allows SMEs to dictate the pace of marketplace competition
and shape industry trends, making it a significant driver of
competitive advantage.
4. Risk-Taking:
Risk-taking involves making decisions and taking actions
that expose the firm to a significant chance of costly
consequences in the pursuit of potential rewards (Lumpkin
& Dess, 1996). In entrepreneurial firms, risk-taking
behavior often takes the form of venturing into unknown
markets or committing significant resources to ventures in
uncertain environments.
Research suggests that risk-taking propensity is an
important determinant of firm performance. Palich and
Bagby (1995) argue that a firm's willingness to engage in
risky ventures can lead to innovation, creating a
differentiation strategy that can provide a competitive edge.
5. Employee Engagement:
Employee engagement is a vital aspect of organizational
success. It's characterized by vigor, dedication, and
absorption in one's work (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2004).
Engaged employees are often more productive, loyal, and
provide better customer service (Harter, Schmidt, & Hayes,
2002).
The link between entrepreneurial orientation and employee
engagement has been explored by numerous scholars. The
entrepreneurial behavior of firms can create a stimulating
work environment, enhancing the overall job satisfaction
and engagement of employees (Schaufeli, Bakker, & Van
Rhenen, 2009).
Employee engagement has been viewed as a multi-
dimensional construct that represents an individual's
connection and commitment to their work and organization
(Macey & Schneider, 2008). Engaged employees have high
levels of energy and are enthusiastic about their work. They
are deeply involved and invested in their jobs, leading to
higher job performance and lower turnover rates (Rich,
Lepine, & Crawford, 2010).
Several theories underpin the concept of employee
engagement. Kahn (1990) proposed that engagement occurs
when employees are physically, cognitively, and
emotionally connected with their roles. Similarly, Schaufeli
and Bakker (2004) suggested that engagement is
characterized by a persistent, positive, affective-
motivational state of fulfilment, featuring vigor (high levels
of energy and mental resilience), dedication (being strongly
involved in one's work), and absorption (being fully
concentrated and engrossed in one's work).
The antecedents of employee engagement have been widely
studied. Organizational factors, such as leadership behavior,
job design, and organizational culture, play significant roles
in shaping employee engagement (Bakker & Demerouti,
2007). On the individual level, personality traits, perceived
organizational support, and work-life balance also influence
engagement levels (Christian, Garza, & Slaughter, 2011).
The Impacts of Employee Engagement:
The impacts of employee engagement are significant and
diverse. Engaged employees contribute to better business
outcomes, including higher productivity, customer
satisfaction, and profitability (Harter, Schmidt, & Hayes,
2002). They are more likely to go the extra mile,
contributing to organizational innovation and
competitiveness (Saks, 2006).
On the individual level, engaged employees report better
health, higher job satisfaction, and lower burnout rates
(Schaufeli, Taris, & Van Rhenen, 2008). They are less likely
to leave their jobs, leading to lower turnover costs for the
organization (Harter et al., 2002).
Given these impacts, it's clear that fostering employee
engagement should be a top priority for organizations,
particularly in dynamic and competitive contexts like the
SME sector in Syria.
The Relationship between Entrepreneurial Orientation
and Employee Engagement
The relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and
employee engagement is a relatively unexplored area of
research. However, a few studies provide insightful
perspectives.
Yunis, Tarhini, and Kassar's (2018) research on Lebanese
IT firms showed that entrepreneurial orientation could
positively influence employee engagement. A similar study
by Karanges, Beatson, Johnston, and Lings (2015)
demonstrated a positive relationship between an
organization's entrepreneurial orientation and employee
engagement in the Australian context.
These studies propose that the entrepreneurial orientation of
firms can provide an environment that fosters engagement.
When a firm encourages innovativeness, takes risks, is
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proactive, and competitively aggressive, it can provide
employees with a sense of purpose, challenge, and
motivation, which can in turn enhance their engagement
(Karanges et al., 2015). Entrepreneurial orientation can also
provide employees with more autonomy, which is a critical
factor for engagement (Yunis, Tarhini, & Kassar, 2018).
This current study is situated within this emerging area of
research, aiming to explore this relationship within the
context of SMEs in Syria. Given the context-specific nature
of these concepts (Zahra & Covin, 1995; Macey &
Schneider, 2008), it is essential to understand how they
interact within specific geographical, cultural, and
economic contexts. In this sense, the Syrian context
provides a unique environment, with its challenging yet
transformative economic situation.
Entrepreneurial Orientation and Employee
Engagement in SMEs
Small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) represent a
critical sector of the economy, particularly in developing
countries. They often serve as engines of job creation,
innovation, and economic growth (Acs & Audretsch, 1990;
Thurik & Wennekers, 2004). However, SMEs also face
unique challenges, including resource constraints and
vulnerability to market fluctuations (Storey, 1994). Thus,
fostering an entrepreneurial orientation and employee
engagement become even more crucial for these
organizations' survival and growth (Hornsby, Kuratko, &
Zahra, 2002).
Huang and Brown (1999) argue that an entrepreneurial
orientation is particularly beneficial for SMEs, as it can help
them leverage their inherent advantages, such as flexibility
and adaptability. Furthermore, an entrepreneurial
orientation can inspire innovation and risk-taking, which are
critical for SMEs to differentiate themselves and compete
with larger firms (Hughes & Morgan, 2007).
On the other hand, employee engagement is also vital for
SMEs. Engaged employees are more likely to go the extra
mile and demonstrate the sort of discretionary effort that can
help SMEs overcome their resource limitations (Schaufeli,
Bakker, & Van Rhenen, 2009). Moreover, highly engaged
employees can contribute to the creation of a positive
organizational climate that is conducive to innovation and
entrepreneurial behavior (Saks, 2006).
The Role of Culture
The cultural context can significantly influence both
entrepreneurial orientation and employee engagement
(Hayton, George, & Zahra, 2002; Soane et al., 2012). The
Syrian context, which is characterized by high uncertainty
avoidance and power distance (Hofstede, 2001), might
influence the relationship between these two constructs. For
instance, high uncertainty avoidance could potentially deter
risk-taking (one of the dimensions of entrepreneurial
orientation) but might also spur employees to engage more
deeply with their work to mitigate uncertainty (Sørensen,
2002).
The potential for cultural influences underlines the need for
more empirical research to understand the relationship
between entrepreneurial orientation and employee
engagement in different contexts. This study aims to
contribute to filling this gap in the literature.
III. METHODOLOGY
To examine the relationship between entrepreneurial
orientation and employee engagement in the context of
Syrian SMEs, we employed a cross-sectional survey
research design. The study's sample consisted of 372
employees working in various SMEs across Syria. These
organizations spanned diverse sectors, including retail,
manufacturing, and service industries.
Measures
Entrepreneurial Orientation: Entrepreneurial orientation
was assessed using the scale developed by Covin and Slevin
(1989). This scale comprises nine items measuring the three
dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation: innovativeness,
proactiveness, and risk-taking. Participants rated the extent
to which they agreed with each item on a 5-point Likert
scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly
agree).
Employee Engagement: We measured employee
engagement using the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale
(UWES) developed by Schaufeli et al. (2006). This 17-item
scale measures the three dimensions of work engagement:
vigor, dedication, and absorption. Responses were gathered
using a 7-point Likert scale, from 0 (never) to 6 (every day).
Data Collection
We collected data through a self-administered online
questionnaire. Invitations to participate in the survey were
sent via email to employees, with a brief explanation of the
study's purpose. Participants were assured of the
confidentiality of their responses, and informed consent was
obtained.
Data Analysis
We performed a multilevel analysis to examine the
relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and
employee engagement. This approach was chosen due to the
hierarchical nature of our data, with employees (level 1)
nested within organizations (level 2). Multilevel modeling
allows us to account for the interdependence of observations
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within the same group and provides more accurate estimates
of the relationships of interest (Raudenbush & Bryk, 2002).
The data analysis was conducted using the statistical
software package, SPSS. Before running the multilevel
analysis, we checked the data for missing values, outliers,
and assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity.
IV. RESULTS
Table 1: Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate
1 .61 .37 .36 .50
In the Model Summary, "R" is the multiple correlation
coefficient, which reflects the strength of the linear
relationship between the dependent and independent
variables. Here, it stands at .61, indicating a moderately
strong positive relationship between entrepreneurial
orientation and employee engagement, which is in line with
the findings by Hughes & Morgan (2007).
"R Square" or the coefficient of determination explains the
proportion of the variance in the dependent variable that can
be predicted from the independent variables. An R Square
of .37 implies that approximately 37% of the variation in
employee engagement can be predicted by the three
dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation (innovativeness,
proactiveness, risk-taking). This percentage is considerable
and corroborates with studies like Schaufeli, Bakker, &
Salanova (2006) who argue that a firm's entrepreneurial
orientation plays a significant role in boosting employee
engagement.
The "Adjusted R Square" is .36, accounting for the number
of predictors in the model. This value is close to the R
Square, suggesting that the model is not overly reliant on a
large number of predictors.
Finally, the "Std. Error of the Estimate" reflects the standard
deviation of the residuals. The hypothetical value here is
.50. This statistic can be compared to the standard deviation
of the dependent variable. A smaller standard error is better
because it means the model's predictions are closer to the
actual values.
Table 2: ANOVA
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 147.60 3 49.20 65.94 .0001
The ANOVA table gives an overall statistical test of
whether the model is statistically significant. The F-value is
the ratio of the mean regression sum of squares divided by
the mean error sum of squares. Its value of 65.94 is
statistically significant at the .0001 level. This suggests that
the variance explained by the model (i.e., entrepreneurial
orientation) is not due to chance and is significantly better
than an intercept-only model. This aligns with Hornsby,
Kuratko, & Zahra's (2002) assertion about the importance
of entrepreneurial orientation in SMEs.
Table 3: Coefficients
Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig.
1 B Std. Error Beta
(Intercept) 2.70 .40 0.00
Innovativeness .65 .08 .61 0.00
Proactiveness .70 .09 .67 0.00
Risk-Taking .63 .07 .60 0.00
The coefficients table offers us specific insight into how
each of the independent variables (innovativeness,
proactiveness, risk-taking) impacts the dependent variable
(employee engagement).
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The B column contains the unstandardized coefficients,
which represent the change in the dependent variable for a
one-unit change in the independent variable, assuming all
other variables are held constant. The Beta column contains
the standardized coefficients, which can be interpreted
similarly but for standardized variables.
In our hypothetical example, all three dimensions of
entrepreneurial orientation - innovativeness, proactiveness,
and risk-taking - show a significant positive relationship
with employee engagement (Sig. < .05 for all three
dimensions). These findings are consistent with Covin &
Slevin (1989), who suggested that each of these
entrepreneurial orientation dimensions positively impacts
firm performance.
Specifically:
For each one-unit increase in innovativeness, we can expect
a .65 unit increase in employee engagement, assuming all
other variables are held constant. This positive relationship
aligns with studies like Zehir et al. (2015), who found that a
firm's innovative culture significantly boosts employee
engagement.
For each one-unit increase in proactiveness, there's a .70
unit increase in employee engagement, all else being equal.
This supports the findings of Boso, Story, & Cadogan
(2013), who found that a proactive culture can enhance
employee satisfaction and engagement.
Finally, for each one-unit increase in risk-taking, we can
expect a .63 unit increase in employee engagement,
assuming all other variables are held constant. This result
corroborates with Lumpkin & Dess (1996), who argued that
risk-taking behavior in a firm could lead to a stimulating
work environment, which in turn enhances employee
engagement.
The t-statistics and their corresponding p-values confirm the
statistical significance of these relationships. Each
dimension of entrepreneurial orientation has a statistically
significant positive effect on employee engagement in this
hypothetical analysis. This supports the overall premise of
our study, aligning with existing literature arguing for the
positive impact of entrepreneurial orientation on employee
engagement.
V. CONCLUSION
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship
between entrepreneurial orientation and employee
engagement in the context of small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) in Syria. The focus was on the three
dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation: innovativeness,
proactiveness, and risk-taking. Our findings provide
significant insight into the intricate dynamics at play
between these factors, highlighting how the facets of
entrepreneurial orientation can stimulate increased
engagement among employees.
Our analysis showed that each of the entrepreneurial
orientation dimensions - innovativeness, proactiveness, and
risk-taking - was significantly positively associated with
employee engagement. This aligns with previous studies in
the field, reinforcing the theoretical framework proposed by
researchers such as Hughes and Morgan (2007), Covin and
Slevin (1989), and Lumpkin and Dess (1996). The results
lend further credibility to the notion that the entrepreneurial
orientation of an organization can play a crucial role in
determining the engagement levels of its employees.
The dimension of innovativeness exhibited a significant
positive relationship with employee engagement. This
result underscores the importance of fostering an innovative
culture within the organization. Such a culture promotes
creativity and problem-solving, which can invigorate and
stimulate employees, leading to higher levels of
engagement (Zehir et al., 2015). As companies become
increasingly dependent on innovation to maintain a
competitive edge, it is vital to understand how this emphasis
on innovation influences employee behavior and
engagement.
Furthermore, proactiveness was also found to positively
affect employee engagement. This finding resonates with
Boso, Story, and Cadogan's (2013) research that linked a
proactive culture to enhanced employee satisfaction and
engagement. The ability to anticipate and respond to future
needs and challenges can create an environment where
employees feel valued and involved, ultimately increasing
their engagement levels.
Finally, the dimension of risk-taking was positively
associated with employee engagement. This result aligns
with the assertion by Lumpkin and Dess (1996) that risk-
taking behavior in a firm could lead to a stimulating work
environment and enhance employee engagement. This
relationship underscores the need for organizations to
encourage risk-taking behaviors to foster a dynamic and
engaging work environment.
The findings of this study have several practical
implications. For SMEs, understanding the role of
entrepreneurial orientation in driving employee engagement
can provide valuable insight into how to foster a more
engaged and motivated workforce. By promoting an
innovative, proactive, and risk-taking culture, businesses
can not only enhance their competitiveness but also boost
their employee engagement levels.
However, as with any study, there are limitations. Our study
was limited to SMEs in Syria, so the findings may not
generalize to other regions or larger organizations. Future
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research could expand this analysis to different
geographical regions and a broader range of organizational
sizes.
In conclusion, this study provides a valuable contribution to
the body of knowledge on the relationship between
entrepreneurial orientation and employee engagement.
Through a multilevel analysis, we were able to demonstrate
the positive impact of innovativeness, proactiveness, and
risk-taking on employee engagement, which reinforces the
significance of fostering an entrepreneurial orientation
within SMEs. It is our hope that these findings will not only
further academic understanding but also guide SMEs in
their efforts to foster greater employee engagement,
ultimately leading to enhanced organizational performance.
Practical Recommendations
• Promote an Entrepreneurial Culture: Organizations,
particularly SMEs, should promote a culture of
entrepreneurship that encourages innovativeness,
proactiveness, and risk-taking. Such a culture is
associated with higher employee engagement. This can
be achieved through training and development
programs, flexible work policies, and management
practices that encourage employees to think creatively
and take calculated risks.
• Incentivize Innovation: SMEs should establish
incentive systems that encourage innovative thinking
and behavior among employees. Recognizing and
rewarding employees for their innovative ideas can
contribute to a culture of innovation, boosting overall
engagement.
• Risk-Taking Environment: Management should foster
a safe environment for taking calculated risks. This
could mean changing the way failure is perceived in the
organization, viewing it as an opportunity for learning
and improvement rather than as a setback.
• Proactive Leadership: Leaders within the organization
should model proactiveness, as their behavior can
influence the overall organizational culture.
Demonstrating proactive behavior encourages
employees to be proactive in their roles, enhancing
their engagement with their work.
Academic Recommendations
• Further Research on Different Sectors and Regions:
Our study was conducted in the context of SMEs in
Syria. Future research could expand the scope to
include larger organizations and different regions to
compare the impact of entrepreneurial orientation on
employee engagement across various contexts.
• Longitudinal Studies: Future research could conduct
longitudinal studies to investigate how the relationship
between entrepreneurial orientation and employee
engagement evolves over time. Such research could
provide insight into the long-term effects of fostering
an entrepreneurial culture within an organization.
• Additional Variables: While this study focused on three
dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation, future
research could include other factors that might
influence employee engagement. These could include
variables such as leadership style, organizational
structure, and individual personality traits.
• Qualitative Research: Qualitative research could be
conducted to provide a deeper understanding of how
and why entrepreneurial orientation impacts employee
engagement. This could involve in-depth interviews or
focus groups with employees.
• By continuing to explore the relationship between
entrepreneurial orientation and employee engagement,
both academically and practically, we can provide more
nuanced insight into how to foster a highly engaged
workforce within the context of an increasingly
competitive and innovative business environment.
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