An Exploratory Study of Factors Influencing Corporate Sustainability on busin...AkashSharma618775
This study evaluates the effect of corporate sustainability on business performance of manufacturing
industries in USA, from 2012 to 2015. These Manufacturing industries are listed in Corporate Social
Responsibility Hub (CSRHub), Morning Star and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). All data used in this report
were extracted from 37 manufacturing companies’ Sustainability, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and
annual reports. These companies are of diverse sectors such as Automobile, Health care, consumer goods, food,
beverages and technology. Quantitative method of research is used in this study; this also includes the use of
explanatory and descriptive research design. The main issues to be discussed in this study are Donation, Incident
rate reduction and Water Recycled as the independent variables, while Revenue is the dependent variable. Data
analysis was carried out using the regression analysis, descriptive statistics and correlation. E-views software
generated the data for further analysis. The findings imply that donation has a positive insignificance effect on
revenue, reduced incident rate reduction had positive significance effect on revenue and water recycling has
negative insignificant effect on revenue. In the future researches, larger samples of companies form diverse sectors
and subsectors should be studied to broaden the research on company performance especially the non-financial
aspect.
Market Orientation, Firms’ Level Characteristics and Environmental Factors: I...IOSR Journals
The study assesses the effect of firms’ level characteristics, market orientation and environmental factors on the influence of e-commerce competence development on organizations’ performance. Data were drawn from 130 managers from a population of 193 managers of all the airline firms in the industry. Partial correlation coefficient was used to test the moderating effect of variables of study. The result shows that firms’ level characteristics and proactive market orientation moderate the influence of e-commerce competence development on organizational performance. Based on these findings, we conclude that certain market culture and firms’ level characteristics affect the influence of e-commerce competence on performance. We therefore recommend that e-commerce firms should anticipate latent needs by offering technological advances that enables them to lead customers to new and better value proposition and satisfaction.
Article: Influence of Corporate Board Characteristics on Firm Performance of ...McRey Banderlipe II
Using disclosure information from 29 listed property companies in the Philippines, the results revealed that managerial ownership positively influences firm performance. Moreover, firm size, leverage, and age influence the accounting-based measures of performance to a great extent than the market-based measures. Further research should focus on the overall impact of corporate governance using different measures of performance to better assist the decision making of the company’s stakeholders.
The Impact of Corporate Sustainability on Organizational Processes and Perfor...Sustainable Brands
This 2011 report is a must-read for sustainability executives and a valuable go-to resource for engaging senior management in the benefits of sustainability integration.
Abstract
We investigate the effect of corporate sustainability on organizational processes and performance. Using a matched sample of 180 US companies, we find that corporations that voluntarily adopted sustainability policies by 1993 -- termed as High Sustainability companies -- exhibit by 2009, distinct organizational processes compared to a matched sample of firms that adopted almost none of these policies -- termed as Low Sustainability companies. We find that the boards of directors of these companies are more likely to be formally responsible for sustainability and top executive compensation incentives are more likely to be a function of sustainability metrics. Moreover, High Sustainability companies are more likely to have established processes for stakeholder engagement, to be more long-term oriented, and to exhibit higher measurement and disclosure of nonfinancial information. Finally, we provide evidence that High Sustainability companies significantly outperform their counterparts over the long-term, both in terms of stock market as well as accounting performance.
An Exploratory Study of Factors Influencing Corporate Sustainability on busin...AkashSharma618775
This study evaluates the effect of corporate sustainability on business performance of manufacturing
industries in USA, from 2012 to 2015. These Manufacturing industries are listed in Corporate Social
Responsibility Hub (CSRHub), Morning Star and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). All data used in this report
were extracted from 37 manufacturing companies’ Sustainability, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and
annual reports. These companies are of diverse sectors such as Automobile, Health care, consumer goods, food,
beverages and technology. Quantitative method of research is used in this study; this also includes the use of
explanatory and descriptive research design. The main issues to be discussed in this study are Donation, Incident
rate reduction and Water Recycled as the independent variables, while Revenue is the dependent variable. Data
analysis was carried out using the regression analysis, descriptive statistics and correlation. E-views software
generated the data for further analysis. The findings imply that donation has a positive insignificance effect on
revenue, reduced incident rate reduction had positive significance effect on revenue and water recycling has
negative insignificant effect on revenue. In the future researches, larger samples of companies form diverse sectors
and subsectors should be studied to broaden the research on company performance especially the non-financial
aspect.
Market Orientation, Firms’ Level Characteristics and Environmental Factors: I...IOSR Journals
The study assesses the effect of firms’ level characteristics, market orientation and environmental factors on the influence of e-commerce competence development on organizations’ performance. Data were drawn from 130 managers from a population of 193 managers of all the airline firms in the industry. Partial correlation coefficient was used to test the moderating effect of variables of study. The result shows that firms’ level characteristics and proactive market orientation moderate the influence of e-commerce competence development on organizational performance. Based on these findings, we conclude that certain market culture and firms’ level characteristics affect the influence of e-commerce competence on performance. We therefore recommend that e-commerce firms should anticipate latent needs by offering technological advances that enables them to lead customers to new and better value proposition and satisfaction.
Article: Influence of Corporate Board Characteristics on Firm Performance of ...McRey Banderlipe II
Using disclosure information from 29 listed property companies in the Philippines, the results revealed that managerial ownership positively influences firm performance. Moreover, firm size, leverage, and age influence the accounting-based measures of performance to a great extent than the market-based measures. Further research should focus on the overall impact of corporate governance using different measures of performance to better assist the decision making of the company’s stakeholders.
The Impact of Corporate Sustainability on Organizational Processes and Perfor...Sustainable Brands
This 2011 report is a must-read for sustainability executives and a valuable go-to resource for engaging senior management in the benefits of sustainability integration.
Abstract
We investigate the effect of corporate sustainability on organizational processes and performance. Using a matched sample of 180 US companies, we find that corporations that voluntarily adopted sustainability policies by 1993 -- termed as High Sustainability companies -- exhibit by 2009, distinct organizational processes compared to a matched sample of firms that adopted almost none of these policies -- termed as Low Sustainability companies. We find that the boards of directors of these companies are more likely to be formally responsible for sustainability and top executive compensation incentives are more likely to be a function of sustainability metrics. Moreover, High Sustainability companies are more likely to have established processes for stakeholder engagement, to be more long-term oriented, and to exhibit higher measurement and disclosure of nonfinancial information. Finally, we provide evidence that High Sustainability companies significantly outperform their counterparts over the long-term, both in terms of stock market as well as accounting performance.
Analyzing the current incorporation of social, environmental And economic mea...World-Academic Journal
We theorize about the incorporation of social, environmental and economic dimensions into strategic performance measurement systems. 81Chinese companies were surveyed for the analysis. Along with the increasing of social responsibility pressure, numbers of enterprises are promoting environmental, social and economic performance as strategic sustainability measures. Although the addition of sustainability measures to enterprise’s long term business strategy has long time been a major preoccupation of literature. Some empirical researches have examined if these nonfinancial measures are effectively incorporated into strategic performance measurement systems. In this research, we will examine why the incorporation of sustainability measures into enterprise business strategy vary across enterprises operating in Shanghai.
Enterprise Relationships are fundamental to business
success. The research - conducted with Cambridge University Business School - shows how relationships lead to long
term mutual advantage, in which value is largely created by
the quality of interaction between the parties. The overall
performance of a company will therefore depend on how
well it is able to manage its own Enterprise Relationships.
Furthermore the White Paper starts to explore how digital communication can deliver value into these relationships.
Effect of Knowledge Management on Employee Retention in IT industry: Regressi...AkashSharma618775
Knowledge management (KM) is a tool that includes humans, processes and technology for managing
information and knowledge resources in an organization in order to keep in pace with the industrial
advancements. Knowledge management plays a key role in helping employees in performing their day to day
duties effectively. In addition to this it also has impact on certain lon term associations of employees with their
organization in terms of their survival and development there, which would have a major impact on Employee
Retention in the organizations. Thus studying the effect of Knowledge management on retention of employees in
organizations is very important in analyzing both the individual and organizational development, which would
have significant impact on the better development of the society.
The Corporate Social Responsibility Strategies and Activities Employed By the...iosrjce
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) playa an increasingly important role in business success
today, and economic, political, and social factors are shaping CSR strategies around the world. Approached
strategically, CSR has the potential to generate opportunity, innovation and competitive advantage for
organizations while solving pressing social problems. The study explored the effectiveness of CSR strategies on
organizational performance by ascertaining whether responsibility towards primary stakeholders influences the
financial and non-financial performance of commercial banks. The author focused on the Equity Bank in Kenya.
Content analysis of the Bank’s financial reports between the years 2006 and 2012 was done to ascertain the
relationship between CSR and performance of the Bank. The establishment of EGF, a fully fledged subsidiary of
Equity Bank, to handle all aspects of social responsibility for the Bank is a clear attestation of how important
and serious the institution considers CSR in their day-to-day operations. The categorization of the CSR
strategies into thematic areas showed that, to the Eank, social responsibility is not just a philanthropic deed to
society but a strategic tool for furtherance of business objectives, including stakeholder relationships. The study
recommended the need for organizations to be more inclusive and participatory among all the stakeholders at
all levels of implementation as well as further research to determine the level at which CSR impacts on
performance and the influence of prior organizational performance on social responsibility.
Sugarcane Company’s performance has remained to be one of the challenging facts in the growing companies in Kenya today. The delays in harvesting operations are attributed to uncoordinated and unpredictable harvesting and transport schedules; and inefficiencies in mill operations. Therefore, the main aim of the study is to determine the influence of Sustainability Management Systems CSR on firm performance of selected sugarcane companies in Kenya. The study is guided by Corporate Social Performance Theory. This study used ex- post facto research design. Ex- post facto research design determines and reports the way things are. The target population was 528 employees. This study therefore sampled 228 respondents. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 10 managers, 24 supervisors, 38 accountants and 156 clerks from the 7 sugarcane companies because they have specific information concerning the effects of corporate social responsibility practice on firm performance of selected sugarcane companies in Kenya. Pilot study was done in order to test for validity and reliability of the research tools. The pilot study was done in Trans-Mara Sugar Company found in rift Valley region of Kenya. For inferential statistics, correlation and multiple regression was used for comparative analysis between frequencies of corporate social responsibility practice on firm performance. The study findings indicated that sustainability management systems have an effect on firm performance. The government will use this study in establishing policies that would ensure improvement in firm performance of sugarcane processing firms among other firms in Kenya. The study recommends that the companies should encourage sustainability management systems since sustainable management systems is an important mechanism for improving corporate sustainability performance. It can generate business value through measurement and management of sustainability risks and opportunities. The study recommends further researchers to study on corporate social responsibility strategy and financial performance of firms in Kenya which the study didn’t cover.
THE INFLUENCE OF COLLABORATION IN PROCUREMENT RELATIONSHIPSijmvsc
Supply Chain Management often requires independent organizations to work together to achieve shared
objectives. This collaboration is necessary when coordinated actions benefit the group more than the
uncoordinated efforts of individual firms. Despite the commonly reported benefits that can be gained in
close relationships, recent research has indicated that collaboration attempts between purchasing firms
and their suppliers have not been as widespread as anticipated. Using a survey of procurement
professionals, this research investigates how the purchasing function utilizes collaboration in its supply
chain relationships. Structural equation modeling is used to identify how information sharing, decision
synchronization, incentive alignment, collaborative communication, and trust impact collaboration, as well
as how collaboration impacts performance. Results from 86 survey responses indicate that firms are still
not fully utilizing collaborative relationships
Value Creation Through Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing Countrie...Waqas Tariq
Consumer support for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been in practice for some years now and firms are demanded to seriously take CSR initiatives. This project has been compiled out of a wealth of literature that addresses the need and importance of CSR and business ethics in the society in great depth. A case study of CSR at Proctor and Gamble Pakistan was carried out by employing both the qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques to gather information so as to bring the attributes of triangulation in this research. The research findings outlined various views and beliefs of the respondents with regards to CSR initiatives by Proctor and Gamble Pakistan. The CSR awareness and societal veracities are the factors that encourage consumers to think ethically and make decisions in terms of who to develop associations with. The research shows a reflection of deductive approach and the researcher understood the inbuilt pros and cons of dependence upon secondary sources of information. It was attempted to adopt a hybrid strategy in this project but it mainly took a positivist look because of the nature of the questionnaire survey based upon close-ended questions aiming for quantitative data. The trend for CSR initiatives in developing countries is now growing at a decent pace and the recent advancements in technology and media have resulted in grown awareness among consumer groups to exert pressures on multinational companies to be apparent in their statements as well as practices.
Determinants of CSR Disclosure: A Study on the Listed Fast Moving Consumer Go...inventionjournals
As the rising of the corporate social responsibilities (CSR) is becoming a concern since the millennium year, especially by large or public listed companies in Bursa Malaysia. However, there are not much of those companies willing to disclose their CSR information to the public. Therefore, this endeavour is to investigate the content of CSR in annual reports and examine the significant relationship between determinants and CSR disclosure of listed fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) companies in Bursa Malaysia. This is a quantitative research, which involve content analysis since it adopted annual reports as main data resources. CSR, financial, and organisation information are going to be extracted to reckon the relationships between the variables and CSR disclosure by using CSR index and multiple regression. Result based on the analysis indicated that only two variables were significantly correlated with the CSR disclosure, which namely profits earned and independent directors. The top three elements that the most disclosed by these companies are general philanthropy, community programs and employee welfare. This study is important and its helps company in business decision making as this provide the extent of CSR disclosure of the industry. In addition, this study can be as reference to other companies for future CSR implementation.
The Role Of Non Market Capability Moderation In The Relationship Between Envi...IOSR Journals
This study aims to: 1) explain the influence of government involvement and resources on the efficiency and performance of Water Supplier Companies; 2) explain the role of non market capability moderation in the relationship between environment, strategies, and the performance of Water Supplier Companies. The data were collected by using a survey on 60 Water Supplier Companies in Sulawesi. From those companies, 54 gave consent to participate in this study, but only 50 questionnaires can be analysed by using PLS. This reserach reveals that: 1) financial support from the local government was on time, and the water production capacity and distribution wereon optimal level; 2) the financial supportwas strengthened by the ability of the Water Supplier Companies to communicate with local government; and 3) the availability of resources - including pipe networks, machines, and pumps – suited the necessity.
An Exploratory Study of Factors Influencing Corporate Sustainability on busin...AkashSharma618775
This study evaluates the effect of corporate sustainability on business performance of manufacturing
industries in USA, from 2012 to 2015. These Manufacturing industries are listed in Corporate Social
Responsibility Hub (CSRHub), Morning Star and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). All data used in this report
were extracted from 37 manufacturing companies’ Sustainability, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and
annual reports. These companies are of diverse sectors such as Automobile, Health care, consumer goods, food,
beverages and technology. Quantitative method of research is used in this study; this also includes the use of
explanatory and descriptive research design. The main issues to be discussed in this study are Donation, Incident
rate reduction and Water Recycled as the independent variables, while Revenue is the dependent variable. Data
analysis was carried out using the regression analysis, descriptive statistics and correlation. E-views software
generated the data for further analysis. The findings imply that donation has a positive insignificance effect on
revenue, reduced incident rate reduction had positive significance effect on revenue and water recycling has
negative insignificant effect on revenue. In the future researches, larger samples of companies form diverse sectors
and subsectors should be studied to broaden the research on company performance especially the non-financial
aspect.
Analyzing the current incorporation of social, environmental And economic mea...World-Academic Journal
We theorize about the incorporation of social, environmental and economic dimensions into strategic performance measurement systems. 81Chinese companies were surveyed for the analysis. Along with the increasing of social responsibility pressure, numbers of enterprises are promoting environmental, social and economic performance as strategic sustainability measures. Although the addition of sustainability measures to enterprise’s long term business strategy has long time been a major preoccupation of literature. Some empirical researches have examined if these nonfinancial measures are effectively incorporated into strategic performance measurement systems. In this research, we will examine why the incorporation of sustainability measures into enterprise business strategy vary across enterprises operating in Shanghai.
Enterprise Relationships are fundamental to business
success. The research - conducted with Cambridge University Business School - shows how relationships lead to long
term mutual advantage, in which value is largely created by
the quality of interaction between the parties. The overall
performance of a company will therefore depend on how
well it is able to manage its own Enterprise Relationships.
Furthermore the White Paper starts to explore how digital communication can deliver value into these relationships.
Effect of Knowledge Management on Employee Retention in IT industry: Regressi...AkashSharma618775
Knowledge management (KM) is a tool that includes humans, processes and technology for managing
information and knowledge resources in an organization in order to keep in pace with the industrial
advancements. Knowledge management plays a key role in helping employees in performing their day to day
duties effectively. In addition to this it also has impact on certain lon term associations of employees with their
organization in terms of their survival and development there, which would have a major impact on Employee
Retention in the organizations. Thus studying the effect of Knowledge management on retention of employees in
organizations is very important in analyzing both the individual and organizational development, which would
have significant impact on the better development of the society.
The Corporate Social Responsibility Strategies and Activities Employed By the...iosrjce
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) playa an increasingly important role in business success
today, and economic, political, and social factors are shaping CSR strategies around the world. Approached
strategically, CSR has the potential to generate opportunity, innovation and competitive advantage for
organizations while solving pressing social problems. The study explored the effectiveness of CSR strategies on
organizational performance by ascertaining whether responsibility towards primary stakeholders influences the
financial and non-financial performance of commercial banks. The author focused on the Equity Bank in Kenya.
Content analysis of the Bank’s financial reports between the years 2006 and 2012 was done to ascertain the
relationship between CSR and performance of the Bank. The establishment of EGF, a fully fledged subsidiary of
Equity Bank, to handle all aspects of social responsibility for the Bank is a clear attestation of how important
and serious the institution considers CSR in their day-to-day operations. The categorization of the CSR
strategies into thematic areas showed that, to the Eank, social responsibility is not just a philanthropic deed to
society but a strategic tool for furtherance of business objectives, including stakeholder relationships. The study
recommended the need for organizations to be more inclusive and participatory among all the stakeholders at
all levels of implementation as well as further research to determine the level at which CSR impacts on
performance and the influence of prior organizational performance on social responsibility.
Sugarcane Company’s performance has remained to be one of the challenging facts in the growing companies in Kenya today. The delays in harvesting operations are attributed to uncoordinated and unpredictable harvesting and transport schedules; and inefficiencies in mill operations. Therefore, the main aim of the study is to determine the influence of Sustainability Management Systems CSR on firm performance of selected sugarcane companies in Kenya. The study is guided by Corporate Social Performance Theory. This study used ex- post facto research design. Ex- post facto research design determines and reports the way things are. The target population was 528 employees. This study therefore sampled 228 respondents. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 10 managers, 24 supervisors, 38 accountants and 156 clerks from the 7 sugarcane companies because they have specific information concerning the effects of corporate social responsibility practice on firm performance of selected sugarcane companies in Kenya. Pilot study was done in order to test for validity and reliability of the research tools. The pilot study was done in Trans-Mara Sugar Company found in rift Valley region of Kenya. For inferential statistics, correlation and multiple regression was used for comparative analysis between frequencies of corporate social responsibility practice on firm performance. The study findings indicated that sustainability management systems have an effect on firm performance. The government will use this study in establishing policies that would ensure improvement in firm performance of sugarcane processing firms among other firms in Kenya. The study recommends that the companies should encourage sustainability management systems since sustainable management systems is an important mechanism for improving corporate sustainability performance. It can generate business value through measurement and management of sustainability risks and opportunities. The study recommends further researchers to study on corporate social responsibility strategy and financial performance of firms in Kenya which the study didn’t cover.
THE INFLUENCE OF COLLABORATION IN PROCUREMENT RELATIONSHIPSijmvsc
Supply Chain Management often requires independent organizations to work together to achieve shared
objectives. This collaboration is necessary when coordinated actions benefit the group more than the
uncoordinated efforts of individual firms. Despite the commonly reported benefits that can be gained in
close relationships, recent research has indicated that collaboration attempts between purchasing firms
and their suppliers have not been as widespread as anticipated. Using a survey of procurement
professionals, this research investigates how the purchasing function utilizes collaboration in its supply
chain relationships. Structural equation modeling is used to identify how information sharing, decision
synchronization, incentive alignment, collaborative communication, and trust impact collaboration, as well
as how collaboration impacts performance. Results from 86 survey responses indicate that firms are still
not fully utilizing collaborative relationships
Value Creation Through Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing Countrie...Waqas Tariq
Consumer support for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been in practice for some years now and firms are demanded to seriously take CSR initiatives. This project has been compiled out of a wealth of literature that addresses the need and importance of CSR and business ethics in the society in great depth. A case study of CSR at Proctor and Gamble Pakistan was carried out by employing both the qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques to gather information so as to bring the attributes of triangulation in this research. The research findings outlined various views and beliefs of the respondents with regards to CSR initiatives by Proctor and Gamble Pakistan. The CSR awareness and societal veracities are the factors that encourage consumers to think ethically and make decisions in terms of who to develop associations with. The research shows a reflection of deductive approach and the researcher understood the inbuilt pros and cons of dependence upon secondary sources of information. It was attempted to adopt a hybrid strategy in this project but it mainly took a positivist look because of the nature of the questionnaire survey based upon close-ended questions aiming for quantitative data. The trend for CSR initiatives in developing countries is now growing at a decent pace and the recent advancements in technology and media have resulted in grown awareness among consumer groups to exert pressures on multinational companies to be apparent in their statements as well as practices.
Determinants of CSR Disclosure: A Study on the Listed Fast Moving Consumer Go...inventionjournals
As the rising of the corporate social responsibilities (CSR) is becoming a concern since the millennium year, especially by large or public listed companies in Bursa Malaysia. However, there are not much of those companies willing to disclose their CSR information to the public. Therefore, this endeavour is to investigate the content of CSR in annual reports and examine the significant relationship between determinants and CSR disclosure of listed fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) companies in Bursa Malaysia. This is a quantitative research, which involve content analysis since it adopted annual reports as main data resources. CSR, financial, and organisation information are going to be extracted to reckon the relationships between the variables and CSR disclosure by using CSR index and multiple regression. Result based on the analysis indicated that only two variables were significantly correlated with the CSR disclosure, which namely profits earned and independent directors. The top three elements that the most disclosed by these companies are general philanthropy, community programs and employee welfare. This study is important and its helps company in business decision making as this provide the extent of CSR disclosure of the industry. In addition, this study can be as reference to other companies for future CSR implementation.
The Role Of Non Market Capability Moderation In The Relationship Between Envi...IOSR Journals
This study aims to: 1) explain the influence of government involvement and resources on the efficiency and performance of Water Supplier Companies; 2) explain the role of non market capability moderation in the relationship between environment, strategies, and the performance of Water Supplier Companies. The data were collected by using a survey on 60 Water Supplier Companies in Sulawesi. From those companies, 54 gave consent to participate in this study, but only 50 questionnaires can be analysed by using PLS. This reserach reveals that: 1) financial support from the local government was on time, and the water production capacity and distribution wereon optimal level; 2) the financial supportwas strengthened by the ability of the Water Supplier Companies to communicate with local government; and 3) the availability of resources - including pipe networks, machines, and pumps – suited the necessity.
An Exploratory Study of Factors Influencing Corporate Sustainability on busin...AkashSharma618775
This study evaluates the effect of corporate sustainability on business performance of manufacturing
industries in USA, from 2012 to 2015. These Manufacturing industries are listed in Corporate Social
Responsibility Hub (CSRHub), Morning Star and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). All data used in this report
were extracted from 37 manufacturing companies’ Sustainability, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and
annual reports. These companies are of diverse sectors such as Automobile, Health care, consumer goods, food,
beverages and technology. Quantitative method of research is used in this study; this also includes the use of
explanatory and descriptive research design. The main issues to be discussed in this study are Donation, Incident
rate reduction and Water Recycled as the independent variables, while Revenue is the dependent variable. Data
analysis was carried out using the regression analysis, descriptive statistics and correlation. E-views software
generated the data for further analysis. The findings imply that donation has a positive insignificance effect on
revenue, reduced incident rate reduction had positive significance effect on revenue and water recycling has
negative insignificant effect on revenue. In the future researches, larger samples of companies form diverse sectors
and subsectors should be studied to broaden the research on company performance especially the non-financial
aspect.
Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Earnings Management ...ijtsrd
The relationship between corporate social responsibility CSR and earnings management EM is an extensive empirical study. However, the evidence on the nature of the relationship is unclear. A commonly defined reason for divergent and contradictory results is measurement issues. The purpose of this article is to evaluate alternative operation and measurement methods applied to the CSR and EM concepts in the empirical literature on CSR EM relationships. Our systematized appraisal was conducted over the last nine years from 2008 to 2016. This study has come to different observations. First, CSR measurement methods include sustainability indexes, content analyzes and single dimensional measurements, while EM measurement methods include discretionary accruals, discretionary loan loss provisions, real earnings management, abnormal earnings management, earnings persistence and earnings smoothing. In addition to the unique drawbacks of the approach, the subjectivity of the researcher and the selection anomalies that may influence the nature of the CSR EM relationships identified in the empirical literature. Finally, possible ways of overcoming these disadvantages are recommended. Mashiur Rahman | Sarah Chowdhury ""Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Earnings Management: A Systematic Review of Measurement Methods"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29987.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-ethics-and-legal-issues/29987/relationship-between-corporate-social-responsibility-and-earnings-management-a-systematic-review-of-measurement-methods/mashiur-rahman
Corporate Social Sustainability Practice and Financial Performance of Consume...ijtsrd
Background Sustainability practice deals with the measurement, analysis and communication of interactions and links between social, environmental and economic issues constituting the three dimensions of sustainabilityAim This study empirically investigated the relationship between corporate social sustainability practice and financial performance of listed consumer goods firms’ in Nigeria. The study is vital as it portrays the extent to which corporate social sustainability practice influences firms’ performance. In order to determine the relationship between corporate social sustainability practice CSSP and firms’ performance, corporate social sustainability disclosure index by GRI was used while firms’ performance on the other hand was represented by return on equity ROE . Materials and Methods Four hypotheses were formulated to guide the investigation and the statistical test of parameter estimates was conducted using OLS regression model operated with STATA 15. Ex Post Facto design was adopted and data for the study were obtained from the Nigerian Stock Exchange Factbook and the published annual financial reports of the entire listed consumer goods firms on NSE with data spanning from 2016 2021. Results The finding generally indicates that human rights disclosure, labour practices and decent work disclosure, product responsibility disclosure and societal disclosure have significant influence on firms’ performance ROE at 1 5 significant level. Conclusion Based on the findings of the study, the study concludes that corporate social sustainability practice has positively improved firms performance over the years. Recommendation The study however suggests that firms should disclose more of this information in their annual reports in order to legitimize their operations by making public known about her commitment of business to contribute to sustainable economic development, working with employees, their families and the local communities as this disclosure is relevant for investors decision making. Obiora Fabian. | Onuora, J. K. J. | Egwuom Mary Jane. I "Corporate Social Sustainability Practice and Financial Performance of Consumer Goods Firms in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49501.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/49501/corporate-social-sustainability-practice-and-financial-performance-of-consumer-goods-firms-in-nigeria/obiora-fabian
Socially responsible human resourcepractices disclosures of.docxlillie234567
Socially responsible human resource
practices: disclosures of the world’s best
multinational workplaces
Charbel Greige Frangieh and Hala Khayr Yaacoub
Abstract
Purpose – This paper aims to explore the socially responsible human resource practices disclosed by
the ‘‘World’s Best Multinational Workplaces,’’ with the aim of facilitating the benchmarking of these
disclosed practices.
Design/methodology/approach – Using the ‘‘World’s Best Multinational Workplaces’’ list was a
strategic decision in this study due to the rigorous methodology used in the preparation of the list as it
concentrated largely on the employees’ feedback, thus ensuring that these listed companies are actually
top workplaces. Both manifest and latent content analysis, are applied on 23 of the 25 listedMultinational
Corporations’ websites and reports, and company reviews done on these companies by the Great Place
toWork for to pinpoint the social responsible human resource practices.
Findings – Most of the practices disclosed are oriented toward enhancing the employees’ work
experiences whether that happened through improving their employment conditions or through having a
diverse and inclusive workplace. Thus, the employee-oriented human resource management practices
got the lion’s share of the disclosures, rather than the legal or the Corporate social responsibility–human
resources facilitation components.
Research limitations/implications – The practices that are already used at small and medium
enterpriseswithin national contexts were not covered in this study.
Practical implications – It is assumed that businesses can benefit from the practices of these MNCs
which are considered as great places to work for, and as pioneers in their socially responsible human
resource approaches.
Originality/value – This study is likely to fill an important gap in the corporate social responsibility
literature, which gave pint-sized attention to the internal stakeholders, rendering the academic coverage
of employee-related practices scarce if not absent
Keywords CSR, Content analysis, Multinational corporations,
Social responsible human resource practices
Paper type Research paper
Introduction
An ethical movement is gaining momentum in the business world as a result of
management malpractices committed in the past decades. The ethical crisis drove
practitioners and researchers around the world to acknowledge the importance of
integrating business ethics and sustainability into their organizations. Engaging in
responsible practices was seen as a means to avoid crises and simultaneously lead to
financial benefits, (Doh et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2015; Voegtlin et al., 2012), produce social
capital (Maak, 2007) and enhance work-related behaviors like retention and workplace
commitment (Waldman and Galvin, 2008; Cameron, 2011; Doh et al., 2011; Doh and
Quigley, 2014; Miska et al., 2014). The misconducts in top management positions gained
extensive media a.
Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting on Performance of Oil and Gas Compa...ijtsrd
The study examined the effect of corporate social responsibility reporting on financial performance of Oil and Gas companies in Nigeria. Ex post facto research design and content analysis were adapted. A sample of ten oil and gas companies was selected for the study. The hypothesis was tested using linear regression analysis with the aid of E view 9.0. The study revealed that return on capital employed has insignificant effect on corporate social responsibility of Oil and Gas companies in Nigeria. The study recommended that the external users of corporate social responsibility reports such as the shareholders, local communities, employees and other stakeholders should device appropriate channels by which their demands for such reporting can be adequately pressed upon. Ezekwesili, Tochukwu P. | Emeneka, Ogochukwu L "Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting on Performance of Oil and Gas Companies in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47520.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/47520/corporate-social-responsibility-reporting-on-performance-of-oil-and-gas-companies-in-nigeria/ezekwesili-tochukwu-p
Contents lists available at ScienceDirectIndustrial Market.docxbobbywlane695641
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Industrial Marketing Management
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/indmarman
Target and position article
The darker side of sustainability: Tensions from sustainable business
practices in business networks
Nina Turaa,⁎, Joona Keränena, Samuli Patalab
a School of Business and Management, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, Lappeenranta FI-53851, Finland
b Department of Management Studies, Aalto University School of Business, P.O. Box 11110, Aalto FI-500076, Finland
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Sustainability
Sustainable business practices
Tensions
Negative consequences
Business networks
Environmental
A B S T R A C T
While the current literature generally assumes that implementing sustainable business practices (SBPs) will lead
to improved wellbeing and positive outcomes, relatively little research has explored the potential tensions and
conflicts that SBPs may cause in multi-actor networks. To address this issue, we conduct a qualitative multiple
case study in a regional business network, including interviews with 43 managers in 17 firms in different in-
dustries. The findings of this study identify four types of tensions (economic, structural, psychological, and
behavioral) that tend to emerge when firms implement SBPs in networks, and illustrate how different stake-
holders (implementers, suppliers, customers, other network partners) perceive them. Overall, this study con-
tributes to the current literature by highlighting the underexplored “dark side” of sustainability, and illuminating
how organizational decisions aiming at improving collective wellbeing can also lead to tensions and conflicts.
For managers, this study offers insights into how to anticipate, manage and mitigate potential tensions that
might arise in business networks when one stakeholder decides to implement a SBP.
1. Introduction
Sustainability is considered a new strategic imperative and a long-
term goal for firms, nations, and society as a whole (Finke, Gilchrist, &
Mouzas, 2016; Porter & Reinhardt, 2007). Customers, investors and
other stakeholders demand continuous improvements in environmental
and social responsibility (Fearne, Garcia Martinez, & Dent, 2012), and
companies are increasingly encouraged to implement sustainable
business practices (SBPs) to reduce the environmental load and to stay
competitive (Johnsen, Miemczyk, & Howard, 2017; Kotler, 2011).
However, while the mainstream literature generally assumes that SBPs
lead to win-win situations, we need more understanding on the po-
tential tensions and conflicts that emerge when implementing SBPs
(Hahn, Figge, Pinkse, & Preuss, 2010; Öberg, Huge-Brodin, &
Björklund, 2012).
SBPs are generally defined as activities, initiatives or policies that
aim at solving environmental and social problems while maintaining a
profit (López, Garcia, & Rodriquez, 2007; Ortiz-De-Mandojana &
Bansal, 2016; Tate, Ellram, & Gölgeci, 2013). Driven by the .
Institutional Ownership and Governance Reporting of Quoted Manufacturing Comp...ijtsrd
This study assess the relationship between Institutional Ownership and Governance Reporting of quoted Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria from 2008 2020. The study adopted Ex post facto research design while the panel data sets were analyzed using Descriptive Statistics, The study employed secondary data extracted from Nigeria Stock Exchange fact books, annual reports and accounts, stand alone sustainability reports of sample firms. Institutional Ownership and Governance Reporting t Statistic = 10.46036 p value = 0.0000 0.05 of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria at 5 level of significance. It was recommended the study recommended that the relationship between Institutional shareholders and sustainability reporting should be sustained in order to strengthen firms with higher growth opportunities. Aniefor, Sunday Jones | Ekwueme, Chizoba M. "Institutional Ownership and Governance Reporting of Quoted Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria from 2008-2020" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47831.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/47831/institutional-ownership-and-governance-reporting-of-quoted-manufacturing-companies-in-nigeria-from-20082020/aniefor-sunday-jones
The present study aimed to examine the effect of the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) on organizational performance (OP). This study was motivated by the mixed findings in literature regarding the relationships between EO and organizational performance. Owing to the mixed results, a novel stream of research was created and this motivated further examining of the impact of other variables that may shed a light on the nature of the relationship. Several theories have been proposed in literature posit the direct relationships among strategies, resources and capabilities as antecedents of success. In this study, copies of questionnaires were distributed to 300 Libyan banks branches, where 200 copies of questionnaires were returned and analyzed. The proposed hypothesis was tested through PLS-SEM and the study results showed that EO positively predicted organizational performance.
The Influence of Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility on...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The study analyzed the effect of corporate social responsibility on the financial performance of
organizations in Nigeria with emphasis on the construction companies. The population constitutes four
construction companies who are the leaders in the business.
Imperative of Environmental Cost on Equity and Assets of Quoted Manufacturing...ijtsrd
This study examine the imperative of environmental cost on equity and assets of quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The study adopts ex post facto, content analysis and regression research design. The research adopts secondary source of data in obtaining all the data needed for the study, extracted from the audited financial statements of the sampled manufacturing firms, which is meticulously examined and relevant data extracted from the period of 2011 2018 for analysis, in line with the main objective. Hypothesis is tested and the results reveals that environmental cost has a significant effect on return on equity and return on assets of quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria. In consonance with this study's findings, it is recommended that, Firms in Nigeria should invest reasonable amount on environmental issues and report same in their financial reports for the various stakeholders to see. This will create a good relationship with the host community which will enable growth in production and increase in turnover. Dr. Odogu, Laime Isaac | Dadiowei, Opritari Maxwell "Imperative of Environmental Cost on Equity and Assets of Quoted Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59695.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/59695/imperative-of-environmental-cost-on-equity-and-assets-of-quoted-manufacturing-firms-in-nigeria/dr-odogu-laime-isaac
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India Orthopedic Devices Market: Unlocking Growth Secrets, Trends and Develop...Kumar Satyam
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Examining corporate reputation and commitment to business social responsibility (bsr) on organizational performance relations
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Examining Corporate Reputation and Commitment to Business
Social Responsibility (BSR) on Organizational Performance
Relations: Evidence from Manufacturing Sector in Nigeria
Abdullahi Hassan Gorondutse (Corresponding author)
PhD Candidate
School of Business Management, College of Business
Universiti Utara Malaysia
Tel: +60143062427, E-mail: ahgdutse@gmail.com
Haim Hilman
Universiti of Utara Malaysia,
Tel: +60149286893, E-mail: hilman@uum.edu.my
Abstract
The increase of business social responsibility demands and understanding among scholars and
practitioners has led to postulation that social activities would lead to competitive advantages.
This paper examine tactical values in developing nation particularly Nigeria, and how it’s related
to performances of manufacturing sector. Using a survey data of 248 usable questionnaires, the
data were analyzed using SEM. However, the result reveals positive association between
corporate reputation and organizational performance. Surprisingly, commitment to BSR was
insignificant to organizational performance. This indicate that despite awareness and
understanding of business social responsibility by manufacturing sector in Nigeria, but still
concern of social behavior may be lacking, in terms of commitment to social issues. Managerial
implication and direction of future studies were also discussed.
Keywords: Corporate reputation, commitment to BSR, organizational performance and Nigeria.
1. Introduction
In the last decades a vast body of literature has emerged concerning the relationship between
initiatives and organizational performance (Peloza & Papania, 2008). Despite all this attempt of
research it suffers with major limitations. This paper seek to address one of the limitation,
previous research on this connection between BSR on organizational performance were mainly
focused in USA and Europe. To date few scholar have investigate the strategies policy of BSR in
developing nation even if any they highly concentrated on multinational corporation (Amaeshi,
Adi, Ogbechie & Amao, 2006; frynas, 2005, Gorondutse & Hilman, 2012; Okeye, 2009;
Perdeson & Hunnache, 2006).
In this paper we aim to close this paucity by focusing BSR commitment and corporate reputation
in emerging nation. Data collected from manufacturing industry operating in Nigeria.
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Manufacturing sector contribute to total output or employment, it is quit enormous in creating
skilled jobs, a potential catalyst of modernization, and a sector with tendency of generating
multiplier effects (Tybouts, 2000). In addition the sector remains one of the significant vehicles in
ensuring economic growth, and has become an avenue for developing countries to benefit from
globalization (Mike, 2010). Research in this important sector in dwelling its action on responsible
behavior is necessary so as to maintain its competitive advantage. Despite the fact that business
in developing nations have different system from those in USA and Europe. This information is
very significant because organization need to recognized the important of business ethics and
social responsibility dimension in their decision making process before they can apply then in
business setting (Hsu, 2012; Retab, Brik, & Mellahi, 2009).
The perspective of BSR actions entail the dependence of business success on the relation and
interactions between an organization and its stakeholder for example, in ability of the business to
satisfy its customers need or want to make available suitable pricing pair safe, hygienic products.
Also as component of international strategies business threat losing regular direct if they fail to
meet the environmental regulation required by its consumers. Therefore, business must enhance
their corporate reputation to meet the changing demands of the diverse stakeholder.
However, previous studies have empirically identified the associations between BSR and
corporate reputation (Lai, Chiu, Yang, & Pai, 2010; Retab et al., 2009). But the way in which
BSR initiative influences these outcomes remains uncertain. Consequently, a number of
researches have argued that the lack of agreement on the relationship between BSR dimension
and organizational performances (Hillman & Keim, 2001; Peloza & Papania, 2008; Retab et al.,
2009; Waddock & Graves, 1997; Wright & Ferris, 1997), and this points the need for further
studies into this relation particularly in developing nation where there are little empirical
evidence. In addition, the research is significant; firstly, there is large inequality in the number of
studies on social responsibility especially in small firms (local firms). To date research on BSR
are highly concentrated on larger firms (Ahmad & Ramayah, 2012; Egri, & Rosland, 2008; Lee,
2008; Morris, Schindehutte, Walton, & Allen, 2002). Secondly, while there is increasing
awareness about BSR in emerging nation still most of the research has been examined in
developed economics.
The main objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between BSR commitment and
corporate reputation on organizational performance, to the best of our knowledge no related
research exist in the context of the study. The paper is organized as follow, the reminder section
review previous research on BSR, Commitment and corporate reputation to developed a
conceptual framework that indicates the significant relationship between these variables, next we
tested the predicted path ways in the framework, finally the paper discuss the managerial and
theoretical implication of the study.
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2. Literature review
2.1 Business social responsibility
Essentially business social responsibility is a displeased and contentious issue; According to
smith (2003) BSR refers to the obligation of business to community those who are affected by its
corporate strategies and practices. On the other hand Wright (2006) define socially responsible
practices as the positive activities a business undertakes in the society in which it operates and
this includes responsibility towards customers, employees, and the public. The existing
approaches to BSR are split (Porter & Kramer, 2006), but three essential lines of BSR are:
Stakeholder - driven, Performance – driven, and Motivation – driven approaches (Basu &
Palazzo, 2008). The first, which is stakeholder – driven in this approach business manager try to
gather the need and want of stockholder and external holder, the action of BSR is a response to
the demands of stakeholder about general social concerns or the business operation. Lack of BSR
practices and actions these group of stakeholder might withdraw their support from business
(Freeman, 1984; Maignan, Ferrell, & Ferrell, 2005; McWillian, Siegel, & Wright, 2006).
The next approach is the performance- driven which is concerns the association among BSR,
corporate strategy and essential performance. This lead the researchers to centre on influential
actions to implement BSR and then measuring their effectiveness, BSR actions include
incorporating social concern into products, adopting progressive human resources management
practices, centre on environmental performance and advancing the goals of community
organization (Maignan, et al., 2005; McWillian et al., 2006). And the last approach is the
motivation- driven approach which examines the extrinsic reasons for a firms BSR commitment
or the intrinsic rationales to advance notions of its conscientiousness and responsibilities (Basu
and Palazzo, 2008). The extrinsic reason concern flattering outcomes toward focal business, for
example enhancing reputation (Fombrum, 2005) consumer’s resilience to negative information
(Bhattacharya & Sen, 2004) and Managing risk (Husted, 2005). On the other hand the intrinsic
rationale draws on philosophic concepts, such as contract theory, Aristolian & Kantian ethical
concepts (Basu & Palazzo, 2008).
However, each of this approach mentioned above, lead to unique interpretation of BSR, for
instance, the stakeholder- driven explain and measure BSR, the performance-driven define
activities and lastly, the motivation-driven reveals penalty, hence, this study will be guided by the
stakeholder-driven approach.
2.2 Corporate reputation
Business managers believe corporate reputation is the critical elusive resource that leads to
competition advantage (Siltaoja, 2006). The significant of corporate reputation has been
supported by a highly positive connection between corporate reputations and its return of assets
(Deephouse, 2000; Roberts & Dowling, 2002). There are numerous of enabling machinery
support to this procedure, a good reputation insulates the business from stakeholder perception of
negative information (Lange, Lee & Dai, 2011). In addition a significant reputation is also
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attractive to employee and customer (Lange et al., 2011).
Similarly, the association between corporate reputation and BSR in developing economics like
Nigeria is not uncomplicated. The impact of BSR on corporate reputation in the eyes of diverse
but mostly external stakeholder is twisted by how the business converse its BSR actions and how
its activities are reported in the national media and other communication media. A business can
use BSR deeds as machinery to indicator desirability features to stakeholder (Fombrun, 2005).
BSR can be viewed as a form of strategic investment in reputation building or maintenance by
making strategic investment in reputation.
2.3 BSR Commitment
Commitment has got considerable interest in research, due to its important impact on job attitudes
such as presentation, non-attendance, and turnover intentions (Ahmad, Veerapandian & Ghee,
2011; Lokand & Crawford, 2001; Rangriz & Mehrabi, 2010). Porter Steers, Moeday, and Boulian,
(1974) has provide with the three-parts of organizational commitment definition: A well-built
principle in and recognition of the organization’s aims and standards, a readiness to exercise
substantial endeavor on behalf of the organization, and a strong wish to stay in the
administration. Allen and Meyer (1990) conceptualized a form of organizational commitment and
classified three parts: affective, continuance, and normative commitment.
However, Steers (1977), Chew & Chan, (2006) found that commitment was generally
unconnected to performance (weak relationship). This is due to numerous variables. First, it was
reveals that the sample sizes (two organizations) in the study had difficulties in irritating to
decrease revenue rate and non-attendance. The business managers also be likely to keep more
conscious “settlers” and trustworthy, but to whom better performance
was not role significant. The business also finished up being steadier, but less productive or
inventive labor force. The managers in both organizations were powerfully disturbed about
worker retentions rather than about greater performance.
The result of the above is inconsistent with Miller and Lee (1999) who establish that
organizational commitment was absolutely related to the financial performance. This means that
organizational commitment could have an effect on the organizational performance. Considering
the previous studies, it seems to be that there is a linked concerning firm’s commitment and
organizational performance. Therefore, each of these associations had been used as independent
factors. Other studies have investigate only the affective component of organizational
commitment (Ambrose, Arnaud, & Schminke, 2008; Chew & Chan, 2006; Rashid et al., 2003), or
all the three parts as well as the total organizational commitment (Ahmad et al., 2011; Huang,
Cheng & Chow, 2005). On the other hand, this study has selected this advance, and uses
organizational commitment as a uni- construct, and this approach has been adapted in this study
for the same reason.
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2.4. BSR and Organizational Performance
Previous research on the relationship between BSR and organizational performance found a
numerous finding some reveals that positive, others negative and mixed or non-significant
relation, those who reveals the positive relation includes (Griffin & Mahon, 1997; Peloza &
Papania, 2008; Porter & Vander linde, 1995; Preston & V’ Bannon, 1997; Rettab, Brik & Mellahi,
2009 & Verschoor, 1998) while those indicate negative includes (Meznar et al., 1994; Vance,
1975 & Wright & Ferris, 1997) and lastly, those who indicate mixed result include ( Berman et al.,
1999; Cochran & Wood, 1984; Graves & Waddock, 1997; Hillman & Kein, 2001 & McGuire,
Sundegren, & Schneeweis, 1988). However, as noted earlier we cannot generalize the above
finding because all the result comes from USA and Europe as against the developing nation. In
line with this Business system theory (Whitley, 1992) state that countries have diverse business
systems. This gives ample evidence that in order to assume a relationship between BSR and
organizational performance in developing nation particularly Nigeria, one has to consider
Commitment and corporate reputation on social issues business has on its numerous stakeholders.
2.5 BSR and Corporate Reputation
Previous research to date provides and evidence that corporate reputation is a fundamental subtle
resources that give a firms reasonable benefit (Brammer & Millington, 2005; Fombrun & Shanley,
1990; Hsu, 2012; Lai et al., 2010; Shamsie, 2003; Retab et al., 2009). Although the connection
between BSR and corporate reputation in developing nation are not clear-cut this is because
businesses functioning in emerging nation are lacking skills and tradition in communicating
internal actions such as BSR activities. This limits the business ability to influence stakeholder
perception in order to boost its corporate reputation. Hsu (2012), Lai et al., (2010) reveals the
association between BSR and brand performance is partially mediated by corporate reputation.
This means that consumer perception about firms BSR initiatives positively related to corporate
reputation. Therefore, we posit:
H1: Corporate reputation is positively related to Organizational performances.
2.6 BSR Commitment and Organizational performances
The relationship between organisation commitment and performances has been documented by
the previous studies, considering the dimension of organizational commitment (affective,
continuous and normative). For example Organizational commitment is fundamental within
individual and organizational performance studies (Swailes, 2002), with applications to
marketing (Jaworski & Kohli, 1993). The literature presents many definitions of the theoretical
concept (Swailes, 2002,) including both employee donations and a sense of togetherness to the
organization (Jaworski & Kohli, 1993).
Consequently, Aguilera, Ruth, Rupp, Williams & Ganapathi (2007) emphasis that commitment
make judgment about their firms BSR efforts based on their observation of the firms BSR
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practices, outcomes of the BSR actions and the managing of the execution process. The author
asserts that socially responsible or irresponsible actions are serious consequence to organization.
A numerous of studies have explored the connection between commitment and organizational
performance (Ahmad, Veerapandian & Ghee 2011; Chew & Chan, 2006; Huang, Cheng & Chow,
2005; Rashid, Sambasivan, & Johari, 2003). Above all past research shows that firms
commitment to BSR issues action tend to have a positive impact on performances.
In addition, contrary to presumed connection between BSR actions and drivers of financial
performance, given that a number of business in developing nations take advantages of weak
commitment to social issues. Taking the above arguments as whole, we posit:
H2: BSR commitment is negatively related to organizational performances in developing
nation.
2.7 Underpinning Theory
2.7.1 Legitimacy Theory
Legitimacy theory like a numeral other theories is measured to be a system –oriented theory. The
theory postulates that business must ensure they carry their activities within the value system of
their community they are operating (Gray, Owen & Adams, 1996). Businesses are social creation
hence their survival depends on the willingness of the society to allow them to continue to
operate (Gray et al., 1996). In addition legitimacy rest on the concept that business have contract
with society, thus satisfying the agreement with the society legitimizes the business and their
action (Gray et al., 1996; Mathew, 1997).
Figure 1. Research framework
3. Methodology
3.1 Sample and Data Collection
The population of this study consist of 1500 manufacturing sector register with SMEDAN as at
Corporate
Reputation
BSR
Commitment
Organization
Performance
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2010 in Kano state North-West of Nigeria. This because the state is the centre of commerce and
virtually all manufacturing industry in Nigeria has one or more factory in the state (Sani &
Suleiman, n.d), Additionally, the city and nature of commercial activities attract people of
different religions and ethnic background. Hence, to this extent, it could be said the sample that
will be derived from this population will be relatively homogeneous. The study employs a simple
random sampling technique, in concurrence with sample selection formulae, which is stated as
follows, Yamane (1967).
n =
Where: n = Sample size; N = Population of the study; e = Level of precision.
n =
.
n =
.
n =
.
n =
.
n = 316
Therefore, base on the above formulae a representative of sample size of three hundred and
sixteen (316) was selected from the population of 1500 manufacturing industry in the state with
precision level of ±5% and the level of confidence is 95%. Consequently, out of 316 hundred
copies of questionnaire distributed, a total of two hundred and sixty one copies of questionnaires
were returned completed, representing 82.6% percent response rate which is superb. 8 copies of
questionnaire were discarded due to number of missing data. Before testing, variables were
examined through various SPSS version 18 measures for a better precision of data entry, missing
value, and fit between distributions and the assumptions of structural equation modelling. 5 cases
were identified through the process of mahalanobis distance analysis, as multivariate outliers with
a P value <0.05. These respondents were automatically deleted. Leaving 248 cases for analysis.
3.2 Measurement
Corporate reputation
Corporate reputation is joint representations of business long-ago activities and potential
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prospects that explain how key resource providers interpret a business initiatives and assess its
ability to deliver valued customers (Petrick, 2002). Dodds, Monroe & Grewal (1991) refer it as
the prestige or status of a product or service as perceived by the purchaser based on the image of
the supplier. Similarly Lai, Chiu, Yang & Pai (2010) sees corporate reputation as the general
intuition dazzling the perception of a combined stakeholder group. Therefore, in the present study
we refer corporate reputation as the general impression reflecting the key stakeholder perception
about the business initiatives particularly on the social responsibility issue and the assessments
about the business product or services. Five items were adapted from Petrick (2002) to measure
the construct, and was tested by Hsu (2012) and to achieve internal consistence reliability and
convergent validity.
BSR Commitment
Organisational commitment was measured using Allen and Meyer‟s (1990) this scale is
commonly used in social sciences and has excellent psychometric properties in cross-cultural
research (Schmidt, 2007). For the reason of this research organisational commitment will be
treated as single as earlier mention and measure by nine items out of the fifteen items from
(Mowday, Porter & Steers, 1982). The items will be selected on the foundation of having the
most face validity in the opinion of the researcher (Ahmad et al.,2011; Huang et al., 2005). The
sample items will be adapt and modified in order to suit the study. The following items will be
use to measure organizational commitment my organization is willing to put effort normally
expected on the issue of BSR. This questionnaire requires organization to indicate their level of
agreement with the extent to which they are identified with and involved in their organization.
The responses of all items in the questionnaire were made on a 7-point scale ranging from 1
strongly disagree to 7 strongly agree.
Organizational Commitment
Organizational performance, or firm performance as we refer to it in this study, is a division of
organizational efficiency that covers operational and financial outcomes (Cameron, 1986), This
can be characterized into two main groups which are financial performance and non-financial
performance. Financial performance is, for example, profitability, liquidity and financial risk,
which are earnings, associated to enterprises’ efficiency per operation. Non financial performance
is usually associated with customer base, brand devotion, image and reputation, technology and
initiatives development as well as quality of human resources (Kaplan & Norton, 2000). For this
reason, the study will adapt this scale because over the years many researchers have suggested
that performance measurement should includes both financial and non- financial measurement
investigation which is measure by 7 items ( Kaplan & Norton , 1992; Venkantrannan &
Ramanujan, 1986).
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Figure 1. Measurement Model
3.3 Analysis Method
Data were analyse using the structural equation modelling (SEM) procedure to test the model
using AMOS 16.0 packages (Maximun likelihood estimation) was employed to complete the
analysis (Hair, Black, Babin, & Anderson, 2010).
4. Results and Discussion
4.1 Demographic Profile of Respondents
The table 1 shows the profile of respondents, the result reveals that 76.2% of the respondents
have less than 5 years of existence; this implied that majority of the respondents are not long in
the operations. In terms of ownership structures 81.5% of respondents are individual owner,
while9.7% are partnership business. With regards to no. of employees 85.1% have less than 20
employees; this indicates the uniqueness of one man business. Furthermore, most of the
Manufacturing industry have less than 1 million, Nigerian currencies as their Assets and represent
46. %.( see table 1).
1.00
BSRCOMMIT
.83
PERFORMANCE
OC5
1.14
e5
1.311
OC4
.11
e6 1.43
1
OC3
1.42
e7
1.64
1
PF1
3.77
e10
1.00
1
PF5
.66
e14
1.71
1
PF6
.08
e15
1.79
1
PF7
1.43
e16
1.33
1
1.00
REPUTATION
RT3
.70
e19
1.54
1
RT4
.04
e20
1.64
1
RT5
1.43
e21
1.21
1
Fit Values
Chi Square = 76.963
Ratio = 2.405
p-value = .000
df = 32
GFI = .942
AGFI = .899
TLI=.961
CFI = .972
RMSEA = .075
.13
.14
.29
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Table 1. Demographic breakdown of respondents
Demographic profile Category No. Of respondents %
Years of existences Less 5 years
5-10years
11-20years
21-40years
189
34
17
8
76.2
13.7
6.9
3.2
Location Kano
Lagos
233
15
94
6
Ownership Individual
Partnership
Joint venture
Others
202
24
3
19
81.5
9.7
1.2
7.7
No. Of employees Less 20
21-40
41-60
61-80
81 & above
211
17
11
1
8
85.1
6.9
4.4
0.4
3.2
Activities Food & beverages
Tobacco
Textiles
Weaving & dressing
Leather &handbags
Non-metric
recycling
others
100
42
19
61
17
1
3
1
40.3
16.9
7.7
24.6
6.9
0.4
2.8
0.4
Assets Less 1million
1-100m
101-200m
201-300m
301& above
114
77
50
3
4
46
31
20.2
1.2
1.6
4.2 Goodness of Measures
The paper assessed the construct reliability by calculating a composite reliability (CR) for each
construct after maximum likelihood estimation was employed. The advices of Fornell and Larker
(1981) were taken into consideration when calculating the CR index along side with reliability
calculation as illustrated in Table 2. Consequently, the average variance extracted (AVE) were
assessed for each construct (Anderson, 1982; Bagozzi & Lynn, 1982; Fornell & Larcker, 1981;
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Hair, Anderson, Tatham & Black, 1998). AVE was used to gauge convergent validity (Fornell &
Larcker, 1981; Hair et al., 1998; Ping, 2004) suggested convergent measures should contain less
than 50% error variances meaning that AVE should be 0.5 or above. The paper used cut-off value
of 0.70 and 0.50 for CR and AVE respectively (Bagozzi & Yi, 1998; Hair et al., 1998; Hair et al.,
2010). The scale of reliability range from 0.82 to 0.89, and the factor loadings ranged from 0.43
to 0.99 (p < 0.05), and the AVE ranged from 0.61 to 0.75 which is above criteria (Fornell &
Larcker, 1981; Hair et al., 1998; Ping, 2004). See table 2 bellow:
Table 2. Result of CFA for Measurement Model
Construct Items Internal reliability
Cronbach alpha
Factor
loading
Composite
Reliability
Average
variance
extracted
Corporate
Reputation
RT 03
RT 04
RT 05
0.892
0.880
0.992
0.710
0.900 0.754
Organizational
Performance
OP 01
OP 05
OP 06
OP 07
0.815
0.425
0.887
0.985
0.711
0.853 0.611
BSR
Commitment
OC03
OC04
OC05 0.874
0.776
0.974
0.808 0.892 0.735
Considering, the reliability analysis, we established discriminant validity by calculating share
variance between each pair of constructs and verifying that it was lower than the average variance
extracted from the individual construct (Bagozzi & Lynn, 1982; Fornell & Larcker, 1981). As
shown in Table 3, the squared correlations for each construct are less than the square root of
average variance extracted by the indicators measuring that construct indicating adequate
discriminant validity. in general, the measurement model demonstrated adequate reliability,
convergent validity, and discriminant validity.
Table 3. Discriminant validity of construct
Reputation (1) Performance (2) BSR Commitment
(3)
Reputation (1) 0.868
Performance
(2)
0.323 0.782
BSR Commitment
(3)
0.143 0.142 0.857
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Model Testing
The model fit was evaluated using a series of indices recommended by Hu & Bentler, (1999) –
the DELTA2 (Bollen, 1989), Comparitive fit (CFI) ( Bentler,1990), good-of-fit index (GFI),
Tucker-Lewis (TLI), and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) indices. A fit to
the data was achieved for the CFA, with GFI = 0.942, AGFI = 0.899, TLI = 0.961, CFI = 0.972,
and RMSEA = 0.075 (χ2 = 76.96, d.f. = 32) see Table 4.
Table 4. Fit indices for the Measurement Model
Fit indexed This study Recommended values Sources
Df
χ2 76.96
Bollen-stine P 0.000
χ2/df 32 ≤ 3.00 Bagozzi & Yi (1998); Byne (2001)
GFI 0.942 ≥ 0.90 Chau & Hu (2001); Hair et al.,
(1998,2010)
AGFI 0.899 ≥ 0.80 Chau & Hu (2001)
CFI 0.972 ≥ 0.95 Bagozzi & Yi (1998); Hu & Bentler
(1998)
RMSEA 0.075 ≤ 0.06 Hu & Bentler (1998)
TLI 0.961 ≥ 0.95 Hu & Bentler (1999)
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Figure 2. Hypothesise Model
4.2 Hypotheses Testing
Table 5. Model Hypotheses
Hypotheses Estimate S.E C.R P Decision
PF<--- RT
.228
.049
4.686
***
Supported
PF <--- OC .073 .047 1.547 .122 Not Supported
This study examines the relationship between BSR commitments, corporate reputation on
organizational performance in Nigerian manufacturing industry. The interpretation of the
hypotheses results is summarized in table 5 above. The result reveals that there is a significant
relation between corporate reputation and organizational performance (β =0.228; t = 4.686; p =
0.000). This finding is in line with the study of Hsu (2012), Rettab et al., (2009). Hence, H1 is
supported. Similarly, the relationship between BSR commitment and organizational performance
found insignificant relation (β = .073; t = 1.547; p = 0.122) and result is not in line with (Ahmad
et al., 2011 & Rettab et al., 2009), thus H2 not supported.
2.67
BSRCOMMIT
PERFORMANCE
OC5
1.14
e5
.801
OC4
.11
e6 .88
1
OC3
1.42
e7
1.00
1
PF1
3.77
e10
1
PF5
.66
e14
1.29
1
PF6
.08
e15
1.35
1
PF7
1.43
e16
1.00
1
2.70
REPUTATION
RT3
.70
e19
.94
1
RT4
.04
e20
1.00
1
RT5
1.43
e21
.73
1
Fit Values
Chi Square = 76.963
Ratio = 2.405
p-value = .000
df = 32
GFI = .942
AGFI = .899
TLI=.961
CFI = .972
RMSEA = .075
.23
.07
1.30
e22
1
.75
.38
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5. Conclusion, Managerial, Theoretical Contribution & Direction for Future Studies
In this study the paper examines the relationships between BSR dimension and organizational
performance in emerging nation particularly Nigeria. The results are fairly, BSR has a significant
and positive relation with corporate reputation and organizational performance. This result is in
line with previous empirical studies conducted in western developed nations showing a positive
relation BSR efforts and organizational performances, surprisingly, BSR commitment not
significant relation with organizational performance in manufacturing industry in Nigeria. Further,
this study reveals the impact of BSR on organizational performance in emerging nation like
Nigeria which is similar to that of developed nation, e.g. USA & Western Europe. Equally this
study has extended the current body of knowledge beyond developed nations.
However, scholars and practitioners in developed nation have a numerous of evidence on the
relationship between BSR and organizational performance, to the best of our knowledge this
study provides an evidence of this relationship in a non- developed nation context. Similarly, this
result raise doubts about the validity of the assertion that, as a result of the absence of strong
institutional support for BSR, and presence of weak and in effectual laws to guard against
unethical practices (Foo, 2007).
Theoretical Contribution
Businesses are progressively in front of pressure to function in socially responsible ways (Mohr
et al., 2001). The significant of BSR for firms should be due its relations with financial outcomes
or actions outcomes of stakeholders. Thus, BSR can be viewed and used as a firm’s
differentiation strategy, a form of strategic investment comparable to awareness (McWilliams, et
al., 2006). This study examines the relationship between BSR commitment and Corporate
Reputation on organizational performance. The results indicate that perception concerning BSR
initiatives of Manufacturing industry have a positive effect on Corporate reputation but not
significant effect on BSR commitment of manufacturing industry in Nigeria.
Managerial Contribution
The findings of this study have the following managerial for manufacturing industry. First, the
fact, that BSR activities improve corporate reputation of manufacturing industry, encourages
managers of manufacturing industry to continue investing in BSR actions. Stakeholder tend to be
more satisfied with business that are more socially responsible, perceived these business more
favourable in terms of corporate reputation, and reward these business. Secondly, managers
should employ BSR activities to build corporate reputation without any other purpose when
designing corporate reputation. This implication is in line with business ethics from a Kantian
perspective (Bowie, 1999), and explains why BSR initiatives may be viewed as real options
(Husted, 2005). BSR actions act as safety net to buffer and protect business from unpredictable
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negative events (Fombrun, et al., 2000). For the role of real option or policy maker in
manufacturing industries that BSR actions are key elements that lead to intangible assets that
BSR accrues, such as corporate reputation, commitment, and legitimacy.
Limitations & Direction of future studies
As with any research, these study some limitations that should be noted. First, the data for the
study were mainly collected from selected manufacturing industry in Kano metropolis, Nigeria.
Thus, this is based on data from a single country and caution must be taken when generalizing the
results of this study to other developing nation. Second, the direct effects of the independent
variables on the dependent variables are difficult to conclude. In order to overcome some of these
limitations, future studies of increasing the sample sizes and examines other industries or across
different industries. In addition, future studies should employ a longitudinal research design, so
that the direct effect of the independent variables on the dependent variables could be concluded.
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Ed., New York: Harper and Row.
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