The problem Water for agriculture

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Environment

The problem
( WATER for AGRICULTURE)
HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF PÉCS
Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology

Agriculture the back bone of Economy
 Agriculture is the main player of the economy of Pakistan with 21%
contribution to GDP and more than 45% contribution in labor force
 Pakistan’s agriculture rely heavily on irrigation.
 Pakistan has the world’s largest contiguous irrigation system
 Pakistan ranks 4th in the world as for as irrigated area ( About 7%) is
concerned. About 36 MA( About 75% of the cultivated area) in Pakistan is
irrigated land.

Water Resources of Pakistan
Rainfall
 Annual rainfall (125mm in South-East to 750mm North-West)
 Total water generated by rainfall is around
32 BCM
 Contribution to crops is 10-20%
Groundwater
 Exploitation of Groundwater is 59 BCM
 Over 9,00,000 private tube wells
 40% of total supply at farm-gate
Surface Water Resources
 Total Inflow is 171 BCM
 Tarbela DAM (10.38 BCM - 485 ft),
 Mangla DAM (5.90 BCM - 380 ft)
 48 Canals (61000 km), 19 Barrages
 1,70,000 Watercourses (1.6 Million km)

Future Water Scenario
Year Population Water availability
(Million) per capita (m3)
1951 34 5300
1961 46 3950
1971 65 2700
1981 84 2100
1991 115 1600
2000 148 1200
2010 168 1066
2020 196 915
2025 209 850

Major Concerns/Problems
A : Problems from management perspective
• Overall water scarcity, low water availability during winter and at the
beginning and end of summer with limited reservoir capacity.
• Physical and technical limitations of the system.
• Low efficiency in delivery and use.
• Inequitable water distribution.
• Inadequate operation and maintenance of the system
• Excess seepage and wastage in the system.
• Insufficient cost recovery
• Administrative and financial constraints.
5

B- Problems from Farmer’s Perspective
• Unreliable and inequitable distribution of irrigation water.
• Deterioration of the canal system and frequent breaches due to
weak bands.
• Increased cases of water theft and failure of management to check
them.
• Increase in water disputes and delay in actions and justice.
• Political interference in system management.
• Increasing cost of groundwater extraction
6

C- Problems From Society’s Perspective
• Overall poor performance of Government agency managed irrigation
system.
• Wastage of water and low water use efficiency.
• The failure of government to finance, recovery from farmers and high
cost of management.
• Financial mis-management and poor accountability.
• Lack of farmers participation in decision making.
• Political influence in management of irrigation water delivery system.
• Overexploitation of future water resources especially the groundwater
7

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Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste. With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban. Aim: A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city. Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors. Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach. Goals: Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management. Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned. Current solid waste management situation: The status. Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day collection efficiently is at about 50%. Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City: Solid waste generation – collection – dumping Good Practices: • Separation – recycling – marketing. • Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed. • Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products. • Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants. Good practices: Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction. Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled. CHALLENGES: • Resource Allocation.

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The problem Water for agriculture

1. The problem ( WATER for AGRICULTURE) HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF PÉCS Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology

2. Agriculture the back bone of Economy  Agriculture is the main player of the economy of Pakistan with 21% contribution to GDP and more than 45% contribution in labor force  Pakistan’s agriculture rely heavily on irrigation.  Pakistan has the world’s largest contiguous irrigation system  Pakistan ranks 4th in the world as for as irrigated area ( About 7%) is concerned. About 36 MA( About 75% of the cultivated area) in Pakistan is irrigated land.

3. Water Resources of Pakistan Rainfall  Annual rainfall (125mm in South-East to 750mm North-West)  Total water generated by rainfall is around 32 BCM  Contribution to crops is 10-20% Groundwater  Exploitation of Groundwater is 59 BCM  Over 9,00,000 private tube wells  40% of total supply at farm-gate Surface Water Resources  Total Inflow is 171 BCM  Tarbela DAM (10.38 BCM - 485 ft),  Mangla DAM (5.90 BCM - 380 ft)  48 Canals (61000 km), 19 Barrages  1,70,000 Watercourses (1.6 Million km)

4. Future Water Scenario Year Population Water availability (Million) per capita (m3) 1951 34 5300 1961 46 3950 1971 65 2700 1981 84 2100 1991 115 1600 2000 148 1200 2010 168 1066 2020 196 915 2025 209 850

5. Major Concerns/Problems A : Problems from management perspective • Overall water scarcity, low water availability during winter and at the beginning and end of summer with limited reservoir capacity. • Physical and technical limitations of the system. • Low efficiency in delivery and use. • Inequitable water distribution. • Inadequate operation and maintenance of the system • Excess seepage and wastage in the system. • Insufficient cost recovery • Administrative and financial constraints. 5

6. B- Problems from Farmer’s Perspective • Unreliable and inequitable distribution of irrigation water. • Deterioration of the canal system and frequent breaches due to weak bands. • Increased cases of water theft and failure of management to check them. • Increase in water disputes and delay in actions and justice. • Political interference in system management. • Increasing cost of groundwater extraction 6

7. C- Problems From Society’s Perspective • Overall poor performance of Government agency managed irrigation system. • Wastage of water and low water use efficiency. • The failure of government to finance, recovery from farmers and high cost of management. • Financial mis-management and poor accountability. • Lack of farmers participation in decision making. • Political influence in management of irrigation water delivery system. • Overexploitation of future water resources especially the groundwater 7

9. Questions

The problem Water for agriculture

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