The document discusses the challenges facing the third sector during economic crises. It makes three key points:
1) We are in a "critical period" where moral and social adjustments are needed alongside economic adjustments, as public interventions have exacerbated problems rather than solving them.
2) Previous responses by governments and economists have failed, as shown by the failures of socialism, Keynesianism, and the welfare state. Moral values and economic history provide better insights than models.
3) The third sector is not a solution to all problems, and risks losing trust through scandals. A balance must be found between economic liberalism and a "guarantee state" that ensures basic social rights without being over
The document discusses socioeconomic changes in poor countries transitioning to emerging economies. It covers several topics, including poverty versus wealth, lack of benefits/income/work versus income distribution/labor training, and lack of infrastructure like water/sanitation versus interventions to improve quality of life. The goal is to analyze these issues through the lenses of history, political theory, and economics to develop policy mechanisms for advancing economies and reducing inequalities in developing nations.
This document provides an overview of various concepts related to economic development, including:
1) Definitions of economic growth and development, characteristics of developing countries, and theories of development such as modernization theory and dependency theory.
2) Core values and modern definitions of development according to thinkers like Sen, including concepts like capabilities and functioning.
3) Characteristics commonly found in developing countries like low incomes, populations, and industrialization.
4) Theories of economic growth and development including linear stages models, structural change models, and international dependence models.
This document discusses the concept of development in economics. It begins by noting that early economists like Petty took a broad view of development that included standards of living and people's well-being, not just economic growth. It then discusses how development economics was initially focused on increasing GDP and employment but that economic growth alone does not fully capture development. It provides an example comparing countries' GDP per capita and life expectancy to show the limitations of equating development with mere economic growth.
The document discusses four classic theories of economic development:
1) The linear-stages-of-growth model viewed development as a series of successive stages all countries must pass through, with the key being increasing investment and growth.
2) Structural-change theories focused on the internal process of changing economic structures as countries industrialize.
3) Dependence theories emphasized external and internal constraints like exploitation and unequal power relationships that hindered development.
4) Neoclassical theories emphasized the role of free markets and privatization in development and saw lack of development primarily as a result of too much government intervention.
Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Milton Friedman, and Paul Samuelson were famous economists.
Marx and Engels developed Marxist theory together, with Marx publishing influential works like The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital. Engels published The Condition of the Working Class in England and collaborated with Marx.
Friedman represented the Monetarist perspective and reinterpreted the consumption function in the 1950s. He argued against "naive Keynesian" theory.
Samuelson was considered one of the founders of neo-Keynesian economics. He helped develop neoclassical economics and explained Keynesian principles.
The document discusses four classic theories of economic development:
1) The linear-stages-of-growth model proposed by Walt Rostow which viewed development as a series of successive stages all countries must pass through.
2) Theories of structural change which focused on the internal process of structural transformation required for sustained economic growth.
3) Dependence theories which viewed underdevelopment as resulting from exploitative internal and external power structures and institutions.
4) Neoclassical theories which emphasized the role of free markets and viewed underdevelopment as stemming from excessive government intervention. Current approaches draw from all four perspectives.
GDP and its Enemies: the Questionable Search for a Happiness Index by Johan N...thinkingeurope2011
This document summarizes and discusses different approaches to measuring societal well-being and progress beyond just economic metrics like GDP. It notes that alternatives proposed to GDP, like happiness indexes, are often constructed with a specific political agenda in mind and can be easily manipulated. The document argues that while GDP is a narrow measure, it is value-free and does not try to define well-being, fitting with a liberal pluralistic society. It also discusses the different historical traditions of individualist versus collectivist approaches to defining and pursuing societal happiness.
The document tests the Kuznets hypothesis that income inequality follows an inverted U-shape as income rises using data from Tsimane' Amerindian villages in Bolivia. It finds little evidence that market integration increases inequalities in income, rice production, or wealth for these relatively autonomous rural communities, except for a U-shaped relationship between rice production and inequality when using specific measures. The results suggest economic development may not necessarily worsen inequalities among such societies.
The document discusses socioeconomic changes in poor countries transitioning to emerging economies. It covers several topics, including poverty versus wealth, lack of benefits/income/work versus income distribution/labor training, and lack of infrastructure like water/sanitation versus interventions to improve quality of life. The goal is to analyze these issues through the lenses of history, political theory, and economics to develop policy mechanisms for advancing economies and reducing inequalities in developing nations.
This document provides an overview of various concepts related to economic development, including:
1) Definitions of economic growth and development, characteristics of developing countries, and theories of development such as modernization theory and dependency theory.
2) Core values and modern definitions of development according to thinkers like Sen, including concepts like capabilities and functioning.
3) Characteristics commonly found in developing countries like low incomes, populations, and industrialization.
4) Theories of economic growth and development including linear stages models, structural change models, and international dependence models.
This document discusses the concept of development in economics. It begins by noting that early economists like Petty took a broad view of development that included standards of living and people's well-being, not just economic growth. It then discusses how development economics was initially focused on increasing GDP and employment but that economic growth alone does not fully capture development. It provides an example comparing countries' GDP per capita and life expectancy to show the limitations of equating development with mere economic growth.
The document discusses four classic theories of economic development:
1) The linear-stages-of-growth model viewed development as a series of successive stages all countries must pass through, with the key being increasing investment and growth.
2) Structural-change theories focused on the internal process of changing economic structures as countries industrialize.
3) Dependence theories emphasized external and internal constraints like exploitation and unequal power relationships that hindered development.
4) Neoclassical theories emphasized the role of free markets and privatization in development and saw lack of development primarily as a result of too much government intervention.
Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Milton Friedman, and Paul Samuelson were famous economists.
Marx and Engels developed Marxist theory together, with Marx publishing influential works like The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital. Engels published The Condition of the Working Class in England and collaborated with Marx.
Friedman represented the Monetarist perspective and reinterpreted the consumption function in the 1950s. He argued against "naive Keynesian" theory.
Samuelson was considered one of the founders of neo-Keynesian economics. He helped develop neoclassical economics and explained Keynesian principles.
The document discusses four classic theories of economic development:
1) The linear-stages-of-growth model proposed by Walt Rostow which viewed development as a series of successive stages all countries must pass through.
2) Theories of structural change which focused on the internal process of structural transformation required for sustained economic growth.
3) Dependence theories which viewed underdevelopment as resulting from exploitative internal and external power structures and institutions.
4) Neoclassical theories which emphasized the role of free markets and viewed underdevelopment as stemming from excessive government intervention. Current approaches draw from all four perspectives.
GDP and its Enemies: the Questionable Search for a Happiness Index by Johan N...thinkingeurope2011
This document summarizes and discusses different approaches to measuring societal well-being and progress beyond just economic metrics like GDP. It notes that alternatives proposed to GDP, like happiness indexes, are often constructed with a specific political agenda in mind and can be easily manipulated. The document argues that while GDP is a narrow measure, it is value-free and does not try to define well-being, fitting with a liberal pluralistic society. It also discusses the different historical traditions of individualist versus collectivist approaches to defining and pursuing societal happiness.
The document tests the Kuznets hypothesis that income inequality follows an inverted U-shape as income rises using data from Tsimane' Amerindian villages in Bolivia. It finds little evidence that market integration increases inequalities in income, rice production, or wealth for these relatively autonomous rural communities, except for a U-shaped relationship between rice production and inequality when using specific measures. The results suggest economic development may not necessarily worsen inequalities among such societies.
5 - Demographic drivers, population structures and pension systems (2014) (ENG)InstitutoBBVAdePensiones
-Demographic Drivers and Population Outcomes
-Population Dynamics and Pension Systems
-The main implications of aging from below, above, and aside for pension systems
-The impact of return migration on pension systems
-The scope of demographic options to improve situation
-Pension Systems and Accounting Framework
-From flow to stocks in the assessment of pension systems
-Toward a full asset/liability approach
-lncluding the Taxation of Pensions into the Framework
The document summarizes World Systems Theory, which views international migration as a result of disruptions caused by the expansion of global capitalism. According to the theory, as capitalist firms penetrate peripheral regions seeking land, resources and labor, they undermine traditional social structures and create rootless populations prone to migration. International migration patterns are explained not by wage differences but by historical world-system dynamics like colonialism that create social and economic ties between countries. The theory divides the global economy into core, semi-peripheral and peripheral states and views migration as a natural outcome of the unequal development perpetuated by the capitalist world-system.
This document discusses income inequality, providing data and analysis on rising inequality levels, especially in developed countries like the US. It notes that while inequality is a natural feature of free markets, levels have increased substantially in recent decades. Data shows the top 1% in the US now earn a similar share of income as in the 1920s. For most Americans, incomes have stagnated or grown slowly compared to high earners. The document aims to explore investment implications of rising inequality through tools to help assess corporate strategies and socioeconomic impacts.
The theme we are dealing with in this article concerns economic planning, which is a very important issue for every society that wants to promote its economic and social development in an environment of high complexity and often chaotic changes, such as the one we live imposed by internal economic factors and also by external economic factors resulting from the country's participation in the global economy.
The document provides an introduction and executive summary of a briefing report on the new economics of sustainable development. It discusses:
1) The new economics movement aims to develop new ideas for organizing a sustainable economy in response to signs that continued industrial growth could lead to disaster. It brings a more radical perspective than mainstream views on sustainability.
2) The briefing aims to outline the background, principles, and key policy implications of the new economics, and their connection to sustainable development. It indicates their application to important policy fields and framework policies to promote sustainability.
3) Governments and agencies will face increasing pressure to align their policies with sustainability, through systemic and synergistic policies rather than fragmented approaches. As the new economics perspective
Piketty's book argues that inequality results from political decisions, not market forces. Investment in public education is key to reducing inequality. The interviewee discusses how Piketty's conclusions apply to Ecuador and Latin America. Specifically, historically wealth was transferred out of Latin America through colonialism, hindering development. Modernizing education systems and redistributing wealth through progressive taxation can help build more equitable societies in Ecuador.
Modernization theory views development as a progressive movement towards more modern societies characterized by industrialization, urbanization, and other social and economic changes associated with developed nations. It assumes countries are at different stages on a linear path that will ultimately lead to industrialized and ordered societies. However, modernization theory has been criticized for being overly simplistic and ethnocentric by ignoring local contexts, cultures, and the political and historical factors that influence development. It also fails to account for inequality and poverty that can persist despite economic growth. While initially optimistic, modernization theory's inability to adequately explain development outcomes led to the rise of dependency and neo-Marxist theories in the 1970s that offered alternative perspectives.
Definition of development & Underdevelopment
Theories of Development
a) Modernization theory
b) Dependency theory
c) Participation theory
d) Marxist thought of Development
Conclusion
References
Understanding the political economy of zimbabwe Simon Mulongo
This document provides background on the political economy of Zimbabwe before and during Robert Mugabe's government. It discusses Zimbabwe's strong economic growth after independence in 1980, followed by economic decline in the 1990s due to structural adjustment programs. Land reforms in the late 1990s aimed to redistribute white-owned land to black farmers but many lacked experience, resulting in collapsed food production, manufacturing, and high unemployment through 2009. The document examines political tensions between ZANU-PF and rivals driven by Mugabe's desire to maintain revolutionary spirit and regime survival, posing challenges for democracy and human rights.
Maniefsto: Xiulan Zhang - Reflections on Innovation, Sustainability and Devel...STEPS Centre
The STEPS Centre Symposium, 26 September 2009, focused on our Innovation, Sustainability, Development: A New Manifesto project. This presentation by Xiulan Zhang of Beijing Normal University, China, was one of those given at the event. For more information see: www.anewmanifesto.org
The document discusses several key concepts in classical economics:
1. Classical economics included a value theory and distribution theory where the value of a product depended on production costs. Distribution of income was explained by costs of production.
2. Under classical economics, a landlord received rent, workers received wages, and capitalist tenants received profits from their investments.
3. Adam Smith was a prominent figure in classical economics and argued that labor is the source of a country's wealth and wealth increases through division of labor and free competition.
4. Physiocrats believed that agriculture was the sole source of wealth for a nation. Rent, wages, and profits were seen as distributions of the agricultural surplus.
Innovation, Economic Diversification and Human DevelopmentiBoP Asia
This document discusses the relationship between innovation, economic diversification, and human development. It argues that while innovation and economic diversification are important drivers of economic growth, they do not necessarily lead to improved human welfare and well-being. The human development approach emphasizes expanding people's freedoms, opportunities, and choices in order to enhance their quality of life. Both industrial policy and human development policy are needed to promote types of economic diversification that support human capabilities and well-being. Understanding how variety, choice, and welfare co-evolve can help design better development policies.
The document summarizes Marx's theory that the rate of profit in capitalist systems will tend to fall over time due to factors like increased capital accumulation making it harder to obtain desired profit rates. This downward trend in profit rates is a threat to continued capitalist growth and accumulation. The document also discusses how capitalists have adopted measures like increased exploitation of labor and financialization to try to counteract and delay this falling profit rate tendency, but that these cannot prevent the eventual overthrow of the capitalist system due to factors like technological change eliminating jobs and the immense social costs.
This article aims to demonstrate the necessity and the possibility of building another world diametrically opposed to the current one that faces in the contemporary era with economic, social, environmental and international relations crises that makes it possible to avoid the occurrence of harmful consequences for the whole humanity.
This document provides an overview of modernization theory. It discusses:
1) The emergence of modernization theory in the late 1940s/1950s as a response to concerns about the spread of communism in developing countries. The theory promoted the adoption of Western capitalist and democratic models of development.
2) Modernization theory viewed developing countries as "traditionally" held back from development due to cultural barriers, and proposed they develop through industrialization and adopting Western values/institutions with assistance from Western countries.
3) Critics argue modernization theory promoted an overly simplistic view that did not account for diversity in development paths or historical/cultural contexts of different societies. The theory was also seen as ethn
A talk to a Probus Group (mostly retired professional and business people) by a retired academic political economist in Killearn, Scotland. Touches on the chronic crisis of orthodox economics and argues that the significance of pronouncements from its fundamentally flawed position should be downgraded. The 'economic case' for or against Scottish independence is referred to as a case in point.
1. Modernization theory proposed that societies progress through evolutionary stages from traditional to modern.
2. Theorists like Rostow described these stages as traditional society, preconditions for takeoff, takeoff, drive to maturity, and high mass consumption.
3. Modernization theory has been criticized for being overly simplistic, ethnocentric, and promoting Western capitalist values over traditional ones.
Concepts of structural change Lecture Universidad Computense Madrid 2019Stavros Mavroudeas
“Concepts of Structural Change: Mainstream, Heterodox and Marxist conceptions and the Greek crisis’ – S.Mavroudeas 24-4-2019 Universidad Computense de Madrid
Singapore has achieved great economic success but faces challenges in social protection and democratic development. While Singaporeans enjoy high incomes, rising inequality and lack of social welfare programs have exacerbated issues. Healthcare access depends highly on income and long-term care is lacking. Housing is unaffordable and was relied on for welfare instead of cash transfers. Education benefits the affluent more. To sustain success, Singapore must improve social protection through welfare programs and develop democracy to ensure policies stay responsive to citizens' needs. Economic growth also requires a skilled workforce, which social reforms could foster.
Macroeconomics is the branch of economics that deals with the structure, performance, behavior, and decision-making of the whole, or aggregate, economy. The two main areas of macroeconomic research are long-term economic growth and shorter-term business cycles.
The principles of morality and transparency in the third sector by Prof. Rui ...A. Rui Teixeira Santos
This document discusses the principles of morality and transparency in the third sector during times of economic and social crisis. It makes the following key points:
1) We are currently in a "critical period" where moral anxiety and defiance of authority are high, similar to periods in the past. This crisis is forcing reflection on good governance.
2) Responses from the third sector and social welfare state have often failed in the past and caused humanitarian disasters. Public intervention has also exacerbated current economic problems by increasing deficits.
3) The third sector is not a solution to all problems like underemployment. Its role is to ensure access to basic social rights and fight poverty where states cannot be efficient, through employment
This document discusses sustainable economic systems and provides context around stability and sustainability. It covers several key topics:
1. It discusses the need for more stability in economic systems to avoid large swings and volatility, as well as the importance of sustainability and responsible use of resources.
2. It analyzes different approaches to economic growth, including "roll-over growth" which can create instability, approaches that focus on continuing growth through technology, and those that advocate for amended growth metrics beyond just GDP.
3. It also discusses the failure of convergence between economic models and the need for pluralism, examining different varieties of capitalism systems and arguments against a one-size-fits-all model.
5 - Demographic drivers, population structures and pension systems (2014) (ENG)InstitutoBBVAdePensiones
-Demographic Drivers and Population Outcomes
-Population Dynamics and Pension Systems
-The main implications of aging from below, above, and aside for pension systems
-The impact of return migration on pension systems
-The scope of demographic options to improve situation
-Pension Systems and Accounting Framework
-From flow to stocks in the assessment of pension systems
-Toward a full asset/liability approach
-lncluding the Taxation of Pensions into the Framework
The document summarizes World Systems Theory, which views international migration as a result of disruptions caused by the expansion of global capitalism. According to the theory, as capitalist firms penetrate peripheral regions seeking land, resources and labor, they undermine traditional social structures and create rootless populations prone to migration. International migration patterns are explained not by wage differences but by historical world-system dynamics like colonialism that create social and economic ties between countries. The theory divides the global economy into core, semi-peripheral and peripheral states and views migration as a natural outcome of the unequal development perpetuated by the capitalist world-system.
This document discusses income inequality, providing data and analysis on rising inequality levels, especially in developed countries like the US. It notes that while inequality is a natural feature of free markets, levels have increased substantially in recent decades. Data shows the top 1% in the US now earn a similar share of income as in the 1920s. For most Americans, incomes have stagnated or grown slowly compared to high earners. The document aims to explore investment implications of rising inequality through tools to help assess corporate strategies and socioeconomic impacts.
The theme we are dealing with in this article concerns economic planning, which is a very important issue for every society that wants to promote its economic and social development in an environment of high complexity and often chaotic changes, such as the one we live imposed by internal economic factors and also by external economic factors resulting from the country's participation in the global economy.
The document provides an introduction and executive summary of a briefing report on the new economics of sustainable development. It discusses:
1) The new economics movement aims to develop new ideas for organizing a sustainable economy in response to signs that continued industrial growth could lead to disaster. It brings a more radical perspective than mainstream views on sustainability.
2) The briefing aims to outline the background, principles, and key policy implications of the new economics, and their connection to sustainable development. It indicates their application to important policy fields and framework policies to promote sustainability.
3) Governments and agencies will face increasing pressure to align their policies with sustainability, through systemic and synergistic policies rather than fragmented approaches. As the new economics perspective
Piketty's book argues that inequality results from political decisions, not market forces. Investment in public education is key to reducing inequality. The interviewee discusses how Piketty's conclusions apply to Ecuador and Latin America. Specifically, historically wealth was transferred out of Latin America through colonialism, hindering development. Modernizing education systems and redistributing wealth through progressive taxation can help build more equitable societies in Ecuador.
Modernization theory views development as a progressive movement towards more modern societies characterized by industrialization, urbanization, and other social and economic changes associated with developed nations. It assumes countries are at different stages on a linear path that will ultimately lead to industrialized and ordered societies. However, modernization theory has been criticized for being overly simplistic and ethnocentric by ignoring local contexts, cultures, and the political and historical factors that influence development. It also fails to account for inequality and poverty that can persist despite economic growth. While initially optimistic, modernization theory's inability to adequately explain development outcomes led to the rise of dependency and neo-Marxist theories in the 1970s that offered alternative perspectives.
Definition of development & Underdevelopment
Theories of Development
a) Modernization theory
b) Dependency theory
c) Participation theory
d) Marxist thought of Development
Conclusion
References
Understanding the political economy of zimbabwe Simon Mulongo
This document provides background on the political economy of Zimbabwe before and during Robert Mugabe's government. It discusses Zimbabwe's strong economic growth after independence in 1980, followed by economic decline in the 1990s due to structural adjustment programs. Land reforms in the late 1990s aimed to redistribute white-owned land to black farmers but many lacked experience, resulting in collapsed food production, manufacturing, and high unemployment through 2009. The document examines political tensions between ZANU-PF and rivals driven by Mugabe's desire to maintain revolutionary spirit and regime survival, posing challenges for democracy and human rights.
Maniefsto: Xiulan Zhang - Reflections on Innovation, Sustainability and Devel...STEPS Centre
The STEPS Centre Symposium, 26 September 2009, focused on our Innovation, Sustainability, Development: A New Manifesto project. This presentation by Xiulan Zhang of Beijing Normal University, China, was one of those given at the event. For more information see: www.anewmanifesto.org
The document discusses several key concepts in classical economics:
1. Classical economics included a value theory and distribution theory where the value of a product depended on production costs. Distribution of income was explained by costs of production.
2. Under classical economics, a landlord received rent, workers received wages, and capitalist tenants received profits from their investments.
3. Adam Smith was a prominent figure in classical economics and argued that labor is the source of a country's wealth and wealth increases through division of labor and free competition.
4. Physiocrats believed that agriculture was the sole source of wealth for a nation. Rent, wages, and profits were seen as distributions of the agricultural surplus.
Innovation, Economic Diversification and Human DevelopmentiBoP Asia
This document discusses the relationship between innovation, economic diversification, and human development. It argues that while innovation and economic diversification are important drivers of economic growth, they do not necessarily lead to improved human welfare and well-being. The human development approach emphasizes expanding people's freedoms, opportunities, and choices in order to enhance their quality of life. Both industrial policy and human development policy are needed to promote types of economic diversification that support human capabilities and well-being. Understanding how variety, choice, and welfare co-evolve can help design better development policies.
The document summarizes Marx's theory that the rate of profit in capitalist systems will tend to fall over time due to factors like increased capital accumulation making it harder to obtain desired profit rates. This downward trend in profit rates is a threat to continued capitalist growth and accumulation. The document also discusses how capitalists have adopted measures like increased exploitation of labor and financialization to try to counteract and delay this falling profit rate tendency, but that these cannot prevent the eventual overthrow of the capitalist system due to factors like technological change eliminating jobs and the immense social costs.
This article aims to demonstrate the necessity and the possibility of building another world diametrically opposed to the current one that faces in the contemporary era with economic, social, environmental and international relations crises that makes it possible to avoid the occurrence of harmful consequences for the whole humanity.
This document provides an overview of modernization theory. It discusses:
1) The emergence of modernization theory in the late 1940s/1950s as a response to concerns about the spread of communism in developing countries. The theory promoted the adoption of Western capitalist and democratic models of development.
2) Modernization theory viewed developing countries as "traditionally" held back from development due to cultural barriers, and proposed they develop through industrialization and adopting Western values/institutions with assistance from Western countries.
3) Critics argue modernization theory promoted an overly simplistic view that did not account for diversity in development paths or historical/cultural contexts of different societies. The theory was also seen as ethn
A talk to a Probus Group (mostly retired professional and business people) by a retired academic political economist in Killearn, Scotland. Touches on the chronic crisis of orthodox economics and argues that the significance of pronouncements from its fundamentally flawed position should be downgraded. The 'economic case' for or against Scottish independence is referred to as a case in point.
1. Modernization theory proposed that societies progress through evolutionary stages from traditional to modern.
2. Theorists like Rostow described these stages as traditional society, preconditions for takeoff, takeoff, drive to maturity, and high mass consumption.
3. Modernization theory has been criticized for being overly simplistic, ethnocentric, and promoting Western capitalist values over traditional ones.
Concepts of structural change Lecture Universidad Computense Madrid 2019Stavros Mavroudeas
“Concepts of Structural Change: Mainstream, Heterodox and Marxist conceptions and the Greek crisis’ – S.Mavroudeas 24-4-2019 Universidad Computense de Madrid
Singapore has achieved great economic success but faces challenges in social protection and democratic development. While Singaporeans enjoy high incomes, rising inequality and lack of social welfare programs have exacerbated issues. Healthcare access depends highly on income and long-term care is lacking. Housing is unaffordable and was relied on for welfare instead of cash transfers. Education benefits the affluent more. To sustain success, Singapore must improve social protection through welfare programs and develop democracy to ensure policies stay responsive to citizens' needs. Economic growth also requires a skilled workforce, which social reforms could foster.
Macroeconomics is the branch of economics that deals with the structure, performance, behavior, and decision-making of the whole, or aggregate, economy. The two main areas of macroeconomic research are long-term economic growth and shorter-term business cycles.
The principles of morality and transparency in the third sector by Prof. Rui ...A. Rui Teixeira Santos
This document discusses the principles of morality and transparency in the third sector during times of economic and social crisis. It makes the following key points:
1) We are currently in a "critical period" where moral anxiety and defiance of authority are high, similar to periods in the past. This crisis is forcing reflection on good governance.
2) Responses from the third sector and social welfare state have often failed in the past and caused humanitarian disasters. Public intervention has also exacerbated current economic problems by increasing deficits.
3) The third sector is not a solution to all problems like underemployment. Its role is to ensure access to basic social rights and fight poverty where states cannot be efficient, through employment
This document discusses sustainable economic systems and provides context around stability and sustainability. It covers several key topics:
1. It discusses the need for more stability in economic systems to avoid large swings and volatility, as well as the importance of sustainability and responsible use of resources.
2. It analyzes different approaches to economic growth, including "roll-over growth" which can create instability, approaches that focus on continuing growth through technology, and those that advocate for amended growth metrics beyond just GDP.
3. It also discusses the failure of convergence between economic models and the need for pluralism, examining different varieties of capitalism systems and arguments against a one-size-fits-all model.
The document summarizes a theory that revolutions are most likely to occur when a period of social and economic progress is followed by a short period of sharp reversal. This creates expectations of continued progress among the populace that are frustrated when conditions deteriorate. Three examples are discussed in more detail: Dorr's Rebellion in Rhode Island in 1842, the Russian Revolution of 1917, and the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. All are said to fit a pattern where a period of gains is followed by threats to those gains, fueling a revolutionary mood. The goal is to understand the conditions that lead to revolution or prevent its occurrence.
Project Proposal WBS and Project ScheduleOverviewIn the assi.docxsimonlbentley59018
Project Proposal: WBS and Project Schedule
Overview:
In the assignment due in Week 5, you defined key portions of your project. Now, it is time to develop a work breakdown structure (WBS) and project schedule for your project.
Note: Please use your project from the Week 5 assignment to complete this assignment.
For this assignment, you will create Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). To create your WBS, you may use MS Word, MS Excel, Visio, or any other visual format that allows for graphical elements to be included. (See Figure 4.4 from Chapter 4 of your Project Management: The Managerial Process textbook). Alternatively, you may use a coded format using MS Word. (See Exhibit 4.1 – Coding the WBS from Chapter 4 of your Project Management: The Managerial Process textbook as an example. The example is in MS Project format, but the same could be done in MS Excel).
Instructions
Each of the following should be included in your WBS submission:
1. Create a WBS which contains graphical elements of the project scope including project, major deliverables, and supporting deliverables. WBS should be easy to read and contain consistent formatting throughout.
2. Create a depiction of the project within the WBS.
· One Level 1 is provided describing the complete project.
· Three Level 2s are provided describing major deliverables.
· Three Level 3s are provided describing supporting deliverables.
· Two Level 4s providing the lowest manageable responsibility level.
3. For each of the identified deliverables (identified in the four levels from item #2), create a project schedule containing all activities from levels 1–4. Each activity should contain a start and end date and list resources required to complete the project.
4. Provide a minimum of three pieces of information that need to be communicated to stakeholders. For each of the three pieces—which creates an example of a project network— you should address who will be targeted; when they will receive the communication; what will be communicated; and how it will be communicated.
FIGURE 4.4 Work Breakdown Structure
Exhibit 4.1 Coding the WBS
image1.png
image2.png
2
The Five Stages of Growth
W. W. Rostow
Early research on economic underdevelopment suggested that the
problem was only short-term and that in the end all countries would
become rich. In this excerpt from W. W. Rostow's classic work. The
Stages of Economic Growth, Rostow outlines this optimistic scenario
by positing five stages of economic development all societies even¬
tually experience as they mature into industrialized developed coun¬
tries: tradition, the preconditions for takeoff, the takeoff, the drive to
maturity, and the age of high mass consumption. Although this
tremendously influential publication did not focus specifically on the
causes of the gaps, the author suggests the reason they arise and
their potential resolution. As a country moves out of the traditional
stage and prepares for economic ta.
This document discusses theories of economic development and their lifespan. It argues that the only fixed laws are the axioms of differentiation, integration, and transformation. Grand economic theories rarely last more than a few decades as they are influenced by technological and political changes. The document advocates for a qualitative, harmonious concept of development that meets social needs and achieves complementarity between social units, rather than purely quantitative production. True development requires international integration according to the principles of differentiation and complementarity. The recent global economic crisis supports the credibility of analyzing economic phenomena through the axioms of vital time and space.
This document discusses several key concepts in feminist economics, including:
- Economics is a social subject defined by interactions between people, not just technical expertise. Debates over economic issues are deeply political.
- Social reproduction, including the organization of caring labor and gender relations, is as fundamental to society as more traditional forms of production.
- Unpaid domestic and care work predominantly done by women frees up men's time and labor for control in the public sphere. Gendered moral codes reinforce women's responsibility for care work.
- Data collection often fails to fully account for the scope and nature of unpaid care work, especially childcare, obscuring its contribution and gendered dimensions.
This document provides an excerpt from an article by Stuart Hall titled "THE NEO-LIBERAL REVOLUTION". The excerpt discusses neo-liberalism as a long-term political and economic project that began in the 1970s in response to the post-war welfare state model. It outlines some of the key ideas behind neo-liberalism, including prioritizing free markets, private ownership, and limiting the role of the state. The excerpt also traces the historical and intellectual origins of neo-liberal thought back to 18th century liberal economic theories.
1. Grand economic theories rarely last more than a few decades as technologies and political contexts change. Communism and Keynesianism had relatively long runs of 70 and 45 years respectively due to force.
2. True development aims for compatibility and harmony within a social unit and with other units through specialized production. Weak units undermine integration and cause hardships for others.
3. Quantitative approaches to development focused solely on material production are misguided as they can lead to overproduction and crisis. Development requires qualitative, ethical objectives and complementarity between units.
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Politicians care very much about how the economy is performing. ...
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The principles of morality and transparency in the third sector by rui teixeira santos 2011 1-3
1. The Principles of Morality and Transparency in the Third
Sector
Rui
Teixeira
Santos1
We are in an especially dangerous period of the economic and social history of the
most developed countries, where economic and social adjustments are being made at
the same time as we define geostrategic rebalancing at a global level, which forces us
to a special reflection on the mechanisms of good government.
The social thinker of the nineteenth century Saint Simon divided history into organic
periods and critical periods, which followed from the beginning of the history
explaining the progress. The first corresponded to times of high moral profile and
respect for authority and the latter corresponded to periods of moral anxiety and
defiance of authority. We are clearly in a new "critical period" in the culture and
literature as already noticed in the 70s by Robert Nisbert2 in his critique of what
happened in universities and in Pop Art in the 60s, with regard to the nihilism and
emptiness of existentialism and mediocrity culture.
Also in the financial sector the entire mismatch to the order established by Bretton
Hoods enters this critical paradigm and the dysfunction itself, we also noticed today,
in the Third Sector's crisis, the search for new means of financing, but mainly the
search for trust and credibility.
There are lots of resources for the Third Sector in a practice that it is also marking the
new philanthropists of the BRICS.
The great philanthropists no longer leave their fortunes in will to build museums filled
with useless objects and of doubtful criterion. Today they give the illegitimate parts of
their wills to charitable and social causes or deliver them to the care of foundations or
NGOs dedicated to the human and scientific development.
It is in times of crisis - those critical periods - like this one that we make the choices
for the following years, but also create the great myths and great falsehoods that
further trigger new and bigger problems. The third sector is not the answer to
everything, nor was it the "good savage", in the ingenuity described by the
Rousseauvians, or the "young" with all the virtues and capacity for innovation and
access to new technologies that in the eighties had excluded the older from any useful
productive activity.
And above all, the solidarity sector or company with a social conscience implies trust
and must be under a media scandal that could demonstrate the ever-possible
misalignment of objectives in the joint action of some entity and thus affect all.
And it is not worth considering the moral superiority of the Third Sector by its
conscience and volunteering, because previous social responses proved to be false and
caused severe humanitarian disasters.
1
Prof.
Rui
Teixeira
Santos
is
the
Director
of
Escola
de
Administração
de
Lisboa,
Associate
Professor
of
the
Faculty
of
Law
of
Universidade
Lusófona,
Lisboa
and
Director
of
the
Master
in
Social
Administration,
ULHT.
2
Robert
Alexander
Nisbet
(September
30,
1913,
Los
Angeles
–
September
9,
1996,
Washington
D.C.)
was
a
conservative
American
sociologist,
professor
at
the
University
of
California,
Berkeley,
Vice-‐Chancellor
at
the
University
of
California,
Riverside
and
as
the
Albert
Schweitzer
Professor
at
Columbia
University.
2. This was the case of the socialist response unmasked by Ludwig von Mises long time
ago. The inevitable failure of the centralized government (planning) of the economy -
despite some technological achievements - cost millions of deaths in one of the
greatest crimes against humanity that a certain youth of the mid-twentieth century did
not want to see.
We realized with the crisis of 1929/1932 that the market has flaws and the Keynesians
believed that public initiative, albeit occasional, could be the answer 3, actually in the
same way as the economic advisers of Adolf Hitler.
We realized later in the 70s of the twentieth century, that Keynesianism was purely
and simply false and that it was possible to exist both recession and inflation -
whenever it had originated in the offer. Stagflation killed the interventionist dreams of
Keynesianism in the 70s in the same way that this crisis proves that there is a limit to
public investment through borrowing and that Keynes did not consider: the fact that
the creditors do not want to lend more money to a state already indebted.
We now see again as the public intervention during this crisis only increased the
public deficits and exacerbated the problem of the sustainability of the euro and the
dollar, making the financial and banking crisis in a sovereign debt crisis and
economic recession, increasing inequality and poverty.
The failure of the Social Welfare State in the seventies of the last century gave way
not only to Keynesian solutions, but also to realize that it is at the microeconomic
level that we can conduct a Schumpeterian creative revolution4. A true revolution that
represents in time and space a qualitative evolution that is not comparable and of a
different order from those that are observed in the daily economic life, which raises
new analytical problems, but points to the greater utility of knowledge of the
economic history and moral values in the face of economic models in the
understanding of what we now see.
The moral problem of monetarism is that everything that is not efficient must die and
thus we create an underemployment equilibrium 5, which requires social and political
responses.
3
J.
M.
Keynes,
Teoria
geral
do
emprego,
do
juro
e
da
Moeda,
Relógio
de
Agua,
Lisboa
2010
4
According
to
Schumpeter,
in
the
economy
of
the
'circular
flow',
the
economic
life
passes
monotonously,
each
good
produced
finds
its
market,
period
after
period.
This,
however,
does
not
mean
that
economic
growth
does
not
exist.
We
admit
productivity
increases
resulting
from
improvements
in
the
work
process
and
continuous
technological
changes
in
the
production
function.
However,
this
technological
base
is
already
known,
which
was
built
over
time
in
the
economy's
productive
matrix.
Economic
agents
cling
to
the
established
and
the
adjustments
to
the
changes
occur
in
familiar
surroundings
of
predictable
trajectory.
In
these
circumstances,
according
to
Schumpeter,
substantial
economic
changes
cannot
come
from
the
circular
flow,
because
the
reproduction
of
the
system
is
linked
to
business
made
in
previous
periods.
The
question
for
Schumpeter
is
that
the
transformative
innovations
cannot
be
predicted
ex
ante.
However,
these
types
of
innovations
that
originate
in
the
system
itself,
when
introduced
in
the
economic
activity,
produce
changes
that
are
qualitatively
different
from
everyday
changes,
leading
to
the
disruption
of
the
balance
achieved
in
the
circular
flow.
Thus,
the
economic
evolution
is
characterized
by
ruptures
and
discontinuities
with
the
present
situation
and
is
due
to
the
introduction
of
novelties
in
the
way
the
system
works.
(http://www.ihu.unisinos.br/uploads/publicacoes/edicoes/1158329722.22pdf.pdf,
p.
4.
Accessed
on
15
August
de
2011)
5
Underemployment
Equilibrium
Mean
a
condition
where
underemployment
in
an
economy
is
persistently
above
the
norm
and
has
entered
an
equilibrium
state.
This,
in
turn,
is
a
result
of
the
unemployment
rate
being
consistently
above
the
natural
rate
of
unemployment
or
non-‐accelerating
inflation
rate
of
unemployment
(NAIRU)
due
to
sustained
economic
weakness.
Underemployment
in
an
economy
implies
that
workers
have
to
settle
for
jobs
that
require
less
skill
than
they
possess,
or
that
offer
lower
wages
or
fewer
hours
than
they
would
like.
The
degree
of
underemployment
is
dictated
by
the
strength
(or
lack
thereof)
of
the
job
market,
and
tends
to
rise
when
the
economy
and
employment
are
weak.
Advocates
of
Keynesian
economics
suggest
that
a
solution
to
an
underemployment
equilibrium
state
is
through
deficit
spending
and
monetary
policy
to
stimulate
the
3. The State is not the answer to underemployment and there are political limits to
structural reforms and further consolidation. To intend to adopt the model of Chinese
business in Europe to prevent the relocation of a company, as it is already starting to
happen in Italy or in Galicia, in the fashion sector6, puts at risk the legal framework of
labor and the tax models that support the post-welfare state welfare state - that many
still advocate in Europe – but it opens the way for what I have called the Guarantee
Social State or Guarantee State7, in which the economic model is more liberal and less
regulated, while the State, which is no longer producer and dealer, is committed to its
essential economic function of fighting poverty, guaranteeing everyone access to
basic social rights.
The problem is that before this underemployment and especially in the face of
unequal situations in the market - which hampers competition - society's response was
sometimes the one from the Social and Solidarity Sector, to secure employment or
even to respond to solidarity imperatives that States cannot perform efficiently. And
this is the Third Sector we are now talking about with its centrality in man8.
The great moral advantage of capitalism is that all economic players are on an equal
footing, so there is the possibility of competition in the price formation. Somehow the
balance of the market has the moral premise of equality and freedom of the economic
players.
But when the State tries to intervene, unbalancing the market or correcting its faults,
what always happens is that it improves the condition of the wealthier, increasing
poverty and it becomes indebted, it increases taxes and causes unequal competition in
fundraising. But above all, as we explained in our communication of last year in
Barcelona, at the Workshop of the International Year for Combating Poverty9, it
increases poverty and misaligns the initial objectives of its intervention due to the lack
of transparency and probity.
On the other hand, the lack of market economy and so many times of minimum
conditions of competition, safety or stability 10, a situation which is far more obvious
now in the economic crisis in the developed world, because of the lack of certain
production factors (including capital or legal reinforcement of work contract), creates
not only opportunities but demands to solidarity economy as the only possible
response. For example, in supporting the elderly or in combating exclusion and
poverty, where the SSPI are the best and sometimes the only stable solution in many
markets where the market economy is unable to survive and for example where
volunteering is necessary.
And now if the Solidarity Economy gains a new dimension in the crisis - while it is
also in crisis because of the reduction of its financial resources – it is important to pay
greater attention to the mechanisms of formation of the solidarity decision and its
good government.
Why?
economy.
(http://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/underemployment-‐equilibrium.asp#ixzz1V6oQVr89,
accessed
on
15
August
2011)
6
It
may
be
the
case
of
the
alleged
slavery
in
a
factory
working
for
Zara
in
Brazil
is
just
that:
the
prevalence
of
the
Chinese
model,
in
the
case
with
Pakistani
manpower
installed
in
S.
Paulo,
Brazil.
7
September
2009,
Post
Graduation
Public
Administration
and
Economic
Public
Law,
ULHT,
Lisboa.
8
"Economy
does
not
just
work
as
a
commercial
self-‐regulation,
but
requires
an
ethical
reason
to
work
for
man”
(Benedict
XVI,
Madrid,
18
August
2011,
in
the
World
Youth
Conference)
or
Pope
John
Paul
II,
quoted
by
Pope
Benedict
XIV:
"Man
must
be
the
centre
of
economy”.
9
Santos,
Rui
Teixeira,
Poverty
and
Corruption,
Barcelona
2010
10
As
it
also
happens
in
Africa,
where
there
is
no
market
due
to
the
lack
of
competitive
conditions,
where
the
response
of
the
social
economy
may
be
the
only
possible
response,
in
particular
by
seeking
to
obtain
results
without
the
requirement
of
efficiency
or
profit,
as
in
the
capitalist
economy
or
market
economy.
4. - Due to a question of trust without which the sector does not have the resources. And
here it is important to strengthen the behavioral mechanisms so that the social and
solidarity ethics is not just a vague principle without content.
The Solidarity Economy does not have the natural controls of capitalism - where no
single company controls the price - or the regulatory mechanisms to correct market
failures. And so, today more than ever, it is important to take on ethical imperatives in
the social administration.
We are in the year zero of Solidarity Ethics the same way we had to go through the
neo-monetarist sweep of the eighties of the last century to introduce in the university
first cycle in Management the course " Ethics in Business " and realize that there are
political and social values besides the economic efficiency and that these values imply
a cost of inefficiency in the economy, either in taxes or in natural unemployment, but
they meet the higher economic goal of the State to combat poverty and inequality that
is, they perform the purpose of the "common good".
But above all, in the social response to the development of the poorest regions of the
planet, as an economic sector that adapts to the lack of competitive market, through
the participatory and egalitarian government between the members and that can
replace profit by the most efficient achievement of the social purpose that is intended,
therefore addressing failures of the Welfare State or, failing that, responding to the
failures of the society itself in terms of growth and human development, the Social
and Solidarity Sector must abide its performance by the rules and values, which stem
from the nature of the social and solidarity intervention, but also from the law and
public order. It is the old quarrel of positivism.
The philosophical question is not new: when Antigone defies King Creon, her uncle,
to go and bury her brother, she knew that she was challenging the law, but that would
honor the son of her mother and her family name. It was the Natural Law prior to the
Positive Law itself.
Thus we have a moral imperative of transparency resulting from the Law and Public
Order and, on the other hand, a requirement of the very nature of things and that in the
current economic and financial framework is an assumption of the Third Sector
(pragmatism).
The content of the principle implies that the social agent and the institution of the
Third Sector as a human being or a legal person respectively, endowed with the legal
capacity to act, must necessarily distinguish Good from Evil, the honest from the
dishonest.
And when acting, they cannot disregard the ethical element in their behavior. So not
only they will have to decide between legal and illegal, just and unjust, profitable and
not profitable, sustainable and unsustainable, inefficient and efficient, convenient and
inconvenient, opportune and inopportune, but also between honest and dishonest.
Due to considerations of law and morality, the actions of the solidarity sector will not
only have to obey the law but also the ethics of the institution itself, because not
everything that is legal is honest, as the Romans said - non omne quod licet honestum
est. The common morality is imposed on man for his outward conduct; the moral
solidarity is imposed on the agent of the Third Sector and its institutions for its
internal conduct, as required by each institution and the purpose of its action: the
common good.
Let us start by the law.
First, we must establish the autonomy itself of the sector: the Third Sector is the one
that is not public and it not private, in the conventional sense of those expressions; but
keeps a relationship with both; in that it derives its own identity from the combination
5. between the latter’s method and the former’s purpose. That is, the Third Sector is
composed of organizations of "private" nature (without the goal of profit) dedicated to
achieving social or public purposes, although not a member of the government (Public
administration). From the legal point of view, we have not chosen the thesis of a third
law that is not justified here either by the definition of Social Law as a law with
scientific autonomy alongside the classic divisions between public and private. The
Social Law with autonomy, undoubtedly assumed, for example, in Portugal or in
Brazil since the end of the last century, but learning from the constitutional
recognition of self-management, co-management and cooperative and social law,
concepts that we get from the utopian socialism and the Catholic Church's social
doctrine that assumes them since the nineteenth century, does not mean it has an
autonomous body of distinctive principles of Public Law and Private but we believe
that with regard to the purposes the principles of Public Law apply and that for the
internal organization additionally predominate the principles of Private Law.
Secondly, there are general principles of law applicable to all the families of Public
Law and Private Law.
In the economy of our communication it is important to note that they are namely in
any State principles of Economic Public Law applicable to any of the economic
sectors that coexist in a legal system, the Principle of Legality and Social Equality.
The principles of Legality and Social Equality include the Principle of Social
Morality. There are even constitutional laws, like the German 11 or the Brazilian 12
that expressly include the very Principle of Morality for the Public Administration as
an autonomous principle of constitutional law at the head of the conception of state
law. And in this way the Principle of Morality cannot be absent from the regulatory
right of the social economy, a fortiori, by the Economic Public Law.
As a principle of the Economic Public Law, the Principle of Morality is present in
the regulatory law as a general principle of law and in particular in the Regulatory
Law of the Social and Solidarity Sector, as expressly happens with the recent Spanish
legislation of the sector as the one that is being prepared in Portugal.
On the other hand, the very idea of the third sector or solidarity sector often implies in
the face of the creativity of private solutions, the absence of the regulator and the
market with its limits, implying therefore a greater demand for public accountability,
common sense in resource management and above all a clear moral distinction
between good and evil as necessary limit.
They are located in the Third Sector, private organizations with public objectives,
occupying an intermediate position, enabling them to provide services of social
interest without the limitations of the State, not always preventable, and the ambitions
of the market, often unacceptable13. And in this aspect, the Social Law cannot be
11
The
German
Basic
Law
(Federal
Constitution)
is
the
legal
and
political
basis
of
the
Federal
Republic
of
Germany.
After
being
approved
by
the
Parliamentary
Council,
the
Basic
Law
came
into
force
on
23
May,
1949.
It
was
designed
originally
as
a
temporary
solution
until
a
single
Constitution
for
all
of
Germany
was
prepared.
When
the
German
Democratic
Republic
(GDR)
became
part
of
the
area
of
validity
of
the
Basic
Law
on
3
October
1990,
this
became
the
Constitution
of
all
Germany.
It
establishes
expressed
rules
of
equal
treatment
of
citizens
by
the
Public
Administration
in
Art.
33
°,
and
the
responsibility
of
workers
is
provided
for
in
Art.
34
º.
12
The
principle
of
morality,
with
the
advent
of
the
Constitutional
Charter
of
1988
ascended
for
the
first
time
in
our
positive
law
to
a
constitutional
principle,
under
Article
37,
caput,
which
establishes
guidelines
for
the
public
administration.
Also
Article
5,
paragraph
LXXIII
of
the
Federal
Constitution
provides
for
the
possibility
of
annulment
of
acts
that
may
harm
the
administrative
morality.
13Maria
das
Graças
Rodrigues
de
Paula,
TERCEIRO
SETOR:
AS
FUNDAÇÕES
EDUCACIONAIS
COMO
SECTOR
SOLIDÁRIO,
Econ.
Pesqui.,
Araçatuba,
v.S,
n.S,
p107-‐127,
ago.
2006
6. restrictive in the sense that the only thing that is allowed is what is not forbidden, but
is based on the creativity and innovation in the social sector. In its origin there is the
principle enshrined in our Constitutional Law of the Free Initiative of the Private
Sector and the Solidarity Sector14.
In general since the end of the last century that the tax reforms have opened
possibilities for the third sector to build from their own initiatives and taking into
account their diversity, more agile efficient and creative mechanisms for obtaining
funding (public and private social funds, for example).
If the third sector remained always dependent only on the State (it would be what we
call the Fourth Sector that fulfills public functions or provides public goods, with
public resources and private management) it would never acquire the political
majority recognized by the constitutional legitimacy in the nineteenth century. And
therefore, it could never fulfill its strategic or ideological role of space for the
emergence of social control mechanisms of the State and social orientation of the
market.
In addition to the tax reforms in some states and the construction of a new financing
system for the third sector, there will be, for example in Portugal, people who think
about the change of the regime of the work contract obligations and mainly the
payments for the Social Security.
These civil society organizations are not companies and they cannot be treated as
such, especially in less developed countries, since international donors do not
recognize such obligations and are unwilling to afford them.
But in all these cases we create special rights, exceptions that involve a clear
accountability and public scrutiny of the destiny of resources and above all - what has
been worrying us lately - the criteria for measuring the efficiency of the sector.
We all know stories of NGOs or even Cooperatives and Foundations whose
misappropriation of funds and the lack of transparency in the procurement of supplies
and social services of third parties or the nepotism in hiring or appointing leaders
affect competition and damage the image of the Third Sector.
The Principle of Social Morality expressed or not expressed in the architecture of
Constitutional Law of any State shapes the entire solidarity economic activity,
including the Principle of Fairness - that is the principle of ensuring transparency of
actions and activities of the social economy institutions.
In Portugal this principle is guaranteed by the jurisdictional tutelage of the Court of
Auditors concerning the legality, purpose and efficiency of public resources given to
the Third Sector, and the Penal Code through the criminalization of immoral and
illegal acts such as economic participation in business, crimes against property (such
http://www.feata.edu.br/downloads/revistas/economiaepesquisa/v8_artigo07_terceiro.pdf
(accessed
on
15
August
2011)
14In
Portuguese
law,
Private
and
Cooperative
initiative
includes
the
right
to
create
companies
(having
as
its
basic
content
the
fundamental
right
to
property),
while
self-‐management
is
fundamentally
a
management
(not
ownership)
right.
On
the
other
hand:
The
private
initiative
may
be
excluded
from
certain
basic
sectors
(Article
86.,
Paragraph
3
of
the
CRP),
the
Cooperative
has
a
general
scope,
although
it
can
legally
be
limited,
and
the
Self-‐managed
only
exists
in
the
situations
described
in
the
law,
i.e.,
it
is
subject
to
law.
It
is
important
to
mention
that
as
all
these
rights
are
guaranteed,
while
negative
rights
or
defense
rights,
they
are
of
a
similar
nature
to
the
DLG
and
because
of
that,
they
benefit
from
the
mentioned
scheme,
under
Art.
17.
º.
It
follows
that
CRP
considers
the
Private
and
Social
Economic
Initiative
as
a
Fundamental
Right
and
not
as
a
mere
objective
principle
of
the
economic
organization
(No.
1).
7. as theft, robbery, extortion, damage, etc.) crimes against the Public Administration or
against the Public Finances, etc..
Most legal frameworks must proceed to the criminalization of the corruption in the
Third Sector organizations, particularly the Cooperative and foundations sector and
obviously the NGOs where cases of illicit enrichment are often well known and even
cause social alarm.
We should note that, for example, in the Portuguese legal framework, which
incorporates all the recommendations of GRECO / OECD, there is only a crime in the
active and passive corruption in the Public Administration, in private or in
international organizations and in sports, and as it is a principle of Criminal Law, the
absence of analogy, one cannot extend the crime to the Social Sector.
The architecture of a strong protection of honesty and integrity in social
administration will only be guaranteed if we proceed with, besides the criminalization
of corruption, the criminalization of illicit enrichment, which can have civil
consequences, but incomprehensibly, not in Portugal, Spain or Brazil has criminal
consequences regarding the guarantee of transparency in the social sector we are still
very backward concerning the Public Administration and the Private Sector, or even
international organizations.
Therefore, I propose to legislate to:
a) The criminalization of active and passive corruption and embezzlement in a
Third Sector entity or by agent or officer of the Third Sector;
b) Obligation to publish on the official website of the entity the budgets of the
revenues and expenditure of the Social Sector entities duly approved before
the start of the fiscal year; The budgets should include the economic
classification of the revenues and the functional economic and organizational
classification of the expenses and must be approved by the assembly of
cooperative members or by the General Council of the solidarity organization
or its trustees in the case of a Foundation.
c) Obligation to publish the profit and loss account and the balance sheet and
social balance on the official online site of the entity until the third month of
the year following the fiscal year, including the following elements:
a) Total number of people supported or cases of intervention (with
characterization)
b) Total number of paid workers (number of people or full-time equivalent)
c) Total number of volunteer workers (number of workers and its full-time
equivalent)
d) Total value of remunerations distributed
e) Total values of other operating expenses
f) Total economic value of volunteer work
g) Total value of gross operating surplus
h) Total gross value added
i) Structure of income
a. Sales of goods and services
b. Contributions of members
c. Donations and patronage
d. Public financing
d) Strengthening of the supervision of revenue and expenditure in the Social
Sector, including the requirement of certification of accounts by Chartered
Accountants or Chartered Auditors. In the case of very small organizations or
those that are civil or even informal companies the supervision actions should
8. be self-regulating and aim at the good practices and improvement of
management instead of punishment.
e) All organizations should justify in an online report all the expenses made and
to be made in the previous year before approving the new budget for the
following year.
f) All the Social Sector entities should be identified in a national record
published online and all the fund-raising operations should be registered,
whenever possible with the issuance of invoice.
g) To identify in the same public record all public donations and all the donations
registered with tax purposes (patronage and other tax benefits) by companies
or individuals.
h) The same for all public-social partnerships, in particular in the areas of health,
education, sports, child support and social solidarity.
i) Identification in a central online record of the employees of one or more
organizations of the Third Sector and that are thereby paid by one or more
solidarity entity.
j) Code of conduct or law of incompatibilities that expressly prohibits that those
who collaborate in the solidarity sector cannot be at the same time an officer
or director in private companies or Public Direct, Indirect or Independent
Administration bodies that compete or relate directly or indirectly in the
economic and social sector in which the solidarity entity acts.
k) The creation of the obligation of all board members and directors of solidarity
entities to publish in the solidarity entity’s official website their assets and
their tax return every year. (Some people advocate the accountability at the
end of the mandates, but that is close to the legal concept of Intrusion that
existed in the Philippine Ordinations and that was terminated by modern law
l) The monitoring and study of new forms of social intervention whenever there
is public funding in the Solidarity Sector and in public-social partnerships,
namely the new corporate forms of public foundations with private social
revenue (and with the corresponding administrative and financial autonomy),
the private foundations with the appointment of public managers, public and
municipal cooperatives etc. (These institutions came to greatly extend the
dependence of the Social Sector on political clienteles and they are creating a
true promiscuity between the political agents and the traditional social agents).
m) The obligation of public tenders - with early publication of the contract and
following the requirements of public procurement - to contract in the social
sector above a certain amount, the direct adjudication must be justified, with
publication of the adjudication and the justification in the official website of
the social entity, under penalty of nullity.
n) Create a self-regulatory entity of the Third Sector to monitor the application of
good practices and good governance and monitor the efficiency of the various
entities of the Third Sector through, for example, a barometer of the
management efficiency of the Third Sector and a rating of the effectiveness of
the Social Economy entities that allow donors to have a quick and certified
assessment / information of the entities to which they will make funds
available. (And right information in real time is essential to the trust that the
sector needs to maintain its ability to finance with private funds).
o) Establishment of a Code of Social Practice with the good practices of the
sector and that includes the requirement for a complaints book.
All this has to be done - obviously without involving bureaucracy or unnecessary
9. complexity the public controllers like so much - under penalty of the sector losing its
credibility and Social Economy is just a propaganda tool and not a trust certificate.
But also for reasons of pragmatism and sustainability: without this the Solidarity
Sector will fall into discredit that characterizes nowadays the State or the Banking
sector.
Lisbon, 18 August 2011
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