Abstract: This study established that the International Public Official (IPO) exists as a result of international agreements between sovereign states. Secondly, IPOs function exclusively in the interest of the international community, which comes about as a result of such agreements. Thirdly, IPOs do not belong to the administrative system of any state and have a special status.
THE CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONSpaperpublications3
ย
Abstract: The study looked at the creation of International Governmental Institutions (IGIs) with emphasis on the international cooperation; the development of IGIs, the development of the position of the international public official, how International Public Officials differ from National Public Officials, and how they conduct international public administration. This study concluded with giving the reader the importance of International Public Administration.
THE UNITED NATIONS SECRETARIAT AND THE SECRETARY-GENERALpaperpublications3
ย
Abstract: The study sought to understand the structure of the United Nations Secretariat and its Secretaries-General who have worked for this body since inception in 1945. The United Nations was formed after the League of Nations failed in its activities after World War II. The Secretariat of the UN is an international body that assembles personnel from various parts of the world whose duty it is to perform a considerable mass of work. These international staff works at Headquarters in New York, at the UN office in Geneva, at its complex in Vienna, in Nairobi, and in other international centers around the World.
Abstract: The aim of the study was to understand how the United Nations (UN) functions and how the UN constitutes membership. It also delved into. The study provided a background to the establishment of the United Nations, its Charter and its purposes. Literature review included books on the UN System and its specialized agencies. It concluded with the structural organization of the UN and its Secretariat.
This document discusses global governance and the role of the United Nations. It defines global governance as the sum of laws, norms, policies and institutions that define, constitute and mediate trans-border relations without a world government. The United Nations plays an essential role in global governance by managing knowledge, developing norms through conferences, formulating recommendations by convening groups, and institutionalizing ideas through its organizations that work on solutions. Significant international treaties that shape global governance include the UN Charter (1945), GATT (1947), Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979), Kyoto Protocol (2005), and Rome Statute (1988).
The document outlines 4 actions the UN Secretary General should take to strengthen the UN:
1. Reform the veto power of the Security Council's permanent members to make it more democratic.
2. Reform the operations of UN bodies like the General Assembly to make them more effective and representative.
3. Focus on conflict prevention rather than just resolution through political engagement and negotiation support.
4. Improve communication with the public, especially youth, to build support for issues like sustainable development and pressure governments to commit to global goals.
The document discusses reforms needed for the United Nations. It suggests allowing Germany and Japan to join the UN Security Council as permanent members to make decisions more efficient. It also recommends imposing new rules around the use of vetoes, punishing countries that violate UN resolutions, and increasing oversight of vetoes. The document argues that these reforms would help the UN regain legitimacy and respect.
The document discusses the history and types of international organizations. It describes how the first international organization was the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine established in 1815 after the Congress of Vienna. The two main types of international organizations are international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and inter-governmental organizations (IGOs) composed of sovereign states. Some key organizations mentioned include the League of Nations formed after WWI, the United Nations formed after WWII, and the European Union.
The United Nations Secretariat is led by the Secretary-General and carries out the day-to-day work of the UN. It services the principal organs of the UN and implements their programs and policies. The Secretariat has over 43,000 staff members worldwide. As international civil servants, UN staff take an oath to be impartial and only take direction from the UN. The Secretary-General is appointed by the UN General Assembly for a five-year renewable term, on the recommendation of the Security Council. The Secretary-General oversees the Secretariat and represents the UN on global issues.
THE CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONSpaperpublications3
ย
Abstract: The study looked at the creation of International Governmental Institutions (IGIs) with emphasis on the international cooperation; the development of IGIs, the development of the position of the international public official, how International Public Officials differ from National Public Officials, and how they conduct international public administration. This study concluded with giving the reader the importance of International Public Administration.
THE UNITED NATIONS SECRETARIAT AND THE SECRETARY-GENERALpaperpublications3
ย
Abstract: The study sought to understand the structure of the United Nations Secretariat and its Secretaries-General who have worked for this body since inception in 1945. The United Nations was formed after the League of Nations failed in its activities after World War II. The Secretariat of the UN is an international body that assembles personnel from various parts of the world whose duty it is to perform a considerable mass of work. These international staff works at Headquarters in New York, at the UN office in Geneva, at its complex in Vienna, in Nairobi, and in other international centers around the World.
Abstract: The aim of the study was to understand how the United Nations (UN) functions and how the UN constitutes membership. It also delved into. The study provided a background to the establishment of the United Nations, its Charter and its purposes. Literature review included books on the UN System and its specialized agencies. It concluded with the structural organization of the UN and its Secretariat.
This document discusses global governance and the role of the United Nations. It defines global governance as the sum of laws, norms, policies and institutions that define, constitute and mediate trans-border relations without a world government. The United Nations plays an essential role in global governance by managing knowledge, developing norms through conferences, formulating recommendations by convening groups, and institutionalizing ideas through its organizations that work on solutions. Significant international treaties that shape global governance include the UN Charter (1945), GATT (1947), Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979), Kyoto Protocol (2005), and Rome Statute (1988).
The document outlines 4 actions the UN Secretary General should take to strengthen the UN:
1. Reform the veto power of the Security Council's permanent members to make it more democratic.
2. Reform the operations of UN bodies like the General Assembly to make them more effective and representative.
3. Focus on conflict prevention rather than just resolution through political engagement and negotiation support.
4. Improve communication with the public, especially youth, to build support for issues like sustainable development and pressure governments to commit to global goals.
The document discusses reforms needed for the United Nations. It suggests allowing Germany and Japan to join the UN Security Council as permanent members to make decisions more efficient. It also recommends imposing new rules around the use of vetoes, punishing countries that violate UN resolutions, and increasing oversight of vetoes. The document argues that these reforms would help the UN regain legitimacy and respect.
The document discusses the history and types of international organizations. It describes how the first international organization was the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine established in 1815 after the Congress of Vienna. The two main types of international organizations are international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and inter-governmental organizations (IGOs) composed of sovereign states. Some key organizations mentioned include the League of Nations formed after WWI, the United Nations formed after WWII, and the European Union.
The United Nations Secretariat is led by the Secretary-General and carries out the day-to-day work of the UN. It services the principal organs of the UN and implements their programs and policies. The Secretariat has over 43,000 staff members worldwide. As international civil servants, UN staff take an oath to be impartial and only take direction from the UN. The Secretary-General is appointed by the UN General Assembly for a five-year renewable term, on the recommendation of the Security Council. The Secretary-General oversees the Secretariat and represents the UN on global issues.
Seminar with Christopher Michaelsen, Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sidney, Australia - See more at: http://www.iai.it/en/eventi/role-non-permanent-members-united-nations-security-council
The document summarizes the history and structure of the United Nations. It describes how the UN was formed after World War II to replace the failed League of Nations. It outlines the six main organs of the UN including the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice, and Secretariat. It also lists several UN agencies and specialized agencies, and provides brief descriptions of some of the largest ones like WHO, UNICEF, FAO, UNESCO, World Bank, and others.
The document discusses demands that would be made of the United Nations Secretary General regarding reform of the UN Security Council (UNSC). The key demands are: 1) Initiate long-delayed UNSC reform within a fixed timeframe; 2) Reform the UNSC veto power to prevent self-interests from blocking important resolutions; 3) Expand the permanent membership of the UNSC to better reflect the current geopolitical situation and include emerging economies such as India, Japan, Germany, Brazil and African nations. The UNSC is criticized as an outdated body that has failed to effectively address recent crises and threats to global peace and security. Reform is urgently needed to strengthen the UNSC's legitimacy and capacity to fulfill its vital purpose of maintaining
This document discusses international organizations and their role in globalization. It describes two main types of international organizations - governmental and non-governmental. Governmental organizations are established through international agreements between states and have states as members, while non-governmental organizations have natural or legal persons as members. The United Nations is provided as a key example of a global governmental organization, established in 1945 with goals of maintaining peace and security between nations. It discusses the UN's main bodies of the General Assembly and Security Council. The document also notes the increasing role of international organizations in managing challenges of globalization and ongoing discussions around reforming organizations like the UN to adapt to the current globalized world.
This document discusses various nonstate actors and their role in global governance. It covers intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), indigenous groups, religious movements, multinational corporations, transnational networks, and other nonstate actors. The number of IGOs and NGOs has grown significantly over time. Major IGOs discussed include the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, European Union, and various regional organizations. NGOs allow individuals to participate globally and often work with IGOs. Religious movements and indigenous groups can also impact global affairs.
The document is the Preamble to the Charter of the United Nations, which was signed on June 26, 1945 by 51 countries. It establishes the purposes and principles of the United Nations, which are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation in solving economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems, and promote respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It resolves to combine efforts to accomplish these aims of the United Nations and its member states.
The United Nations was created in 1945 to promote international cooperation and prevent another world war. It is based on principles of state sovereignty and addressing international issues. The UN has expanded its focus over time from security to include economic development, human rights, and humanitarian issues. It has six main organs that work on international peace and security, development, and justice. The UN has played a key role in decolonization and peacekeeping operations around the world.
The document discusses the history and types of international organizations. It describes how the first international organization was the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine established in 1815 after the Congress of Vienna. The two main types of international organizations are international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and inter-governmental organizations (IGOs) composed of sovereign states. Some key organizations mentioned include the League of Nations formed after WWI, the United Nations formed after WWII, and the European Union.
This presentation talks about the introduction, scope, benefits, types and a lot more about International Organisation.
Hope you like the ppt.Good Luck :)
*content referred from another source*
This document discusses the challenges of conducting organization development projects within United Nations organizations. [1] It introduces the concept of "porous boundaries", where ill-defined structures and political interference from multiple external and internal stakeholders make boundaries between the organization and outside actors permeable and unstable. [2] This challenges change efforts by creating an environment with shifting goals and resources. The document argues OD consultants must understand and adjust to this political context in order to limit resistance to change initiatives from phenomena like porous boundaries. [3] Effective strategies include matching one's approach to the traditional, hierarchical culture of UN agencies and engaging proactively with the inherent power dynamics.
This an introduction to International Organization
Note: It doesn't contain all the organization name. I am going to enhance this pdf in future and update here as well. Any new information can be added in comment
India's attempt for permanent member of the un security councilCol Mukteshwar Prasad
ย
A number of nations have made cases to become permanent members. Japan and Germany were losing powers after World War II, but are now two of the largest economies in the world, and the two largest financial contributors to the UN after the United States. Germany has a powerful position in the EU, and Japan has the support of much of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands in its bid, through lobbying via financial aid.
However, India probably has the strongest case for becoming a permanent member:
โข It's the world's largest democracy with a population that will eventually eclipse that of China.
โข It's part of an otherwise underrepresented region, with large unrepresented religions (Hinduism and Islam).
โข It's a large financial contributor, and a major contributor of UN Peacekeeping troops.
โข It frequently serves as a non-permanent (rotational) member, and usually wins the votes of almost all member states in its bids for non-permanent positions.
โข It has the backing of some major players (France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States--or President Obama, anyway), a number of European, Asian, and Latin American nations, and the African Union.
โข It's relatively trusted by the Muslim states, and the Security Council could probably use someone other than China that can negotiate in the Middle East.
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization with 193 member states. It was established in 1945 to replace the League of Nations and maintain peace and security between countries. The UN aims to promote cooperation in areas like international law, human rights, economic development, and social progress. It has six main organs that carry out its functions: the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, International Court of Justice, Secretariat, and Trusteeship Council (now suspended). The UN works to prevent wars, protect human rights, and provide humanitarian aid worldwide.
Globalization is the process by which ideas, knowledge, information, goods, and services spread around the world through integrated economies marked by free trade and movement of capital and labor. The document discusses the three main components of economic globalization: production, finance, and markets. It also examines cultural globalization through the globalization of food, sport, and converging consumption patterns. Political globalization is discussed through examples like the European Union and NATO, which establish international norms and ease movement and trade but can also decrease accountability. The global economy refers to interconnected worldwide economic activities between countries that can have positive or negative impacts, and emerging markets are important for long-term world economic outlook and microeconomic importance.
Here is another creative presentation by your slide maker on the topic โAGENCIES OF UNO (UNITED NATION ORGANISATION". Hope you like it. If you like it then please, *like*, *Download* and *Share*.ย By- Slide_maker4u (Abhishek Sharma)ย *******For presentation Orders, contact me on the Email addresses Written below********ย Email- Sharmaabhishek576@gmail.com
ย orย Sharmacomputers87@gmail.comย
*******THANK YOU***************ย
The document discusses the history and structure of the United Nations and proposals for reforming the UN. It notes that the UN was established in 1945 after World War II to prevent international conflicts and facilitate cooperation. It describes the main UN organs like the General Assembly and Security Council. The Security Council is criticized for not being representative of the current geopolitical landscape. The document advocates for expanding the permanent and non-permanent members of the Security Council to include more developing countries like India. It also discusses the Millennium Development Goals and the Peacebuilding Commission as reforms aimed at making the UN more effective and representative.
The document discusses the United Nations (UN) and its various organs. It provides background on the origin of the UN following World War II when major powers came together to solve peace issues. The objectives of the UN are maintaining international peace and security as well as fostering social and economic development. The key organs discussed are the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Secretariat, Trusteeship Council, and International Court of Justice. The roles and membership of these organs are described. The document also outlines some of the achievements of the UN but notes failures to intervene in humanitarian crises due to veto powers and political issues.
The UN was established in 1945 to maintain international peace and security after World War II. It currently has 192 member states. The UN aims to solve global problems and promote human rights through various programs and 16 peacekeeping missions worldwide involving 114,000 people. However, the UN failed to intervene quickly to stop the Bosnian genocide in the 1990s, where over 100,000 Bosnian Muslims were killed by Bosnian Serb forces with backing from Yugoslavia. This showed limitations in the UN's ability to quickly authorize interventions to stop human rights crises and genocide.
International organization presenttionkhalilmuneer
ย
This document discusses types of international organizations and provides examples of each. It outlines two main types: 1) International Non-Governmental Organizations like the Red Cross which operate independently of governments, and 2) International Governmental Organizations like the UN and EU which are composed of sovereign states working cooperatively. The document then provides more details on the European Union, outlining its history, structure, aims and current issues.
The United Nations was created in 1945 to replace the ineffective League of Nations and prevent another world war. It was founded by 51 member states and has since grown to 193 members. The UN has six main organs that carry out its goals of maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, and providing humanitarian aid worldwide. While the UN has had some successes, its mission was complicated during the Cold War and it has faced criticisms of ineffectiveness in response to certain conflicts. However, the UN continues to address global issues and crises.
THE NATURE OF THE POSITION OF THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC OFFICIALpaperpublications3
ย
Abstract: The study addressed the following: โWhat is the nature of the post of the international public official at the UN Secretariat and what practical actions could be taken at institutional level to promote the qualities required of them as well as alleviating the problems encountered by them?โBecoming an international public official has its own challenges. People become uprooted from their home environment, lose contact with the mainstream of their professions and get out of touch with reality of their countries. Their children may encounter difficulties in their studies and often become expatriates. Some international public officials lose the professional qualifications required for an outside job when they want to change careers, when they stay for many years at the Secretariat. They become trapped in and subservient to their superiors.
This document discusses international migration trends and provides definitions and frameworks from various international organizations. It begins by defining key terms like migrant, migrant worker, and related rights as outlined by the United Nations and International Labour Organization. It then summarizes the UN Convention on the Protection of Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, including its scope and establishment of minimum standards. Finally, it discusses rationales for migration like pull factors drawing migrants to new countries and push factors compelling migration from home countries, as well as effects on both sending and receiving countries.
Seminar with Christopher Michaelsen, Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sidney, Australia - See more at: http://www.iai.it/en/eventi/role-non-permanent-members-united-nations-security-council
The document summarizes the history and structure of the United Nations. It describes how the UN was formed after World War II to replace the failed League of Nations. It outlines the six main organs of the UN including the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice, and Secretariat. It also lists several UN agencies and specialized agencies, and provides brief descriptions of some of the largest ones like WHO, UNICEF, FAO, UNESCO, World Bank, and others.
The document discusses demands that would be made of the United Nations Secretary General regarding reform of the UN Security Council (UNSC). The key demands are: 1) Initiate long-delayed UNSC reform within a fixed timeframe; 2) Reform the UNSC veto power to prevent self-interests from blocking important resolutions; 3) Expand the permanent membership of the UNSC to better reflect the current geopolitical situation and include emerging economies such as India, Japan, Germany, Brazil and African nations. The UNSC is criticized as an outdated body that has failed to effectively address recent crises and threats to global peace and security. Reform is urgently needed to strengthen the UNSC's legitimacy and capacity to fulfill its vital purpose of maintaining
This document discusses international organizations and their role in globalization. It describes two main types of international organizations - governmental and non-governmental. Governmental organizations are established through international agreements between states and have states as members, while non-governmental organizations have natural or legal persons as members. The United Nations is provided as a key example of a global governmental organization, established in 1945 with goals of maintaining peace and security between nations. It discusses the UN's main bodies of the General Assembly and Security Council. The document also notes the increasing role of international organizations in managing challenges of globalization and ongoing discussions around reforming organizations like the UN to adapt to the current globalized world.
This document discusses various nonstate actors and their role in global governance. It covers intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), indigenous groups, religious movements, multinational corporations, transnational networks, and other nonstate actors. The number of IGOs and NGOs has grown significantly over time. Major IGOs discussed include the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, European Union, and various regional organizations. NGOs allow individuals to participate globally and often work with IGOs. Religious movements and indigenous groups can also impact global affairs.
The document is the Preamble to the Charter of the United Nations, which was signed on June 26, 1945 by 51 countries. It establishes the purposes and principles of the United Nations, which are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation in solving economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems, and promote respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It resolves to combine efforts to accomplish these aims of the United Nations and its member states.
The United Nations was created in 1945 to promote international cooperation and prevent another world war. It is based on principles of state sovereignty and addressing international issues. The UN has expanded its focus over time from security to include economic development, human rights, and humanitarian issues. It has six main organs that work on international peace and security, development, and justice. The UN has played a key role in decolonization and peacekeeping operations around the world.
The document discusses the history and types of international organizations. It describes how the first international organization was the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine established in 1815 after the Congress of Vienna. The two main types of international organizations are international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and inter-governmental organizations (IGOs) composed of sovereign states. Some key organizations mentioned include the League of Nations formed after WWI, the United Nations formed after WWII, and the European Union.
This presentation talks about the introduction, scope, benefits, types and a lot more about International Organisation.
Hope you like the ppt.Good Luck :)
*content referred from another source*
This document discusses the challenges of conducting organization development projects within United Nations organizations. [1] It introduces the concept of "porous boundaries", where ill-defined structures and political interference from multiple external and internal stakeholders make boundaries between the organization and outside actors permeable and unstable. [2] This challenges change efforts by creating an environment with shifting goals and resources. The document argues OD consultants must understand and adjust to this political context in order to limit resistance to change initiatives from phenomena like porous boundaries. [3] Effective strategies include matching one's approach to the traditional, hierarchical culture of UN agencies and engaging proactively with the inherent power dynamics.
This an introduction to International Organization
Note: It doesn't contain all the organization name. I am going to enhance this pdf in future and update here as well. Any new information can be added in comment
India's attempt for permanent member of the un security councilCol Mukteshwar Prasad
ย
A number of nations have made cases to become permanent members. Japan and Germany were losing powers after World War II, but are now two of the largest economies in the world, and the two largest financial contributors to the UN after the United States. Germany has a powerful position in the EU, and Japan has the support of much of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands in its bid, through lobbying via financial aid.
However, India probably has the strongest case for becoming a permanent member:
โข It's the world's largest democracy with a population that will eventually eclipse that of China.
โข It's part of an otherwise underrepresented region, with large unrepresented religions (Hinduism and Islam).
โข It's a large financial contributor, and a major contributor of UN Peacekeeping troops.
โข It frequently serves as a non-permanent (rotational) member, and usually wins the votes of almost all member states in its bids for non-permanent positions.
โข It has the backing of some major players (France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States--or President Obama, anyway), a number of European, Asian, and Latin American nations, and the African Union.
โข It's relatively trusted by the Muslim states, and the Security Council could probably use someone other than China that can negotiate in the Middle East.
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization with 193 member states. It was established in 1945 to replace the League of Nations and maintain peace and security between countries. The UN aims to promote cooperation in areas like international law, human rights, economic development, and social progress. It has six main organs that carry out its functions: the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, International Court of Justice, Secretariat, and Trusteeship Council (now suspended). The UN works to prevent wars, protect human rights, and provide humanitarian aid worldwide.
Globalization is the process by which ideas, knowledge, information, goods, and services spread around the world through integrated economies marked by free trade and movement of capital and labor. The document discusses the three main components of economic globalization: production, finance, and markets. It also examines cultural globalization through the globalization of food, sport, and converging consumption patterns. Political globalization is discussed through examples like the European Union and NATO, which establish international norms and ease movement and trade but can also decrease accountability. The global economy refers to interconnected worldwide economic activities between countries that can have positive or negative impacts, and emerging markets are important for long-term world economic outlook and microeconomic importance.
Here is another creative presentation by your slide maker on the topic โAGENCIES OF UNO (UNITED NATION ORGANISATION". Hope you like it. If you like it then please, *like*, *Download* and *Share*.ย By- Slide_maker4u (Abhishek Sharma)ย *******For presentation Orders, contact me on the Email addresses Written below********ย Email- Sharmaabhishek576@gmail.com
ย orย Sharmacomputers87@gmail.comย
*******THANK YOU***************ย
The document discusses the history and structure of the United Nations and proposals for reforming the UN. It notes that the UN was established in 1945 after World War II to prevent international conflicts and facilitate cooperation. It describes the main UN organs like the General Assembly and Security Council. The Security Council is criticized for not being representative of the current geopolitical landscape. The document advocates for expanding the permanent and non-permanent members of the Security Council to include more developing countries like India. It also discusses the Millennium Development Goals and the Peacebuilding Commission as reforms aimed at making the UN more effective and representative.
The document discusses the United Nations (UN) and its various organs. It provides background on the origin of the UN following World War II when major powers came together to solve peace issues. The objectives of the UN are maintaining international peace and security as well as fostering social and economic development. The key organs discussed are the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Secretariat, Trusteeship Council, and International Court of Justice. The roles and membership of these organs are described. The document also outlines some of the achievements of the UN but notes failures to intervene in humanitarian crises due to veto powers and political issues.
The UN was established in 1945 to maintain international peace and security after World War II. It currently has 192 member states. The UN aims to solve global problems and promote human rights through various programs and 16 peacekeeping missions worldwide involving 114,000 people. However, the UN failed to intervene quickly to stop the Bosnian genocide in the 1990s, where over 100,000 Bosnian Muslims were killed by Bosnian Serb forces with backing from Yugoslavia. This showed limitations in the UN's ability to quickly authorize interventions to stop human rights crises and genocide.
International organization presenttionkhalilmuneer
ย
This document discusses types of international organizations and provides examples of each. It outlines two main types: 1) International Non-Governmental Organizations like the Red Cross which operate independently of governments, and 2) International Governmental Organizations like the UN and EU which are composed of sovereign states working cooperatively. The document then provides more details on the European Union, outlining its history, structure, aims and current issues.
The United Nations was created in 1945 to replace the ineffective League of Nations and prevent another world war. It was founded by 51 member states and has since grown to 193 members. The UN has six main organs that carry out its goals of maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, and providing humanitarian aid worldwide. While the UN has had some successes, its mission was complicated during the Cold War and it has faced criticisms of ineffectiveness in response to certain conflicts. However, the UN continues to address global issues and crises.
THE NATURE OF THE POSITION OF THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC OFFICIALpaperpublications3
ย
Abstract: The study addressed the following: โWhat is the nature of the post of the international public official at the UN Secretariat and what practical actions could be taken at institutional level to promote the qualities required of them as well as alleviating the problems encountered by them?โBecoming an international public official has its own challenges. People become uprooted from their home environment, lose contact with the mainstream of their professions and get out of touch with reality of their countries. Their children may encounter difficulties in their studies and often become expatriates. Some international public officials lose the professional qualifications required for an outside job when they want to change careers, when they stay for many years at the Secretariat. They become trapped in and subservient to their superiors.
This document discusses international migration trends and provides definitions and frameworks from various international organizations. It begins by defining key terms like migrant, migrant worker, and related rights as outlined by the United Nations and International Labour Organization. It then summarizes the UN Convention on the Protection of Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, including its scope and establishment of minimum standards. Finally, it discusses rationales for migration like pull factors drawing migrants to new countries and push factors compelling migration from home countries, as well as effects on both sending and receiving countries.
Each response 250 wordsResponse 1ย I noticed two important t.docxjoellemurphey
ย
Each response 250 words
Response 1:ย
I noticed two important themes in this weeksโ readings. ย First, the lack of consensus for defining international organizations (IOs) (Duffield 2007, Iriye 2004). ย This falls in line with my undergraduate Homeland Security studies and the lack of consencus for defining domestic terrorism. How can we really talk about something if we donโt agree on the basics? ย Reprocussions are readily visible thorughout โsocietyโ. ย Second, though not a recurring theme in our literature but to our current state of national politics is, โthe international relations literature remains unnecessarily balkanized as adherents of different conceptions talk past one another, when they attempt to communicate at allโ (Duffield 2007). ย So, scholars do not agree on definitions nor, as is suggested, will they listen to various points of view (ibid). ย Iโm not sure which is more disconcerting. ย
I do like Iriyeโs (2004) differentiation of the two types of IOs, one formed by states, such and the UN, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). ย I see them both as gap-fillers (much like the third theme running through our readingโฆgaps in literature). ย NGOโs such as Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) (BRAC 2020, CHAI 2019) play such a large, global humanitarian role in health care, sexual violence, access to medical care, ect. ย The World Bank (1995) clearly stated their importance when defining NGOs stating, โprivate organizations that pursue activities to relieve suffering, promote the interests of the poor, protect the environment, provide basic social services or undertake community developmentโ. ย Mondal, Chowdhury and Basu concluded NGOs have faster reponse times due to less bureaucracy (2015). ย US disaster response is built on an escalting scale beginning with local response then escalating upward when resources are depleted or overwhelmed (FEMA 2011). ย Sometimes communication between agencies is disrupted, procedures unclear or not clearly communicated (Cole and Fellows 2008). ย The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), synonymous in the western world with relief through pop culture reference in movies (care packages provided to POWs), as well as disaster relief drives, is not an NGO (ICRC n.d). ย It functions independently from government based on its mandate and legal status. ย
I believe NGOs such as the ones previously listed are most crucial international politics for one reason; suffering should have nothing to do with politics. ย Whether it is a earthquake in Iran, a Hurricane in Puerto Rico, a cyclone in Bangledash, or famine in multiple African countries (Oxfam 2020), governments have limitations in funding, organization, and training. ย Chandra and Acosta note the importance of NGOs in disaster recovery but also note limitations such as lack of coordination with governemnt agencies (2009). ย As previously stated, NGOs are gap fillers mean to augment response or fill a.
Global governance and united nations pptkiara668633
ย
The document discusses the United Nations and global governance. It begins by defining global governance and identifying sources of global governance, including formal agreements and organizations. It then focuses on international organizations (IOs), describing their powers to classify meanings, diffuse norms, and promote standards, with examples like the UNHCR defining refugees. A key section examines the United Nations, its organs like the General Assembly and Security Council, and challenges it faces in issues like security due to veto powers.
The KCLMUN Blue Book has been written as an intensive guide for beginners to MUN. Although it provides a good preparation for participating in any university-level MUN conference, it is designed to support the Society's weekly training sessions. Much of the MUN experience can only be understood when experienced at firsthand. Join your KCLMUN and experience it for yourself.
The document discusses the role and functions of the United Nations in global governance. It outlines the history and establishment of the UN after World War II to promote peace and international cooperation. It describes the main organs of the UN including the General Assembly, Security Council, and various economic and social bodies. The document also examines the Millennium Development Goals agreed upon by UN members and progress toward these. Finally, it discusses the challenges of globalization and interdependence for countries and the UN's role in promoting policy coherence and building institutional capacity to respond to issues that transcend national borders.
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THE ORIGIN OF THE POST OF THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC OFFICIAL
1. ISSN 2349-7831
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Vol. 3, Issue 1, pp: (93-99), Month: January - March 2016, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
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THE ORIGIN OF THE POST OF THE
INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC OFFICIAL
1
Selina Vukinu Ambe, 2
Prof. C.J. Auriacombe, 3
Prof. F.H. Smith
1, 2, 3
University of South Africa
Abstract: This study established that the International Public Official (IPO) exists as a result of international
agreements between sovereign states. Secondly, IPOs function exclusively in the interest of the international
community, which comes about as a result of such agreements. Thirdly, IPOs do not belong to the administrative
system of any state and have a special status.
Keywords: International Public Official, the role and functions of the IPO.
1. INTRODUCTION
This Article reviews the variables that influence the milieu of the international civil service (ICS). The Article explains
the concept of an โinternational public officialโ. It also describes the origin, development, nature of the international
public official (IPO), and how this post evolved. The differences that exist between an IPO and a national public official
are explained. Finally, the role and functions that are performed by this official are also discussed. The IPOs discussed in
this Article relate to those that were engaged by the League of Nations at its inception and the United Nations (UN).
2. THE CONCEPT OF AN INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC OFFICIAL
IPOs are those employees who are employed in an international civil capacity (Ademoleku 1999).[1]. They could also be
described as officials appointed by the international community based on an international treaty and are under its control
to exercise various functions continuously in the interest of the international community (Kruger 1982).[2].
The establishment of the League of Nations and the UN and hence international public administration created demand for
personnel who were recruited internationally and these officials were called โinternational public officialsโ. The
international system was an organized whole in a dynamic interaction. The main units of an international system were the
sovereign and independent states (Olatunde et al. 1985).[3] International public administration comprised activities of
groups of states that were directed at the implementation of policies that affected other states or institutions in the
international political system. IPOs in the international system had and still have, diverse historical, cultural and social
backgrounds. Therefore, no IPO could expect only gains for his/her own position. He/she had to recognize that in the
international system, there are gains and losses to be experienced, compromises to be reached, and conflicts and threats to
be faced (Olatunde 1985).[4] The concept of a true IPO who had his/her primary responsibility to the institution rather
than to his/her national government came into play with the establishment of the League of Nations in 1919, with the
experience and far-sightedness of Eric Drummond who was the then Secretary-General of the League of Nations (Bennett
1995).[5].
Since the days at the birth of the League of Nations in 1919 to-date, there has been a growing number of men and women
from a longer and longer list of independent nations being appointed for service in international governmental institutions
(IGIs) (Macy 1970:258). An IPO must be able to detach from narrow national or special interest allegiance and must
accept the idea of working for all member countries and peoples in the interest of the global community and collective
goals. IPOs are those people who cannot find jobs in their home countries and they turn to international institutions.
Some of these officials take up international jobs to get away from problems at home, for example marital or political
problems (Balk 1970).[6]
2. ISSN 2349-7831
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Vol. 3, Issue 1, pp: (93-99), Month: January - March 2016, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
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IPOs are recruited from all countries of the international system to perform duties in the different IGIs, and these include
the UN and its specialized agencies, the Commonwealth, the African Union (AU), and the European Union (EU). There
are many other IGIs all over the world and it is not possible to mention all of them here. Despite some possible
differences in the types of duties performed in any given secretariat, certain common duties may be identified. Hence, the
author will be discussing the UN Secretariat in Chapter Three in order to give some understanding of the conditions of
service of IPOs and the work they carry out. Other IPOs include those employed by regional institutions such as the
African Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (Kruger 1982).[7]. As regards temporary employees
who are given contracts ranging from one to two years, they cannot achieve the same degree of loyalty to the institution to
which they are briefly assigned.
There are various types of IPOs, namely those who serve their home countries as diplomats or are on secondment to
international institutions, or international public officials who, through their own initiative, have been employed by these
institutions and can be put on a continuous employment until they retire, or they can be asked to sign a contract with the
international institution for an agreed number of years which could be renewed at the end of term or terminated depending
on prevailing circumstances. There are also those IPOs who work on a voluntary basis. These would mainly be found in
the humanitarian arena like the Red Cross and also the United Nations Volunteer Services. Advertisements are placed in
international and local newspapers to recruit qualified people. These positions are based on values of free will,
commitment, and solidarity. Areas of engagement include disaster management, peace building/conflict resolution and
HIV/AIDS (United Nations: The Daily Nation Newspaper, June 4, 2004). Volunteers do not receive a salary. Instead,
they receive a minimum volunteer living allowance plus insurance benefit. Within the UN, in addition to the normal
administrative staff, economists and other professionals, there is the peace keeping force which is composed of a military
component consisting of a commander and a number of contingents provided by selected member states of the UN upon
the request of the Secretary-General and the civilian component which consists of civilian administrative staff which is
provided by the Secretary-General from among existing UN staff (United Nations 1990).[8]. Then there is the transient
IPO who, apart from operating at headquarters, travels on missions to member countries for either technical support or
meetings. There are also those IPOs who come into the institution as a result of secondment whereby an official is posted
by his government to an IGI for a specified period under defined terms and conditions with the expectation that at the end
of that period, he/she will return to the service of origin (Tessitore et al. 1991).[9]. Apart from facing challenges, IPOs
enjoy certain privileges and immunities specified in their contracts. The Secretary-General and Assistant Secretaries-
General and their families are accorded full diplomatic privileges and immunities (Bennett 1995).[10].
Different IGIs have different names for the head of the Secretariat. At the UN headquarters, the head is called the
Secretary-General. Other UN agencies have different names for those individuals at the top of the hierarchy. For
instance, the World Bank has a President as its head and the International Monetary Fund has a Managing Director. The
International Prisoners Relief Organization, another IGI, has a Director-General at its helm.
3. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE POST OF THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC
OFFICIAL
After the First World War in1919, the world needed an institution that could police it and maintain law and order. The
League of Nations was created to meet this need (Olatunde 1985). [11].At the same time, the revolutionary concept of an
international civil service came to be accepted (Mailick 1970).[12]. This brought the notion of recruiting international
public officials that bore loyalty to the institution, rather than to their original home country (Archer 1992).[13].
The origin of ICS can be traced back to the deliberations during the first session of the General Assembly of the League of
Nations on 17 December 1920. Considering the state of the world at that time, and the objectives of the League of
Nations, the Assembly unanimously voted for the establishment of an international bureaucracy and the appointment of
staff. Article 6.1 of the League Covenant called for the establishment of a permanent secretariat at the seat of the League
in Geneva. The Secretary-General, Sir Eric Drummond, who was responsible for organizing the Secretariat was instructed
by the Organizing Committee to begin recruiting staff for the Secretariat. The Secretary-General defended the
introduction of the British secretariat system into the League of Nations in 1924. He pointed out that international
conferences sometimes failed because of a lack of organized preparations. It was in this field that it was felt that a new
3. ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Vol. 3, Issue 1, pp: (93-99), Month: January - March 2016, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 95
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system was required to allow the League of Nations to function in such a way that it could serve its purpose. It was
argued that it would be useful if an expert and impartial organ was to be established, which, prior to the discussion of a
matter by national representatives, could compile objective declarations on the problems that had to be discussed and
could also indicate points on which governments seemed to disagree. In addition, it was maintained that the
implementation of decisions had to be entrusted to people who served the members of the League of Nations, and who
could be trusted to implement such decisions entirely independently of national interests. Drummond was a competent
administrator and someone of unimpeachable integrity. These qualities coupled with his experience in the British civil
service of impartial service, made him a successful administrator and his idea was accepted and he established the first
truly international public service (Kruger 1993).[14].
The secretariat was to comprise a Secretary-General and such secretaries and staff as were required. A commission was
set up to study and make recommendations to the League of Nations on matters relating to the recruitment and
remuneration of the staff (Udom 2003:4). It was at the birth of the League of Nations that the framework for the modern
ICS was initiated (Udom 2003).[15]. The League of Nations had a small number of staff members who were drawn
mainly from the Western European countries as opposed to the secretariats of the IGIs today that truly represent the
geographical distribution of the member nations themselves (Mailick 1970).[16]. The League of Nations Secretariat had a
staff not exceeding 706 in the years before 1939. With the Second World War and the establishment of the UN and its
agencies, the numbers of IPOs increased enormously and the increase has continued as larger and wider responsibilities
have been placed upon the UN. However, there was the danger of seconded civil servants for a one- or two-year term, as
these types of IPOs could not achieve the same degree of loyalty to the institution to which they were briefly assigned.
This was because their loyalty lay with the national governments (Bennett 1995).[17]. The solution was to establish a
secretariat that was truly international in composition (Bennett 1995).[18]. The development of an ICS, independent of
the influence of member states, was therefore the answer to the problem of divided loyalties. However, this was not
possible because interferences cropped in as senior members of the League of Nations Secretariat were political
appointees. To complicate matters even more, these officials were responsible to their respective foreign offices and not to
the Secretary-General (Rovine 1970).[19].
The first generation of ICS, which never exceeded 3,000 members and established in two cities, namely Geneva and The
Hague, carried out the collective will of about 50-member states (Lengyel 1992).[20]. Soon after the establishment of the
League of Nations, a committee chaired by a French diplomat by the name of Georges Noblemaire met in 1921 to set the
salaries of the staff of the League of Nations. Officials were recruited internationally and were subject to common rules
and pay scales according to the Noblemaire formula of tax-free salaries adjusted to the highest prevailing national civil
service levels, which were based on those of Britain at the time, plus a margin for expatriation. It was believed that the
salaries paid to the employees of the League of Nations were too high and the Noblemaire committee was under
considerable pressure to reduce the salary scales. However, the committee maintained its position that the League of
Nations must be able to recruit from the civil service of all its members and thus, it was imperative that the salaries be
pegged to the highest paid civil service. The Noblemaire formula as applied by the League of Nations, consisted of three
distinct elements, namely the civil service salary scales of the best-paying country; the difference between the level of the
cost of living in the best-paying country and the headquarters of the League of Nations; and the expatriation factor
(FICSA/C/57/PSA/4 Geneva, 9 January 2004). [21].
The tasks entrusted to the first-generation ICS concerned peacekeeping, arbitration, and conflict resolution. In essence, the
primary objective was to make the world a better place for humanity. Principally, this meant working with member states
to prevent wars and to carry out humanitarian activities wherever these were needed. To carry out this global mandate
meant that an international civil service had to be created and IPOs had to be recruited (Udom 2003).[22]. This generation
of ICS functioned for 18 years until 1939 when the Second-World war broke up, ending in 1945.
After a break of about five years at the end of the Second-World War, the second-generation IPOs began to be recruited
from 1945 to serve the UN and its specialized agencies, with the object of mounting a full-scale attack on all the major
problems confronting humanity. Though it was to staff the scattered institutions established according to functional
principles, the ICS in the UN family was only partly conceived as a closed career system, and partly to include experts on
short-term assignments. It was to respect national quotas of officials, reflecting the financial contributions of member
states.
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The second-generation ICS that was employed by the UN and its agencies inherited much from its predecessor, including
the Noblemaire formula, to govern remuneration. The ICS has graduated from being a somewhat hastily assembled set of
states to a coherent body of 180 member states today (Lengyel 1992).[23]. Officials recruited serve both at headquarters
and in the field. Today there are an estimated 100,000 IPOs of whom 60 percent are employed by the 17 specialized
agencies of the UN (Lengyel 1992).[24]. The other 40 percent serve limited-membership IGIs such as the European
Community, the Arab League, the African Unity, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries. The omnipresence of the UN and the multifaceted activities in all countries of the world would not
have been possible without the men and women who have willingly agreed to relocate themselves to foreign countries in
the service of IGIs (Udom 2003).[25]
4. THE ROLE AND FUNCTIONS OF AN INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC OFFICIAL
The first section in this segment gives a structural functional analysis of the Secretary-General of the United Nations as an
IPO and section two deals with IPOs of other IGIs.
4.1 The role and functions of the Secretary General of the United Nations as an IPO:
The role of the Secretary-General has expanded beyond the intentions of the architects of the Charter in response to
demands that have come about through broad interpretation of the general and specific terms of the Charter, through the
delegation of responsibilities by the Security Council and the General Assembly (Bennett 1995).[26]. The Secretary-
General intercedes between the political and administrative arenas and exercises his leadership skills in both sectors.
The major functions of the Secretary-General include being the Chief Administrative Officer of the UN, to act as
Secretary to all the major delegate bodies of the UN, to perform functions assigned to him by the General Assembly and
the three Councils, namely the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, and the Trusteeship Council. The
Secretary-General also prepares annual reports and submits them to the General Assembly on the work of the UN. He
brings to the attention of the Security Council any matter that threatens international peace and security (Bennett
1995).[27]. He acts as Secretary to the principal organs of the UN. In addition, the Secretary-General functions as an
elected political official. The political nature of his post derives from the way in which he is appointed.
The Secretary-General bears personal responsibility for his actions and also bears responsibility for the work of his
subordinates (Barros 1972).[28]. The Secretary-General is responsible for the work of the Secretariat and for the decisions
that activate the Secretariat. Although the staff of the UN Secretariat and the Secretary-General are interdependent in their
functions, the Secretary-Generalโs position and responsibilities are, in many ways, unique, and he is assigned a central
role as the Chief Administrative Officer and leader of the institution (Bennett 1995).[29]. The Secretary-General
maintains a staff of personal advisors and assistants.
4.2 The Administrative role of the Secretary-General:
The Secretary-Generalโs strategic position at the intersection of the political and administrative sectors of the institution
provides him with opportunities for offering initiative and leadership in both sectors. He appoints the Secretariat staff
under regulations established by the General Assembly. Apart from appointing heads of department on a representative
basis and handling short-term contracts for some employees, the Secretary-General oversees the internal institution of the
Secretariat so as to establish an institutional structure. He appoints Secretariat personnel and is the primary source of plans
for restructuring the administrative framework, a process that improves the administrative effectiveness and efficiency.
The Secretary-General and the other Executive Heads are responsible on a daily basis for the recruitment, induction
training and subsequent further training, task-assignment, performance review, promotion, and all other aspects of the
composition and productive management of the ICS. The Secretary-General inspires his staff by his leadership and by
seeking their support in their common efforts. He performs most of his administrative duties through delegation (United
Nations 2000).[30].
The function of the Secretary-General as provider of conference facilities has roots in the ad hoc diplomatic conferences
that were so common in the nineteenth century (Barros 1972).[31]. He maintains contact with governments and their
delegates at the UN. He has an independent communication system including all forms of communication, namely e-
mail, telex, cable, telephone, and fax and he has an extended documentation system.
5. ISSN 2349-7831
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In preparing the budget, the Secretary-General is addressing both political and administrative implications of the
document. The Secretary-General has a free hand in budgetary matters. His proposals are subject to review by the
General Assembly through the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions and the Fifth Committee
(Auriacombe et al. 2000).[32].
4.3 The Political Arena of the Secretary-General:
The most significant and controversial extension of the Secretary-Generalโs power has been in the political arena (Bennett
1995).[33]. Politically, the Secretary-General speaks for the collective interest of the UN as a whole. This provision is
made in Article 98 of the Charter that the Secretary-General shall perform such other functions as are entrusted to him by
the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, and the Trusteeship Council. He also
brings to the attention of the Security Council any matters, which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of
international peace and security (Bennett 1995).[34].
In three main ways, the Secretary-General becomes an actor in world politics. He serves as an operator in political and
security matters by giving early warnings of peril, by carrying out programmes designed by other bodies and initiating
action of his own or stimulating other bodies to act. Secondly, he heads a vast network of institutions, policies, and field
programmes in economic and social fields. Thirdly, he directs a Secretariat of more than five thousand officials and
through it, influences other international secretariats (Barros 1972).[35]. However, the Secretary-General can never be
regarded as an entirely autonomous actor. He remains the servant of his institution. He has to get backing for his work
from the member governments (Barros 1972).[36].
In addition to his published annual report, the Secretary-General makes several speeches each year in which he gives his
views of international problems. Although the Secretary-General has limitations as regards initiating policies, ironically,
in matters of war and peace, everyone regards these to be his business. However, the recommendations of the Secretary-
General may barely get beyond the suggestion stage or get partial adoption (Barros 1972).[37].
4.4. Roles and Functions of other International Public Officials:
Activities that IPOs engage in are divided into five broad areas, namely general service, exchange of communication,
synthesis of information, negotiation, and keeper of collective conscience. IPOs who function with a high content of these
five areas involve resource allocation, power and exchange (Balk 1970).[38].
4.5 General Service:
This category of IPOs embraces a wide range of activities including housekeeping and administration, facilitating and
servicing of conferences and meetings held in various parts of the world. They prepare documentation, reports and
provide highly competent language specialists and translators for speeches and debates as well as written reproduction of
documents in the six working official languages of the UN, namely English, French, Russian, Chinese, Spanish and
Arabic (Bennett 1995).[39]. IPOs also provide technical assistance and economic aid and take care of the internal
housekeeping chores necessary in all complex administrative institutions. These activities include financial and
accounting, personnel services, maintenance of physical facilities, supplies, records, library, transportation, and security
(Bennett 1995).[40]. Technical experts recruited for field missions in particular countries are often on short-term
contracts. However, the main burden of the continuous work of IGIs is most effectively borne by career personnel of long
experience who have acquired a high degree of impartiality and a sense of international loyalty to the institution and its
purposes (Mailick 1970).[41].
4.6 Exchange of Communication:
The IPO is able to collect and distill both facts and attitudes from the outside world and to retransmit information to the
outside world. The IPO is also able to keep in touch with his/her own home country. The most difficult part is that the
IPO may have problems to decide when and when not to give information to his/her home government. In certain cases,
it proves difficult to use certain nationalities in certain situations even though they are excellent IPOs with no links to
their governments. Premature disclosures may result in the breakdown of negotiations. However, a national has far more
influence with his/her government than a foreigner and this has made many IPOs end up being given jobs of little or no
political sensitivity and are merely used as informants regarding their governmentsโ interest and attitudes (Mailick
1970).[42].
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4.7 Synthesis of information:
The third function is that of synthesis of information. IPOs have to synthesize fragments of information into something
coherent. A key task is to translate into precise forms the elements of cooperation, which can be discussed between
members of the IGIs. One example of reports that are bound together is the World Economic Report or the World Social
Report, where data from all over the world are analyzed and formed into meaningful patterns. Obviously, it means that
IPOs who undetake this type of work are professionals who have an international outlook (Mailick 1970).[43].
4.8 Negotiation:
The fourth function is negotiation whereby an IPO makes an effort to bring about an agreement between two or more
states or between the institution and member states so that the purposes of the institution can be fulfilled. The responsible
secretariat official discusses the matter in question with delegations and negotiates back and forth to ensure a balanced
slate. When special meetings or conferences are scheduled, IPOs travel to the capitals concerned to negotiate material
arrangements, participation, and agenda. IPOs are deployed on various fund-raising activities, for example, delinquents
who have not paid their annual dues and governments that might increase their voluntary contributions to the work of the
institution. Fund raising demands the art of persuasion. Personnel recruitment involves constant negotiations with
governments or private institutions on the nomination or release of individuals to join the institution. At a higher level,
for example that of the Secretary-General, there are familiar political negotiations. Hammarskjoldโs negotiations with the
Peopleโs Republic of China to obtain the release of United States of American pilots, who had been downed on UN
missions and imprisoned in that country, is one example (Mailick 1970).[44]. The General Assembly permitted
Hammarskjold to use the means most appropriate in his judgement and he exercised his diplomatic talents. He visited
Peking to negotiate for the release of the pilots, spending four days in the country and he used his general authority as
General-Secretary. The pilots were released within the next seven months. Hammarskjold, from Sweden, was the second
Secretary-General of the UN and he served from 1953 to 1961 (Bennett 1995).[45].
Political negotiation requires an IPO to have the ability to listen, the ability to appear as a buffer and yet be almost non-
existent, and the ability to see and seize any opportunity to lessen the area of disagreement. A mediator must be of a
nationality and type acceptable to the disputants and must be able to function within the cultural environment involved
(Mailick 1970).[46].
4.9 Keeper of the Collective Conscience:
The final category of functions of an IPO is that of keeper of the collective conscience or defender of the Charter of the
institution or other constituent instruments. This role falls mainly on the head of the institution, but percolates down in
various degrees throughout the professional hierarchy. IPOs working in personnel administration are deeply involved in
this function. This does not mean that other departments are not involved. To the contrary. The leaderโs job is to test the
environment to find out which demands can become truly effective threats, to change the environment by finding allies
and other sources of external support and to guard his/her institution by creating the means and the will to withstand
attacks (Mailick 1970).[47].
5. CONCLUSION
ICS has been in existence for more than 80 years from 1919. It was created after World War I to run the League of
Nations and subsequently, the United Nations in 1945 after World War II. The establishment of these two bodies as well
as other IGIs created demands as regards international officials and these demands were met by the formation of
secretariats as part of their structure. Through these secretariats, programmes were efficiently administered, leadership
and guidance was provided for the world community, and an international perspective on international problems and
programmes were provided. ICS operates within a political, social, economic and cultural environment that is diverse.
The environment is comprised of neutral IPOs, recruited on the basis of merit and subject to uniform standards of
appointment. However, this should be viewed as being more of an ideal rather than a reflection of reality as it is fraught
with problems as will be seen in a later chapter.
The future of IGIs service depends on IPOs. On the basis of their existence and functioning, every IGI becomes a part of
the international political domain. Because of their autonomy or semi-autonomy, every IPO brings a new personality into
the international community. IPOs recognize that the eventual development of a single unified ICS is desirable from the
standpoint of effective administrative coordination.
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Although ICS and national civil service belong to different systems, there is constant interaction between them. ICS will
continue to be a viable tool for the work of IGIs in the years to come. With the growing scope of multinational operations
in the development of economics, in technical assistance and many other fields, the recruitment of the international force
must become more extensive.
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