This document discusses the growth of the legal cannabis industry in the United States and the conflicts between state and federal laws that have curtailed its potential. It provides details on how states like Colorado, Washington, and California have legalized cannabis for medical or recreational use and generated billions in tax revenues, but federal prohibition has prevented the cannabis sector from reaching its full economic potential and has caused regulatory uncertainty. The conflict between international drug treaties and domestic state laws is also discussed.
SALT Alert
SALT Top Stories of 2016
December 20, 2016
SUMMARY
While 2016 saw its fair share of important state and local tax developments, this year may best be remembered as a time in which many fundamental issues were set up for dynamic resolution in the coming year. For example, on the remote seller nexus front, while federal legislation on the subject failed to advance this year, many states took matters into their own hands by enacting legislation and inviting litigation at the state level to address how to require remote sellers to collect and remit sales and use tax. Courts and legislatures addressed the ability of states to subject businesses with a lack of physical presence to entity-level taxes imposed by Ohio and Nevada. Based on these developments, consensus is beginning to build towards a judicial or Congressional determination, which could come as early as next year, on the power of a state to subject out-of-state businesses to all types of taxation that may eviscerate the historic Quill physical presence standard set forth by the U.S. Supreme Court.
FULL ALERT ATTACHED
Please note: SALT Alerts are posted to our external GT web site within 24-48 hours and can be accessed using the following link www.gt.com\SALTalerts. Should you wish to forward this SALT Alert to your client immediately, please use the attached PDF file. SALT Alerts are also available via RSS feed and our twitter feed.
Cannabis Basics: Getting up to Speed with Current Laws, Legislation, & Essent...Financial Poise
The cannabis and hemp industries in the U.S. have exploded in recent years due to increased numbers of states allowing businesses to grow, process, and sell cannabis products for medical and adult use. But one may ask: how are these businesses capable of operating if federal laws prohibit them?
This series provides an essential foundation for any businessperson or professional looking to get smart about the cannabis industry. In the first episode of this series, our panel of experts will bring you up to speed on the complex and constantly evolving legal framework governing cannabis businesses. With this context, our panelists will also discuss the opportunities and challenges of operating in the cannabis space.
To view the accompanying webinar, go to: https://www.financialpoise.com/financial-poise-webinars/cannabis-investment-successes-failures-strategies-for-the-future-2021/
Did You Know Canada was the First G7 Country to Legalize WeedCannabis News
Did you know Canada was the first G7 country to legalize marijuana, read here https://cannabis.net/blog/news/canada-becomes-first-g7-country-to-legalize-recreational-marijuana
U.S. Enforcement Efforts Likely to Curtail Business Travel Rather than Online...Gaming Research Partners
1) The arrests of David Carruthers of Betonsports and Peter Dicks of Sportingbet in the summer of 2006 represented an escalation of US enforcement efforts against online gambling operators.
2) These arrests, the first of corporate executives, have curtailed the visible presence and marketing of online gambling companies in the US. Many companies have scaled back US advertising or stopped accepting bets from the US.
3) The legal status of online gambling in the US remains unclear, though these arrests indicate the DOJ will actively pursue criminal charges against gambling companies and executives under existing laws like the Wire Act.
Marijuana Will Be Legalized in 2021 Now That Georgia Voted In Two DemocratsCannabis News
1. Georgia voting for two Democratic Senators in runoff elections has significantly increased the chances of nationwide marijuana legalization in 2021.
2. With Democratic control of the presidency and both houses of Congress, bills like the MORE Act that would legalize marijuana at the federal level are likely to pass.
3. If marijuana is removed from the Controlled Substances Act, it would open up interstate commerce for the legal marijuana industry and allow more countries to legalize without fear of US intervention.
Drug Policy Reform: 2013 in progress 2013-01-29Jeffrey Dhywood
A brief presentation of the major trends and events in the Drug Policy Debate in 2013. Latin America is taking the lead with Colombia setting up an Advisory Commission on Drug Policy, Uruguay launching a national debate on marijuana legalization, and Guatemala taking the lead of the global drug policy debate.
Meanwhile, the US Federal Government seems to take an hands-off approach to marijuana legalization while more states are lining up to legalize medical or recreation use.
This document summarizes recent news in the tobacco industry from December 17, 2014. It discusses the FDA taking actions on tobacco product marketing applications, a planned merger vote between Reynolds American and Lorillard, proposals to tax e-cigarettes in New Jersey, elimination of tobacco discounts for military personnel, increases in teen e-cigarette use, a measure to reduce tobacco retailers in San Francisco, and dividend declarations by Altria and Philip Morris International.
SALT Alert
SALT Top Stories of 2016
December 20, 2016
SUMMARY
While 2016 saw its fair share of important state and local tax developments, this year may best be remembered as a time in which many fundamental issues were set up for dynamic resolution in the coming year. For example, on the remote seller nexus front, while federal legislation on the subject failed to advance this year, many states took matters into their own hands by enacting legislation and inviting litigation at the state level to address how to require remote sellers to collect and remit sales and use tax. Courts and legislatures addressed the ability of states to subject businesses with a lack of physical presence to entity-level taxes imposed by Ohio and Nevada. Based on these developments, consensus is beginning to build towards a judicial or Congressional determination, which could come as early as next year, on the power of a state to subject out-of-state businesses to all types of taxation that may eviscerate the historic Quill physical presence standard set forth by the U.S. Supreme Court.
FULL ALERT ATTACHED
Please note: SALT Alerts are posted to our external GT web site within 24-48 hours and can be accessed using the following link www.gt.com\SALTalerts. Should you wish to forward this SALT Alert to your client immediately, please use the attached PDF file. SALT Alerts are also available via RSS feed and our twitter feed.
Cannabis Basics: Getting up to Speed with Current Laws, Legislation, & Essent...Financial Poise
The cannabis and hemp industries in the U.S. have exploded in recent years due to increased numbers of states allowing businesses to grow, process, and sell cannabis products for medical and adult use. But one may ask: how are these businesses capable of operating if federal laws prohibit them?
This series provides an essential foundation for any businessperson or professional looking to get smart about the cannabis industry. In the first episode of this series, our panel of experts will bring you up to speed on the complex and constantly evolving legal framework governing cannabis businesses. With this context, our panelists will also discuss the opportunities and challenges of operating in the cannabis space.
To view the accompanying webinar, go to: https://www.financialpoise.com/financial-poise-webinars/cannabis-investment-successes-failures-strategies-for-the-future-2021/
Did You Know Canada was the First G7 Country to Legalize WeedCannabis News
Did you know Canada was the first G7 country to legalize marijuana, read here https://cannabis.net/blog/news/canada-becomes-first-g7-country-to-legalize-recreational-marijuana
U.S. Enforcement Efforts Likely to Curtail Business Travel Rather than Online...Gaming Research Partners
1) The arrests of David Carruthers of Betonsports and Peter Dicks of Sportingbet in the summer of 2006 represented an escalation of US enforcement efforts against online gambling operators.
2) These arrests, the first of corporate executives, have curtailed the visible presence and marketing of online gambling companies in the US. Many companies have scaled back US advertising or stopped accepting bets from the US.
3) The legal status of online gambling in the US remains unclear, though these arrests indicate the DOJ will actively pursue criminal charges against gambling companies and executives under existing laws like the Wire Act.
Marijuana Will Be Legalized in 2021 Now That Georgia Voted In Two DemocratsCannabis News
1. Georgia voting for two Democratic Senators in runoff elections has significantly increased the chances of nationwide marijuana legalization in 2021.
2. With Democratic control of the presidency and both houses of Congress, bills like the MORE Act that would legalize marijuana at the federal level are likely to pass.
3. If marijuana is removed from the Controlled Substances Act, it would open up interstate commerce for the legal marijuana industry and allow more countries to legalize without fear of US intervention.
Drug Policy Reform: 2013 in progress 2013-01-29Jeffrey Dhywood
A brief presentation of the major trends and events in the Drug Policy Debate in 2013. Latin America is taking the lead with Colombia setting up an Advisory Commission on Drug Policy, Uruguay launching a national debate on marijuana legalization, and Guatemala taking the lead of the global drug policy debate.
Meanwhile, the US Federal Government seems to take an hands-off approach to marijuana legalization while more states are lining up to legalize medical or recreation use.
This document summarizes recent news in the tobacco industry from December 17, 2014. It discusses the FDA taking actions on tobacco product marketing applications, a planned merger vote between Reynolds American and Lorillard, proposals to tax e-cigarettes in New Jersey, elimination of tobacco discounts for military personnel, increases in teen e-cigarette use, a measure to reduce tobacco retailers in San Francisco, and dividend declarations by Altria and Philip Morris International.
The Florida Medical Marijuana Market is About to Go Hyper Growth!Evergreen Buzz
How big is the Florida medical marijuana market, read this https://cannabis.net/blog/b2b/the-florida-medical-marijuana-market-is-about-to-explode-here-is-what-to-know-now
This summary provides an overview of the key points regarding the judicial application of the dormant Foreign Commerce Clause to trade in goods:
1) The Supreme Court's decision in Japan Line created the first judicial application of the dormant Foreign Commerce Clause, requiring additional scrutiny for nondiscriminatory burdens on foreign commerce.
2) Subsequent decisions have scaled back the expansive reach of Japan Line's analysis and shown reluctance to overturn laws based on dormant analysis alone.
3) Cases involving trade in goods have remained unlikely to invalidate laws based solely on dormant Foreign Commerce Clause analysis. Preemption through positive federal action is preferred.
The Supreme Court denied certiorari in Ass'n des Eleveurs de Canards et D'oies du Quebec v. Harris, declining to hear a challenge to a California law banning the sale of foie gras produced by force feeding ducks and geese. This summary argues the Court should have granted certiorari to provide clarity on Dormant Commerce Clause jurisprudence. By denying review, the Court opened the door for states to use unfair practices to control production methods in other states and restrict interstate trade.
Cannabis: The Next Frontier that Could Impact Your PracticeJames Creedon
March 29, 2019 update on the federal and Texas laws applicable to the cannabis industry — presented to the March 2019 General Meeting of the Collin County Bar Association.
The document provides updates on state and local policy and politics issues. Key points include:
- A study found the Senate tax plan would increase GDP, wages, and jobs over the long term. Vice President Pence promoted tax reform to governors. The plan puts some vulnerable House Republicans in a difficult position.
- Changes to state and local tax deductions in the tax plans could impact budgets in high-tax states like New York and California. Some states are looking to weigh in on reforms to state and local tax deductions.
- Other topics covered include infrastructure provisions in the tax bills, rising state spending, medical marijuana policies, trade deals like NAFTA and TPP, and climate accord commitments despite the US withdrawal from the Paris
This document provides an overview and summary of legal issues affecting the tobacco industry in the United States. It discusses two main legal issues: 1) advertisements, focusing on the tobacco industry's defense of free speech rights under the First Amendment and tests for restricting commercial speech, and 2) liability, regarding questions of who is responsible for health costs caused by tobacco and debates around product liability. The document outlines relevant legislation and court cases on these issues and indicates they will be analyzed in relation to arguments from the tobacco industry and those harmed by tobacco.
2019.05.03 Cannabis Law presentation to the Dallas Bar AssociationJames Creedon
This document summarizes a presentation on cannabis law. It discusses the rapid growth of the cannabis industry in the US and increasing public support for legalization. It reviews the current legal status of cannabis under federal and Texas law, noting that marijuana remains illegal but definitions of hemp and CBD are evolving. It also outlines various legal practice areas and ethical issues that lawyers should be aware of regarding cannabis such as banking, employment law, intellectual property and assisting clients without aiding criminal plans.
The German Marijuana Vote May Change in the Upcoming ElectionsEvergreen Buzz
The recent German elections resulted in gains for pro-cannabis parties. This could lead to recreational cannabis legalization in Germany within the next few years. A new coalition government including pro-cannabis parties may pursue cannabis reforms and trials of high-THC cannabis. If legalized, it could influence other European countries to reconsider their strict cannabis laws. Germany currently has a large medical cannabis program that will continue operating.
Canada will enter a new era starting October 17, 2018 as pot marijuana will be legal in Canada.
The Liberals rushed the Marijuana/Pot Law as part of building up for the 2019 election. The Law is flawed
There is cost when it comes to marijuana legalization that is all but ignored by the Liberals, i.e. enforcement, Quality Control, mental health, addiction, healthcare cost, distribution, criminal code, etc.
Pot will open up an new business segment for the economy which will help economic growth. There have been issues with
Pot facilities in the past including environmental issues (i.e. air quality, chemicals, water management, etc)
Pot will not stop the black market of marijuana. The black market is already a big issue for other areas of the economy - https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/181012/dq181012a-eng.htm. This would mean the need for more CRA auditors, Police Enforcement, etc. No where has the Liberal discussed what tools they will deploy to stem the underground economy.
South Dakota enacted legislation (S.B. 106) requiring certain remote sellers without a physical presence in the state to collect and remit sales tax if they meet gross revenue or transaction thresholds. The legislation aims to directly challenge the physical presence rule from Quill Corp. v. North Dakota. It establishes procedures for legal challenges and stays tax obligations pending the outcome of litigation. The legislation expresses South Dakota's reliance on sales tax and the erosion of its tax base from remote sales.
The 1937 US Marijuana Tax Act resulted in a significant reduction in the production of hemp. Colorado decriminalized cannabis at the state level in 1975 and was one of the first two states to legalize recreational use in 2012. The Rohrabacher–Farr amendment was signed into law in 2014 which prohibits the Justice Department from interfering with the implementation of state medical cannabis laws.
Colorado Prepares Its Marijuana Taxation System for Federal Legalization TaxesEvergreen Buzz
Colorado is preparing changes to its cannabis tax system in anticipation of federal legalization. Currently, Colorado has a 15% excise tax on wholesale cannabis, but officials are considering eliminating this and shifting the tax burden to consumers through higher sales tax. This is to keep Colorado competitive if national and international markets emerge, as other states and countries like Mexico may be able to produce cannabis more cheaply. Colorado has been a leader in legal cannabis, but wants to maintain its market position in a changing national and global environment.
This document summarizes a newsletter about recent developments related to the False Claims Act (FCA). It discusses a case involving a government contractor accused of violating the Byrd Amendment, resulting in false claims under the FCA. It also discusses record recoveries by the Department of Justice and Department of Health and Human Services in FCA cases in the healthcare sector totaling $4.2 billion. Additionally, it analyzes recent court cases related to retaliation claims under the FCA's whistleblower protections and the potential implications of a case related to off-label drug promotion cases.
Campaign Activity By Churches Legal Analysis Of Houses Of Worshiplegalcounsel
H.R. 235 aims to allow churches more leeway in political speech without risking tax-exempt status. It would permit churches to endorse or oppose candidates during sermons and religious services, conduct unlimited political activities as long as they occur during services, and distribute recordings of such services. However, it would not allow electioneering ads or direct contributions to campaigns. The bill takes a narrower approach than a prior bill by limiting the types of permitted activities but imposing no limits on the number.
BAKER DONELSON'S BUSINESS & FINANCIAL INTERESTS IN PRIVATE PRISONSVogelDenise
17 USC § 107 Limitations on Exclusive Rights – FAIR USE
In 2016, while there were many that asked Community Activist Vogel Denise Newsome to run for MAYOR and a few that asked why doesn’t she run for the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, Newsome advised that she would NOT be a part of the United States’ DESPOTISM Government Regime and how she was EDUCATED WELL at a Historical Black College/University – FLORIDA A&M University!
We publish this document in SUPPORT of EVIDENCE EXPOSING the United States’ DESPOTISM “Corporate” Government Regime’s WHITE Jews/Zionists/Supremacists and the United States of America’s Legal Counsel (as Baker Donelson Bearman Caldwell & Berkowitz) FINANCIAL INTERESTS/CONTRIBUTIONS and CONNECTIONS – Personal and Business – to the PRIVATE PRISON INDUSTRY!
Information CRITICAL to the ESTABLISHMENT of the PRIMA FACIE Requirements in addressing WHITE-COLLAR Crimes, etc.
The reason why many may have missed such information regarding Baker Donelson Bearman Caldwell & Berkowitz, is because as a WHITE Jewish/Zionist/Supremacist CONTROLLED Law Firm, it has learned to WEAR “TWO FACES” and PLAY BOTH SIDES for purposes of COVERING UP/HIDING its TERRORIST/RACIST Acts from the Public/World as it SO OFTEN “FRAME” Innocent People for their WHITE Jewish/Zionist/Supremacists’ “DOMESTIC” and “INTERNATIONAL/FOREIGN” Terrorist Attacks!
In other words, the Law Firm of Baker Donelson Bearman Caldwell & Berkowitz and its Attorneys/Lawyers MISREPRESENT themselves to the PUBLIC/WORLD as being Advocates for Civil Rights/Human Rights/Equality, etc. WHEN ACTUALLY this Law Firm and its Lawyers/Attorneys are WHITE SUPREMACISTS and SHIELD/HIDE their Terrorist and Racist Agenda AGAINST Blacks/African-Americans/People-Of-Color and Nations-Of-Color from the PUBLIC/WORLD!
SCAMS which INCLUDE representing Prisoners in Legal matters and then CONTRIBUTING and ENGAGING in CRIMINAL Acts that adversely TARGET Blacks/African-Americans/People-Of-Color through their “13th Amendment Scam” and “SCHOOL-TO-PRISON” Scams, etc.
With PEACE and LOVE,
Vogel Denise Newsome – Community Activist
Post Office Box 31265 – Jackson, MS 39286
PHONE: (513) 680-2922
Please feel free to DONATE to SUPPORT The WORK:
USA: www.Cash.me/$VogelDeniseNewsome
INTERNATIONAL: https://donorbox.org/community-activist-vogel-denise-newsome
Full text of the Supreme Court's 6-3 Obamacare rulingDaniel Roth
Chief Justice John Roberts: “Congress passed the Affordable Care Act to improve health insurance markets, not to destroy them.. IIf at all possible, we must interpret the act in a way that is consistent with the former, and avoids the latter.”
Scalia: "“We should start calling this law ‘SCOTUScare"
The document discusses Canada's plans to legalize marijuana. It outlines the agenda, including definitions of marijuana, potential short-term and long-term health effects, the UN's stance on drug enforcement worldwide, and the costs associated with implementing legalization. The author estimates the potential market size in Canada could be $5-8.7 billion annually and outlines leading marijuana companies like Canopy Growth Corp. The document concludes that marijuana should be legalized but the government must fully fund associated health, legal and regulatory costs and work with other countries to change international drug laws.
SEBI doubled the investment limit for retail investors in an initial public offering to Rs 2 lakh. This will reduce multiple applications from one investor.
The US and Russia will formally join the East Asia Summit, an Asian economic bloc, despite China's attempt to diminish US influence in the region.
GlaxoSmithKline agreed to pay $750 million for manufacturing and distributing adulterated drugs from a Puerto Rico plant, with $600 million to settle false healthcare claims.
This is a report on the cannabis market in the United States and the growth that is going to take place over the next 5 years. The Medical and adult use marijuana market are set to explode and we think that American Cannabis Company will benefit directly from this "green rush"
21st Century Approach to Regulating CannabisNiall Neligan
Niall Neligan is a barrister-at-law and lecturer in Dublin who has published research on regulating cannabis in Ireland. His research includes a 2018 paper on medical cannabis access in Ireland and a 2018 public policy document proposing a 21st century approach to regulating cannabis. He is currently pursuing a PhD on the federal prohibition of marijuana in the US and state-level changes to legalization. His research profile lists his qualifications and publications.
Rhode Island Approves Recreational Cannabis LawsCannabis News
The Rhode Island State Senate approved legislation to legalize recreational cannabis use. The bill passed with a 29-9 vote, allowing adults 21 and older to possess up to one ounce of marijuana and cultivate up to six cannabis plants for personal use. A regulatory commission will now be established to regulate cannabis businesses and collect tax revenue from sales. The new law also provides for expungement of criminal records related to possession of small amounts of marijuana.
The Florida Medical Marijuana Market is About to Go Hyper Growth!Evergreen Buzz
How big is the Florida medical marijuana market, read this https://cannabis.net/blog/b2b/the-florida-medical-marijuana-market-is-about-to-explode-here-is-what-to-know-now
This summary provides an overview of the key points regarding the judicial application of the dormant Foreign Commerce Clause to trade in goods:
1) The Supreme Court's decision in Japan Line created the first judicial application of the dormant Foreign Commerce Clause, requiring additional scrutiny for nondiscriminatory burdens on foreign commerce.
2) Subsequent decisions have scaled back the expansive reach of Japan Line's analysis and shown reluctance to overturn laws based on dormant analysis alone.
3) Cases involving trade in goods have remained unlikely to invalidate laws based solely on dormant Foreign Commerce Clause analysis. Preemption through positive federal action is preferred.
The Supreme Court denied certiorari in Ass'n des Eleveurs de Canards et D'oies du Quebec v. Harris, declining to hear a challenge to a California law banning the sale of foie gras produced by force feeding ducks and geese. This summary argues the Court should have granted certiorari to provide clarity on Dormant Commerce Clause jurisprudence. By denying review, the Court opened the door for states to use unfair practices to control production methods in other states and restrict interstate trade.
Cannabis: The Next Frontier that Could Impact Your PracticeJames Creedon
March 29, 2019 update on the federal and Texas laws applicable to the cannabis industry — presented to the March 2019 General Meeting of the Collin County Bar Association.
The document provides updates on state and local policy and politics issues. Key points include:
- A study found the Senate tax plan would increase GDP, wages, and jobs over the long term. Vice President Pence promoted tax reform to governors. The plan puts some vulnerable House Republicans in a difficult position.
- Changes to state and local tax deductions in the tax plans could impact budgets in high-tax states like New York and California. Some states are looking to weigh in on reforms to state and local tax deductions.
- Other topics covered include infrastructure provisions in the tax bills, rising state spending, medical marijuana policies, trade deals like NAFTA and TPP, and climate accord commitments despite the US withdrawal from the Paris
This document provides an overview and summary of legal issues affecting the tobacco industry in the United States. It discusses two main legal issues: 1) advertisements, focusing on the tobacco industry's defense of free speech rights under the First Amendment and tests for restricting commercial speech, and 2) liability, regarding questions of who is responsible for health costs caused by tobacco and debates around product liability. The document outlines relevant legislation and court cases on these issues and indicates they will be analyzed in relation to arguments from the tobacco industry and those harmed by tobacco.
2019.05.03 Cannabis Law presentation to the Dallas Bar AssociationJames Creedon
This document summarizes a presentation on cannabis law. It discusses the rapid growth of the cannabis industry in the US and increasing public support for legalization. It reviews the current legal status of cannabis under federal and Texas law, noting that marijuana remains illegal but definitions of hemp and CBD are evolving. It also outlines various legal practice areas and ethical issues that lawyers should be aware of regarding cannabis such as banking, employment law, intellectual property and assisting clients without aiding criminal plans.
The German Marijuana Vote May Change in the Upcoming ElectionsEvergreen Buzz
The recent German elections resulted in gains for pro-cannabis parties. This could lead to recreational cannabis legalization in Germany within the next few years. A new coalition government including pro-cannabis parties may pursue cannabis reforms and trials of high-THC cannabis. If legalized, it could influence other European countries to reconsider their strict cannabis laws. Germany currently has a large medical cannabis program that will continue operating.
Canada will enter a new era starting October 17, 2018 as pot marijuana will be legal in Canada.
The Liberals rushed the Marijuana/Pot Law as part of building up for the 2019 election. The Law is flawed
There is cost when it comes to marijuana legalization that is all but ignored by the Liberals, i.e. enforcement, Quality Control, mental health, addiction, healthcare cost, distribution, criminal code, etc.
Pot will open up an new business segment for the economy which will help economic growth. There have been issues with
Pot facilities in the past including environmental issues (i.e. air quality, chemicals, water management, etc)
Pot will not stop the black market of marijuana. The black market is already a big issue for other areas of the economy - https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/181012/dq181012a-eng.htm. This would mean the need for more CRA auditors, Police Enforcement, etc. No where has the Liberal discussed what tools they will deploy to stem the underground economy.
South Dakota enacted legislation (S.B. 106) requiring certain remote sellers without a physical presence in the state to collect and remit sales tax if they meet gross revenue or transaction thresholds. The legislation aims to directly challenge the physical presence rule from Quill Corp. v. North Dakota. It establishes procedures for legal challenges and stays tax obligations pending the outcome of litigation. The legislation expresses South Dakota's reliance on sales tax and the erosion of its tax base from remote sales.
The 1937 US Marijuana Tax Act resulted in a significant reduction in the production of hemp. Colorado decriminalized cannabis at the state level in 1975 and was one of the first two states to legalize recreational use in 2012. The Rohrabacher–Farr amendment was signed into law in 2014 which prohibits the Justice Department from interfering with the implementation of state medical cannabis laws.
Colorado Prepares Its Marijuana Taxation System for Federal Legalization TaxesEvergreen Buzz
Colorado is preparing changes to its cannabis tax system in anticipation of federal legalization. Currently, Colorado has a 15% excise tax on wholesale cannabis, but officials are considering eliminating this and shifting the tax burden to consumers through higher sales tax. This is to keep Colorado competitive if national and international markets emerge, as other states and countries like Mexico may be able to produce cannabis more cheaply. Colorado has been a leader in legal cannabis, but wants to maintain its market position in a changing national and global environment.
This document summarizes a newsletter about recent developments related to the False Claims Act (FCA). It discusses a case involving a government contractor accused of violating the Byrd Amendment, resulting in false claims under the FCA. It also discusses record recoveries by the Department of Justice and Department of Health and Human Services in FCA cases in the healthcare sector totaling $4.2 billion. Additionally, it analyzes recent court cases related to retaliation claims under the FCA's whistleblower protections and the potential implications of a case related to off-label drug promotion cases.
Campaign Activity By Churches Legal Analysis Of Houses Of Worshiplegalcounsel
H.R. 235 aims to allow churches more leeway in political speech without risking tax-exempt status. It would permit churches to endorse or oppose candidates during sermons and religious services, conduct unlimited political activities as long as they occur during services, and distribute recordings of such services. However, it would not allow electioneering ads or direct contributions to campaigns. The bill takes a narrower approach than a prior bill by limiting the types of permitted activities but imposing no limits on the number.
BAKER DONELSON'S BUSINESS & FINANCIAL INTERESTS IN PRIVATE PRISONSVogelDenise
17 USC § 107 Limitations on Exclusive Rights – FAIR USE
In 2016, while there were many that asked Community Activist Vogel Denise Newsome to run for MAYOR and a few that asked why doesn’t she run for the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, Newsome advised that she would NOT be a part of the United States’ DESPOTISM Government Regime and how she was EDUCATED WELL at a Historical Black College/University – FLORIDA A&M University!
We publish this document in SUPPORT of EVIDENCE EXPOSING the United States’ DESPOTISM “Corporate” Government Regime’s WHITE Jews/Zionists/Supremacists and the United States of America’s Legal Counsel (as Baker Donelson Bearman Caldwell & Berkowitz) FINANCIAL INTERESTS/CONTRIBUTIONS and CONNECTIONS – Personal and Business – to the PRIVATE PRISON INDUSTRY!
Information CRITICAL to the ESTABLISHMENT of the PRIMA FACIE Requirements in addressing WHITE-COLLAR Crimes, etc.
The reason why many may have missed such information regarding Baker Donelson Bearman Caldwell & Berkowitz, is because as a WHITE Jewish/Zionist/Supremacist CONTROLLED Law Firm, it has learned to WEAR “TWO FACES” and PLAY BOTH SIDES for purposes of COVERING UP/HIDING its TERRORIST/RACIST Acts from the Public/World as it SO OFTEN “FRAME” Innocent People for their WHITE Jewish/Zionist/Supremacists’ “DOMESTIC” and “INTERNATIONAL/FOREIGN” Terrorist Attacks!
In other words, the Law Firm of Baker Donelson Bearman Caldwell & Berkowitz and its Attorneys/Lawyers MISREPRESENT themselves to the PUBLIC/WORLD as being Advocates for Civil Rights/Human Rights/Equality, etc. WHEN ACTUALLY this Law Firm and its Lawyers/Attorneys are WHITE SUPREMACISTS and SHIELD/HIDE their Terrorist and Racist Agenda AGAINST Blacks/African-Americans/People-Of-Color and Nations-Of-Color from the PUBLIC/WORLD!
SCAMS which INCLUDE representing Prisoners in Legal matters and then CONTRIBUTING and ENGAGING in CRIMINAL Acts that adversely TARGET Blacks/African-Americans/People-Of-Color through their “13th Amendment Scam” and “SCHOOL-TO-PRISON” Scams, etc.
With PEACE and LOVE,
Vogel Denise Newsome – Community Activist
Post Office Box 31265 – Jackson, MS 39286
PHONE: (513) 680-2922
Please feel free to DONATE to SUPPORT The WORK:
USA: www.Cash.me/$VogelDeniseNewsome
INTERNATIONAL: https://donorbox.org/community-activist-vogel-denise-newsome
Full text of the Supreme Court's 6-3 Obamacare rulingDaniel Roth
Chief Justice John Roberts: “Congress passed the Affordable Care Act to improve health insurance markets, not to destroy them.. IIf at all possible, we must interpret the act in a way that is consistent with the former, and avoids the latter.”
Scalia: "“We should start calling this law ‘SCOTUScare"
The document discusses Canada's plans to legalize marijuana. It outlines the agenda, including definitions of marijuana, potential short-term and long-term health effects, the UN's stance on drug enforcement worldwide, and the costs associated with implementing legalization. The author estimates the potential market size in Canada could be $5-8.7 billion annually and outlines leading marijuana companies like Canopy Growth Corp. The document concludes that marijuana should be legalized but the government must fully fund associated health, legal and regulatory costs and work with other countries to change international drug laws.
SEBI doubled the investment limit for retail investors in an initial public offering to Rs 2 lakh. This will reduce multiple applications from one investor.
The US and Russia will formally join the East Asia Summit, an Asian economic bloc, despite China's attempt to diminish US influence in the region.
GlaxoSmithKline agreed to pay $750 million for manufacturing and distributing adulterated drugs from a Puerto Rico plant, with $600 million to settle false healthcare claims.
This is a report on the cannabis market in the United States and the growth that is going to take place over the next 5 years. The Medical and adult use marijuana market are set to explode and we think that American Cannabis Company will benefit directly from this "green rush"
21st Century Approach to Regulating CannabisNiall Neligan
Niall Neligan is a barrister-at-law and lecturer in Dublin who has published research on regulating cannabis in Ireland. His research includes a 2018 paper on medical cannabis access in Ireland and a 2018 public policy document proposing a 21st century approach to regulating cannabis. He is currently pursuing a PhD on the federal prohibition of marijuana in the US and state-level changes to legalization. His research profile lists his qualifications and publications.
Rhode Island Approves Recreational Cannabis LawsCannabis News
The Rhode Island State Senate approved legislation to legalize recreational cannabis use. The bill passed with a 29-9 vote, allowing adults 21 and older to possess up to one ounce of marijuana and cultivate up to six cannabis plants for personal use. A regulatory commission will now be established to regulate cannabis businesses and collect tax revenue from sales. The new law also provides for expungement of criminal records related to possession of small amounts of marijuana.
The Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) was reached in 1998 between 46 states, Washington D.C., and 4 U.S. territories and the 4 largest tobacco companies. The MSA set guidelines on tobacco advertising and marketing and settled lawsuits by states seeking costs of smoking-related illnesses. It requires annual payments totaling $206 billion over 25 years. The MSA has increased state revenues, decreased cigarette consumption, and changed tobacco industry operations compared to pre-MSA years.
This document discusses IRC Sec. 280E, which disallows deductions for businesses trafficking in controlled substances. It summarizes the statute's background and implications for the cannabis industry. While cannabis remains federally illegal, it is legal medically in most states and recreationally in some. This creates tension between state and federal law that impacts cannabis businesses' tax treatment. The rescinding of the Cole Memorandum increased uncertainty around federal enforcement of marijuana laws.
California's legalization of medical marijuana in 1996 led other states to follow suit. Colorado legalized medical marijuana in 2000 and recreational use in 2012. In 2016, California voters passed Proposition 64, legalizing recreational use and joining Colorado and Washington. California aims to convert the marijuana industry into a legal, tax-paying system generating $1B in tax revenue annually. Lawmakers will develop regulations over the next year and a half to allow businesses to profit within the legal system and curb the black market. The system will likely mirror the three-tier alcohol distribution model with small cultivators and retailers connected through a few large distributors to ensure regulation, taxation and product safety.
Resource Case Brief Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., et al. in C.docxdebishakespeare
Resource: Case Brief Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., et al. in Ch. 2, section 2-6, “Commerce Powers,” of the text.
Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you define the functions and role of law in business and society. Discuss the functions and role of law in your past or present job or industry. Properly cite at least two references from your reading.
Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
CASE 2.1 Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., et al., 505 U.S. 504 (1992)
FACT SUMMARY Cipollone brought suit against
Liggett for violation of several New Jersey consumer
protection statutes alleging that Liggett (and other
cigarette manufacturers) were liable for his mother’s
death because they engaged in a course of conduct
including false advertising, fraudulently misrepresenting
the hazards of smoking, and conspiracy to deprive
the public of medical and scientific information about
smoking. Liggett urged the court to dismiss the state
law claims contending that the claims related to the
manufacturer’s advertising and promotional activities
were preempted by twCASE 2.1 Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., et al., 505 U.S. 504 (1992)
FACT SUMMARY Cipollone brought suit against
Liggett for violation of several New Jersey consumer
protection statutes alleging that Liggett (and other
cigarette manufacturers) were liable for his mother’s
death because they engaged in a course of conduct
including false advertising, fraudulently misrepresenting
the hazards of smoking, and conspiracy to deprive
the public of medical and scientific information about
smoking. Liggett urged the court to dismiss the state
law claims contending that the claims related to the
manufacturer’s advertising and promotional activities
were preempted by two federal laws: (1) the Federal
Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act of 1965, and
(2) the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969.
SYNOPSIS OF DECISION AND OPINION The
U.S. Supreme Court ruled against Cipollone, holding
that his claims relying on state law were preempted by
federal law. The Court cited both the text of the statute
and the legislative history in concluding that Congress’s
intent in enactment of the laws was to preempt
state laws regulating the advertising and promotion of
tobacco products. Because Congress chose specifically
to regulate a certain type of advertising (tobacco), federal
law is supreme to any state law that attempts to
regulate that same category of advertising.
WORDS OF THE COURT: Preemption “Article VI of
the Constitution provides that the laws of the United
States shall be the supreme Law of the Land. Thus,
[. . .] it has been settled that state law that conflicts
with federal law is ‘without effect.’ [. . .] Accordingly,
‘the purpose of Congress is the ultimate touchstone’
of pre-emption analysis. Congress’s intent may be
‘explicitly stated in the statute’s language or implicitly
contained in its structure and purpose.’ In ...
Dale Marin owns a CPA firm in Colorado that specializes in real estate and construction clients. His business has declined by over 50% since the 2008 recession. He is considering expanding his business to accept cannabis clients or starting a real estate business renting properties to cannabis companies. Colorado legalized medical marijuana in 2000 and recreational marijuana in 2012. Dale sees this as an opportunity to reverse the decline of his traditional CPA practice. He has $2 million in equity that could be used to start a cannabis real estate business.
This document summarizes the 18th and 21st Amendments to the US Constitution regarding alcohol prohibition and regulation. It discusses how the 18th Amendment established national prohibition in 1919 due to moral and social concerns, but was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933 after prohibition failed to curb drinking and organized crime increased. Since then, states have regulated alcohol sales and consumption within their borders, though the federal government has increasingly intervened through legislation and Supreme Court rulings that have eroded state control afforded by the 21st Amendment.
This document summarizes issues related to the regulation of marijuana in Colorado. It provides an overview of the numbers of municipalities allowing or prohibiting marijuana sales. It also discusses regulations some municipalities have implemented regarding personal marijuana grows, production of hash oil, edible marijuana products, marijuana in the workplace, and state marijuana revenues that are subject to TABOR.
Hydropothecary announces new expansion. Join Hydropothecary Online And Learn About Our Artisan Grown Medical Marijuana, Marijuana Products And 24 7 Concierge Support Line.
Amendment 64 would produce $60 million in new revenue and savings for ColoradoJesse Budlong
This paper explores the state and local government budget impact of Amendment 64. Using the latest research and best available estimates of consumption and price, this analysis concludes that Amendment 64 would, in the years prior to 2017 generate over $32 million in new revenue for the state budget, over $14 million in new revenue for local governments and would result in savings of more than $12 million in state and local law enforcement spending. Of the new state dollars, Amendment 64 would direct $24 million to the Building Excellent Schools Today (BEST) program that would result in the creation of 372 new jobs in cities and towns across Colorado with 217 of those jobs in the construction industry.
The document summarizes The CannaBiz Report, which provides information on the emerging cannabis industry and issues surrounding public and private financing of cannabis companies. It covers many industries that support cannabis like real estate, agriculture, and banking. The legal cannabis market is estimated to be worth $1.53 billion currently and projected to reach $10.2 billion by 2018, though estimates vary. While some companies operate in cannabis-related businesses, none have conducted a traditional IPO due to cannabis being illegal federally. The SEC registration process provides disclosure on difficulties completing registration while operating in this industry.
Similar to The organic growth of the cannabis industry in the (15)
In a two- to three-page paper (excluding the title and reference pag.docxrock73
In a two- to three-page paper (excluding the title and reference pages), explain the purpose of an income statement and how it reflects the firm’s financial status. Include important points that an analyst would use in assessing the financial condition of the company. Also, analyze Ford Motor Company’s income statement from its
2012 Annual Report
.
Your paper must be formatted according to APA style, and must include citations and references for the text and at least two scholarly sources.
.
In a substantial paragraph respond to either one of the following qu.docxrock73
In a substantial paragraph respond to either one of the following questions:
1.) Choose one source of energy, explain its origins, how does it impact our Earth, and what effect does it have on our planet?
OR
2.) Explain, with details, how geology influences the distribution of natural resources.
NO MINIMUM WORD LENGTH REQUIRED.
.
In a study by Dr. Sandra Levitsky, she considers why the economic,.docxrock73
In a study by Dr. Sandra Levitsky, she considers why the economic, physical, and emotional challenges of providing chronic care for a family member have not produced more salient political demands for aggressive policy intervention (Hudson, 2014).
Discuss her findings as well as your own theory on why there has not been a stronger demand from the public for policy intervention to assist caregivers.
Support your statements with evidence from the Required Studies and your research. Cite and reference your sources in APA style.
References
Hudson, R. (Ed). (2014).
The new politics of old age policy
(3rd ed.). Baltimore, John Hopkins.
.
In a response of at least two paragraphs, provide an explanation o.docxrock73
In a response of at least two paragraphs, provide an explanation of the steps you took to rewrite the Romantic poem you selected. Your explanation should point out at least three typically modernist qualities in your work with regard to elements such as
language, style, literary elements, and themes. Here, as an example, is a brief explanation of the modernist rewrite of the first stanza of Wordsworth
’s “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”:
.
in a minimum of 1000 words, describe why baseball is Americas past .docxrock73
in a minimum of 1000 words, describe why baseball is America's past time. As part of your paper you can share some of your memories of baseball. How did baseball mirror society(good and bad?) as a reflection of American society. Be sure to cite all of your sources and you must show direct evidence of integrating your textbook once per chapter as part of your final exam. Your paper should at include at least one resource from the library.
.
In a minimum 200 word response, describe some ways how the public .docxrock73
In a minimum 200 word response, describe some ways how the public has responded to the October 2001 USA Patriot Act. Has the public’s response been positive or negative? What are some pros and cons of the USA Patriot Act with the American public? Explain your answer.
Dempsey, J. S., & Forst, L. S. (2011, Pg. 213-214).
Police
. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
.
In a weekly coordination meeting, several senior investigators from .docxrock73
Senior investigators from a state crime lab requested that AB Investigative Services create standard operating procedures for processing computer evidence, as recent investigators have not properly understood how computer data works and technical issues related to evidence processing. ABIS was asked to provide 4 general guidelines for processing evidence to ensure investigators follow standard procedures.
In a memo, describe 1) the form and style of art as well as 2) the e.docxrock73
In a memo, describe 1) the form and style of art as well as 2) the engineering phenomenon – a substantial paragraph for each. You will need to research both the art and engineering, so each section of the memo should include citations from credible sources.
i need to wrote two paragraph also incloude two citation for each one
.
In a minimum 200 word response explain the problems that law enforce.docxrock73
In a minimum 200 word response explain the problems that law enforcement officials have faced regarding the issues of federal, state, and local jurisdictions attempting to intervene in tribal policing. How has this issue contributed to confusion and discontent with law enforcement? Dempsey, J. S., & Forst, L. S. (2011, Pg. 22-25). Police. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
.
In a minimum 200 word response explain some of the reasons why, in.docxrock73
In a minimum 200 word response explain some of the reasons why, in the context of span of control, it is more beneficial to
limit the number of officers reporting to one supervisor.
What factors can affect how many employees are supervised at one time?
Dempsey, J. S., & Forst, L. S. (2011, Pg.
Pg. 35-40
).
Police
. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
.
In a maximum of 750 words, you are required to1. Summarize the ar.docxrock73
In a maximum of 750 words, you are required to:
1. Summarize the article (include all necessary background information);
2. Identify, discuss and analyze the main issue covered in the article, making links to all secondary
issues, theories and concepts;
3. Critique the actions taken by management and the union, (i.e., what did each do particularly
well or poorly); and
4. Discuss how the event in the article affects the lives of people other than those in management
or the union
.
in a two- to- three page paper (not including the title and referenc.docxrock73
in a two- to- three page paper (not including the title and reference pages), explain how Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) would cause an increase in the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) countries’ Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Your paper must be formatted according to APA Style and include at least two scholarly sources to support your assertions.
.
In a two- to three-page paper (not including the title and reference.docxrock73
A balance sheet shows a company's financial position at a point in time by listing its assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity. It reflects a company's financial status by indicating what it owns, owes, and the portion owned by shareholders. An analysis of Ford Motor Company's 2012 balance sheet from its Annual Report shows its assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity at the end of 2012.
In a group, take a look at the two student essays included in this f.docxrock73
In a group, take a look at the two student essays included in this folder. For each of these essays: (1) outline the organization of the components, (2) label the components, (3) name the audience and purpose, (4) decide if you found the organization of the components to be effective, and if the components themselves were well written or poorly written. You'll type your notes into a Microsoft Word document, include the names of all group members, and then upload the document individually to your own iLearn dropbox.
.
BASEBALLRuns Scored (X)Wins (Y)7086987590654797048078795730716678661963867976457455667707918559674381731946418965471735797357361556
Develop a position paper on best practices for teaching English Learners. This paper should contain the student’s personal beliefs about and the best models to practice. Statements must be supported with research data. There must be at least THREE references. The textbook may serve as ONE reference (Education English Learners for a Transformed World) The paper must be typed using APA style, double spaced, and with a title page and a reference page. The paper should be no less than three pages in length.
The positon paper: why two way is the best method in Bilingual Education
1) Please explain the components of the Prism Model and why these components are important in creating a welcoming school that promotes success for English Learners.
2) There have been many programs and ideas in the US Public schools for how best to serve English Learners and close the gap between those who enter school speaking English and those who have to learn English along the way.
Following is a list of Bilingual Education Models that have been tried. According to the text book and the research of Virginia Collier and Wayne Thomas, please rate the following programs from 1-6 with 1 being the most effective program for student success and 6 being the least effective program for learning English:
__________Maintenance Bilingual Ed., Self-Contained
__________Transitional Bilingual Ed.
__________One-way Dual Language
__________Pull-out Bilingual Ed.
__________Two-way Dual Language
__________Enrichment Bilingual Education (30 min. per day)
The following programs are designed for ELs who do not live in an area where bilingual ed. is available or do not qualify for bilingual education due to the language they speak. Please rate the following ESL programs on a scale of 1-4 with 1 being the most successful way to teach English and 4 being the least effective program:
__________ESL Pull-out
__________Sheltered Instruction in the regular classroom
__________Total emersion with no language support
__________English enrichment, 30 minutes per day, by classroom teacher
3) Please explain the difference between a 50/50 model and a 90/10 model of Dual Language Education.
4) Why does 2-way Dual Language Education usually have better results than 1-way Dual Language Education?
5) In order to have an effective Dual Language program, there are two important things teachers should not do. What are they?
6) What does it mean to see other cultures not as a deficit but as a difference? Why is this idea important to your classroom?
7) We are required to have many formal assessments in our educational curriculum. However, informal assessment can be much more informative to the teacher of language learners. Please explain why Informal Assessments might be a better way for the teacher to know the true level of the student.
...
Based on Santa Clara University Ethics DialogueEthics .docxrock73
Based on Santa Clara University Ethics Dialogue
Ethics case studies
This is an extra credit assignment that I am offering for the first time this term. In this booklet, you will find 38 separate case studies. You are free to respond to any or all of these cases.
You may earn up to 5 extra credit points per question, based on the complexity of the case and the logic of your response. You may not earn more than 100 points (10 percent of your final grade).
You may find it helpful to read the paper “Four Tough Ethical Dilemmas” prior to responding.
While these are your opinions, citations are not expected; however, if you make use of the work of others, include APA style citations for complete credit.
Either cut and paste the cases you select to a separate file or use this file for your submission. If you use this file to submit a response, please delete those cases to which you are not responding.
Dr. Frick
Case 1: Family Loyalty vs. Meritocracy
A man was appointed president of the newly-acquired Philippine subsidiary of a large American company. He was reviewing the organization with the company's head of human resources. One thing the president noted was that the same names reoccurred frequently in several departments. "It is our tradition," commented the HR head. "Families take care of their own. If one family member gets a good job in a Philippine company, other members of the family apply to join that company and the first member there can help the whole family become successful by helping them get hired and by coaching them to be successful. The company benefits. Our costs of recruiting are lower, we know more about the people we hire, and the commitment to family success results in fewer performance and discipline problems because family members want to please their older relatives."
The president wondered how these practices would be regarded in a large American firm, and whether or not he should take action to change them.
1. Nepotism is not illegal, but is it ethical?
2. If the business is family-owned, does that make a difference?
3. How does national culture affect this discussion?
Case 2: Is the Two-Tier System Ethically Problematic
Employees at a cereal makers plant were “locked-out” from their jobs producing cereal for over 3 months. Company management and the union representing the employees reached a stalemate in negotiations resulting in the lockout. The union claims that the primary issue is the company’s demand of dramatically increasing the number of temporary workers, who would earn $6 less per hour and receive fewer benefits. Critics claim this effectively creates a two-tier system at the plant. Under the current agreement, the company may use temporary workers for up to 30% of the workforce, but the union claims the company is now pushing for 100%. The workers, who have had their health insurance suspended, fear that their jobs will either be replaced entirely by temporary workers, or they will be f ...
Barbara Corcoran Learns Her Heart’s True Desires In her.docxrock73
Barbara Corcoran Learns Her Heart’s True Desires
In her hilarious and lighthearted book, Shark Tales: How I Turned $1,000 Into a
Billion Dollar Business, Barbara Corcoran demonstrates the importance of knowing what
you really want out of life (Corcoran & Littlefield, 2011). As her title suggests, Barbara
founded her real estate company, The Corcoran Group, with only $1,000 and some big
dreams. Shortly after founding the company, Barbara took out a piece of paper and wrote
down some big goals for herself and the company. In 1978, she had only 14 sales agents
working for her, who earned a total of $250,000 in commissions. She set a goal of
doubling the number of agents and the commissions every year. So she put down 28 sales
people for 1979, 56 for 1980, and so on, all the way up to 1,792 salespeople in 1985 with
total commissions of $32,000,000. Barbara was amazed when she saw the fantastic sums
projected for 1985, and of course many people, when they see such amazing sums, would
dismiss the calculations as fantasy But as Barbara put it, she went to work the next day
hustling hard for her $32 million.
Real estate agents are paid largely by commission, which is about as close as you
can get to a pure form of contingent reward for performance. However, Barbara didn’t
rely solely on the commissions to motivate her workers. She threw theme parties and held
numerous social events to build a committed workforce. Good sales agents could always
move to another firm, but not every firm had Barbara’s positive attitude and fun-filled
atmosphere. In the early years of the firm, when money was tight, Barbara and her
relatives did the cooking for the outings and parties, and she found clever ways to
entertain people with skating parties and other lively activities. As the firm became larger
and more profitable, she even hired professional entertainers for the company’s midweek
picnics, which included elephant shows, daring rides on hot air balloons, horses, or
Harley Davidsons, etc. Barbara stated “I built my company on pure fun, and believe that
fun is the most underutilized motivational tool in business today. All of my best ideas
came when I was playing outside the office with the people I worked with” (Corcoran &
Littlefield, 2011, p. 283). What did she get in return for the fun atmosphere? She had the
“most profitable real estate company per person in the United States” (p. 284). By the
time she sold her agency in 2001, she had 1,000 agents working for her, and she had the
largest real estate agency in New York – clearly her motivational strategies attracted a
large number of productive employees.
Barbara Corcoran had sold her firm for $66 million. She thought that would make
her happy, but instead, it made her sad. Although she pretended to be happy with her new
wealth and freedom, she was “secretly miserable” (Corcoran & Littlefield, 2011, p. 232).
She had lost her purpose ...
This document provides context and summaries about Bapsi Sidhwa's novel Cracking India and Deepa Mehta's film adaptation Earth. It discusses the characters and plot of Earth, focusing on the abduction of Ayah. It analyzes themes in the novel like the child narrator, fallen women, masculinity, and the metaphor of India cracking. It also discusses the film adaptation and historical context of violence against women during the 1947 Partition of India and Pakistan, including government estimates of abductions.
Barriers of therapeutic relationshipThe therapeutic relations.docxrock73
Barriers of therapeutic relationship:
The therapeutic relationship between patient and nurse is often filled with barriers that can generate obstacles for the relationship and, in the end, the health system as a whole (Sfoggia et al.,2014). There are many factors that hinder building a therapeutic relationship: language, professional jargon, communication impairment, and cultural diversity (ibid).
Language:
Language can be an obstacle to nurse-patient communication because a patient may not be able to speak the same language and therefore communication is not possible (Levin,2006). The best way to overcome this barrier is providing a translator who can explain a professional facilitator's message easily to the patient(ibid). For instance, if the nurse only speaks English but the patient is only able to speak Arabic, a translation to the patient of what the professional facilitator is saying leads to less chance of misunderstanding (ibid). Translation also allows a patient to feel comfortable through being able to speak in their own language (ibid).
Medical jargon:
Jargon is a technical language that is comprehended by people in a specific industry or area of work (Leblanc et al.,2014). Health professionals often use jargon to communicate with each other(ibid). For example, T.B. disease stands for tubercle bacillus and HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus (Mccrary & Christensen,1993). Jargon often makes sense to health professionals but a patient who does not understand these acronyms will not understand such communication, leading to a barrier in therapeutic relationship between patient and health professional (Leblanc et al.,2014).
Communication impairment:
Patients with communication impairment such as blindness, deafness and speech impairment often feel isolated, frustrated and self-conscious (O’Halloran et al.,2009). Some patients are born with such disabilities or have developed them as a result of disease (ibid). Therefore, nurses should provide enough time in order to describe any issue to such patients so that they do not feel uncomfortable or censured by health professionals, who must remain impartial (ibid).
Cultural diversity:
Patients often have various differences (Leblanc et al.,2014).Some of these differences are due to a patient's illness, social status, economic class, education and personality(ibid). However, according to Kirkham (1998), the deepest differences might be cultural diversity. Beheri (2009) points out that many nurses believe if they just treat patients with respect, they will avoid most cultural issues. Nevertheless, avoiding misunderstanding can be achieved through some knowledge of cultural customs, which might help and enable nurses to provide better health care to patients (ibid).
Facilitators of therapeutic relationship:
UNCRPD (2006) states that the most fundamental human right in hospital is communication. Patients are required to be provided with an effective communication method by nurs ...
Barada 2Mohamad BaradaProfessor Andrew DurdinReligions of .docxrock73
Barada 2
Mohamad Barada
Professor Andrew Durdin
Religions of the World Hum 201-02
March 23rd, 2018
References:
1. Rachel. Rachel’s Musings: Buddhism is a Religion. Retrieved from https://www.rabe.org/thoughts-on-buddhism/buddhism-is-a-religion/
2. Winfield, Pamela. The Conversation: Why so many Americans think Buddhism is just a philosophy. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/why-so-many-americans-think-buddhism-is-just-a-philosophy-89488
Critical Analysis of the religious nature of Buddhism
The religious community often debates on whether Buddhism is categorized as a religion or as philosophical teaching. The answer to the question varies depending on an individual’s point of view. There are three main types of Buddhism practices across the world with each of them having smaller branches with slights variances in their teachings and beliefs. The different styles of Buddhist mainly encompass Theravada Buddhism, Vajrayana Buddhism, and Mahayana Buddhism. The various forms often have deities that are worshipped while others do not. Some often have scriptures while others do not usually believe in any physical form of the Buddhist teachings. The first article is authored by Rachel, a blogger, presenting the argument that Buddhism is a religion (Rachel, 1). On the other hand, the second article authored by Pamela Winfield recognizes Buddhism as a philosophy. Analyzing and comparing the two pieces having divergent views on the religious nature of Buddhism is crucial for understanding whether it is a religion or philosophy.
Summary of the articles
Rachel in her article considers Buddhism as a religion. The author acknowledges the fact that Mahayana Buddhism which is often found in greater part of Asia that includes Japan, Korea, and China often teaches on attaining enlightenment (Rachel, 1). The Mahayana often accept that every individual wishes to ensure the effective attainment of enlightenment and thus end the cycle of rebirth which others recognize as “Karma.” The article proceeds to state that Buddha is the greatest of the deities but is not worshipped. Instead, Buddha often inspires all those who practice doing as he once did. The author states that Buddhism often requires that the individuals that choose the wrong path attempt to re-accomplish these tasks in their next life alongside other punishments imposed on them by karma. The characteristics of this type of Buddhism thus often play a significant role in showing the religious nature of Buddhism. The author concludes by stating that Buddhism often contains all the different elements of a religion. Moreover, the article associates Buddhism with fallacies that characterize other religions and just as dangerous as other religions as well. A quote proves the claim on the dangerous nature of Buddhism that the author uses to summarize the teachings of Buddhism.
On the other hand, Winfield tends to focus on enlightening the readers on some of the aspects of Buddhism that ensures its a ...
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
The organic growth of the cannabis industry in the
1. The Organic Growth of the Cannabis Industry in the U.S. is
Curtailed by Conflict of Laws, and is Costing the Government
and Private-Sector Billions of Dollars in Lost Revenue
Since the 1970’s, American law and policy have greatly
progressed due to the changing societal needs, specifically with
regard to cannabis use. Although the Federal government has
remained somewhat consistent with the Treaty since its
enactment with regard to cannabis, the 50 states had a different
view of the Treaty. Since the enactment of the CSA in 1970,
medical research technology advanced at an unprecedented rate.
Specifically, medical research into cannabis, its extracts,
tinctures and oils, has led to 33 states plus D.C. to allow for the
medical-use of cannabis. In 2012, Colorado and Washington
became the first states in the U.S. to legalize the recreational -
use of cannabis, in its entirety, completely in conflict with
2. Federal law that prohibits such use. Since 2012, eight more
states amended or enacted new laws to allow for the
recreational use of cannabis, for a total of ten states. While
states continue to legalize the recreational use of cannabis,
newer studies and technologies are evolving which are creating
newer forms of cannabis medicines that may be able to treat a
wider range of diseases, cancers, and disorders. Further,
scientific research into the cannabis plant utilizing newer
technology has been able to yield more than one hundred
different cannabinoids, or chemicals, deriving from the plant,
that all may treat different illnesses. As a result of research and
the introduction of such forms of cannabis, the cannabis sector
flourished as a market of its own but only to be held back by the
conflicting international, federal, and state laws.
The Federal Government has lost and is losing a great amount
of money due to the forgoing of the collection of taxes within
the cannabis industry, which is caused, mostly, by the conflict
of federal and State laws. In the U.S., the cannabis industry has
become a sector in and of itself with an estimated equity market
capitalization of over $25 billion in 2018 (1). Since 2014, the
total sales of cannabis have grown at approximately 30% per
year, totaling to about $9 billion in sales in 2017. (1). In
California for example, a state tax of 15% is imposed on all
cannabis sales, plus mandatory city and county taxes, which
bring the average sales tax at about 24%, while a similar
mechanism is used for other recreational states such as
Colorado and Oregon. At $9 billion in sales, total tax revenue
would equal to a little over $2 billion to the states while the
federal government has received nothing. While the Federal
Government is dealing with a growing federal budget deficit,
the collection of taxes from cannabis-based businesses will
certainly create one way of reducing the spending deficit, and
the federal debt as a whole.
The private sector has been greatly harmed in that commerce
regulations and financial laws prohibit the deposit of any money
derived from cannabis sales into banks. Banks that are backed
3. by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which
insures the banks and depositors up to $250,000 in economic
crises, are prohibited to accept money from any person or entity
that derives the money from cannabis-based businesses. (2).
Further, the private sector is being curtailed in that mergers and
acquisitions within the industry, which are fundamental to any
sector, have been prohibited in cases where State laws are at
odds with each other. For example, an investment company
based out of Idaho may not be able to acquire a highly-
profitable cannabis company in California because the laws of
Idaho do not allow such a move. The Securities and Exchange
Commission (“SEC”) may also have an issue with an American
company looking to acquire a Canadian company because the
Federal Government may not allow such taxes to be collected as
a result of such merger. Although many issues with the financial
laws may not have been litigated in the U.S. courts, yet, they
are apparent in the practice and will inevitably have to be dealt
with if this Federal prohibition continues. It is now apparent
that the only solution to this dilemma is that Federal law, within
the CSA and financial laws, is amended to allow for the
cannabis industry to prosper as it should have.
In 1961, 186 countries, including the United States, signed the
Single Convention on Narcotics Drugs (“the Treaty”). At its
core, the Treaty is an agreement between the participant States
to prohibit the Federal production and supply of a list of agreed
upon “narcotic drugs” except for scientific research or medical
purposes. Among the drugs listed are hydrocodone, methadone,
heroin, and cannabis (including cannabis extracts, tinctures, and
oils). (3) Following the Convention, the U.S. ratified the treaty
and began looking into creating a domestic enforcement-arm of
the treaty, as is required by most, if not all, international
agreements. In 1970, Congress passed the Controlled Substance
Act (“CSA”) which, inter alia, provided for the domestic
enforcement of the treaty by extending the Federal Drug
Administration’s duties, and also created the Drug Enforcement
4. Agency (“DEA”) which was to begin scheduling drugs in order
to further regulate and essentially comply with the Treaty.(4).
The CSA became a popular piece of legislation in the U.S., but
the piece of the Act that called for the prohibition of cannabis
has since turned out to be problematic not just for the U.S., but
for other signatories of the Treaty as well.
Several states in the U.S., and other State signatories of the
treaty have since quasi-violated the treaty with regard to
cannabis. Not all signatories have complied with the Treaty,
leading to a somewhat adverse view of an international treaty’s
binding-power as a whole, which has been a major issue since
the inception of international law post World War Two. On
December 10th, 2013, Uruguay, a signatory of the Treaty, took
an unprecedented action when their Senate passed legislation
that allowed for the legalized production, sale and consumption
of cannabis for non-medical purposes. (5). In October 2018,
Canada, also a signatory of the Treaty, became the second
country to violate the Treaty by passing federal legislation to
allow for the recreational use of cannabis. Two weeks later, the
Supreme Court of Mexico ruled that a federal law banning the
recreational use of cannabis was unconstitutional under the
Constitution of Mexico. Although Mexico has yet to create a
law similar to Uruguay and Canada, many legislators have said
that legislation will be introduced to their legislative bodies in
the coming months for consideration and a highly-possible vote.
(6). Many of the State signatories of the Treaty other than those
that have already legalized cannabis use are also growing
interest in doing the same for themselves, which will inevitably
lead to an even greater concern that future treaties will not be
abided by. This dynamic has created uncertainty not only within
the international law sphere, but has spilled-over onto the U.S.
market, curtailing private investment by creating a distinct risk
factor; uncertainty of law, both internationally and
domestically.
In 2012, the Colorado electorate voted to amend the Colorado
5. Constitution to allow for the recreational sale and personal use
of marijuana, including its concentrates, tinctures and oils; the
vote passed. (7). Under the new section of the Constitution, the
purpose of the law was for the enhancement of revenue, and the
efficient use of law enforcement resources. The purpose is as
follow:
In the interest of the efficient use of law enforcement resources,
enhancing revenue for public purposes, and individual freedom,
the people of the state of Colorado find and declare that the use
of marijuana should be legal for persons twenty‐ one years of
age or older and taxed in a manner similar to alcohol.
.
After the amendment to the Colorado Constitution, new
sales of recreational marijuana in Colorado began in 2014,
which generated a whopping $67,594,323 in total tax revenue
for the state in the first year. The following year, tax revenues
nearly doubled to $130,411,173 in 2015, and continued to grow.
In 2016, tax revenue rose to $193,604,810, and last year, in
2017, saw a total of $247,368,473 in tax revenue for Colorado.
(8). Without a doubt, these numbers signify an organic growth
of the marijuana industry, but at numbers not seen since the
days of Standard Oil or the “Dot-Com” boom. At a total of $1.5
billion in total marijuana sales in 2017, marijuana revenue
generated more economic activity than 90% of all other
industries in Colorado. (8).
Retail stores in Colorado also showed to be a proven
success, with over 95% of retail marijuana stores remaining in
business, creating a lucrative and sustainable business model for
investors (8). In 2014, the state of Colorado issued 322 licenses
for retail stores within the state, mostly in Denver. (9). The 322
licenses prompted many business experts and academics to
project an overflow of supply, and many of them projected that
the oversupply would dilute the sector as a whole, leading to a
6. major shutdown of stores the following years. Not only were
they wrong, but almost every single licensed store that opened
remained open, and the number of active licenses within the
state grew from 322 to 424 in 2015. In 2016, the number grew
to 459, and in 2017, the number continued to grow to 509. At
the same time, retail stores saw an unnatural increase in their
cost of rent, with some landlords demanding an almost 50%
increase in rent simply because the business is a marijuana
retail store. (10). Not only was the marijuana industry growing,
but the industry grew at a rate not seen in any sector since oil or
the internet.
At the same time that Colorado legalized recreational sales
of marijuana, Washington was doing the same thing in its own
legislature. In 2012, the Washington State legislature passed
Initiate 502 (I-502) which essentially decriminalized the sale
and use of marijuana, while allows for the licensing and
regulation of new marijuana businesses. I-502 was popular
among Washingtonians due to the agriculture sector that
dominates most of the state, and allowed farmers that were
otherwise suffering from lack of business in the winter, to
continue working year-round. (11). Further, fierce competition
among farmers in Washington meant that profits decreased to
near null. Marijuana growing became a new business within the
agriculture sector, and allowed growers to shy away from the
fierce competition surrounding the growth of fruit such as
Apples, and moved toward a more profitable business.
Tax revenue in Washington state, similar to that of
Colorado, exploded for the state since its introduction in 2014.
In 2014, Washington state recorded approximately $16 million
in marijuana tax revenue, prompting many critics to question as
to its credibility. The following year however saw a massive
and unexpected growth of revenue to about $129 million. In
2016, $256 million, and $314 million in 2017. This equals to
$742 million in total marijuana tax revenue for Washington
State in four years. (13). Although some of this tax revenue
derives from recreational retail stores, the majority of this tax
7. revenue comes from the booming farming industry. Washington
has seen some of the highest rates of profitability with the tax
revenues that have been recorded. Although tax revenues may
not be an accurate depiction of the inner-workings and finances
of a given industry, they are telling of the overall health and
growth of a sector.
Washington State has seen a growth in the cultivation of
cannabis almost double the rate of retail dispensaries. (12).
Washington is mostly suburban to rural in its geography, and
most of the cities in the state are much less populated than
bigger states such as California or Texas. It is not difficult to
see why not many retail dispensary stores are needed, but the
number of producers of cannabis seem to double in number than
retail. In 2017, the state of Washington reported 1,009 licenses
were issued to producers, while 507 were issued to retail
licenses. (13). The industry in Washington seems to be centered
in on the cultivation, where profitability in retail stores may not
yield as high of a return as it would in cultivation. Further, as
we will see later on in this research, retail stores in any state
face great barriers in banking and management laws, which also
adds to the decrease in profitability. Washington is also known
for its agricultural sector, and the popularity surrounding its
main export; apples. With the growing number of apple
producers in the U.S. and with the growing increase in produce
imports, cannabis cultivation has been a profitable alternative to
farming fruits. Washington has a $49 billion agricultural
industry, which employs about 140,000; one of the highest in
the country. The state also sees 13% of its economy coming
from agriculture, which places the state, and any other similar
state, in a great position to shift its operations to farming new
and more profitable crops such as cannabis. (14). Although
much cannabis is cultivated as marijuana, hemp may also be
grown to assist with the demand for paper products, oils and
non-toxic diesel fuel. The growing numbers of Washington’s
cannabis sector show that the industry is growing, but continues
to face many hurdles that curtail its organic spur.
8. While Colorado and Washington state were seeing massive
tax revenue due to the newly formed industry, every other state
in the U.S., and other countries such as Canada and Mexico
were watching closely as the newly formed cannabis market
began its inception. With a fear that marijuana legalization
would prompt things like an increase in crime, deaths, and loss
of jobs, quite the contrary occurred. However, the biggest risk
was still that, on its face, the State laws were completely at
odds with federal law. Although the tax revenue figures in
Colorado and Washington showed that, inherently, the
marijuana sector was extremely prosperous, the sector was stil l
significantly curtailed. By 2015, retail stores were literally
collecting millions of dollars in sales, and paying millions back
in taxes, wholly in cash. Further, direct individual and corporate
investment from out-of-state investors was reaching an alarming
demand rate, but was being curtailed by the uncertainty of
governing law. Investors were afraid to invest in this new sector
with the fear that they might be in violation of federal law,
which until now, does not recognize such recreational or
medical sales to occur. Innovation of marijuana products
continued to spur, creating new forms of cannabis such as
concentrates, vapes, oils, and tinctures. Although Colorado was
doing a lot of research into new forms of cannabis, the cannabis
industry took a turn, for the better, when it found a new home
for research and development.
On November 8, 2016, the California electorate voted to
pass Proposition 64 by a vote of 57% which legalized the
cultivation, distribution and sale of cannabis within the state.
(16). California began legal sales of recreational cannabis on
January 1st, 2018 and many had projected that total tax
revenues were to exceed $1 billion for 2018.(15). In San Diego,
the Center for Medicinal Cannabis Research, which was created
in 2000, was further funded by Proposition 64 to continue its
research and development of cannabis. The mission of the
9. Center is to “facilitate high quality scientific studies intended to
ascertain the safety and efficacy of cannabis and cannabinoid
products and examine alternative forms of administration.”(17).
In a departure from the private-sector-led industries in Colorado
and Washington, California funded its own state-funded center
to handle research and development for the sector. This
centralized and state-run center symbolized California’s
handling of the sector, and has since provided the state with
studies, statistics, and scientific information to lawmakers and
policymakers to better assist with the growth of the industry.
California encountered several roadblocks and hinderances to
the sector, for several reasons, but has seen tax revenue hit over
$100 million since its inception. Although far lower than the $1
billion than was expected, California’s private-sector blamed
much of the lack of anticipated growth on administrative
hurdles such as obtaining licenses and the rules governing
businesses, which all stem out of the uncertainty of compliance
with federal and state law.
In 1996, California lawmakers, frustrated with the
Governor’s veto of all efforts to pass legislation for medically-
prescribed marijuana, took the issue directly to the voters
utilizing Proposition 215. (18). The Proposition called for the
allowing of licensed physicians to prescribe cannabis to treat an
exhaustive list of specific disorders and illnesses. Some of these
illnesses include cancer, AIDS, chronic pain, headaches and
glaucoma. Intentionally or not, this Proposition paved the way
for medical cannabis in California. As a result of the
proposition, over 200 new cannabis caregivers were created,
which led to a surge of job growth within the industry. (18).
Although tax revenues for the medical industry are not easily
accessible through public records for this period of time, it is
without a doubt that California’s 15% excise tax on all medical
marijuana sales created some additional revenue and job
creation for the state.
Proposition 215 was just the first step in the medical
marijuana industry creation in California, but the law became
10. famously confusing, leading to many courts to interpret the
Proposition in different ways. In 2003, lawmakers and business
owners grew increasingly frustrated with the wording of
Proposition 215, and deemed the vagueness to be a curtailing of
the growth of the industry. Lawmakers took to the California
Senate to clarify the conditions, administrative requirements,
and amount that a medical patient was entitled to purchase.
With those concerns, lawmakers introduced, and eventually
passed Senate Bill 420. The Senate Bill 420 did several things
for California’s medical cannabis industry. First, it clarified
many terms of the law in order to avoid the many arrests and
prosecution of caregivers that were simply confused as to what
is allowed and what was against the law. Second, the law called
for a “uniform and consistent” application of the law within
every county of the big state of California. Third, it created a
controversial mandate upon all counties of the state to issue
identification cards for all caregivers and patients of medical
marijuana. Finally, the intent of the new law called for the
addressing of “additional issues” of the law that may have arose
after the enactment of Proposition 215. (19). Many took the
meaning of the “additional issues” as a means of seeking out
recreational cannabis, which eventually would pass several
years later.
With a few hurdles pertaining to amount limits and the
mandatory identification system, the medical cannabis program
of California was a financial success for the state. By 2011, the
California Department of Public Health wound up issuing over
57,000 marijuana “cards,” although some studies showed the
estimated actual number is in excess of 1 million patients. (20).
Also by 2011, the number of registered caregivers skyrocketed
from several dozen to a little less than 6,000. San Francisco
County, where the movement of Proposition 215 initially arose
out of, saw the highest number of state-registered patients at
close to 20,000. (20). With these figures, it is obvious that the
medical cannabis industry in California was not just the biggest
in the nation, but was seen as a model for other states to
11. consider. Other states, seeing the popularity of California’s
medical marijuana program, and the potential to create an
additional source of tax revenue, followed in their footsteps.
California has also been at the forefront of cannabis-
product innovation, branding, and marketing. As the nations
entertainment capital, Los Angeles is home to some of the
biggest television and advertising companies in the world.
Although research is limited, or may not even exist, California
has led the industry in branding and marketing. Utilizing social
media platforms, magazines, and films, the cannabis industry in
California has innovated itself and has recreated the image of
cannabis in its entirety. One of the biggest, if not the biggest,
retail marijuana dispensaries “MedMen” was started in Los
Angeles several years ago. The company essentially leads the
industry in marketing, choosing a modern/contemporary style in
its advertising. The company has been seeking to create a brand
that looks and feels like Apple with its simplicity and high
quality. (21). Medmen is a unique company that controls
everything from cultivation, to curing, to retailing marijuana in
13 states, recreational or medical. In West Hollywood, Los
Angeles, MedMen has a prime presence in the area and has
priority over billboard placement over, arguably, any other
cannabis company located in Los Angeles. A visit to a retail
store will show any interested person that the store is indeed
“the Apple of cannabis.” (21).
California’s cannabis market is continuing its growth at an
unprecedented rate, even with the turbulence of the first year.
The state currently has over 40 million people, which includes 1
million medical marijuana patients, that make up its sector, and
is estimated to grow in the next ten years. The California
market, at this point, represents almost one-third of the U.S.
cannabis industry. Although California missed estimates of $1
billion in sales in its first year, analysts estimate that even with
the legal and financial hurdles the sector faces as a whole, the
California market should reach sales in excess of $5 billion by
the end of 2019. (22). Despite the current hurdles in the market
12. today, the California market is an example of the cannabis
industry’s growth in America.
THE FEDERAL POSITION
After California’s success in implementing a medical
marijuana program, and seeing what Colorado and Washington
had done with regard to recreational programs, nearly a dozen
states have since followed in the footsteps. As of the date of
this paper, the following states have passed legislation to allow
for the creation of recreational marijuana programs: Alaska,
California, Colorado, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada,
Oregon, Vermont, Washington, and Washington D.C. Although
unofficial, states such as New York and Florida, with medical
programs already in place, have floated the idea implementing
recreation programs as early as 2019. As the marijuana industr y
is being opened up in newer states, and with current state
markets expanding at an unprecedented rate in business, the
entire industry is booming. However, the industry continues to
suffer from the conflict of laws among state and Federal law,
and Federal law conflicting with international agreements.
These conflicts of laws, among other circumstances, have
created barriers to investment in this industry, and is
significantly hindering the organic growth of the sector.
Conflicting laws create significant risks to investors, personal
or corporations, which directly lead to a decrease of otherwise
available capital. Absent clear and concise laws, such as the
medical marijuana laws of California prior to Senate Bill 420,
the chances of litigation and possible sanctions create liabilities
for investments, and prompts fear which increases volatility.
The federal Government has not issued any sort of “green-light”
towards the current states with recreational marijuana programs,
and has been silent on the medical programs as well. The
primary guidance that the Federal government relies on with
regard to questions of cannabis legality is the 1961 Single
Convention on Narcotic Drugs Treaty. The Treaty is the first
step of unpacking the Federal government’s position on this
issue.
13. The Single Convention on Narcotics Drugs Treaty prohibited
the signatories from manufacturing and distributing of any form
of cannabis. As a result of the signed treaty, Congress enacted
the Controlled Substance Act, which is somewhat a federal law
enforcing the international agreement and which schedules the
same listed drugs as those in the Treaty. Since 1961, cannabis
has remained on the list of drugs listed in the original Treaty.
Uruguay and Canada, both signatories of the Treaty, have si nce
clearly and directly violated the Treaty by passing federal laws
allowing for the sale and distribution of cannabis. In looking at
those countries, the U.S., possibly concerned with violating the
Treaty, has since seen the majority of states passing laws
creating medical and recreational marijuana programs. With the
uncertainty of how, and if the Federal government will
crackdown on these businesses that are in clear violation of
federal law, financial investment into the start-up, marketing,
branding, and production of cannabis businesses have been
significantly curtailed. The text of the Controlled Substance Act
in the U.S. pertaining to marijuana is as follows:
The term "marihuana" means all parts of the plant Cannabis
sativa L., whether growing or not; the seeds thereof; the resin
extracted from any part of such plant; and every compound,
manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of such
plant, its seeds or resin. Such term does not include the mature
stalks of such plant, fiber produced from such stalks, oil or cake
made from the seeds of such plant, any other compound,
manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of such
mature stalks (except the resin extracted therefrom), fiber, oil,
or cake, or the sterilized seed of such plant which is incapable
of germination.
The Federal law makes clear that any possession of
“marihuana” will lead to a felony drug offense. The term
“felony drug offense” means an offense that is punishable by
imprisonment for more than one year under any law of the
United States or of a State or foreign country that prohibits or
14. restricts conduct relating to narcotic drugs, marihuana, anabolic
steroids, or depressant or stimulant substances. . The language
of this provision of the CSA is tantamount to investors and
capital-holders in the U.S. that are seeking to invest in the
industry. It is difficult to pitch to investors the idea of investing
in a business that, while legal under an inferior state law, the
superior federal prohibits such acts. Although some investors,
such as we have seen in Colorado and California, have chosen
to take the risk with the hopes that the benefits will outweigh
the risk, the majority of businesses in cannabis today are private
individuals or newly-formed entities, with only four companies
that have a market capitalization of over $1 billion. Compare
that with other industries that have most investing companies at
over $1 billion in market capitalization, and it is evident that
the companies associated with cannabis are simply high-risk
takers.
Another reason as to why capital is very limited in the
cannabis sector is the access to traditional banking.
Traditionally, new businesses that comply with deposit
regulations, such as those prohibiting businesses to deposit
money from illegal sources, were allowed to utilize a bank’s
services. Of importance are the services pertaining to mass-
depositing of cash, the writing and issuing of checks, pay-roll,
wire-transfers, and certified check issuance for the maintenance
or acquisition of new assets or property. In fear that banks
would be in clear violation of the Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation (FDIC), almost every single major banking
institution has refused to deal with cannabis companies. The
FDIC prohibits banks from receiving and investing deposits
from entities or individuals engaged in money-laundering
services. Under Federal law, money-laundering is a crime
committed by “whoever, knowing that property involved in a
financial transaction represents the proceeds of some form of
unlawful activity, conducts or attempts to conduct such a
financial transaction which in fact involves the proceeds of
specified unlawful activity with the intent to promote the
15. carrying on of specified unlawful activity.”(23). Since the
cultivation, possession, and sale of any amount of marijuana is
“unlawful activity” under federal law, §1956 implicates any
bank that assists in the business of such, even if they are simply
depositing the money.
As a result of bank’s refusing to accept cannabis money
from businesses, that are otherwise permitted to conduct such
activities under State law, banks have lost, and are currently
losing the opportunity to deposit tens of billions of dollars of
corporate revenues. In 2017, the cannabis industry drew in over
$9 billion in revenue, which are simply estimates. It is almost
impossible to verify the total number of revenue when an entire
sector is engaged in a cash-only transaction system, but using
the numbers we have now, banks are foregoing on over $1
billion of revenue per year. According to the Federal Financial
Institutions Examination Council, in 2018, banks averaged
about 12% return on deposits and equity that were acquired
from legitimate and federally-allowed …