The Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) was reached in 1998 between 46 states, Washington D.C., and 4 U.S. territories and the 4 largest tobacco companies. The MSA set guidelines on tobacco advertising and marketing and settled lawsuits by states seeking costs of smoking-related illnesses. It requires annual payments totaling $206 billion over 25 years. The MSA has increased state revenues, decreased cigarette consumption, and changed tobacco industry operations compared to pre-MSA years.
The document discusses raising Maine's cigarette tax by $1.50 per pack. This would generate $47.37 million in new annual tax revenue. It would also reduce youth smoking by 15.7% and cause 11,800 fewer kids to become smokers. Additionally, it would save $436.88 million in long-term healthcare costs for the state. Raising taxes on other tobacco products could provide similar public health benefits and tax revenues.
The document summarizes Senator Anita Yeckel's newsletter covering several topics from the legislative session:
- The governor vetoed a bill that would have created a small business regulatory fairness board, showing unwillingness to work with the legislature.
- Legislation was passed to modernize banking laws and generate $30 million for the state from unclaimed insurance payouts.
- A new law aims to curb the spread of methamphetamine by restricting pseudoephedrine purchases.
- Election reform legislation was passed to comply with federal law and qualify for $76 million in election funding.
This document summarizes recent news in the tobacco industry from December 17, 2014. It discusses the FDA taking actions on tobacco product marketing applications, a planned merger vote between Reynolds American and Lorillard, proposals to tax e-cigarettes in New Jersey, elimination of tobacco discounts for military personnel, increases in teen e-cigarette use, a measure to reduce tobacco retailers in San Francisco, and dividend declarations by Altria and Philip Morris International.
The document discusses the legal and tax issues faced by businesses operating in the cannabis industry. Despite some states legalizing marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. This creates challenges for such businesses in obtaining banking services and deducting business expenses when filing taxes. The IRS uses Section 280E to deny deductions for marijuana businesses. Recent cases and IRS guidance are discussed but provide no clear solution, leaving businesses at risk of penalties or higher tax burdens. The document also provides examples of representation opportunities that could arise involving a marijuana dispensary and delivery business under audit.
Kegler Brown's Workers' Compensation team presented a half-day seminar on November 12, 2015, that provided topical tips and trends for employers.
Topics this year included an OSHA overview, the impact of potential marijuana legalization, drug testing, voluntary abandonment and Medicare set-asides.
Long Term Growth In Support for Legalization shows that older cohorts are slow to change views on marijuana legalization, while younger baby boomers are becoming more supportive. Poll results from California Proposition 19 in 2010 found nearly half of California voters still supported legalization. Support may have been higher in a presidential election year with higher turnout. Colorado polls show increasing support for medical marijuana ballot measures over time, but rejection of a 2006 legalization initiative. Public education aims to shift voter opinion by 5-10 points in key states to reach the threshold of 60% support needed to pass marijuana reform initiatives.
Attached is an excellent, easy to read newsletter summarizing the important changes, legislative extensions, and issues relating to your individual tax return for 2009 and beyond. Please read it well before 12/31 as there are items that need to be considered or acted upon before the end of this year to take full advantage of the legislation. It’s the best one I’ve come across. Its current and includes some commentary, planning suggestions, and even some health care issues as they relate to your taxes.
I will later post a copy of year end letters for both businesses and individuals that my clients receive.
If you should have any questions at this time on any of these items, please contact me anytime.
Thanks
Wally Wleklinski
The document discusses raising Maine's cigarette tax by $1.50 per pack. This would generate $47.37 million in new annual tax revenue. It would also reduce youth smoking by 15.7% and cause 11,800 fewer kids to become smokers. Additionally, it would save $436.88 million in long-term healthcare costs for the state. Raising taxes on other tobacco products could provide similar public health benefits and tax revenues.
The document summarizes Senator Anita Yeckel's newsletter covering several topics from the legislative session:
- The governor vetoed a bill that would have created a small business regulatory fairness board, showing unwillingness to work with the legislature.
- Legislation was passed to modernize banking laws and generate $30 million for the state from unclaimed insurance payouts.
- A new law aims to curb the spread of methamphetamine by restricting pseudoephedrine purchases.
- Election reform legislation was passed to comply with federal law and qualify for $76 million in election funding.
This document summarizes recent news in the tobacco industry from December 17, 2014. It discusses the FDA taking actions on tobacco product marketing applications, a planned merger vote between Reynolds American and Lorillard, proposals to tax e-cigarettes in New Jersey, elimination of tobacco discounts for military personnel, increases in teen e-cigarette use, a measure to reduce tobacco retailers in San Francisco, and dividend declarations by Altria and Philip Morris International.
The document discusses the legal and tax issues faced by businesses operating in the cannabis industry. Despite some states legalizing marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. This creates challenges for such businesses in obtaining banking services and deducting business expenses when filing taxes. The IRS uses Section 280E to deny deductions for marijuana businesses. Recent cases and IRS guidance are discussed but provide no clear solution, leaving businesses at risk of penalties or higher tax burdens. The document also provides examples of representation opportunities that could arise involving a marijuana dispensary and delivery business under audit.
Kegler Brown's Workers' Compensation team presented a half-day seminar on November 12, 2015, that provided topical tips and trends for employers.
Topics this year included an OSHA overview, the impact of potential marijuana legalization, drug testing, voluntary abandonment and Medicare set-asides.
Long Term Growth In Support for Legalization shows that older cohorts are slow to change views on marijuana legalization, while younger baby boomers are becoming more supportive. Poll results from California Proposition 19 in 2010 found nearly half of California voters still supported legalization. Support may have been higher in a presidential election year with higher turnout. Colorado polls show increasing support for medical marijuana ballot measures over time, but rejection of a 2006 legalization initiative. Public education aims to shift voter opinion by 5-10 points in key states to reach the threshold of 60% support needed to pass marijuana reform initiatives.
Attached is an excellent, easy to read newsletter summarizing the important changes, legislative extensions, and issues relating to your individual tax return for 2009 and beyond. Please read it well before 12/31 as there are items that need to be considered or acted upon before the end of this year to take full advantage of the legislation. It’s the best one I’ve come across. Its current and includes some commentary, planning suggestions, and even some health care issues as they relate to your taxes.
I will later post a copy of year end letters for both businesses and individuals that my clients receive.
If you should have any questions at this time on any of these items, please contact me anytime.
Thanks
Wally Wleklinski
Cannabis Legal & Business Issues for Employers & Employees (Series: Cannabis ...Financial Poise
The cannabis and hemp industries in the U.S. have exploded in recent years due to increased numbers of states allowing businesses to grow, process, and sell cannabis products for medical and adult use. But one may ask: how are these businesses capable of operating if federal laws prohibit them. This series provides an essential foundation for any businessperson or professional looking to get smart about the cannabis industry. In the first episode of this series, our panel of experts will bring you up to speed on the complex and constantly evolving legal framework governing cannabis businesses. With this context, our panelists will also discuss the opportunities and challenges of operating in the cannabis space.
To listen to this webinar on-demand, go to: https://www.financialpoise.com/financial-poise-webinars/cannabis-legal-business-issues-for-employers-employees-2020/
The document discusses the economics of cigarette taxes. It explores why governments tax cigarettes and the unintended consequences this can have on consumer behavior. The author's research found that high cigarette taxes often result in people purchasing cigarettes across state borders or switching to rolling their own untaxed tobacco. While some smokers will quit regardless of price, others will find ways to avoid taxes or continue smoking. The government aims to guide healthy choices but cannot force them.
Effects of the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commissions_maccoll
The Citizens United Supreme Court ruling in 2010 led to a significant rise in outside spending by loosening restrictions on political spending by corporations and unions. Outside spending increased 338% since 2006 due to Citizens United allowing increased spending by super PACs and 501c non-profits. In 2010, 67% of independent expenditures came from 501c groups enabled by Citizens United, and spending by groups not disclosing donors rose to 47% of outside spending.
The COVID-19 pandemic has slowed progress on cannabis legalization and access to banking and insurance. However, the unintended consequences of the pandemic may ultimately lead to more legalization and protections. Many states have deemed cannabis businesses essential during lockdowns. This underscores cannabis' medical importance and strengthens the argument for federal legalization. It also puts pressure on insurers and banks to work with the cannabis industry, as states have approved it as essential despite its federal illegality. Going forward, more insurers and banks may find ways to work with the cannabis sector.
Amendment 64 would produce $60 million in new revenue and savings for ColoradoJesse Budlong
This paper explores the state and local government budget impact of Amendment 64. Using the latest research and best available estimates of consumption and price, this analysis concludes that Amendment 64 would, in the years prior to 2017 generate over $32 million in new revenue for the state budget, over $14 million in new revenue for local governments and would result in savings of more than $12 million in state and local law enforcement spending. Of the new state dollars, Amendment 64 would direct $24 million to the Building Excellent Schools Today (BEST) program that would result in the creation of 372 new jobs in cities and towns across Colorado with 217 of those jobs in the construction industry.
Citizens United Is Unconstitutional - Restore Democracy to The PeopleLinda Sturgeon
Visit http://americansforamendment.org/ for more information.
We are not affiliated with MTA, but, this quote is most applicable from https://movetoamend.org/voters-both-parties-object-supreme-court-activism "We’re fed up with the influence of Big Money in our political system. “If anything can unite Americans across party and ideological lines, it should be the arrogant and unprecedented Supreme Court ruling [Citizens United] that corporations [including unions, associations, and other entities] are “persons” with all the protections and rights of the Constitution. In a case trumped up by the court itself, five activist judges reversed 100 years of precedent to allow unlimited, special-interest money to be spent in our local, state and federal elections. Corporations [and other entities] are now free to spend unlimited money on behalf of a candidate they favor, or against one they wish to silence. No grassroots organization will ever be likely to raise enough money for their candidate to compete on a level playing field. Put simply in a New York Times headline, the story comes down to, “Lobbies’ New Power: Cross Us and Our Cash Will Bury You.” As moderate Washington Post columnist E.J. Dionne, Jr. wrote, “The only proper response to this distortion of our political system by ideologically driven justices is a popular revolt.”The choice is simple. Will government answer to the people, or serve special interests? Will elections be an opportunity for the people to speak powerfully to their government, or will elections become competitions among corporate powers, unions and giant foundations to serve their own interests? And what if corporate interests are tied to an unfriendly foreign power? It is difficult to imagine how our democracy would be strengthened by a large infusion of cash into our political process from such governments as Russia, China or Saudi Arabia. Most outrage at this attack on democracy focuses on national politics. However, the ruling also nullifies protections against corporate domination of elections in the 23 states, including Colorado, that model their laws on the federal Constitution.”
This document provides an overview and summary of legal issues affecting the tobacco industry in the United States. It discusses two main legal issues: 1) advertisements, focusing on the tobacco industry's defense of free speech rights under the First Amendment and tests for restricting commercial speech, and 2) liability, regarding questions of who is responsible for health costs caused by tobacco and debates around product liability. The document outlines relevant legislation and court cases on these issues and indicates they will be analyzed in relation to arguments from the tobacco industry and those harmed by tobacco.
Raising the minimum tobacco sales age to 21 in Franklin County, Ohio would significantly reduce youth tobacco use and improve public health. Nearly all adult smokers begin by age 18, so increasing the minimum age makes it harder for youth to access tobacco. Studies show communities that have raised the minimum age to 21 have seen declines in youth smoking rates of nearly 50%. Doing so could help reduce health disparities and lower Ohio's high rates of infant mortality and smoking during pregnancy.
The document provides updates on state and local policy and politics issues. Key points include:
- A study found the Senate tax plan would increase GDP, wages, and jobs over the long term. Vice President Pence promoted tax reform to governors. The plan puts some vulnerable House Republicans in a difficult position.
- Changes to state and local tax deductions in the tax plans could impact budgets in high-tax states like New York and California. Some states are looking to weigh in on reforms to state and local tax deductions.
- Other topics covered include infrastructure provisions in the tax bills, rising state spending, medical marijuana policies, trade deals like NAFTA and TPP, and climate accord commitments despite the US withdrawal from the Paris
This document provides a summary of research conducted on the impacts of Vermont's proposed Bill H.412, which would establish a carbon pollution tax. The research included case studies of other carbon taxes, expert interviews, a statewide survey, and focus groups with low-income Vermonters. The key findings were that the tax could negatively impact low-income residents unless rebates are provided. The researchers recommend a two-pronged rebate distribution system that provides rebates through tax credits and electronic benefit cards to ensure assistance reaches all low-income households in an equitable manner.
Federal laws and regulations intended to detect criminal activity have made it difficult for legal cannabis businesses to obtain banking services, despite operating legally under state laws. This creates public safety issues as businesses deal in large amounts of cash. In response, federal guidance was issued in 2014 by the DOJ and FinCEN clarifying how financial institutions can serve cannabis businesses in compliance with priorities focused on preventing diversion, criminal enterprises, and other issues. However, most banks remain hesitant due to money laundering statutes and obligations to monitor customers. Bipartisan legislation has been introduced to provide a safe harbor for banks working with legal cannabis businesses.
This document analyzes the policy of decriminalizing recreational marijuana in the United States. It outlines the goals of decriminalization, which include treating marijuana similarly to alcohol and tobacco to reduce the burden of anti-cannabis laws. It notes over 750,000 marijuana arrests in 2012, costing $7.5-10 billion annually. Advantages include generating $8.7 billion in annual tax revenue and freeing law enforcement resources. Disadvantages include potential health risks and easier youth access. Overall the document argues the benefits of legalization outweigh the costs.
Bus106 wk3 ch3 role of government in businessBhupesh Shah
BUS106 The Role of Government in Business- from UNDERSTANDING CANADIAN BUSINESS, 7th Cdn Edition
(custom publication for Seneca) ; - published by McGraw-Hill
The document is the August 2013 issue of the New Jersey REALTOR magazine. It contains articles thanking RPAC donors and encouraging others to donate. One article discusses how RPAC donations support legislation favorable to real estate professionals, such as allowing electronic signatures on contracts. The president's column also encourages members to invest in RPAC, noting it supports around $15 per member and benefits their livelihood similarly to paying union dues. The issue highlights upcoming events and legislative successes from RPAC contributions.
Nearly 250 nonprofits in Utah provide contractual services to 21 state agencies. A study by the Utah Nonprofit Association found that in 1995, the top five nonprofit categories by economic impact were individual and family services, medical facilities, civic/social groups, schools, and entertainment/recreational groups. The majority of Utah's nonprofits are small but account for most of the sector's assets and growth. The study aimed to analyze the scope and economic contribution of Utah's large nonprofit sector.
Margins tax stirs concern among small businesses and organizationsTexasdude111
The document summarizes concerns from small business owners and organizations about Texas's new margins tax, which replaced the previous franchise tax. The National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) argues the tax will negatively impact many small businesses by increasing their tax burden significantly compared to before. While supporters argue it broadens the tax base, the NFIB is calling for reforms like raising the small business exemption amount to provide more relief for small companies. Whether any changes will be made is uncertain as it requires calling a special legislative session.
KernTax evaluated several statewide ballot measures in California for the November 2012 election. KernTax opposed Propositions 30 and 37, which would increase taxes, and supported Propositions 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, and 40. KernTax principles are that taxes and expenditures must be fair, understandable, cost effective, good for the economy, fiscally responsible, economically sustainable, and socially equitable. KernTax also took positions on several local ballot measures in Kern County.
Este documento presenta los principios básicos de la ecología. Define la ecología como la ciencia interdisciplinaria que estudia las interacciones entre los organismos y su medio ambiente. Explica las ramas de la autoecología, demecología y sinecología. También describe las ciencias auxiliares a la ecología como la química, física, matemáticas, geografía, climatología, hidrología y geología. Concluye enfatizando la importancia de conservar el medio ambiente.
El documento describe lo que es ActionScript y sus características principales. ActionScript es el lenguaje de programación utilizado por Flash desde sus inicios y se basa en la especificación ECMA-262 al igual que JavaScript. La versión 3.0 utilizada en Flash CS5 es más potente y orientada a objetos que la versión 2.0 anterior.
Cannabis Legal & Business Issues for Employers & Employees (Series: Cannabis ...Financial Poise
The cannabis and hemp industries in the U.S. have exploded in recent years due to increased numbers of states allowing businesses to grow, process, and sell cannabis products for medical and adult use. But one may ask: how are these businesses capable of operating if federal laws prohibit them. This series provides an essential foundation for any businessperson or professional looking to get smart about the cannabis industry. In the first episode of this series, our panel of experts will bring you up to speed on the complex and constantly evolving legal framework governing cannabis businesses. With this context, our panelists will also discuss the opportunities and challenges of operating in the cannabis space.
To listen to this webinar on-demand, go to: https://www.financialpoise.com/financial-poise-webinars/cannabis-legal-business-issues-for-employers-employees-2020/
The document discusses the economics of cigarette taxes. It explores why governments tax cigarettes and the unintended consequences this can have on consumer behavior. The author's research found that high cigarette taxes often result in people purchasing cigarettes across state borders or switching to rolling their own untaxed tobacco. While some smokers will quit regardless of price, others will find ways to avoid taxes or continue smoking. The government aims to guide healthy choices but cannot force them.
Effects of the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commissions_maccoll
The Citizens United Supreme Court ruling in 2010 led to a significant rise in outside spending by loosening restrictions on political spending by corporations and unions. Outside spending increased 338% since 2006 due to Citizens United allowing increased spending by super PACs and 501c non-profits. In 2010, 67% of independent expenditures came from 501c groups enabled by Citizens United, and spending by groups not disclosing donors rose to 47% of outside spending.
The COVID-19 pandemic has slowed progress on cannabis legalization and access to banking and insurance. However, the unintended consequences of the pandemic may ultimately lead to more legalization and protections. Many states have deemed cannabis businesses essential during lockdowns. This underscores cannabis' medical importance and strengthens the argument for federal legalization. It also puts pressure on insurers and banks to work with the cannabis industry, as states have approved it as essential despite its federal illegality. Going forward, more insurers and banks may find ways to work with the cannabis sector.
Amendment 64 would produce $60 million in new revenue and savings for ColoradoJesse Budlong
This paper explores the state and local government budget impact of Amendment 64. Using the latest research and best available estimates of consumption and price, this analysis concludes that Amendment 64 would, in the years prior to 2017 generate over $32 million in new revenue for the state budget, over $14 million in new revenue for local governments and would result in savings of more than $12 million in state and local law enforcement spending. Of the new state dollars, Amendment 64 would direct $24 million to the Building Excellent Schools Today (BEST) program that would result in the creation of 372 new jobs in cities and towns across Colorado with 217 of those jobs in the construction industry.
Citizens United Is Unconstitutional - Restore Democracy to The PeopleLinda Sturgeon
Visit http://americansforamendment.org/ for more information.
We are not affiliated with MTA, but, this quote is most applicable from https://movetoamend.org/voters-both-parties-object-supreme-court-activism "We’re fed up with the influence of Big Money in our political system. “If anything can unite Americans across party and ideological lines, it should be the arrogant and unprecedented Supreme Court ruling [Citizens United] that corporations [including unions, associations, and other entities] are “persons” with all the protections and rights of the Constitution. In a case trumped up by the court itself, five activist judges reversed 100 years of precedent to allow unlimited, special-interest money to be spent in our local, state and federal elections. Corporations [and other entities] are now free to spend unlimited money on behalf of a candidate they favor, or against one they wish to silence. No grassroots organization will ever be likely to raise enough money for their candidate to compete on a level playing field. Put simply in a New York Times headline, the story comes down to, “Lobbies’ New Power: Cross Us and Our Cash Will Bury You.” As moderate Washington Post columnist E.J. Dionne, Jr. wrote, “The only proper response to this distortion of our political system by ideologically driven justices is a popular revolt.”The choice is simple. Will government answer to the people, or serve special interests? Will elections be an opportunity for the people to speak powerfully to their government, or will elections become competitions among corporate powers, unions and giant foundations to serve their own interests? And what if corporate interests are tied to an unfriendly foreign power? It is difficult to imagine how our democracy would be strengthened by a large infusion of cash into our political process from such governments as Russia, China or Saudi Arabia. Most outrage at this attack on democracy focuses on national politics. However, the ruling also nullifies protections against corporate domination of elections in the 23 states, including Colorado, that model their laws on the federal Constitution.”
This document provides an overview and summary of legal issues affecting the tobacco industry in the United States. It discusses two main legal issues: 1) advertisements, focusing on the tobacco industry's defense of free speech rights under the First Amendment and tests for restricting commercial speech, and 2) liability, regarding questions of who is responsible for health costs caused by tobacco and debates around product liability. The document outlines relevant legislation and court cases on these issues and indicates they will be analyzed in relation to arguments from the tobacco industry and those harmed by tobacco.
Raising the minimum tobacco sales age to 21 in Franklin County, Ohio would significantly reduce youth tobacco use and improve public health. Nearly all adult smokers begin by age 18, so increasing the minimum age makes it harder for youth to access tobacco. Studies show communities that have raised the minimum age to 21 have seen declines in youth smoking rates of nearly 50%. Doing so could help reduce health disparities and lower Ohio's high rates of infant mortality and smoking during pregnancy.
The document provides updates on state and local policy and politics issues. Key points include:
- A study found the Senate tax plan would increase GDP, wages, and jobs over the long term. Vice President Pence promoted tax reform to governors. The plan puts some vulnerable House Republicans in a difficult position.
- Changes to state and local tax deductions in the tax plans could impact budgets in high-tax states like New York and California. Some states are looking to weigh in on reforms to state and local tax deductions.
- Other topics covered include infrastructure provisions in the tax bills, rising state spending, medical marijuana policies, trade deals like NAFTA and TPP, and climate accord commitments despite the US withdrawal from the Paris
This document provides a summary of research conducted on the impacts of Vermont's proposed Bill H.412, which would establish a carbon pollution tax. The research included case studies of other carbon taxes, expert interviews, a statewide survey, and focus groups with low-income Vermonters. The key findings were that the tax could negatively impact low-income residents unless rebates are provided. The researchers recommend a two-pronged rebate distribution system that provides rebates through tax credits and electronic benefit cards to ensure assistance reaches all low-income households in an equitable manner.
Federal laws and regulations intended to detect criminal activity have made it difficult for legal cannabis businesses to obtain banking services, despite operating legally under state laws. This creates public safety issues as businesses deal in large amounts of cash. In response, federal guidance was issued in 2014 by the DOJ and FinCEN clarifying how financial institutions can serve cannabis businesses in compliance with priorities focused on preventing diversion, criminal enterprises, and other issues. However, most banks remain hesitant due to money laundering statutes and obligations to monitor customers. Bipartisan legislation has been introduced to provide a safe harbor for banks working with legal cannabis businesses.
This document analyzes the policy of decriminalizing recreational marijuana in the United States. It outlines the goals of decriminalization, which include treating marijuana similarly to alcohol and tobacco to reduce the burden of anti-cannabis laws. It notes over 750,000 marijuana arrests in 2012, costing $7.5-10 billion annually. Advantages include generating $8.7 billion in annual tax revenue and freeing law enforcement resources. Disadvantages include potential health risks and easier youth access. Overall the document argues the benefits of legalization outweigh the costs.
Bus106 wk3 ch3 role of government in businessBhupesh Shah
BUS106 The Role of Government in Business- from UNDERSTANDING CANADIAN BUSINESS, 7th Cdn Edition
(custom publication for Seneca) ; - published by McGraw-Hill
The document is the August 2013 issue of the New Jersey REALTOR magazine. It contains articles thanking RPAC donors and encouraging others to donate. One article discusses how RPAC donations support legislation favorable to real estate professionals, such as allowing electronic signatures on contracts. The president's column also encourages members to invest in RPAC, noting it supports around $15 per member and benefits their livelihood similarly to paying union dues. The issue highlights upcoming events and legislative successes from RPAC contributions.
Nearly 250 nonprofits in Utah provide contractual services to 21 state agencies. A study by the Utah Nonprofit Association found that in 1995, the top five nonprofit categories by economic impact were individual and family services, medical facilities, civic/social groups, schools, and entertainment/recreational groups. The majority of Utah's nonprofits are small but account for most of the sector's assets and growth. The study aimed to analyze the scope and economic contribution of Utah's large nonprofit sector.
Margins tax stirs concern among small businesses and organizationsTexasdude111
The document summarizes concerns from small business owners and organizations about Texas's new margins tax, which replaced the previous franchise tax. The National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) argues the tax will negatively impact many small businesses by increasing their tax burden significantly compared to before. While supporters argue it broadens the tax base, the NFIB is calling for reforms like raising the small business exemption amount to provide more relief for small companies. Whether any changes will be made is uncertain as it requires calling a special legislative session.
KernTax evaluated several statewide ballot measures in California for the November 2012 election. KernTax opposed Propositions 30 and 37, which would increase taxes, and supported Propositions 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, and 40. KernTax principles are that taxes and expenditures must be fair, understandable, cost effective, good for the economy, fiscally responsible, economically sustainable, and socially equitable. KernTax also took positions on several local ballot measures in Kern County.
Este documento presenta los principios básicos de la ecología. Define la ecología como la ciencia interdisciplinaria que estudia las interacciones entre los organismos y su medio ambiente. Explica las ramas de la autoecología, demecología y sinecología. También describe las ciencias auxiliares a la ecología como la química, física, matemáticas, geografía, climatología, hidrología y geología. Concluye enfatizando la importancia de conservar el medio ambiente.
El documento describe lo que es ActionScript y sus características principales. ActionScript es el lenguaje de programación utilizado por Flash desde sus inicios y se basa en la especificación ECMA-262 al igual que JavaScript. La versión 3.0 utilizada en Flash CS5 es más potente y orientada a objetos que la versión 2.0 anterior.
Este documento presenta una guía sobre cómo realizar una investigación desde tres perspectivas: qué investigar, desde dónde investigar y cómo investigar. Explica que es importante definir claramente el tema de investigación, delimitarlo y formular preguntas específicas. También cubre el proceso de seleccionar un tema, realizar una investigación bibliográfica y desarrollar un anteproyecto y proyecto de investigación que describan los objetivos, métodos y recursos a utilizar. El propósito final es ofrecer una introducción al método cientí
El documento discute la violencia en los estadios de fútbol. Señala que la violencia ocurre debido a la intolerancia de los hinchas y su deseo de incitar más violencia. También menciona algunas de las causas de la violencia como la carga emocional que traen los fanáticos de otros asuntos personales y el intenso amor y odio que sienten por sus equipos. El documento concluye explicando algunas de las consecuencias negativas de la violencia en los estadios como la vergüenza que trae a los equipos
Este documento presenta los principios básicos de la ecología. Define la ecología como la ciencia interdisciplinaria que estudia las interacciones entre los organismos y su medio ambiente. Explica las ramas de la autoecología, demecología y sinecología. También describe las ciencias auxiliares a la ecología como la química, física, matemáticas, geografía, climatología, hidrología y geología. Concluye enfatizando la importancia de conservar el medio ambiente.
Este documento describe las diferentes influencias culturales en la música colombiana, incluyendo las españolas, africanas y aborígenes. Explica varios géneros musicales típicos de Colombia como la cumbia, el mapalé, el currulao y la música llanera. También discute cómo la salsa y el vallenato se han vuelto populares en el país.
El documento trata sobre la música electrónica y el anime. El autor expresa que la música electrónica es su pasión y que su DJ favorito es Skrillex. Disfruta escuchando música electrónica porque se siente inspirado y feliz. También le gusta el anime porque trata temas maduros y le ha enseñado lecciones de vida como no rendirse. Explica que en Japón el anime es una industria lucrativa y que los fanáticos del anime se llaman otakus.
El documento habla sobre mejorar constantemente una empresa para que sea más avanzada e importante en el mercado a través de un aprendizaje continuo en todos los niveles de la organización, así como tener autoconfianza para enfrentar posibles dificultades a medida que la empresa crece y se desarrolla.
El documento trata sobre la esclavitud. Explica que la esclavitud implica que una persona es propiedad de otra y puede ser vendida o intercambiada. Luego resume brevemente la historia de la esclavitud y cómo los españoles maltrataban a los esclavos africanos que traían a América, marcándolos y castigándolos físicamente. Finalmente, menciona que aunque la esclavitud fue abolida hace siglos, todavía existen alrededor de 27 millones de personas en el mundo que son escl
Este documento describe los tipos de redes inalámbricas según su cobertura, incluyendo redes personales de área (PAN), metropolitanas de área (MAN) y amplias de área (WAN). Las PAN incluyen tecnologías como Bluetooth y ZigBee, las MAN incluyen WiMAX y LMDS, y las WAN usan tecnologías celulares como 3G, GPRS y WiMAX para transferir datos a largas distancias.
Este documento describe varios canales para buscar empleo, incluyendo la red de contactos, prensa, medios de comunicación, portales de empleo públicos y privados, ETTs y agencias de colocación, bolsas de empleo, redes sociales, ferias de empleo y mantenerse informado suscribiéndose a newsletters.
O documento discute o tuning, que é a personalização extrema de veículos através de modificações para melhorar o desempenho, segurança e aparência. O tuning surgiu no Brasil após o filme Velozes e Furiosos de 2001 e envolve alterações mecânicas e estéticas. Existem vários estilos de tuning ao redor do mundo influenciados por fatores culturais.
A empresa de tecnologia anunciou um novo smartphone com câmera aprimorada, maior tela e melhor desempenho. O dispositivo também possui um preço mais acessível em comparação aos modelos anteriores para atrair mais consumidores. O lançamento ocorrerá no próximo mês e a empresa espera que o novo smartphone ajude a aumentar suas vendas e participação no mercado.
A missão é promover educação profissionalizante gratuita para jovens de 11 a 20 anos, capacitando-os para o mercado de trabalho em áreas digitais. A visão é se consolidar como líder nessa educação em todo o Brasil nos próximos 10 anos. Os valores incluem respeito aos alunos e clientes, ética, tenacidade e cooperação.
La deserción escolar se refiere a cuando los estudiantes dejan de asistir a la escuela y abandonan el sistema educativo. Las principales causas incluyen la pobreza, la exclusión, la falta de apoyo de las escuelas y la distancia en zonas rurales. La drogadicción surge como una evasión a problemas personales o familiares y puede llevar a una intoxicación que afecta la salud física y emocional del adicto y reduce sus relaciones sociales.
The document appears to be a portfolio or brochure for a business that provides various graphic design, printing, and vehicle wrapping services including fleets, cards, building signs, t-shirts, vehicle wraps, tickets, flyers, stickers, store fronts, interior signs, banners, and more. Contact information is provided for Mark P. Hooper along with examples of the different types of products and services offered.
Running head TAXATION ON ALCOHOL AND TOBACCOTAXATION ON ALCOHOL.docxagnesdcarey33086
Running head: TAXATION ON ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO
TAXATION ON ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO 2
Taxation on alcohol and tobacco
Student name
Professor
Course title
Date
Taxation on alcohol and tobacco to solve medical costs
In the recent past, there has been massive health related as well as social issues such as domestic violence and family breaks arising from the use of alcohol and tobacco. To address such problems, the proponents of justice as well as civil rights movements recommend that the parties responsible for causing these problems should be take full accountability as far as solving the problems is concerned. Therefore, the breweries as well as cigarette producing companies have been on the spotlight. If the legislation to increase taxation on their products goes through, they may have nothing to smile about since their revenues will drastically reduce. Indeed an increase in taxes on alcohol as well as tobacco products should be increased in order to cater for the rising medical related costs, the increased health issues, and the social effects of alcohol and tobacco.
The use of alcohol and tobacco has led to major effects on the lives of the users. In most cases, the users are to blame for their use of these drugs. Many companies have played their role in ensuring that their products have been labeled and that they have provided a clear statement that indicated that the use of these drugs are useful to the individual’s health. All users tend to neglect the notices and opt to use these drugs, which later affect their health and social abilities and responsibilities. Despite their neglect to the notices provided by the companies, the government may play a role in reducing the influence and effects of the use of these drugs. For example, the government may raise the taxation of these drugs and use the extra funds in funding health programs to assist the affected individuals. Further, the government may further create health programs that sensitize individuals about the use of these drugs and the negative impact that the drugs may cause to their health. In addition, the government may provide laws and regulations that govern the production, sales and consumption of these drugs, the tobacco and alcohol.
For many years, tobacco and alcohol related health issues have been a thorn in the flesh. Specifically, it has caused three major categories of problems. To begin with, alcohol and tobacco products have resulted to a number of social problems. The society as well as the families of the victims of alcohol and tobacco related complications have undergone serious social problems especially due to death of a breadwinner. Furthermore, the domestic violence in most cases comes from the excessive use of alcohol. Secondly, the medics have raised alarm on the increased health complications arising from the use of alcohol as well as tobacco products. Thirdly, the alcohol and tobacco use has led to health related complications causing an increased medic.
The U.S. Chamber of Commerce is working with big tobacco companies to undermine tobacco control policies in many countries and derail nations' efforts to fight the global tobacco epidemic. A new report by Public Citizen and other health groups details the Chamber's deep ties to the tobacco industry and cases where their opposition has weakened tobacco regulations. The report recommends governments reject the Chamber's misleading arguments, increase transparency of its funding, and ensure trade agreements protect health measures to reduce tobacco harms.
The organic growth of the cannabis industry in therock73
This document discusses the growth of the legal cannabis industry in the United States and the conflicts between state and federal laws that have curtailed its potential. It provides details on how states like Colorado, Washington, and California have legalized cannabis for medical or recreational use and generated billions in tax revenues, but federal prohibition has prevented the cannabis sector from reaching its full economic potential and has caused regulatory uncertainty. The conflict between international drug treaties and domestic state laws is also discussed.
This document provides an overview of tobacco advertising regulations in the United States. It discusses the history of tobacco advertising and various laws and court cases that have shaped restrictions on tobacco marketing. Specifically, it outlines the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1970 that strengthened warning labels and banned tobacco advertising on television and radio. It also summarizes the Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Supreme Court case and the Comprehensive Smokeless Tobacco Health Education Act regarding the regulation of smokeless tobacco advertising.
A critique on Corporate Social Responsibility of the Tobacco IndustryMaxwell Ranasinghe
Tobacco companies engage in corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities like disaster relief and education programs. However, these activities may be intended to improve their public image and help market cigarettes, rather than out of genuine commitment to social causes. Their youth smoking prevention programs often have the opposite effect by making smoking seem like an adult activity. CSR cannot make up for the lethal health effects of cigarettes, and tobacco companies should commit $1 billion to independent research on developing a harmless cigarette instead of using CSR as a defensive business strategy.
This study examines the impact of decriminalized and legalized medicinal cannabis on US labor force participation using a differences-in-differences model with state and year fixed effects. The results show that labor force participation initially decreases 0.5-0.7% after the passage of a medical marijuana law, likely due to an income effect as states experience increased tax revenues. However, the negative effect diminishes over time as the marijuana industry and state economy adjust. Higher median income is found to positively correlate with labor force participation. Overall, the findings suggest that while medical marijuana laws may initially reduce productivity, legalization provides long-term economic benefits to states and their citizens.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Tobacco use accounts for at least 30% of all cancer deaths and 87% of lung cancer deaths, and increases the risk of several other cancers. Tobacco contains over 4000 chemicals, including 200 that are poisonous and 69 that cause cancer. The tobacco industry knew as early as 1953 that smoking causes health risks but launched a propaganda campaign to mislead the public and sow doubt about the science. While tobacco generates tax revenue, it costs the healthcare system far more than it contributes in taxes and causes widespread preventable disease. Banning tobacco would help public health but would also impact tobacco farmers' livelihoods, requiring support for alternative crops.
The document discusses the history and ongoing issues around the war on drugs in the United States. It outlines how the federal government has aimed to prohibit certain mind-altering substances for over a century through policies like prohibition. Both major political parties generally oppose drug use, though some politicians have called for alternative approaches. Congress continues to pursue a zero-tolerance policy through enforcement efforts, though there is debate around decriminalization and harm reduction programs in other countries. The future of drug policy remains uncertain, as demand and legalization continue to be discussed as alternative strategies.
This document summarizes evidence from tobacco industry documents revealing decades of deception regarding the health risks of smoking and the addictive nature of nicotine. It argues the industry has not truly reformed and should not be trusted or involved in public health policy. While claiming publicly that smoking is not proven addictive, internal documents show companies privately acknowledged nicotine is addictive and the primary reason for smoking. The document aims to counter industry arguments that it has changed by demonstrating continued efforts to undermine health regulations and mislead the public.
Impact of the 2009 Tobacco Act on the access and consumption of itMalikPinckney86
Impact of the 2009 Tobacco Act on the access and consumption of it by young adults in Miami-Dade County of the State of FLORIDA.
Chapter One Introduction
Despite a substantial decline in the number of people who smoke, tobacco use remains the leading cause of chronic illness and death in the United States today, as it has been for decades. The Tobacco Control Law; It is the law in the United States that was passed to provide some regulations and restrictions on the use and consumption of tobacco. It was signed and approved by President Barack Obama on June 22, 2009. The main objective of the law was to make various modifications and regulations on the consumption and sale of tobacco. The law has achieved several achievements and implementations in the maintenance and regulation of the consumption and use of tobacco in the United States. Since the implementation period, it has created tobacco awareness through the packaging of tobacco products. Thanks to awareness, tobacco use has been minimized, this law regulates the manufacture, distribution and marketing of tobacco products in order to protect the public and create a healthier future. After voters passed a constitutional amendment that bans smoking in workplaces and restaurants, but not in bars, the state of Florida became one of the first to adopt smoke-free policies in the United States (Grattan, Schmitt and Porter, 2020). Local efforts to protect people from secondhand smoke continued after the law was passed in other areas. For example, are there smoke-free policies or tobacco in 28 Florida colleges and universities. In addition, the state's 16 public housing authorities have adopted a smoke-free policy (Nonnemaker et.al, 2021). Tobacco prevention and control activities are a public health problem in the state of Florida, as evidence-based state tobacco control programs have led to fewer smokers, fewer illnesses and fewer deaths tobacco related.
1.1 Research problem
In the state of Florida, most adults are addicted to cigarettes and become daily smokers before the age of 18. The sooner a person becomes addicted to tobacco products, the longer they will be exposed to hundreds of harmful chemicals (Martinasek et. Al, 2015). While it is certainly beneficial, concentrating most of the preventive effort through the Tobacco Law, as has been done in the last decade, proper implementation is necessary since its designed intention is to protect young adults with high consumption of tobacco. tobacco.
1.2 Justification and relevance of the study
Youth and adult smoking behavior has increased due to access and exposure to tobacco products in shops in their daily lives. The tobacco law provides us with information on particular conditions that affect public health, referring to the Florida Statutes of 2011 Part II that addresses indoor air and tobacco smoke (Florida Senate, 2021). The law has gained momentum throughout Florida as a statewide campaign that seeks to raise awareness with the ...
The document provides information about several US government agencies and their roles:
- The CPSC protects consumers from risks of injury from consumer products like toys and household chemicals.
- The FDA protects public health by ensuring safety of drugs, medical devices, food supply and other products.
- The DOT ensures a safe, efficient national transportation system.
- The EPA protects human health and environment through science, research and enforcement of environmental laws.
- The FTC protects consumers from unfair/deceptive business practices and promotes competition.
The document discusses the roles and impacts of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on India. It notes that the WTO has expanded to over 140 member states and aims to develop fair trade rules and alleviate poverty. India joined the WTO in 1995 and it has had both benefits and challenges from membership. It gained access to foreign markets but had to reduce trade barriers and subsidies. Overall, the WTO has significantly impacted India's economy and trade policies.
2. Tobacco MasterSettlement Agreement
Introduction
The Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) is an agreement that was
reached in 1998 between the Attorney Generals of forty-six states, the District of
Columbia, four United States territories and the four largest tobacco companies: Philip
Morris, RJ Reynolds, Brown & Williamson, and Lorillard. The agreement sets guidelines
regarding advertising, marketing and promotion of tobacco products. The agreement
settled lawsuits by states to recover costs accrued from smoking related illnesses. The
agreement authorizes other tobacco companies to join the settlement as well. Since 1998,
over forty other companies have joined and participated in the settlement agreement. The
settlement is worth $206 billion over the first twenty-five years, which is given to states
in annual payments.
The Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement has affected states by increasing their
revenue and budgets, decreased overall cigarette consumption and changed the operations
of the tobacco industry when compared to years before the agreement.
I have organized my paper into six sections- Introduction, Internship Experience,
Historical Background, Effect on States’ Revenue and Budgets, Effect on Cigarette
Consumption and Effect on the Tobacco Industry. I find this best compliments the flow
of information in my research paper.
Internship Experience
This past semester, I interned at the South Carolina Office of the Attorney
General in the civil litigation and tobacco departments. As a political science major, I
have taken a number of classes dealing with the relationship of law and government. I
3. was interested to experience this first hand and wanted to gain insight in the legal field, as
I am contemplating law school. While I did not know what to expect interning in the
tobacco department, I learned more and more about the tobacco industry each day. I
especially learned a great deal about the Master Settlement Agreement, which I had never
heard of before, but affected a great part of my daily work in the office. I began pulling
the files of participating and non-participating tobacco companies to ensure they were in
compliance with the Master Settlement Agreement. I helped the Assistant Attorney
Generals in the tobacco department correspond with tobacco companies as well. I
reviewed and filed tobacco companies’ escrow account statements and contacted the
banks of which companies we did not have a proof of deposit on file. After learning more
about the Master Settlement Agreement and assisting the attorneys, I realized what an
impact the Master Settlement Agreement has on the state as well as the industry. I have
found most individuals do not know or fully understand the agreement and recognized
how it would be an interesting topic for a research paper.
Historical Background
Before the Master Settlement Agreement, individuals began suing manufacturers
for tobacco consumption related illnesses. Beginning in the mid-1950s until 1994, over
800 claims were brought against tobacco companies for damages related to tobacco use.
Tobacco companies avoided compensating individuals by claiming contributory
negligence and individual responsibility. However, tobacco companies’ luck began to
change in 1994 when Mississippi was the first of many states to bring lawsuits against
large tobacco companies. Attorney generals argued on behalf of the state that tobacco
companies violated consumer protection and anti-trust laws. States claimed that tobacco
4. use, specifically cigarettes, caused harmful health problems, which cost state health care
systems millions of dollars. In 1997, Mississippi, along with three other states, reached a
settlement with the large tobacco companies to repay the states’ costs for smoking related
health care. After these successful settlements, other states noticed and began bringing
lawsuits against the major tobacco companies hoping for similar success. The four major
tobacco companies, looking to avoid more costly settlements, lobbied Congress for a
legislative settlement. Their attempts to pass a “global settlement agreement” between all
state attorney generals and the companies failed. Instead in 1998, the forty-six other
states reached an agreement with the major tobacco companies as well and changed the
way tobacco is promoted and marketed in the United States. Participating manufacturers
are tobacco producers that are a part of the Master Settlement Agreement. Non-
participating manufacturers are those that have declined to join the settlement agreement.
Effect on States’ Revenues and Budgets
The Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) has set up three types of payments
required by tobacco companies to the states- initial, annual and “strategic contribution”
payments. Initial payments were set up to the pay each of the states upfront for the first
five years of the settlement depending on the amount of cigarettes distributed in the state
during that time (Tobacco Control Legal Consortium). Annual payments are also made to
the each of the states. The settlement agreement states this will happen indefinitely, to
supplement state health care system costs (specifically Medicaid) that will continue to
increase year after year. Amounts paid by the tobacco companies increase every year
accounting for inflation. An independent auditor determines how much money a
participating manufacturer will pay each year as well as how much each state shall
5. receive. Strategic contribution payments are bonus payments to the states, which have
invested time and money into litigation that resulted in the MSA. Tobacco companies
will pay around $10 billion annually for the indefinite future. As of 2015, participating
manufacturers have paid around $105 billion to the states.
The purpose of the Master Settlement Agreement is to decrease youth tobacco
consumption and promote public health. However, there is no true restriction on a state’s
use of funds received from the settlement. State legislators are responsible for seeing how
the money is spent. States have collected enormous amounts of revenue from the
agreement but spend only a small amount on tobacco prevention programs. In 2015,
states will receive $25.6 billion in settlement and tobacco taxes, but only 1.9% will be
used to fund tobacco prevention and control programs (Tobacco Control Legal
Consortium). In today’s times of financial hardship and increasing debt, states have
redirected settlement funds to other projects such as balancing state budgets, reducing
property taxes or funding college scholarships. Only two states, North Dakota and
Alaska, have funded tobacco prevention programs at the Center for Disease Control’s
recommended level (Tobacco Control Legal Consortium). Since the MSA does not
specify how the settlement funds can be used, some states have securitized their future
payments into bonds. This allows state governments to finance capital improvements,
fund health care projects and receive an upfront lump sum of cash rather than waiting
each year for the MSA payments (Tobacco Control Legal Consortium). In 2010, eighteen
states, the District of Columbia and three U.S. territories selected to do this with at least
some of their MSA revenue. Many participating manufacturers also dispute the payments
6. to the state and withhold the payments or place the settlement amount in escrow accounts
pending resolution of the dispute (Tobacco Control Legal Consortium).
There are two public health goals- tobacco control and the economic development
of tobacco dependent communities (Austin 129). State governments are faced with the
issue of investing in tobacco dependent communities (TDC) and repaying tobacco
farmers for lost income after the settlement (Austin 129). Many public health experts
take offense in reimbursing tobacco farmers when the original intent of the settlement
was to promote public health with tobacco control. However, studies have shown even
when public health programs are adequately funded they are not necessarily effective
(Austin 147).
Effect on Cigarette Consumption
As stated previously, one of the goals of the Master Settlement Agreement is to
decrease cigarette consumption, especially in youths, by promoting public health. The
MSA specifically targets advertising and promotion of tobacco products. It sets strict
limitations on who may be targeted as well as where advertisements may be placed. Foe
example, the MSA prohibits or restricts direct and indirect targeting of youth, use of
cartoon characters, billboards and outdoor advertising not in direct proximity to a retail
establishment that sells tobacco products, product placements in entertainment media,
free tobacco product samples (except in adult only facilities), gifts to youth in exchange
for proofs of purchase, branded merchandise and brand name sponsorship (Tobacco
Legal Consortium). The MSA also prohibits actions that are commonly taken to avoid
negative information about tobacco products. For example it prohibits lobbying against
particular kinds of tobacco control legislation and administrative rules, agreements to
7. suppress health-related research and materials misrepresentations about health
consequences of using tobacco (Tobacco Legal Consortium). The settlement agreement
also has created a number of initiatives to promote tobacco prevention and reduce the
tobacco industry’s influence on lawmakers. It created the American Legacy Foundation,
which is a research and educational organization that prevents teen smoking and
encourages smokers to quit (Tobacco Law Consortium). The foundation has produced
“The Truth” campaign which is directed at teens and his been relatively effective
(Tobacco Law Consortium). The settlement agreement has decreased the industry’s
influence by disbanding key tobacco projects including the Tobacco Institute, The
Council for Tobacco Research and The Center for Indoor Air Research (Tobacco law
Consortium). Finally, and perhaps more informative, is the availability of documents that
were presented in the discovery phase of the tobacco litigation as well as documents
produced in discovery phase in all federal or state civil action case regarding smoking
and health (Tobacco Law Consortium).
Although it may seem as though this would decrease cigarette consumption
dramatically, this is not the case. A study was conducted in 2004 using data from the
Center of Disease Control and Prevention’s Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
between 1990-2002. They examined smokers in age groups 18-20 years old, 21-24 , 25-
44 , 45-64 and over 65 years of age. Smoking rates for eighteen to twenty year olds
actually increased 36 percent from 1990-2002 (Sloan 846). Smoking rates for 21-24 year
olds increased 30 percent in the same period (Sloan 846). However, smokers were
influenced by price increases of cigarettes. For a $1 increase in the price of cigarettes, the
probability of smoking would fall 2.5 percentage points for eighteen to twenty year olds
8. and 1 percent for older age groups (Sloan 847). The study suggested that advertising
restrictions are not widely enforced, which would decrease probability of smoking. The
results also showed that other policy variables effected smoking rates across age groups.
For example, smoking rates were higher for twenty one-twenty four year olds when states
allowed vending machine access giving easier access to cigarettes (Sloan 848). However,
clean air laws, which prohibit smoking in restaurants or hospital grounds, did not have an
effect on cigarette consumption. The study concluded the MSA and separate state
settlements did help decrease cigarette consumption in some ways. However, most
occurred through the increase in retail prices for cigarettes. This had a larger effect on
younger smokers, age group of eighteen to twenty, which saw a decrease in smoking of
3.5 percentage points (Sloan 852). For those over twenty-one, there was a 1 to 2-
percentage point decrease (Sloan 852). This is clearly the most effective way in curbing
cigarette consumption especially with young smokers. It makes sense logically as well,
since younger people typically have less income and smaller budgets. Therefore they
would be turned off from an increase in prices. While this is a positive, the decrease in
consumption is not very significant. The settlement agreement has not fulfilled its job of
greatly decreasing tobacco consumption in youth.
Effects on the Tobacco Industry
Even though the MSA imposed restrictions on advertising, results from
investigations in 2000 showed that tobacco companies still were advertising in magazines
targeted to teens. This is in direct violation of the terms of the agreement. The researches
examined expenditures on advertising in magazines (with at least 15% of youth readers)
by tobacco companies (Hamiton ii54). They found that cigarette advertising in magazines
9. with at least 15% youth readership increased dramatically after the settlement agreement
was implemented (Hamilton ii54). However, after much public pressure, the advertising
in youth magazines by tobacco companies dramatically declined (Hamilton ii54). Of
course exact numbers differ from company to company. While the advertising increased
in magazines with at least 15% of youth subscribers, the total amount of magazine
advertising decreased for magazine advertisements overall for three out of four major
companies (Hamilton ii57). This shows how tobacco companies have not followed the
settlement agreement entirely. The study offers two explanations for these mixed results.
First they suggest that the agreement’s prevention of most outdoor and transit advertising
may have allowed for other advertising expenditures elsewhere (Hamilton ii57). The total
tobacco industry expenditures on outdoor and transit advertisement decreased by $276
million from 1998 to 1999, which could have been reallocated to fund the $119million
increase in magazine and newspapers (Hamilton ii57). A second explanation the study
provides is the language of the agreement regarding youth advertisement. The MSA
broadly prohibits direct and indirect targeting of youth but its language is not specific in
regards to magazine advertising (Hamilton ii57). Tobacco companies defended their
actions by reasoning that most readers were not under the age of eighteen. The bad press
as well as Massachusetts’ program, Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids, helped change
tobacco companies’ advertising in youth reader magazines. For the four companies
combined, significant reductions occurred in magazines with at least 15% youth
subscribers as well as overall advertising in magazines. Philip Morris one of the four
largest tobacco companies, which produces Marlboro along with numerous other brands
of tobacco, led the way in the drastic cut of advertising. They cut their advertising to near
10. zero soon after announcing the plan (Hamilton ii57). This was a great public relations
move by making a public announcement and following through quickly. Two other
companies, Lolliard and Brown & Williamson, significantly reduced advertising on youth
magazines as well as overall magazine advertisement. However, RJ Reynolds, the second
largest tobacco company in the US responsible for the popular brands of Camel and
Newport, made little change in their expenditures. While it is positive that tobacco
companies were forced by public pressure decrease advertising, it should not have come
to that since they were blatantly disregarding the law.
In 2004, researches published another study investigating the effects of the
settlement agreement on the major tobacco companies’ decisions and performances. They
used data from the US Securities and Exchange Commission, stock prices and market
share data, cigarette consumption data and more to find a conclusion. After the Master
Settlement Agreement was passed, domestic cigarette unit sales and exports declined
from 452 billion to 408 billion (Sloan 358). As expected, the large price increases of
cigarette-decreased consumption even more after the MSA was implemented in 2002 to
390 billion (Sloan 358). The study concluded that overall, from 1999 to 2002, the large
participating manufacturers maintained or improved their performance in terms of
investor stock returns and profit from domestic tobacco sales (Sloan 359). Researchers
also found several features of the MSA could be to blame for this increase in profitability.
The MSA may have facilitated collusion in price, which allowed the companies to raise
their prices of cigarettes with less fear of price cutting from competitors (Sloan 359). A
second possibility is due to just the addictive nature of cigarettes which explains the
demand from long time smokers that was not influenced by the increase in price (Sloan
11. 359). Sloan writes that if the Master Settlement Agreement payments were inflicted as
upfront lump sum unanticipated payments, the penalties would have been felt more by
company owners. Instead, excise taxes that generate the payment amounts, are felt more
by consumers than tobacco companies. The study found that cigarette consumption did
decrease, but did not affect the profitability of the tobacco companies. Revenue and
profits from domestic sales still increased after the MSA. The researchers concluded that
the reduction in the overall consumption of cigarettes represented a success of the Master
Settlement Agreement (Hamilton 359). One suggestion the researchers offered for how
the tobacco companies could have still profited is the international market. Globally,
cigarette consumption continues to increase. The four major tobacco companies have lost
market share since the implementation of the MSA. The study concludes that litigation is
important regarding the public’s health and that the intention of the MSA was never to
bankrupt the tobacco industry but decrease tobacco use.
The issue of public health and the influence of the tobacco industry will not disappear
anytime soon. The purpose of the Master Settlement Agreement was to increase public
health by decreasing cigarette consumption, which studies have proven has occurred.
While the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement has improved the public health, states’
revenue from the settlement should be spent on tobacco prevention programs. This was
part of the intention of the agreement, not to fund college scholarships or decrease taxes.
Unless stricter regulation is passed mandating spending for the allocated funds, this will
not change. Litigation plays an important part of improving public health and can be used
in the future with fast food and sugary drink companies. It is proven that over
consumption of unhealthy food and sugary drinks can lead to obesity, diabetes and heart
12. decease. All of which require long-term expensive healthcare. This is a growing concern
for the public as well as lawmakers with the increasing cost of healthcare associated with
obesity and diabetes. In the future, one can predict a similar lawsuit between soda
companies such as Coke and Pepsi and Attorney Generals across the country. The
Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement has positively affected states’ budgets and
revenues, decreased cigarette consumption but has not been as effective in reducing the
power of the tobacco industry.