This document provides an introduction, aims, scope, and methodology for a project on the mobilization of women in politics in Ilorin, Nigeria from 1979 to 2003. The introduction discusses the historically low participation of women in Nigerian politics. The aims are to evaluate the role of women in Ilorin politics during this time period and examine their mobilization efforts and achievements. The scope is limited to this time period, which saw the beginning of the second republic and first successful transition from civilian to civilian rule. Primary and secondary sources were used, along with interviews, but several challenges were faced in conducting the research.
The document discusses international affairs and cooperation between nations. It defines international affairs as political, economic, diplomatic, and cultural relations among independent states. There are four main types of international relations: political, economic, diplomatic, and cultural. Tanzania's foreign policy aims to maintain regular interactions with other states through non-alignment and cooperation in organizations like the UN, AU, and NAM. Tanzania cooperates bilaterally with other countries and multilaterally through regional groups like EAC, SADC, and COMESA to promote peace, economic development, and other shared objectives.
This document discusses two main approaches to promoting development in poorer countries: trade and aid. Trade is believed to encourage economic growth as it allows countries to specialize and export goods, but it relies on the assumption that poorer countries can develop using the same model as wealthier countries. Aid from developed nations provides resources for poorer countries but does not necessarily lead to self-sustaining growth. Overall the document examines the debate around whether trade or aid is better for long-term development in poorer regions of the world.
Presentation on terms of trade will provide basic understanding about the concept of Terms of trade. It is one of the Vital Concepts of International Business and important to understand the gain while trading internationally.
The document consists of a chemistry exam with multiple choice questions testing knowledge of topics including the periodic table, chemical bonding, acids and bases, and chemical reactions. It includes a periodic table as a reference and instructs students to choose the single best answer for each question and record their responses on an answer sheet provided. The exam contains 40 total questions to be completed within 45 minutes.
- Poverty means lacking basic living standards and conditions like adequate food, shelter, education and healthcare. Over 1 billion people live on less than $1.25 a day.
- In 2015, world leaders agreed to 17 Sustainable Development Goals to improve prosperity and sustainability by 2030 through initiatives targeting issues like poverty, hunger, health, education, water and sanitation.
- Foreign aid involves the transfer of resources like money, food, healthcare and education from wealthier to poorer nations. Australia provides about $4 billion annually in foreign aid, with over 70% going to countries in the Asia-Pacific region focused on issues like health, education, economic development and governance.
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE CAMBRIDGE IGCSE: EDUCATION FOR ALLGeorge Dumitrache
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE CAMBRIDGE IGCSE: EDUCATION FOR ALL. Definitions, questions for the research project, global/international perspectives, local/national perspectives, family/personal perspectives, useful websites.
This is a colour coded suggested answer to the May 2014 EdExcel economic question on the market for cigarettes. Colour coding is used to demonstrate the different skills of knowledge, application, analysis and evaluation to show how answers can be constructed to earn high marks under timed conditions.
This document discusses causes of conflict and ways to achieve peace. It explores conflicts in Nigeria from personal, local and global perspectives. Some ongoing conflicts in Nigeria include those between Boko Haram and the military, and between herdsmen and farming communities. The conflicts in the Niger Delta over oil pollution and its impacts on local communities are also examined. The document suggests that teaching conflict resolution skills in schools and homes could help address conflicts in Nigeria. Globally, the main causes of conflict discussed are inequality, competition over scarce resources like food and energy, and struggles for resource control.
The document discusses international affairs and cooperation between nations. It defines international affairs as political, economic, diplomatic, and cultural relations among independent states. There are four main types of international relations: political, economic, diplomatic, and cultural. Tanzania's foreign policy aims to maintain regular interactions with other states through non-alignment and cooperation in organizations like the UN, AU, and NAM. Tanzania cooperates bilaterally with other countries and multilaterally through regional groups like EAC, SADC, and COMESA to promote peace, economic development, and other shared objectives.
This document discusses two main approaches to promoting development in poorer countries: trade and aid. Trade is believed to encourage economic growth as it allows countries to specialize and export goods, but it relies on the assumption that poorer countries can develop using the same model as wealthier countries. Aid from developed nations provides resources for poorer countries but does not necessarily lead to self-sustaining growth. Overall the document examines the debate around whether trade or aid is better for long-term development in poorer regions of the world.
Presentation on terms of trade will provide basic understanding about the concept of Terms of trade. It is one of the Vital Concepts of International Business and important to understand the gain while trading internationally.
The document consists of a chemistry exam with multiple choice questions testing knowledge of topics including the periodic table, chemical bonding, acids and bases, and chemical reactions. It includes a periodic table as a reference and instructs students to choose the single best answer for each question and record their responses on an answer sheet provided. The exam contains 40 total questions to be completed within 45 minutes.
- Poverty means lacking basic living standards and conditions like adequate food, shelter, education and healthcare. Over 1 billion people live on less than $1.25 a day.
- In 2015, world leaders agreed to 17 Sustainable Development Goals to improve prosperity and sustainability by 2030 through initiatives targeting issues like poverty, hunger, health, education, water and sanitation.
- Foreign aid involves the transfer of resources like money, food, healthcare and education from wealthier to poorer nations. Australia provides about $4 billion annually in foreign aid, with over 70% going to countries in the Asia-Pacific region focused on issues like health, education, economic development and governance.
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE CAMBRIDGE IGCSE: EDUCATION FOR ALLGeorge Dumitrache
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE CAMBRIDGE IGCSE: EDUCATION FOR ALL. Definitions, questions for the research project, global/international perspectives, local/national perspectives, family/personal perspectives, useful websites.
This is a colour coded suggested answer to the May 2014 EdExcel economic question on the market for cigarettes. Colour coding is used to demonstrate the different skills of knowledge, application, analysis and evaluation to show how answers can be constructed to earn high marks under timed conditions.
This document discusses causes of conflict and ways to achieve peace. It explores conflicts in Nigeria from personal, local and global perspectives. Some ongoing conflicts in Nigeria include those between Boko Haram and the military, and between herdsmen and farming communities. The conflicts in the Niger Delta over oil pollution and its impacts on local communities are also examined. The document suggests that teaching conflict resolution skills in schools and homes could help address conflicts in Nigeria. Globally, the main causes of conflict discussed are inequality, competition over scarce resources like food and energy, and struggles for resource control.
This document provides an overview of a country's economic structure, recent macroeconomic data, competitiveness, trade, foreign direct investment, growth and development evidence, and key growth drivers and constraints. It includes information such as the country's GDP composition by sector, GDP growth rate, inflation, unemployment, fiscal balance, government debt, top export markets, trade agreements, human development index ranking, and three key drivers and constraints of economic growth.
WRITING TASK 2 BAND 9.0 Collection from www.ielts-simon.comLinh Pham
This document summarizes and introduces 18 sample essays written by Simon, an experienced IELTS teacher and former examiner, for the IELTS Writing Task 2. The essays are provided as examples for students to analyze and learn from in order to write simply, coherently and score highly. The introductions praise Simon's teaching style as approachable and effective. The samples demonstrate how to write excellent essays that receive a band score of 9, despite being relatively straightforward. Students are encouraged to study the examples to improve their own essay writing skills.
The document is a mark scheme for a chemistry exam that provides the requirements for awarding marks to exam answers. It lists the key points examiners would look for in responses to different exam questions. The summary includes:
1) The mark scheme provides guidance for examiners on awarding marks to exam questions on chemistry topics like properties of bromine, graphite, and manganese.
2) It outlines the marking criteria for questions involving phase changes, molecular structure, and reaction stoichiometry.
3) The document gives examples of correct answers and workings that would earn marks for questions about rates of reaction, electrolysis, reactions of alkali metals, organic compound properties, and acid-base titration calculations
This document provides an introduction to international economics. It distinguishes international economics from domestic economics and explains that international economics examines how nations interact through trade, money flows, investment, and immigration. It identifies seven main themes in international economics: (1) gains from trade, (2) patterns of trade, (3) how much to trade, (4) balance of payments, (5) exchange rate determination, (6) international policy coordination, and (7) international capital markets. It also distinguishes between the trade and monetary aspects of international economics.
The foreign exchange market allows currencies to be traded and provides liquidity for international trade and investment. It operates 24/5 with many factors influencing exchange rates. The equilibrium exchange rate balances supply and demand for currencies, while real exchange rates account for inflation differences between countries. Purchasing power parity estimates the exchange rate at which currencies would buy the same goods.
This document defines key terms related to fiscal policy such as bond yield, budget deficit, cyclical fiscal deficit, direct and indirect taxation, national debt, and structural fiscal deficit. It then discusses what fiscal policy is, how governments use taxation, spending, and borrowing to affect aggregate demand and the economy. It provides examples of government spending in areas like welfare, public services, and investment projects. It also examines sources of government tax revenue and different types of taxes like direct, indirect, progressive, proportional, and regressive taxes.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
AS Macro Revision - The Balance of Paymentstutor2u
This document discusses the balance of payments (BoP) and current account. It provides examples of countries that typically run trade surpluses and deficits. Causes of deficits include weak competitiveness and exchange rate issues. Policies to reduce deficits include demand management, exchange rate adjustments, and supply-side reforms. A currency depreciation can initially worsen the trade deficit due to lags but may eventually improve it if certain conditions are met. The UK often runs a trade deficit due to factors like import dependence and weaknesses exporting to growing markets.
The document discusses development gaps between rich and poor countries. It provides definitions and classifications of development gaps. There are three stages of economic development: preparatory, take-off, and self-sustained growth. There are large income gaps between nations and people, classified as North-South divide and by continent or World Bank definitions. Measures of development gaps include absolute income gap, relative income gap, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and Gini ratio. These measure differences in per capita income levels and dispersion to quantify narrowing or widening of gaps over time.
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE CAMBRIDGE IGCSE: TRADE AND AID. Definitions, questions for the research project, global/international perspectives, local/national perspectives, family/personal perspectives, useful websites.
This document contains 3 mark schemes for the Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics exam papers from May/June 2016. Each mark scheme is 2 pages long and provides the answers and marks allocated for multiple choice and structured questions relating to physics topics. The documents establish the requirements for earning marks, note the basis for examiner instructions, and state that alternative answers will have been considered in examiner meetings.
Treaty of versaille and great depressionmarypardee
The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh terms on Germany after World War 1 that contributed to economic instability. It required Germany to pay massive reparations, lose territory and demilitarize. Germans resented these terms which humiliated the country. In the 1930s, the worldwide economic depression further hurt Germany and other European nations. As businesses closed and unemployment rose, populism and nationalism increased, setting the stage for World War 2.
Supply-side policies aim to increase potential economic growth through microeconomic reforms that improve market efficiency. Examples discussed include privatizing industries like Royal Mail; reducing business regulations; lowering taxes on individuals and corporations; welfare reforms to incentivize work; education reforms; increasing wages; changing migration policies; investing in infrastructure for transport, energy, and housing; and establishing regional enterprise zones with tax breaks.
With International Women's Day coming up this week, this description of major female political leaders as chancellors, presidents and vice presidents highlights the continued under- representation of women as heads of state.
Six coup attempts were made from 1986 to 1987 to overthrow Philippine President Corazon Aquino's government. Some coups supported the exiled former president Ferdinand Marcos while others were launched by military rebels. All of the coup attempts ended in failure. The most serious attempt was in December 1989 and resulted in 99 deaths, including 50 civilians, and 570 wounded. The United States supported the Aquino government by using airpower from aircraft carriers to deter the rebels.
An educational platform for all: an e-Hoop approach C. Papanik
The document discusses the e-Hoop learning platform, which was developed to focus on individual learner needs and eliminate social exclusion by introducing a new conceptual framework for education. E-Hoop is a universal, dynamic, and adaptable learning environment that provides diagnostic tools to evaluate learner abilities and preferences in order to deliver customized educational content. The goal of e-Hoop is to be an educational platform that can meet the needs of all learners and educators.
«Как научить Ruby / как научиться Ruby», Виктор Шепелев (Team Lead at BrandSp...Alina Vilk
Тезисы/рассматриваемые вопросы:
Стать рубистом с нуля — как? Самообразование, книги, учителя
Задать направление развития младшему коллеге и подчиненному — как?
Как определить необходимый объем знаний? Как осознать свой уровень?
Когда и зачем мы прекращаем учиться? Зачем повышать уровень?
Large variance and fat tail of damage by natural disasterHang-Hyun Jo
In order to account for large variance and fat tail of damage by natural disaster, we study a simple model by combining distributions of disaster and population/property with their spatial correlation. We assume fat-tailed or power-law distributions for disaster and population/property exposed to the disaster, and a constant vulnerability for exposed population/property. Our model suggests that the fat tail property of damage can be determined either by that of disaster or by those of population/property depending on which tail is fatter. It is also found that the spatial correlations of population/property can enhance or reduce the variance of damage depending on how fat the tails of population/property are. In case of tornadoes in the United States, we show that the damage does have fat tail property. Our results support that the standard cost-benefit analysis would not be reliable for social investment in vulnerability reduction and disaster prevention.
http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/9780784413609.277
http://arxiv.org/abs/1407.6209
Alexander Pavlenko, Senior Java Developer, "Cassandra into"Alina Vilk
This document provides an overview of Cassandra operations and demonstrates how to set up Cassandra using Docker, create a keyspace and table, insert and query data, and work with keys and clustering. It shows how to create a keyspace and table, insert data into the table, perform various queries on the data including filtering and selections on the partition and clustering keys, and insert data with a time to live (TTL).
This document provides an overview of a country's economic structure, recent macroeconomic data, competitiveness, trade, foreign direct investment, growth and development evidence, and key growth drivers and constraints. It includes information such as the country's GDP composition by sector, GDP growth rate, inflation, unemployment, fiscal balance, government debt, top export markets, trade agreements, human development index ranking, and three key drivers and constraints of economic growth.
WRITING TASK 2 BAND 9.0 Collection from www.ielts-simon.comLinh Pham
This document summarizes and introduces 18 sample essays written by Simon, an experienced IELTS teacher and former examiner, for the IELTS Writing Task 2. The essays are provided as examples for students to analyze and learn from in order to write simply, coherently and score highly. The introductions praise Simon's teaching style as approachable and effective. The samples demonstrate how to write excellent essays that receive a band score of 9, despite being relatively straightforward. Students are encouraged to study the examples to improve their own essay writing skills.
The document is a mark scheme for a chemistry exam that provides the requirements for awarding marks to exam answers. It lists the key points examiners would look for in responses to different exam questions. The summary includes:
1) The mark scheme provides guidance for examiners on awarding marks to exam questions on chemistry topics like properties of bromine, graphite, and manganese.
2) It outlines the marking criteria for questions involving phase changes, molecular structure, and reaction stoichiometry.
3) The document gives examples of correct answers and workings that would earn marks for questions about rates of reaction, electrolysis, reactions of alkali metals, organic compound properties, and acid-base titration calculations
This document provides an introduction to international economics. It distinguishes international economics from domestic economics and explains that international economics examines how nations interact through trade, money flows, investment, and immigration. It identifies seven main themes in international economics: (1) gains from trade, (2) patterns of trade, (3) how much to trade, (4) balance of payments, (5) exchange rate determination, (6) international policy coordination, and (7) international capital markets. It also distinguishes between the trade and monetary aspects of international economics.
The foreign exchange market allows currencies to be traded and provides liquidity for international trade and investment. It operates 24/5 with many factors influencing exchange rates. The equilibrium exchange rate balances supply and demand for currencies, while real exchange rates account for inflation differences between countries. Purchasing power parity estimates the exchange rate at which currencies would buy the same goods.
This document defines key terms related to fiscal policy such as bond yield, budget deficit, cyclical fiscal deficit, direct and indirect taxation, national debt, and structural fiscal deficit. It then discusses what fiscal policy is, how governments use taxation, spending, and borrowing to affect aggregate demand and the economy. It provides examples of government spending in areas like welfare, public services, and investment projects. It also examines sources of government tax revenue and different types of taxes like direct, indirect, progressive, proportional, and regressive taxes.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
AS Macro Revision - The Balance of Paymentstutor2u
This document discusses the balance of payments (BoP) and current account. It provides examples of countries that typically run trade surpluses and deficits. Causes of deficits include weak competitiveness and exchange rate issues. Policies to reduce deficits include demand management, exchange rate adjustments, and supply-side reforms. A currency depreciation can initially worsen the trade deficit due to lags but may eventually improve it if certain conditions are met. The UK often runs a trade deficit due to factors like import dependence and weaknesses exporting to growing markets.
The document discusses development gaps between rich and poor countries. It provides definitions and classifications of development gaps. There are three stages of economic development: preparatory, take-off, and self-sustained growth. There are large income gaps between nations and people, classified as North-South divide and by continent or World Bank definitions. Measures of development gaps include absolute income gap, relative income gap, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and Gini ratio. These measure differences in per capita income levels and dispersion to quantify narrowing or widening of gaps over time.
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE CAMBRIDGE IGCSE: TRADE AND AID. Definitions, questions for the research project, global/international perspectives, local/national perspectives, family/personal perspectives, useful websites.
This document contains 3 mark schemes for the Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics exam papers from May/June 2016. Each mark scheme is 2 pages long and provides the answers and marks allocated for multiple choice and structured questions relating to physics topics. The documents establish the requirements for earning marks, note the basis for examiner instructions, and state that alternative answers will have been considered in examiner meetings.
Treaty of versaille and great depressionmarypardee
The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh terms on Germany after World War 1 that contributed to economic instability. It required Germany to pay massive reparations, lose territory and demilitarize. Germans resented these terms which humiliated the country. In the 1930s, the worldwide economic depression further hurt Germany and other European nations. As businesses closed and unemployment rose, populism and nationalism increased, setting the stage for World War 2.
Supply-side policies aim to increase potential economic growth through microeconomic reforms that improve market efficiency. Examples discussed include privatizing industries like Royal Mail; reducing business regulations; lowering taxes on individuals and corporations; welfare reforms to incentivize work; education reforms; increasing wages; changing migration policies; investing in infrastructure for transport, energy, and housing; and establishing regional enterprise zones with tax breaks.
With International Women's Day coming up this week, this description of major female political leaders as chancellors, presidents and vice presidents highlights the continued under- representation of women as heads of state.
Six coup attempts were made from 1986 to 1987 to overthrow Philippine President Corazon Aquino's government. Some coups supported the exiled former president Ferdinand Marcos while others were launched by military rebels. All of the coup attempts ended in failure. The most serious attempt was in December 1989 and resulted in 99 deaths, including 50 civilians, and 570 wounded. The United States supported the Aquino government by using airpower from aircraft carriers to deter the rebels.
An educational platform for all: an e-Hoop approach C. Papanik
The document discusses the e-Hoop learning platform, which was developed to focus on individual learner needs and eliminate social exclusion by introducing a new conceptual framework for education. E-Hoop is a universal, dynamic, and adaptable learning environment that provides diagnostic tools to evaluate learner abilities and preferences in order to deliver customized educational content. The goal of e-Hoop is to be an educational platform that can meet the needs of all learners and educators.
«Как научить Ruby / как научиться Ruby», Виктор Шепелев (Team Lead at BrandSp...Alina Vilk
Тезисы/рассматриваемые вопросы:
Стать рубистом с нуля — как? Самообразование, книги, учителя
Задать направление развития младшему коллеге и подчиненному — как?
Как определить необходимый объем знаний? Как осознать свой уровень?
Когда и зачем мы прекращаем учиться? Зачем повышать уровень?
Large variance and fat tail of damage by natural disasterHang-Hyun Jo
In order to account for large variance and fat tail of damage by natural disaster, we study a simple model by combining distributions of disaster and population/property with their spatial correlation. We assume fat-tailed or power-law distributions for disaster and population/property exposed to the disaster, and a constant vulnerability for exposed population/property. Our model suggests that the fat tail property of damage can be determined either by that of disaster or by those of population/property depending on which tail is fatter. It is also found that the spatial correlations of population/property can enhance or reduce the variance of damage depending on how fat the tails of population/property are. In case of tornadoes in the United States, we show that the damage does have fat tail property. Our results support that the standard cost-benefit analysis would not be reliable for social investment in vulnerability reduction and disaster prevention.
http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/9780784413609.277
http://arxiv.org/abs/1407.6209
Alexander Pavlenko, Senior Java Developer, "Cassandra into"Alina Vilk
This document provides an overview of Cassandra operations and demonstrates how to set up Cassandra using Docker, create a keyspace and table, insert and query data, and work with keys and clustering. It shows how to create a keyspace and table, insert data into the table, perform various queries on the data including filtering and selections on the partition and clustering keys, and insert data with a time to live (TTL).
This document outlines a communication plan to promote Autologue Kits, which customize motorcycles. It identifies two target audiences: 1) "Wannabes" or "Bikers" who seek attention and status and 2) "Mavericks" or "Real Riders" who are passionate about motorcycle mechanics and design.
The plan involves creating viral videos on social media and games to engage Bikers. For Riders, it proposes opening "Biker's Cafes" on motorcycle routes that serve as showrooms and havens for riders. Public relations initiatives would feature stories of passionate riders. Celebrities like cricketer Yuvraj Singh could appeal to Bikers and potentially become a Rider, expanding the
Dokumen ini berisi tentang data diri mahasiswa bernama Hamim Suyuti yang mengambil mata kuliah Komputer Grafik di Universitas Indraprasta PGRI dengan dosen pengampu bernama Nahot Frastian, M.Kom. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan program input dan proses pembuatan segiempat menggunakan method drawRect dan fillRect pada bahasa pemrograman Java.
The document is a media evaluation for a magazine product created by Emma Wheele. It discusses various aspects of creating the magazine such as conventions used, representing the target audience of teenagers interested in pop music, potential distributors, and lessons learned. Emma aimed to attract both male and female readers aged 16-24 by using images and styles relatable to the target group. Distribution in music stores, festivals, and online were considered most suitable. Through the process, Emma learned new software skills like Photoshop editing and how to construct a magazine professionally. Overall, the preliminary product helped with planning but the final product allowed more creativity in design and audience targeting.
Npm : 2012 4350 1163
Nama : Hamim Suyuti
Kelas : R7H
Mata Kuliah : Komputer Grafik
Dosen : Nahot Frastian, M.Kom
Program Studi : Teknik Informatika
Universitas : Universitas Indraprasta PGRI
Sidney N. Umali is a Filipino HSE Supervisor born in 1976. He has over 10 years of experience in HSE roles for various companies in Saudi Arabia. He holds a Bachelor's degree in Criminology from Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina. His responsibilities include conducting safety inspections and audits, training workers, and ensuring compliance with health and safety regulations. He has received several certifications in areas such as managing safety, auditing, and hazard training.
This document is a scanned receipt from a grocery store listing the items purchased which include milk, eggs, bread, bananas, and orange juice for a total of $15.47. The receipt details the item names, quantities, and individual prices that make up the total cost of the grocery purchase.
Este documento presenta los detalles de la Práctica 2 de Ensayo de Tracción II. Se utiliza una máquina universal electrónica para aplicar una tensión controlada a una probeta y medir su deformación con el tiempo, obteniendo gráficas tensión-deformación. Se coloca la probeta en la máquina y se rompe aplicando tensión de forma controlada. Luego, se calculan parámetros como el alargamiento, la resistencia mecánica, el límite elástico y el módulo de elasticidad usando fórmulas proporcion
Amy Covolo has over 15 years of experience in administration, customer service, and support work. She has completed certificates in office administration and is currently studying for a Certificate 4 in Business. Her work history includes roles in sales, customer service, administration, and support work for people with disabilities. She has strong skills in organization, communication, and teamwork. References are provided that praise her integrity, dependability, and positive attitude.
Dokumen ini berisi biodata 10 orang anggota kelompok 7 yang mencakup nama, tempat dan tanggal lahir, alamat, hobi, motto, zodiak, makanan dan minuman favorit.
Multicultural education aims to promote equal opportunities for students from diverse backgrounds through theories and practices. It helps students develop positive self-images and multiple perspectives while replacing stereotypes with acceptance. Teachers must understand students' cultural learning practices, make an effort to know students inside and outside of class, and try to learn students' native tongues to increase self-esteem and convey respect for their cultures.
This document summarizes a research study on women's empowerment, good governance, and decentralization by assuring women's participation in panchayats (local councils) in two districts in West Bengal, India. The study interviewed nearly 500 elected women representatives from different tiers of panchayats using structured and unstructured questionnaires to understand the realities of women's political participation on the ground. The study aimed to examine how major legal and policy changes like the 73rd Constitutional Amendment impacted women's political empowerment and role in grassroots decision making. Key findings from the study are discussed in later chapters.
The Myth and Reality of Womens’ Political Marginalization In Nigeriainventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
What is affecting women’s participation in politics in ugandaDennis Kateregga
Women’s access towards control over political participation and hence decision making in society is still limited. Local Councils (LCs) at the grassroots were formed without any clear gender sensitive mechanism. The powers and functions spelt out for them in section 14(1) of the local government statute, does not include the power to challenge the traditional power relations based on gender. The structure itself of the LCs ensures male dominance by providing one post out of the 9 available to women. The study therefore seeks to examine the perception of women towards politics and how to encourage them participate more in politics.
The document is the text of a speech delivered by Her Excellency Mrs. ‘Funmi Olayinka, Deputy Governor of Ekiti State, Nigeria, at the annual lecture of Women in Management and Business. [1] It discusses the low level of participation of women in Nigerian politics despite constitutional protections guaranteeing political participation and international agreements ratified by Nigeria. [2] It notes that women constitute about 49% of Nigeria's population but hold less than 5% of important decision making positions, with an average of only 0.05% representation in the national assembly. [3] The speech aims to analyze the causes of this situation and propose ways to increase women's political participation in Nigeria.
This document summarizes a study on Zimbabwean women's involvement in conflict transformation, peacebuilding, and political transitions. It outlines how Zimbabwean women have long played an active role in the country's politics, from fighting colonialism to advocating for women's rights after independence. While important laws were adopted early on to promote women's rights, political polarization and economic crisis from 2000-2008 weakened the women's movement. However, women remained engaged in struggles for equal rights and constitutional reforms. The study examines women's experiences with violence, their participation in politics and peace processes, and challenges faced in advocating for women's issues in Zimbabwe.
this ppt is about the presence of women in politics all over the globe, mostly the ways of women entering in politics, its effect and the empowerment of women in politics
The Role of Youths in Electoral Processes: An Appraisal of the Nigerian 2015 ...inventionjournals
Youths represent a significant proportion of the Nigerian Population, but in spite of this, their level of political participation and representation in the electoral process in the past has been very poor and often times undermined; being largely noticed at the level of electoral malpractices, voting irregularities and covert or overtthuggery in support of political office seekers who paradoxically have dominated the political arena to the point of total exclusion of the youths, yet all groups (youths inclusive) seek to influence dispensation of power. The research therefore sets out to analytically x-ray the issues and challenges that confronted youths in previous general elections viz a viz the tremendous effort made by youths in making the 2015 general elections a success, by particularly the use of social media as a propaganda machine and the dogged attitude displayed in the course of retrieving permanent voters card which is unparrarelled and unprecedented. The research implores the use of vivid descriptive scenarios to make sound and logical arguments on the plight and strive of youth in forestalling equity and fair play in our electoral process and also on the strides recorded thereof. Using variables such as lack of proper electoral education and sensitization in the past, religious, regional and sectional divide, poverty, deprivation, thuggery, social media, permanent voters card and so forth, the researchers conclude that youths have in the past been largely responsible for scuttling elections but were however instrumental to the success of the 2015 general elections. It therefore recommends amongst other things that, it is imperative to develop and enhance the capability of youths in the electoral process by creating a robust orientation programme and also engaging them to become financially and morally equip, so as to drastically reduce if not totally eradicate arm-twisting or manipulation of youths in the society.
Framing Rights - Building Democracy by Simone Hagensen 2014Simone Hagensen
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a master's thesis that examines Bunge la Mwananchi (BLM), a Nairobi-based group that practices public deliberation and political mobilization. The thesis uses BLM as a case study to understand its approach as a praxis of conscientization, or developing critical awareness through reflection and action, and as a strategy for social transformation. It draws on theories of participatory democracy, strategies for radical change, and critical pedagogy. The research aims to explore BLM's political project and approach from the perspective of activists seeking to build a more radical and relevant form of democracy in Kenya driven by and for ordinary citizens.
Youth in Contemporary Politics Roles and Benefits in Nigeriaijtsrd
The youth in contemporary Nigerian politics has played the role of acting the political thug for older politicians in the country. In this study, the researchers set out to examine the role and benefits of the youth in modern-day politics with specific reference to the recent Nigerias ‘‘Not-Too-Young-to-Run Bill. It is in this light that this paper adopted Role theory in explaining the role of the youth in contemporary Nigerian politics. It is obvious that with the Not-Too-Young-to-Run Bill, the youth in Nigeria can now participate effectively in the nations political processes, and not continue to play the dirty role of hooligan on the payroll of the sit-tight political leader who wants to perpetuate himself in power. The paper contends that the Federal government and the electoral umpire body, the Independent National Electoral Commission INEC , should make it a priority to fully implement the Not-Too-Young-to-Run Bill, to give many more youths the opportunity to vie for electoral offices in the country. In addition, youths should be included in the nations political processes by enlightening them on their role and benefits in such processes not just to function as political thugs but to aspire to run for electoral offices themselves. Patrick Oromareghake, PhD | Oluka, Nduka Lucas "Youth in Contemporary Politics: Roles and Benefits in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21518.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/21518/youth-in-contemporary-politics-roles-and-benefits-in-nigeria/patrick-oromareghake-phd
Being the paper presented by
His Excellency Dr. Kayode FAYEMI, Governor, Ekiti State, Nigeria At the INTERNATIONAL REPUBLICAN INSTITUTE’S (IRI) AFRICA REGIONAL GOVERNANCE BEST PRACTICES CONFERENCE, MOMBASSA, KENYA
M.A IN poletical science FOR degree and MscMamilaTad
This document provides an introduction and overview for a research proposal on assessing the challenges and opportunities of youth political participation in Dangur Woreda, Manbuk town, Ethiopia. The proposal is submitted in partial fulfillment of an MA in Political Science. It includes 5 chapters: Introduction; Review of Related Literature; Research Design and Methodology; Findings and Discussion; and Conclusion and Recommendations. The introduction presents the background, statement of the problem, objectives, research questions, significance, limitations, and organization of the study. The methodology section describes the study area, research design using qualitative and quantitative methods, data collection instruments including interviews and questionnaires, and sampling techniques.
Public- Female political leaders in Finland How do they do itMaria Nyroos
This document is a thesis submitted for an MSc in Occupational and Business Psychology at Kingston University London. The thesis explores how women become political leaders in Finland by interviewing 12 current and former female political leaders across six parties.
The introduction provides background on women's history in Finnish politics, noting the slow progress to top positions despite early voting rights. The literature review discusses gendered leadership theories and feminist views of political power and leadership. It aims to understand the process women go through to become leaders in male-dominated politics.
The thesis has five chapters: introduction and context, literature review, methodology, analysis/discussion combining interviews and literature, and conclusions with limitations and future research. It takes a feminist approach
Once again we make our voices heard;
Once again we emphasize that we are equal by right;
Once again we claim our position at the center; and
refuse to be kept at the sidelines”
In May 2010, Forum for Women in Democracy (FOWODE) embarked on
the development of the women’s agenda with the intention of creating a
tool to inform political parties and other stakeholders about the concerns
of the women of Uganda, detailing what women would like the incoming
Government to address. FOWODE carried out a survey across 22 districts of
Uganda, gathering views from a cross section of women about the challenges
they face and how they can be addressed. These views were shared at a
Women in Politics Conference held in June, 2010 with a cross section of
members of civil society, the academia, women leaders and politicians, from
the key political parties of Uganda, who further input the process. A key
outcome of the discussions was the decision to hold further consultations
with other groups of women that had not been reached.
A series of three consultative meetings were subsequently held with women
representatives from: religious groups, the elderly, the academia – teaching
and non teaching staff and women in small scale businesses. A steering
committee was then set up to synthesize the findings and finalize the
development of the Agenda.
The Production of the Uganda Women’s Agenda is part of a journey that the
women of Uganda and the Women’s Movement have taken since 1996 when
women made history as pioneers of the first highly successful “People’s
Manifesto 1996” followed by “The Women’s Manifesto 2001”. On Uganda’s
return to pluralism in 2005, the women consulted nationally and developed
Women and democratic stability in rivers state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the role of women in democratic stability in Rivers State, Nigeria. It discusses how women have faced discrimination but are increasingly seen as important for development. The study hypothesized that there is a relationship between women's political activities and democratic stability in Rivers State, and between women's contributions to politics and their political empowerment. It reviewed literature supporting the importance of women's participation in politics and discussed efforts to expand women's political opportunities in Nigeria.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Trend of Women’s Participation in Politics In Kakamega Central District S...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The main purpose of this study was to analyze the trend of women participation in politics in Kakamega Central district since independence. The sample for the study was taken from three divisions: Navakholo, Municipality and Lurambi in Kakamega County. The study was guided by Gender and Development (GAD) theory developed in the 1980s by Carolyn Moser and adopted historical research design. The sample size was 360 respondents; 349 women and 15 men. The data collection instruments were questionnaire, focus group interviews and document analysis. The data was subjected to corroboration, sourcing and contextualization in the historical domains and then analyzedusing qualitative and quantitative techniques. Qualitativedata was analyzed using words that outlined trends leading to development of patterns while quantitative data was analyzed numerically by use of descriptive method. The findings showed women in Kakamega Central district have not fully participated in elective politics due to various reasons such as;lack of awareness, historical and cultural trends engendered in the patriarchal society, lack of political commitment to implement Affirmative Action, political patronage, cultural beliefs and traditions. Recommendation from the study was that the society should mount sensitization and awareness targeting young women to pursue higher education to propel them to participate in politics and the government to implement the Affirmative Action to enable more women participate in elective politics. To increase women participation the study recommended improved women representation in the political arena.
Lecture delivered on the occasion of the public presentation of The Nigerian Political Turf: Polity, Politics and Politicians written by Mobolade Omonijo on Tuesday, August 7, 2012 at The Muson Centre, Onikan-Lagos.
Abstract
The study examines the promise of political independence and the pains of dashed hope in post-
colonial Africa with particular focus on the poor political leadership factor. For analytical
convenience, particular focus is on Nigeria, which provides a good framework for the promise of
independence and the pains of dashed hope in post-colonial Africa. The study acknowledges the
efforts put forward by African nationalist leaders in the struggle for the liquidation of colonialism
and national liberation but argues, however, that nearly sixty years after the majority of African
countries gained political independence, the promise of liberation from poverty, disease and
underdevelopment as well as the enthronement of enduring genuine democracy and good
governance, are far from being achieved. It argues further that Africa's hope of a better tomorrow at
independence faded away very quickly almost immediately after independence and became a
crumbling dream with pains, resulting in various crises, including devastating civil wars. It was
against this background that citizens without hope of better tomorrow were seen all over the
continent carrying faces of agony and pains, relishing in despair and frustration, and were poised to
destroy their various countries. Although several factors could be advanced to explain this situation,
this study focuses on the poor political leadership factor. The study essentially adopts a historical
approach and relies on literary sources for its analysis. It concludes by advocating a review of the
process of political leadership recruitment in the continent so that selfless, credible, visionary and
nationalistic leaders could emerge in the various countries. It also advocates the strengthening of
democratic and political institutions, which could operate and guide the conduct of politics.
The document summarizes a presentation on women's decision-making position and political participation in Nigeria. It begins with an overview of Nigeria's population demographics and government system. It then discusses how education has historically empowered women in Nigeria, but many girls still lack access to education due to issues like the Boko Haram insurgency. The presentation outlines Nigeria's legal frameworks supporting women's rights and highlights traditional beliefs that hinder women's decision-making. It also notes women's underrepresentation in Nigerian politics compared to global averages, showing that women comprise less than 9% of Nigerian parliamentarians. The presentation calls for a human rights-based approach to advance gender equality and women's empowerment in Nigeria.
1. Women were brought together in Sligo, Ireland to discuss women's participation in community and political life.
2. They felt that having more women in decision-making roles would make a positive difference by bringing a more action-oriented and collaborative approach that focuses on solving community issues and meeting the needs of families.
3. Participants believed greater female representation in politics could help address marginalization and bring more diverse perspectives, as women tend to have a better understanding of marginalized groups and are more empathetic due to shared experiences of discrimination.
Similar to THE MOBILIZATION OF WOMEN IN POLITICS (20)
1. 1
THE MOBILIZATION OF WOMEN IN POLITICS
(CASE STUDY: ILORIN; 1979-2003)
By
SHEHU YUSUF ADIO
08/15CA088
BEING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ARTS (HONS) OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND INT’L STUDIES, FACULTY
OF ART UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN, ILORIN KWARA STATE.
MAY, 2011
2. 2
CERTIFICATION
This project was read and approved as meeting the
requirements for the award of bachelor of art degree in
history and int’l studies the faculty of art, university of
Ilorin.
-------------------------- ------------ ----------------
MR. I.O. BASHEER Date Signature
Project Supervisor
-------------------------- ------------ ----------------
DR. S.O.AGHALINO Date Signature
Head of Department
-------------------------- ------------ ----------------
External examiner Date Signature
3. 3
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to my lovely parents Alh. Adio
Shehu and Hajia Falilat Shehu, may them live long to
harvest they have labor for.
4. 4
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In the name of Allah, the beneficent and most
merciful. All praise is due to Allah the highest, the powerful
which no one last than him. No partners for him in his
kingship of heaven and earth and He has power over
everything, may the benediction and salutation of Allah be
upon him Muhammed (S.A.W) and his household and
companion said those who follow him to goodness till the
new time.
My thanks go to my parents ALh. Adio Shehu and
Hajia Falilat Shehu for their advices, financial and
encouragement towards my educational success. I pray that
Almighty Allah continue to bless and proper them.
Also thank my supervisor Mr. I.O. Basheer for his
robust ideals, suggestion and continuous guidance towards
5. 5
the successful completion of this project work, may God
bless him and family.
I am indebted at this junction, to acknowledge the
effort of the most perfect girl God ever created in person of
Muhammed Medinat Almunawarat. She is my finance and I
pray to God Almighty to sail us through.
I am equally grateful to my beloved family members
Alfa Abdul Wasiu, Abdul Qudus, Dayo, Ramulat, kamil,
murana lawyer adio and Jamiu etc. may God guide and
provide for them to the end of life.
I acknowledge the moral support and encouragement
of my darling friends Ronke, Bashirat, Alhaja fausiyat,
Thoir, Abdul Fatai etc may God reward them abundantly.
My appreciation also goes to my childhood friends who had
made my life worthwhile and a dwell one Arikewuyo Kayode,
6. 6
Abdul rahman Bolaji, Farouk Farouk, Apia Mashood,
kamal Otunba Tayo Salman etc.i love you all.
My appreciation goes to my fathers: Alh Muhammed
Nuru and Alh. Abubakar Amosa. Also to my mothers: Alh.
Sofau Muhammed Alh. Iya Muri etc. may God in his infinite
merely share his mercy upon them Amen.
Finally, my sincere appreciation goes to Alh. Akanke
Shiru who sheltered and encourage throughout my
education in unilorin and of similar important is her
children: yinka , olaitan, haminat, and shakira. I pray God
bless them all.
Shehu Yusuf Adio
A.K.A.Yusmed 2020.
7. 7
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this work is to reveal the women in
politics.
Chapter one deals with the introductory aspect of the
project work.
Chapter two deal with the historical antecedent of
mobilizing women in politics.
Chapter three deals with the mobilization of women for
politic in Ilorin.
Finally, chapter deals with the political achievement of
women mobilization and the socio political and economic
impact of mobilizing women in Ilorin politics. It also
encompassed the conclusion of the project.
TABLE OF CONTENT
8. 8
Title Page…………………………………………………….. i
Certification………………………………………………. ii
Dedication…………………………………………………. iii
Acknowledgement ………………………………………. iv-vi
Abstract………………………………………………………..vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction 1-3
1.2 Aim and Objective 4-6
1.3 Scope of the Work 7-8
1.4 Methodology and Problem 9-11
1.5 Geographical Description of Ilorin 11-13
1.6 Literature Review 14-17
Note And Reference 18-19
CHAPTER TWO
9. 9
Historical Antecedent of Mobilization of Women for
politics
2.1The role of Women in Politics in Pre-colonial Era20-27
2.2 The Role of Women in Politics in Colonial Era 28-36
2.3 Women in Pre- Independent Politics 36-41
2.4 Overview of political participation of women 42-44
Note and Reference 52-54
CHAPTER THREE
Mobilization of Women Politics in Ilorin 1979 to 2003
3.1Method and activities for mobilizing women for politics in
Ilorin 55-68
3.2 Problem of Mobilizing of Women for
Politics in Ilorin 68-73
3.3 Women and Election/Electoral in Ilorin 73-77
3.4 The Changing Roles of Women in Ilorin Political 78-82
Note and Reference 83-86
10. 10
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 The Political Achievement of Women
Mobilization 87-92
4.2 The Political Economic Impact of Mobilization
Of women in Ilorin Politics 92-98
4.3 The social impact of mobilizing women in
Ilorin political 92-102
Conclusion 101-102
Note and Reference 103-105
Bibliography
11. 11
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Gender incongruity in politics is a worldwide
phenomenon, literature abounds showing that the level of
women’s participation at the highest level of political activity
accounts for their invisibility in the top positions of power.
Locally and internationally, such low representation cut
across countries with different political systems and at
different stage of economic development 1.
In Nigeria, it would appear that women have never
really tested power in the realm of Nigerian politics.
However, literature abounds showing women’s participation
in politics2. The place of women in politics during the pre-
modern period is sufficiently familiar. The exploits of
legendary women like QUEEN Aminat of Zauzau, Iyalode
Efunsetan Aniwura of Ibadan, princes Inikpi of Igala and
12. 12
Emotan of Benin reality come to mind. During the period,
women asserted and expressed themselves politically. Some
women who made their mark on political scene at the
colonial period in Nigeria included: Mrs Margret Ekpo of the
famous Abba women riot of 1929, Madam Abibat Tinubu of
Lagos and Egbaland, Mrs Funmilayo Ransome Kuti of the
Abeokuta women union of 1948 and Hajia Sawaba Ganbo of
Northern Element Union (NEPU) to mention a few. Though
women enjoyed high political authority in Southern Nigeria,
this was not a general Phenomenon; men had always been
dominant in the political structure with women
complementing them. Women activities were subordinate
and supplement to the existing structure3.
In Nigeria studies show that the participation of women in
democratic politics has been largely low 4. In liberal
democracies, political parties, legislature assemblies and
13. 13
executive councils are vital sources of decision making
among other power centres. Political parties in particular
provide the citizens with the opportunity of participating in
the management of a country’s affairs and constitute a
major platform for selecting and promoting candidate for
elections. They also provide avenue for mass mobilization
and provision of political leadership for the Nation. Political
parties also organize and share power in parliament as well
as influence the decision of government and other executive
bodies. Since the emergence of indigenous political
leadership in 1960, Nigeria women have remained invisible
in the party system. Women were grossly under-represented
in party membership as well as in decision making organs.
The marginal showing of women in political parties made it
difficult for a visible women party constituency to emerge or
develop5.
14. 14
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE
Women through the ages have contributed immensely
to the social and economic development of various
communities world over. Their political involvement might
not have been that pronounced but current women’s
participation in politics all over the world is witnessing
tremendous increase in leaps and bounds. This is the result
of the United Nation and other international bodies 1975-
1985.
In Africa and other developing countries only a small
percentage of women is actively involved in both high level
politics and decision making processes. Actually, women
participation in politics in the developing world is
concentrated mainly in the lower echelons of public
administrations, political parties and trade union. Only very
few women occupy top decision making position 6.
15. 15
This research work tends to evaluate the participation
of women in Ilorin politics from these periods of 1979 -
2003, their role in politics during pre-colonial, colonial era
as well as their mobilization groups. couple with their
achievement in Ilorin between the periods of study. In
discussing Ilorin politics, it is indeed necessary and vital to
have a broad understanding of the area, geographical
description and development that took place there in.
However, many research works have been under taken
on similar subject matter which has either dealt on general
politics of Kwara State and the participation of Kwara state
and the participation of men. This in its own has prompted
this research work.
16. 16
This research work is an appraisal and objective
analysis of the work, achievement of the mobilization group
and their achievement of the women who venture in to
politics in Ilorin.
Infact this work aimed at the activities of women in
mobilization process, their impact and their role in political
sphere in the development of politics in Ilorin and in Kwara
State in General. This work would also examine the
successes and problem of women in Ilorin politics.
Justification on the subject matter was prompted by
the urge to contribute to the election of the society. It
should therefore need to be discussed and documented
properly. Bye and large objective of this research are
conscientious study aimed at achieving a remarkable
history of women mobilization for politics in Ilorin.
17. 17
1.3 SCOPE OF WORK
This work is basically study the participation of
women in political processes in Ilorin from 1979-2003. This
period however, in Nigeria are regarded as remarkable
period and even in Kwara as whole.
1979 happened to be the period when second republic
begins. After so many years of military intervention which
brought to an end to the first republic in Nigeria. In 1979
the military head of State major Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo
deem it fit to return the administration of the country to the
civil rule. 2003 marked the first successful transition of
government from civil rule to civil rule in Nigeria.
This research work is based on the mobilization of
women in political terrain in respect to their achievement in
pre- colonial and post colonial Nigeria, such political
achievement has the origin of the office of the ‘Iyalode’ a
18. 18
chieftaincy title exclusively of women in Yoruba land and
various other traditional offices in other part of the Nigeria7.
The place of women in pre-colonial governance would be
looked in to and critically examined, other aspect of women
activities would not be left out.
Finally, the effect of the colonial rule in political
development in various part with Ilorin as a case study
couple with the eventual evolution of female active
participation in politics in Ilorin .
This work is divided in to four chapters, chapter 1 is
the Introduction, Chapter 2 is the Antecedent of Mobilizing
women for politics, Chapter 3 is mobilizing of women in
politics in ilorin from the period of 1979 to 2003, while
Chapter 4 talks about the impact of women’s participation
in Ilorin and their general appraisal.
19. 19
1.4 METHODOLOGY AND PROBLEM
Historical methods were adopted in under taking this
research work they includes: Primary and Secondary
sources. A Lot of steps were taken in the course of
gathering information as regards the mobilization of women
for politics in Ilorin.
Preliminary survey of this research was the use of
library and the use age of archival materials are regarded as
Secondary sources of history. Exclusive interview were also
conducted, relevant materials such as published books
which were relevant to this research work, books that were
indirectly comparable issues of the subject matter were also
conducted, and unpublished materials such as internets,
pamphlets, Newspaper and Journal were not left out.
20. 20
In carrying out this research work several problem
were encountered. First, there were little or no published
materials or works dealing directly on the research work,
also the ability of informant to give accurate dates of event
and names of person, in some other cases there were
conflicting claims and counter claims.
To compound issues, there was some kind of
reluctance on the side of the interviewed which in other
words hindered free answer to question. On oral interviews
because of the political scene in Ilorin at this period of
which this research is been undertaking, individual were
not ready to disclose information available to them as a
result of feeling in secured. In turn some asked for financial
reward before information could be rendered.
21. 21
There were also the issues of low involvement of
women in politics in Ilorin which was a controversial issue
until recent due to mobilization of women empowerment
which is still in low measure. It should be noted that there
was an extremely low participation of women in political
activities because in the developing countries mostly
Africans saw politics as an exclusive activities of men. This
in turn posed problem to this research work since few
women actively involved in political processes.
1.5 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF ILORIN.
The city of Ilorin lies in the 300kilometers North of
Ilorin on latitudes North 80 30 and longitude East 4035 near
the Southern fringe of derived savannah and forest Zone 8 in
the past, the city was surrounded by a wall of about 10 mile
in circumference and as much as 20 feet high in some
places.
22. 22
Later development was to transform it in to emirate
and with the colonial rule in to province. Ilorin province
therefore consisted of an extension of a strip of territory
situated on the right bank of the River Niger from Jebba to
a point opposite Idah, comprising about 14, 430 square
mile. Ilorin province thus incorporated people with different
origin, tribe, language, culture and beliefs. It embraces the
Ibolos, Ekiti, Igbomina and kabba. Speaking people,
including the Kaiama , Bussa and Patigi.
Ilorin is bounded by the River Niger in the North and
by kabba Province in the West and South. It shares
common boundaries with southern Nigeria provinces of Oyo
and Ondo.
The mainstays of the people’s economy were weaving
(a staple industry engaged in by both men and women);
bead making, dyeing pottery, molding and farming. These
23. 23
were to be aegises of various industries and trading
activities in the 19th and 20th century. This earned it
appellate of “one of the most entrepot of central Africa.
Substantially, a large part of the province is located on
the grass plains with undiluting landscapes well watered
and highly agricultural. By the Southern Nigeria provincial
borders where the Elevation 15,00 feet there is a water shed
with river generally running from West to East and flowing
in to river Niger. The ecology of the region plays an
important role in people’s decision on whether or not to
settle with a particular area. It has a ‘mean’ annual rainfall
of 1,318mm (51.9m), which allow its inhabitants to practice
rabble farming. The mild climate had also attracted the
Northern pastoralists to the region.
24. 24
1.6 LITERATURE REVIEW
The outcome of this work is achieved by the use of
published and unpublished works Archival materials and
oral traditions are of valuable importance to this work.
Even though there are little or no published works
directly on the subject matter, some materials treat Issues
that provide general information for this work.
However, Ninu Emma Mba in her book titled “Nigeria
Women Mobilized”9 in 1982 was indeed useful as it traced
the origin of female traditional title such as Iyalode in
Yoruba land and town in Nigeria. She further traces it down
to the formation of political parties and establishment of
female wings of the NCNC party. Though it is not directly on
mobilizing of Ilorin women but it provides background
information on the activities of Nigeria women mobilized for
politics therefore relevant to this study.
25. 25
The book by S.O Arifalo10 “The evolution of Nigeria
women in politics examines the process of Nigeria women in
colonial era which demanded for Universal adult suffrage
and female representation, It also examines the power
sharing structure which was in favour of men. Colonial
period were also discussed up to the so called second
republic.
K uchendu in his book. The role of Nigeria women in
Politics, Past and Present. Enugu: fourth dimension,
1993, this book also shed light on the role played in Nigeria
politics in past and present in which the mobilization of
women and methods of mobilization for politics were
discussed. In “Nigeria the Role of Women in National
Development”11.
Eno Blankson Ikpe. Nigeria people and culture (Ed).
Akinjide Osantokun and Ayodeyi Olukoju13 contributed to
26. 26
the research work by showcasing the role of women in
National and Development, it also examine some female
politicians in Nigeria such as Gambo Sawaba, Ayoka
Lawani, Olufumilayo Ransome kuti, Magret-Ekpo and host
of others. Their motivation and prowess in politics was
examined as well as their influence on other women. This
work is relevant to the subject matter in the sense that
some of these women influenced other women in our area of
study and served as source of inspiration to them.
Bolanle Awe (Ed)12 in her book “Nigeria women
Historical perspective” Ibadan Sankore/book craft also
discussed the activities and role of women in the time past
and how they were relevant to the Nigerian society in
various spheres of life. This literature was assistance as
regards the activities of women in every sector of Nigeria
social, economic and politics as the case may be.
27. 27
Various unpublished works on the emirate also
focused on Ilorin politics. Danmole’s “Frontier Emirate”
gives considerable attention to the establishment of the
emirate with emphasizes of its administration and
Islamization of the region. R. A. Olaoye focused on the
involvement of women in the distribution of the finished
work of the weaving industry. His other work, opened
healthy discussions on the pattern of British administration
in Ilorin during the period covered by his studies13.
28. 28
NOTE AND REFERENCE
1. Nina Emma Mba: Nigeria Women Mobilized
Women’sPolitical Activity in Southern
Nigeria, 1900-1965 (Berkeley
Instituted of International Studies of
California 1982) pp 105-114.
2. Ibid 110.
3. S.O. Arifalo Edt: The evolution of Nigeria women in
politics in essay in Contemporary
Nigeria History pp99-118.
4. Eno Blankson Ikpe: “The Role of Women in National
Development Akinjide Osantokun and
Ayodeji Olukoju pp 245-268.
5. Ibid 101.
6. Adam Habeebah Nike: Participation of women in Emirate
Politics (MMA Thesis) 1955-1999 pp5-
7.
7. Ibid 31.
8. Ibid 98.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
29. 29
11. Ibid.
12. Bolanle Awe (ed): Nigeria women in Historical
perspective Ibadan,
Sankore/Book craft,
1992.pp134
13. Ibid 32
30. 30
CHAPTER TWO
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT OF MOBILIZING WOMEN
FOR POLITICS.
2.1 THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN POLITICS IN PRE-
COLONIAL ERA.
INTRODUCTION.
It is imperative in this chapter to talk about many
Nigerian women who through their tiredness effort in
politics and commerce have achieved relevance in their
societies.
In the pre-colonial traditional Nigeria societies female
participation in political life was limited. The few who
participate include the legendary. Queen Aminat of Zazzau
(Zaria) from the North, she was respected to have rules over
an empire was founded in the first half of the sixteenth
century by queen Ami later succeeded after her death
31. 31
Queen Aminat was a powerful and great warrior. In the
South Western part of Nigeria, women like Moremi of Ife,
Emotan of Benin and Omu Okwei of Ossomari (in the
present day Delta State) also played prominent roles in
politics and governance in their respective kingdoms. In
many Yoruba kingdom women were an integral part of a
complex, centralized and hierarchical palace organization.
They were often involved in political maneuvering and
intrigue with chiefs, kings and kingmakers. They were also
involved in the wider administration of the kingdow2.
However, these examples were exception rather than
general rules. Most of the time, women were politically
apathetic and remained in the backing round and
supporting their. In some pre-colonial traditional Nigeria
societies women were often given positions of responsibility
more because of their birth and lineage than the capability
32. 32
of leadership. In Borno, for example, the kings mother, his
first wife and his sister were given position which entailed
power.
Though women did not participate fully in the political
affairs of their societies, they were active in other areas
concerning their economic and social well being. Many
Yoruba cities for instance had IYALODES (The mother of the
cities) or head of women. Who took care of the problem of
the women. The market women especially looked up to
them as leaders3. Madam Tinubu, an ebullient woman has
such an exalted position. She blazed the trial in contain
respects for the Nigeria modern women. It is notable today
in the country where there are many outstanding women
traders. Who are performing the very important functions of
middle men in commerce and wielding tremendous
influence in political affairs of their societies. The lack of
33. 33
formal Western education was not an impediment. Many of
them were celebrities and acquired a contain measure of
immortality. Madam Tinunu a very remarkable woman and
one of their precursors acquired both Iya Oyalode (Iyalode
square) in Abeokuta and famous Tinubu square in Lagos.
These are eloquent testimonies to her inventive capacity4.
Madam Tinubu was born in Owu in the Egba kingdom
after undergoing the traditional apprenticeship in trade
under her mother. She went to Badagry where she quickly
made impact and established a thriving trade in salt and
tobacco. There she came incontact with a Brazilian slave
trader for whom she acted as a middle man.
By this time Akuntoye, the displaced king of lagos got
to Badagry via Abeokuta in 1846. Tinubu had been well and
firmly established there. Akuntoye’s mother is believed to be
an Owu woman and Tinubu recognized this bound of
34. 34
kingship with the exile king immediately, she espoused his
course and used her wealth and influence in Badagry to
mobilize. A faction dedicated to the support of Akuntoye
and his return to the throne in Lagos. Eventually with the
wealth and mobilization of madam Tinunu, Akintoye was
restored and accompanied to Lagos by Tinubu5. In Lagos,
Tinubu soon emerged as the great power behind Akintoyes
throne. She also transferred her trading activities to Lagos
where she became a leading middleman between the
European traders in Lagos and her Owu people in
Abeokuta. Tinubu had dominance over Akintoye. In fact,
there was rebellion organized by some chiefs which was
suppressed by the influence of Tinubu. Therefore, madam
Tinubu’s influence on the king increased tremendously.
35. 35
On getting back to Abeokuta, Tinubu exercised great
influence there, she was resolute and undaunted, with her
unfailing business acumen and enterprise she quickly set
up a flourishing trade in gun power and bullets and other
weapons of war. Thus she was instrumental and useful to
the Egba people during the inter-state war in Yoruba land.
During the Dahomean’s invasion of Egba land in 1863 she
was also instrumental in the organization of defense
strategy.
A chance came in 1869, when there was a contest for
the vacant throne of the Alake. One of the candidates,
Ademola enjoyed the backing of the traditional authorities
while Oyekan enjoyed the support of Iyalode Tinubu and his
group weakened the regime and eventually Oyekan was
installed as the Alake in 1879. which made Tinubu quickly
36. 36
assume more importance in the politics of that time and a
power behind the throne.
There were also remarkable women who played
political roles in present South Eastern Nigeria in the pre-
colonial period. In Benin, Queen Kambasa was one of the
founder of the city state who ruled around 1500. she came
to the throne after her father’s death through a palace coup
by seizing the symbols of state she displayed her know how
of survival politic by quickly establishing a military force
with loyal to her as commander and creating a formal
institution of palace guard to strengthen her position
against other contenders to the throne6.
Though in Eastern Nigeria, where there was no
political centralization and political affairs were dominated
by male Elders, women could only influence political
development through women’s organization. Through these
37. 37
associations women could act against an individual man or
male community by “Sitting on” then singing abusive songs
and refusing to leave until their demand were met7.
Nevertheless, among the Delta Igbo where centralized
political institution exited, there were some women chiefs
titled ‘Omu’ who led the women and successfully mobilized
them for societal services and political action when
necessary. Some other women who did not occupy political
positions also played important roles in societal
development. One of such legendary women was the Inkpi
of Igala land who agreed to be sacrificed in order that Igala
land could have peace. It is believed by the Igalas that this
sacrifice was responsible for the defeat of their arch enemy
the Jukuns. Moremi of Ile-Ife belongs to this group of
women who render selfless service to their societies.
38. 38
2.2 THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN POLITICS IN COLONIA
ERA
During the colonial period particularly as the struggle
for political independence gained prominence in Nigeria,
fewer women were actually involved. Yet, women such as:
Mrs. Olufumilayo Ransome Kuti, chief Mrs. Magret Ekpo
and Mrs Janet Mokelu, were among the few privileged one
that participated actively in political process. Majority of the
women folk however, were use as mobilization officers for
grass roots support8.
One event, which brought women into limelight in the
early stages of the anti-colonial movement in Nigeria, was
the Aba women’s Riot of 1929, the revolt secured in four
divisions in calabar province and in Afrikpo Division of
Ogoja province.
39. 39
This revolt was brought about by the colonial policies
which were unfavorable to their well being from 1981 this
led to the end of the colonial rule where there were protest
against different ordinance the native revenue ordinance in
South Western Nigeria. The market ordinance in calabar
was some of the things that culminated in to the popular
Aba women riot of 19299. this riot engulfed the whole of the
eastern Nigeria. In the main, women protested against. The
fall in produce prices, the introduction of a new system of
buying produce by weight instead of by measure, the
introduction of direct. Taxation and the fall in the exchange
price of the manila to the British coins. Since all the above
resulted in the reduction of women’s economics power,
women saw these developments as part of the conspiracy of
the European to impoverish them.
40. 40
This revolt was one of the most serious challenges to
the so called indirect system in Nigeria. In the words of
Afigbo “What is know is that it is the riot that shattered the
complacent British belief that there rule was welcomed by
an overwhelming Nigerians”10 as a result of women’s revolt,
the reform of the local government system in Nigeria was
undertaking in Nigeria in earnest. This process in turn
marks the earliest beginnings of women mobilization in
colonial era.
One of the reasons for the political strength of the
NNDP was the tremendous support given to it by the market
women led by madam Alimotu Pelewura, Pelewura was the
chair person of ereko market women organizations.she saw
them solidly orgarnised to a degree which they have never
been before until her death in 1951, she piloted the women
during the period of their fiercest confrontation with the
41. 41
British colonial administration, their alliance with the first
Anti-colonial movements and major pre-independence
economic crises.
Alimotu pelewura, who belonged to the Awoni Yoruba
sub-group was born and bred in Lagos. She was a humble
fish trader. Like madam Tinubu she could neither read nor
write. She was also childless like Tinubu but raised many
children of friends and relatives as her own. Alimotu
pelewura was a well know leader of market women before
her association with Macauley. But there are no doubt that
her alliance with the leadership of NNDP greatly enhanced
her power and popularity and catapulted her into a wider
leadership position. As the leader of the market women’s
association pelewura exalted the loyalty and follower ship of
the estimated 8000 Lagos women. Pelewura was able to
mobilize the Lagos women to the support of NNDP.
42. 42
Through her mobilization of women, she was able to
become a member of the ILU committee in 1932. This body
was traditionally charged with the maintenance of law and
order in the various wards in Lagos. The ILU committee in
other words also offered a platform for the recognized
participation of market women in traditional politics.
For over forty years pelewura had her finger in every
pie as far as politics and mobilization of women were
concerned. She organized and led protest demonstrations
against colonial measures which the women considered
detrimental to their interest.
In mid 1930’s the colonial administration decided to
move the ereko market to new location at Oluwole area in
Lagos which the market women regarded as most
unsuitable. The women led by pelewura protested in very
strong terms bby physic tally blocking the move. In spite of
43. 43
the objection of the women, the government tried to enforce
the location. Consequently, several of the women were
arrested along with their leader and detained. The women
were later released after the police station was besieged by
protesting women from all over Lagos who asked to be
detained with pelewura. Consequently, the proposed
relocation of the ereko market was dropped, though it was
later moved to Egeton square12.
Women’s role in the political development in colonial
Nigeria was not confirmed to ad-hoc political agitation.
Some women though few in number participated in the
formation of modern pressure groups and political parties.
In 1901 Mrs. Obasa formed the Lagos women’s league as a
pressure group for better sanitary conditions and women
education. The problems of infant mortality and underage
hawkers were also addressed. In keeping with the political
44. 44
development of the 1940, lady Abayomi established the
women’s party in 1944. Although the party did not have a
large following, it agitated for welfare issues and the
equality of sexes13.
Apart from establishing them own parties, women
played vital role in the established and growth of the
political parties which dominated Nigerian politics, form
1951 till independence. Through the women’s wings of
parties, women covered mobilize grass root for their parties.
However only very few women were privileged to be admitted
into upper echelons of the parties many of such women
included the wives of the leaders of the parties. However, a
few women were able to distinguish themselves one of such
women was Margret Ekpo of the NCNC. She was a veteran
politician who won election on her own merit into the
Eastern house of assembly in 1953/54 and attended
45. 45
constitutional countenance. In the house she continuously
raises issues relating to women’s. Welfare, their economic
status and social welfare in general. Other women politician
of this era included lady Abayomi, Mrs. Kuti, Miss Young
and Mrs. Femi Pearse. In Northern Nigeria although women
did not participate directly in party politics, but they were
important in rallying grass root women for voting purposes.
Hence, it could be said that women were vital in the
mobilization of women for the voting processes in modern
party politics. Despites their immense contributions, women
party function were treated only as adjuncts their activities
being continued to the women’s wings. They were not
adequately rewarded as their men folk. They remained de
fecto women voter catcher for their parties.
Thus, the colonial system might have tried to
marginalzed women politically but this attempt encourage
46. 46
the politically radicalization of women who then contributed
a lot to the development of nationalist activities. Women’s
political activities did a great deal to discomfiture the
colonial government and hasten it’s demise. Hence,
women’s contributions were vital to the emergence of an
independent Nigeria nation14.
2.3 WOMEN IN PRE-INDEPENDENT POLITICS
Women were active in pre-independent politics of
Nigeria. The period between 1945 and 1960 was the era of
decolonization in Nigeria, a period during which the British
began to hand over power to Nigerians through a slow
process.
This period was characterized by the emergence of
nationalist movements in the form of political parties in the
country. Many Nigerian women could no longer stay aloot
and watch the men. Some of these women took the bulls by
47. 47
the horns, they were no longer satisfied with playing the
role of king makers or powers become the thrones15. among
the front-liners in this crusade were Mrs. Magret Ekpo, Mrs.
Olumitayo Ramsome Kuti, Miss Adunmi Oluwole, Miss
Wuraola Esan Mrs Janet Mokelu lady Abayomi Oyinkan,
Hajia Ganbo, Sawaba and Madam Ekpo young. Most of
these women politicians were neither active member of the
defunct political parties or leader of the women’s wings pf
the politics
The first Nigerian female politician to be elected into
legislative assembly in this country was Mrs. Margret Ekpo
who was a fierce opponent of colonialism and strong
advocate in demanding equal right for Nigerian women. In
1945, Janet Okala formed the Enugu women’s association.
She and Margret ekpo worked hand in hand with Kuti to
organize strikes and demonstration against objectionable
48. 48
government policies. She had gained the NLNC in 1944 as
one of the foundation members. She was appointed a
special member of the Eastern house of Assembly. This was
an unprecedented feat in Nigeria history.
Another notable woman in pre-independence politics
was Miss Adunni Oluwolewho went a step furtherthan mrs.
Fumilayo kuti by successfully forming her own party. Miss
Oluwole, who hailed from Ibadan in Oyo State, formed her.
Nigeria commoner’s liberal party at Mushin in 1984. Thus
becoming the first Nigerian female politician to form a
serious political party, this soon merged with G. Olateyi
party. The Nigeria commoner’s liberal party itself was
affiliated with the NCNC16.
The marriage between the two parties did not last
because Adunni did not agree with the ideology of the
NCNC. She believed that Neo colonialism, which was a
49. 49
grace charge against NCNC. Adunni was a woman of great
courage and strong determination and was a total
detribalized woman from Akure constituency. She contested
election in 1956 election into the western house of assembly
but lost. No account of political activities of Nigerian women
will be complete without a discussion of the important role
played by the irrepressible. Hajia (Malama) Ganbo Sawaba.
Her experience in certain respects was different from that of
other women politicians in Nigeria. Her father one from
Ghana and her mother haired from Bida and she lived in
Zaria in Northern Nigeria. She entered politics at the age of
17years and went to jail for the first time at 18 years which
was mostly unusual. She spent three month of political
tutelage hinder Mrs. Fumilayo Ransome Kuti. She later
acquired more political education under Amioiu Kanu at
“NEPV” school of Agitation and propaganda between 1951
50. 50
and 1952, she seriously championed the cause of women in
Northern Nigeria, where she agitated for female franchise.
She condemned the marriage of girls when were underage
and use of force labour. She was also a great advocate of
western education in the North17.
Ganbo Sawaba the first woman in Northern Nigeria, to
mount a platform and address a politically touched so many
women and because of her, many women joined the party.
And together support for the party, the women moved from
house to house convincing fellow women to come out and
support NEPU. The house to house campaign which was
initiated by Gabo made her more popular and a pin in the
neck of the NEPU interims of communication for besides the
Hausa language she could fluently speak Yoruba, Nupe,
Igbo and Pidgin English which she used for her effective
Mobilization and campaigns. In 1953 she organized the
51. 51
inaugural meeting of the women’s wing of the NEPU in
Kano. She was arrested with other two hundred women not
obtaining a permit for the meeting. She and her comrades
were charged to an Alkali Court, which sentenced then to a
month imprison, Hajia Sawaba was subsequently
imprisoned on many occasions. In fact, it is said that she
went to prison sixtheen times and usually on trumped up
charge.18
For Nigerian women, their adventure in Nigeria
political terrain has been long, tough, tedious and
torturous. But in the light of this have obtained a
substantial height in politics.
52. 52
2.4 OVERVIEW OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION BY
WOMEN
In order to empower of the world, major action was
taken in 1946, when the united nations set up the
commission on the status of women to monitor the
situation of women and promote their rights. The
commission was able to identified areas of discrimination
against women and gender inequality with the interest of
improving the lots of women united nation declared 1975 as
the international women’s years. The women world
conference held in Mexico city, then saw the need of women
to participate activity in political, social and developmental
issue globally. Four years later the united nations general
assembly adopted the convention on the elimination of all
forms of discrimination. Against women (EDAW), it was
ratified by twenty countries in 1981 and they became
53. 53
effective Nigeria ratified (EDAW in 1985 internationally but
it is yet to be legislated into law in Nigeria).
CEDAW has been called the women’s bill of right
because it contains comprehensive provision on women’s
woman rights and how they can be promoted and protected.
It defined discrimination and also spells out what all
countries that are concerned should do to ensure that
women enjoy woman right without discrimination. The
document contain 30-articles and each one deals with a
specific theme. However, article of which pertain to women’s
participation in politics and public life is the major concern
of is paper. The issue raised raised in article 7 of (EDAW).
Were further articulated at the 4th world conference on
women held in belying 1995 as one of the 12 critical area of
concern. The belying plat form for action which is the out
come of the conference also identifies the inequity between
54. 54
men and women in the sharing of power decision making all
levels as the seventh area of concern and also articulate the
actions to be taken in order to address the in balance.
ARTICLE 7 OF CEDAW
It is important to note that the rights enumerated in
CEDAW are not new or strange. They have been proclaimed
in the United Nations declaration of human rights adopted
in 1948. These right are meant to be enjoyed by every body
irrespective of race, gender, nationality or any other
affiliation or categorization, it is clearly spelt out in article
2. However, owing to the age prejudices, tradition and
power relation that suppress women, their enjoyment of the
right had been curtailed. CEDAW should properly be seen
as an instrument to elucidated human right as they
concern women.
55. 55
Article 7 of CEDAW which deal with women’s political
participation is derived from article 21 of the universal
declaration of human right which proclaims that.
“Every one has the right to take part in the
governmental of his country directly or through freely chose
representation. Every one has the right of equal success to
public services in his country. The will of the people shall be
the basis of the authority of government; this will be
expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be
by universal and equal. Suffrage and shall be held by secret
voter or by equivalent free voting procedures19.
There would have been no need for article 7 of CEDAW
if woman had been enjoying equal, fair and just
opportunities for political participation. It was noted by
CEDAW that, despite previous effort to improve the
situation of women and despite of existing frantic, extensive
56. 56
discrimination against women continuities has been under
representation of women globally indecision making
government, politics and public life generally. As of 1995
there were only 12 women heads of states and government
which was 6.4% of the women parliaments Arians
(legislators) constituted and are still less than 10%. Article 7
of CEDAW is therefore an agenda for action by state parties
to political participation.
The article also stressed that, the full and complete
development of a country, the welfare or the world and the
cause of peace require the maximum participation of
women on equal terms with men in all fields.
(a) To vote in all election and public referenda and to be
eligible for election all publicly elected bodies.
57. 57
(b) To participate in the formulation of government policy
and implementation therefore and to hold public office and
perform all public function at all levels of government.
(c) To participate in non-governmental organizations and
associations concerned with the public and political life of
the country.
Article 8 also provides that state parties should ensure that
women represent the country at international level on equal
terms with men.
BEIJING DECLARATION AND PLAT FORM FOR ACTION
As of 1995, the year of the 4th international conference
of women, the situation of women had not improved
significantly despite CEDAW and other international
instruments. Even though women had gained some grounds
in various area of life, progress had been slow-owing to the
effects of the obstacles. The Beijing declaration adopted by
58. 58
participating governments at the world conference on
September 15, 1995 admits inter alia that.
“The status of women has advanced in some important
respect in the past decade but that progress has been
uneven, inequalities between women and men have sister
and major obstacles remain will serious consequences for
the well-being of all people”20.
“Despite widespread democratization in most
countries, women are largely under represented at
most level of government especially in ministerial and other
suture bodies and have made little progress in attain
political power in legislative bodies or an achieving the
target endorsed by the economic and social council or
having 30% women in position at decision making levels by
1995.21
59. 59
In view of the situation described in the preamble,
governments are expected to take some action which
includes implementation measures to substantially increase
the number of women with a view to achieving equal
representation of women and men, If necessary through
positive action in all governmental and public
administration positions. Governments are also to aim at
gender balance in the list of national candidates nominated
for election or appointment to united nation bodies
specialized agencies. Political parities are to “examine party
structure and procedures to remove all barriers that directly
or indirectly discriminate against the participation for
women” they should also consider initiative’s that allow
women to hold positions within the party, these initiatives
are to be extended to party’s primaries and nominations.
Despite the direct actions to be taken by government. Each
60. 60
government is expected to support the effort of non-
governmental organizations and the private sectors in trying
to enhance women’s political participation. Women on their
part are to build and strengthen solidarity through showing
of information, education and sensitization. They are
expected to equip themselves with relevant data for their
advocacy work.
IMPLEMENTATION
There was a special session of the united nation
general assembly when was held between June 4/9/2000
to review the progress that had been made five years
beginning conference and to draw up new strategies for
advancing the status of women. At that special session 178
government of what reviewed the commitment to the goals
of gender equality and women empowerment made at the
Beijing conference. The Nigerian government delegation was
61. 61
led by the Hon. Minister of women affair and youth
development and some women activities, the (NGOS) non
governmental organization were also well represented and
their presence and liaison with the government group
facilitated discussions on the critical issues.
62. 62
NOTES AND REFERENCE
1. Omede A. J: “Journal of Humanities Strategies for
Political Empowerment of Women in
Nigeria” (Vol. 12, 2002) 18184.
2. Arifalo S.O: The Evolution of Nigeria Women in
Politics: Ibadan Division Press Ltd,
1995. PP. 100-109.
3. Ibid P 101
4. Ibid P. 101
5. Ibid P. 102
6. Eno Blankson :.”Role of Women in National Development
in Nigerian Peoples and Culture.”
Akarejide Osatokun and Ayodeji
Olukoju(ED), Ibadan Division press Ltd,
1997. P. 248
7. Ibid P. 250.
63. 63
8. Omede: Opcit 185
1. Nina Emma Mba: Nigeria Women Mobilized Women’s
Political Activity in Southern Nigeria,
1900-1965 (Berkeley Instituted of
California 1982) pp 105-114.
10. Arifalo Opcit P. 104
11. Uchendu K: “The Role of Nigerian women in Politics
past and present”, Enugu fourth
Dimension, 1993 P.57
12. Arifalo S.O.P. 106
13. Opcit P. 61
14. Ikpe: Opcit P.258.
15. Ibid
16. Ibid P. 258
17. Ibid P. 262
18. Opcit Arifalo S.O
64. 64
19. Ogun Semore B.O.: “Women political Empowerment”
CEDAW and P.F.A in relation to
women political participation (2001)
PP.15,
20. opcit
21. Ibid
65. 65
CHAPTER THREE
MOBILIZATION WOMEN POLITICS IN ILORIN 1979-2003
3.1 METHODS AND ACTIVITIES FOR MOBILIZING,
WOMEN FOR POLITICS IN ILORIN.
During the period in the history of Ilorin the struggle of
women to rise up as part of the society who could
contribute meaningfully to development and growth started.
Thus, attempt by women has been termed as struggle
because they were pushing against opposition from their
male counter part. This was done by mobilization. Women
mobilized themselves into various groups, units and social
clubs even though there were limited opportunities open to
them to contribute to politics, they still held the economic
reins, and they were not completely at sea about social
organizations. At this time, the women leaders who stood
out in the most of political and social metamorphosis were
66. 66
Alhaja Akosila, Rukayat Shittu were wealthy traders in
various merchandise who trading activities expanded to
neighboring towns like Ogbomosho and Offa. They used
their positions of wealth because their trade was vast even
though they were unacknowledged they were still very much
involved in the affairs of Ilorin town in particular and Kwara
State in general. Their loving disposition drew people to
them and with time the formation of market women
associations come into being 2.
Women thus, had the market system under them and
dictated commercial pace in Ilorin. Their economic hold
became strengthened. Contrary to some opinion women
were most sensitive to any change since it was apparent
that they wanted to understand what was going on, they
were attentive and devoted to their different trade
associations, social clubs even leaders this way they
67. 67
generated support from the state government. The methods
for mobilizing women for politics in Ilorin were done
effectively through their trade union and progressive
unions. Incentives were how ever given to women to entice
them for politics, verbal campaigns were also organized
through the various levels which were the zonal, state and
ward levels. These networks were however used to mobilize
women for party politics. During the Babangida
dispensation the better life for rural women by Maryam
Babagida projected all the states in the federation. Though
the Better life programme women in Ilorin were beneficiaries
of the advancement programmes women in other words
were mobilized under the auspices of Mrs. Halima Alayoku
as the state co-ordinator. In this programme women at
grassroots were educated in various ways through educative
workshops and seminars various ways vocational classes
68. 68
were also Ante-natal lessons for pregnant women at
grassroots level samples of nappies chalkboard chalk in the
vocational sections cassava processing methods were taught
and new farming techniques not left out of the vocational
classes. These vocational classes were meant to teach and
educate those who could not pursue the normal academic
line to make them employable. The “girl child” education
was strongly encouraged by offering scholarship through
the scholarship scheme to educate women at grassroots to
graduate and enter into commence and public sector work.3
The political Bureau set up by the Babangida
Administration on the 13th January 1986 to guide, monitor
analyze and document a national political debate on a
viable political future and structure for Nigeria, culminated
into the establishment of the directorate for social
mobilization. In doing so the president observed that the
69. 69
social mobilization campaign would embrace the generality
of the citizenry. The social mobilization campaign were
aimed at raising the individual and collective national
consciousness.4
The better life for rural women by Maryam Babaginda
for many women provided an example of how well placed
women could use their positions to the benefit of their fellow
women. The better life at all state level has co-ordinators
and operated with it’s framework. In Ilorin the programme
brought women from different areas together to learn be
socially mobilized it also brought wives of military
administrators and local government chairmen wives into
leadership role even when they had little no interest in such
roles. However, the aims of the programme was to alleviate
poverty of women with the outlined activities and ambitious
and this was displayed in their keen participation in the
70. 70
Babagida administration indeed for the first time women
indicated interests to vie for the highest office the
presidency.5 The family support programme was another
machinery aimed at mobilizing women politically this
organization was introduced by Mrs. Maryam Abacha when
Abacha came into power, Mrs. Maryam Abacha continued
the programme. It was a programme launched in 1995 it
was not a women’s programme even through wives of states
and local government chairperson’s wives were co-
ordinators the programme was geared or seeks to improve
the economic conditions of families, that means it had the
potentials of influencing the lives of women. Much was also
accomplished under the programme which brought about
the construction of hospitals supply of drugs opening of
vocational centres and giving help to the less privileged. The
family support programme sustain ably contributed to the
71. 71
reduction of economic distress amongst families. It was an
organization seeking for women empowerment,through this
programme women were mobilized directly or indirectly. In
Ilorin,the family support under the auspices of the
governor’s wife women were encouraged to be part of the
programme with various incentives workshops and
seminars at state and local government levels. The
programme was able to educate women on domestic
activities child care and general imperatives to improve the
women.6 The family support programme also organized loan
schemes to women for them to start business to empower
themselves to activate poverty. Consequently after the
demise of Gen. Sani Abacha and transition from military
rule to civil rule came being.7
The family support programme was however replaced
with another organization under the Obasanjo’s
72. 72
dispensation with Stella Obasanjo as the chairperson the
organization was another women oriented institution known
as “Family Economic Advancement Programme”. (FEAP) it
was also another organization aimed at empowering women
in the federation the sole aim of this organization was to
empower and improve the economic lot of women in the
nation.
The programme was to be a nationwide organization
with every state with it’s own chapter. This pet project by
Mrs. Stella Obasanjo was aimed at catering for women and
children in the nation which was another from of women
mobilization.8 Ilorin was also a chapter in the programme
which was being co-ordinated by different women at
different levels, at state level the governor’s wife was in
charge while at local government level the wives of local
government chairperson were at the helm of affairs. This
73. 73
programme in other words had political structures too. The
activities of this programme in Ilorin was evident in their
activities of organizing vocational exercise for women also
organizing health forums such as the immunization
campaign embarked upon by the programme the child care
trust fund was also part of (FEAP) as it was feared towards
a healthy society for women and children. Maternity homes
were constructed in the state to cater for women, vocational
classes to were not left out where people were trained to be
self employed and empowered in view of the activities of this
programme motherless babies centres were constructed to
house the homeless and disabled they were also educated
in such centres empowered and mobilized. However, these
programmes did not outlive their initiators, through these
programmes some positive impacts were made on women in
the state though it’s set objectives were not fully realized.9
74. 74
The Family Economic Advancement Programme (FEAP)
came into existence during the Obasanjo dispensation it
was also a programme aimed at empowering the women and
children it was initiated by Mrs. Stella Obasanjo. The family
economic advancement programme was a programme to be
benefited from by every state too, Ilorin under the wives of
the state governors administrated the state level of the
family economic advancement programmes were operated in
the Ilorin under the state governor’s wife the sole aim of the
programme was to cater for children and their needs, in
view of this aims motherless babies centre were constructed
to house Orphans also disabled were also catered for by
giving them assistance vocational centres were also not left
out for educate children and women. In Ilorin the family
economic advancement programme facilitated the proper up
bring of children through state campaign on vaccination
75. 75
where grassroots women were indeed mobilized and
sensitized on the advantages of vaccination. The women
associations were also unit for mobilizing women in Ilorin.
These associations were based on their different occupation
or trade. Members of these various associations contributed
meaningfully to the lots of its members, contributions were
however made to foster and help members during need,
innovations were shared among themselves and granting of
loans to whoever was in need. Through this forum some
members were sponsored for elective positions with support
from these women associations. The market women to a
large extent constitute the majority of women to be
mobilized for political participation or activities. Women in
the commercial sector of the state i.e (Ilorin) contribute a lot
to the polity of the state and it’s mobilization. These women
groups promoted educative programmes aimed at educating
76. 76
women on the importance of politics and the gains there in,
interactive session were also held on different days
depending on the group. These women groups are also
active groups. These women group are also active during
rallies or campaigns where they are colorfully dressed in
most times same cloth which on it’s own create some kind
of awareness to people this women groups play significant
roles in mobilizing women from different parts of the state
to come out and be a part of what was happening in the
state. These groups in no small measure created
opportunities for social education as means of empowering
women to play significant role in the society especially in
politics. In Ilorin the evolution of empowerment came into
existences, consciousness amongst women in the state
gained substance the grassroots too were getting informed
and enlightened thee mobilization groups did not also relent
77. 77
in their efforts in giving the necessary support to women
and helping them become useful citizens both at home and
in the society.10
First and foremost, women’s role as mothers it is in
their role as mothers that the majority women associations
trade associations, and market associations that the
majority of women in Ilorin contribute to development.
Notable among the mobilization group in Ilorin is the Toyin
Saraki’s groups who through the office of the governor’s wife
mobilize people in campaigning and conversing for elections
the group however are noted for vote catching as women are
being encourage from different facet of life to join the wining
team as the case mayble through symposium and women
oriented seminars and gatherings women are thus
sensitized and mobilized for politics in most cases these
group are seen as colours to politics in the state as they
78. 78
work hand in-hand with the male counter parts the activity
of this group was note worthy during the 2003 elections
that brought Governor Bukola Saraki to power in Ilorin
3.2 PROBLEMS OF MOBILIZING WOMEN FOR POLITICS
IN ILORIN
The mobilization of women for politics are faced with
problems which in turn have streamline the percentage of
women in politics, these reasons are therefore responsible
for the low participation of women in Ilorin politics. Some
who have even strived to succeed in Ilorin politics discover
that the hurdles they have to cross are too many and not
easy. These problems include economic backwardness
ignorance, religious prejudice, cultural bias such as
women’s self esteem and self image which are necessary
ingredients for confidence needed in political participation.11
Cultural impediments are also some of the factors militating
79. 79
against the effective mobilization of women in politics. The
Nigerian constitution clearly prohibited all forms of the
factors militating against the effective mobilization of
women in politics. There is therefore no legal limitation of
the right of Nigerian women to participate in politics, the
major inhibitions stem from the prevailing cultural norms
which consigns the women to the kitchen and assign her
the role of wife, mother and home manager. This cultural
division of labour which assigns women the role of home
makers constrains their full participation in public life in a
number of ways12. Economically, women are at an
disadvantage in the heavy amortized politics of Nigeria
today very few women have the financial base and political
about to generate fends for effective participation in politics
women generally lack access to what constitutes wealth. For
instance Mrs. Sarah Jubril’s presidential candidate was
80. 80
frustrated because she could not pay the stipulated
N5000,000 on time in 200213. Also, the issue of gender is a
factor that has constituted problems to women participation
in Ilorin. Like in most African society women are
subordinated in social, economic and endeavors physical
and biological differences between then and their male
counter. Rivalry between female and male have hindered
the effective mobilization in Ilorin.
Education is one of the ways through which women
can acquire knowledge about their rights and duties as
citizens and organize themselves to struggle for the
advancement of their interest. However, well educated
women are not immune from apathy and timidity which
makes them shy away from public demonstrations and
other proactive actions. How may educated Nigerian women
have sued their husbands for bigamy even when they are
81. 81
qualified lawyers and even university professors. Women
empowerment cannot be reduced to a mere matter of
literacy. This is so because of the position of women as
subordinate to the male counterpart 14. The problems
experienced by women in politics could also be viewed from
this instance. Between 1975 and 1979 during the
Obasanjo’s military regime particularly at the initial stage of
the administration, the regime through, it’s subsequent
actions consciously marginalized women in it’s decision
making process in the constitution drafting committee
established by the regime in 1975 where no single women
was included among the so members this move could be
seen as marginalization of women as it was criticized that
not a single women was found qualified to represent the
female population on the panel such historical precedence
shows that at national level women were marginalized
82. 82
which therefore reflected at the state level too15. Also in
Lagos State women were sidelined in the state house of
assembly by other male members of the house. Honourable
Romota Oseni criticized the house for not appointing out of
the female legislators as chairperson of any of the various
standing committee in the house particularly the house
even went on to appoint a man as the head of women affairs
and poverty alleviation committee. In 1999 Bauchi State
house of assembly also rejected the only female nominal on
the appointment list for the post of commissioner on the
basis that Hajiya Jamila Sakuwa a medical doctor and a
director of finance and administration at Federal chapter
commission that she was not from Bauchi but was only
related to Bauchi by manager. These situations are pointers
to the fact that women and their mobilization for political
participation are faced with some problems16. In Ilorin the
83. 83
house of assembly is dominated by men and women also
amongst the commissioner women still are of the minority
these problems are however due to the above highlighted
factors17.
3.3 WOMEN AND ELECTIONS / ELECTORAL IN ILORIN
In the third and fourth republics in Ilorin we had a
number of women who were in the vanguard of struggle for
famine participation in politics and therefore some were
able to participate fully in the political activities in Ilorin at
this time18. An outstanding example of such women was
Sara Jubril, Alhaji Banke Badmus, Mrs. Bamidele, Amina
Ndalolo, Gbemisola Saraki and a host of others. Sarah
Jubril was one of the women in politics during this specific
period, her political activities started during Gen. Ibrahim
Badamosi Babangida (IBB) transition programmes. She
served as a commissioner during the military regime in
84. 84
Ilorin in 1985 immediately she left appointment as a
commissioner. She joined the social Democratic Party (SDP)
one of the registered political parties then in Nigerian her
participation in politics started from the grassroots where
she contested for election in her ward in Edu Local
Government level she was also nominated as the flag bearer
of the Social democratic Party (SDP) from the ward to local
government level she was also nominated from the local
government level state congress of the party thereby
representing the state as the presidential flag bearer of the
party in which she came fourth with Chief M.K.O Abiola
emerging as the flag bearer of the party which consequently
was annulled19.
The annulled election generated a lot of uprising and
crisis in the political scene. This eventually led to a change
of government thus, bringing an end to the transition
85. 85
programme of that time. The Gen. Sani Abacha military
regime witnessed another transition programme between
the periods of 1993 and 1998 before the demise of Gen Sani
Abacha, Gen. Abdulsalami Abubakar took over power and
also had it’s own transition programme. In 2002 Sarah
Jubril resurfaced on the political scene she was a staunch
members and co-founder of the Progressive Action congress
(PAC) a registered party at the time.
Mrs. Sarah Jubril became the flag bearer of the party
in the 2003 presidential election which made her the first
women in Nigeria polities. Although she lost in the
presidential election of 2003. She created a landmark20.
Alhaja Banke Badmus is another force to reckon with
in the election processes and mobilization in Ilorin. Her
election political activity became notable during the Ibrahim
Babangida’s transitional era; she is one of Dr. Abubakar
86. 86
Olushola Saraki’s political machinery. she is a notable
grassroots women mobilizer. especially in Offa where she is
firmly rooted she was also a member of the however
contested for the Federal House representative seat of Offa,
Oyun Ifelodun federal constituency under the platform of
the committee for national consensus (CNC) one of the five
registered political parties of Gen. Sani Abacha transition
programme she won but the death of Gen. Abacha
disrupted the whole election and also brough an end to that
transition programme21. Alaja Banke Badmus continued her
political activity and mobilization under the new political
dispensation of Gen. Abdulsalami Abubakar where she
immediately joined the ANPP during Abdulsalami’s
transitional era she was highly instrumental to the wining
of elections and she was appointed as commissioner of
education under the government of Alhaji Mohammed Lawal
87. 87
she later joined the people democratic party (PDP) in 2003
and contested for the state house of assembly under
Essa/Shawo constituency Offa which she also won and
became a member of Ilorin house of assembly thereby
making her the only women and deputy speaker of the
House22. Another women also is prominent in the politics of
Ilorin is Gbemisola saraki though new in politics she as
fared well in the elections through her fathers influence Dr.
Olushola Saraki a strong political icon in Ilorin and a
kingmaker.
In conclusion, for the women in Ilorin politics, more is
to be done as concerning the effective mobilization of
women for political participation and a broader networking
of women mobilization frontiers.
88. 88
3.4 THE CHANGING ROLES OF WOMEN IN ILORIN
POLITICS
In Ilorin the path towards the political empowerment
of women can be attributed to several factors prominent
among which the roles are played by women leaders in
mobilizing women for political participation. The struggle for
political participation and the emergence of various
organizations such as the women cultural groups women
forum and programmes and the involvement of women in
political activities. The political importance of these groups
was evident in their role as a factor for pulling women out of
traditional domestic sphere into the public and political
realm. Significantly the groups extended the cope of
women’s activities in state development23.
One particular feature of these mobilization groups’
programmes and its activities in Ilorin during this period
89. 89
was that it brought women from different facet of life and
background together for a particular course which was the
empowerment of women in the state and their
representation in decision making and polices in the state.
This oneness of interest and ideas is evident in the sporadic
change from what was obtainable in the periods before
now24.
One important aspect of the empowerment is reflected
in the shift from “Emancipatory politics” to life politics
emancipatory politics in this context refers to those
traditional questions of justice, participation and equality
while life politics on the other hand relates to questions of
how human beings should, that is the questions which are
now being explored on both political and development levels
empowerment and mobilization necessitated change as it
involves efforts by national government which however
90. 90
transcended to the state level. Through changes in
governmental policies regarding women gateway was made
open. Essentially women empowerment involves. Women
total participation and full integration in a nations political
process which Ilorin ids geared to it entails giving equal
rights to women and men. It also implies the active
participation of women as voters, elected representatives
lobbyists trade unionists and public officials in various
branches of government and other vital sectors of the state
and national economy25.
The previous chapters had probed into the effects
mobilization and the trend of changes that characterized
the period of enlightenment mobilization of women in the
state for politics. Consequently, with the activities methods
and efforts by different personalities, governmental bodies
and subsequent women oriented programmes the role of
91. 91
women has therefore being witnessed from their roles as
mothers home keepers and psychologically dependent on
the male counter part to public officers and political active
set of people. Through this sensitization and effective
mobilization women have drifted from the traditional based
role of women to politically conscious people hence reducing
the level of apathy in Ilorin politics examples of such women
are Alhaja Banke Badamus who is the deputy speaker in
the Kwara state house of assembly26. senator Gbemisola
Saraki who is a senator representing Ilorin Central and the
emergence of female commissioners and permanent
secretaries are as a result of mobilization of women in the
state. Such as Alhaja Oniyangi. Another outstanding figure
of changes in Ilorin politics is Sarah Jubril a grassroots
mobilizer and first women to contest for the presidency in
Nigeria in the 2003 election.
92. 92
The mobilization of women in the state can be
attributed to the resultant change in the participation of
women in the politics of Ilroin23.
93. 93
NOTES AND REFRENCE
1. Bolarin B.: Theasusus Dictionary.
2. Alh. Akanke Shiru: Oral Interview at Kwara Television
Ilorin. Age: 52 9th of
January, 2011.
3. Eno Blankson Ikpe: “The role of women in
Vocational Department in Nigeria
an peoples and culture (Ed)
Akinjide Osunrokun, Ayodeji
Olukoju ibadan division press Ltd
1997 P245 256.
4. Emeka Enejere: Women and Political Education in
Nigeria and the challenges of our
time (Ed) Doral Chizoba and
Juliet Njoku.malthouse press Ltd
lagos, benin , oxford p54
94. 94
5. Ikpe: Opcit p. 257.
6. Enejere”opcit p. 47.
7. Ibid p. 48
8. Hassan Soliu: Nigeria under Democratic Rule (1999-
2003) vol. 2, p. 70.
9. ALH. Akanke Shiru. Oral interview at Kwara
Television Ilorin Age: 52 9th January ,
2011.
10. Ibid 31
11. Ibid 32
12. opcit Emeke :p45
13. Ibid 32
14. Opcit Emeka p 48-49.
95. 95
15. Omede A.J: “Strategies for the Political
Empowerment of Women in Nigeria 1999
and Beyond” journal of Humanities vol.12,
2002 p 186.
16. Ibid: 194
17. Ibrahim Jimoh: Oral interview at G.R.A Ilorin Age
46 Civil Servant 7th January, 2011.
18. Ibid
19. Alh. Akankwe Shiru: Oral Interview at Kwara
Television Ilorin, Age 52 9th
January, 2011.
Ibid;
20.Ibid;
21.opcit Ibrahim
96. 96
22. Opcit Omede.
23. Ibrahim Jimoh: Oral Interview at G.R.A Ilorin Age 46
Civil Servant 7th January, 2011.
97. 97
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 THE POLITICAL ARCHIEVEMENT OF WOMEN
MOBILIZATION
In Nigeria as a whole it is however a misnormal to
state that the women folk have not contributed immensely
to the political development of the polity. The active women
worthy of note are Mrs. Funmilayo Ransome Kuti, Cheief
Mrs. Margret Ekpo Humanist Hajiya Gambo Sawaba, Mrs.
Sarah Jubril, Banke Badmus and a host of others. They are
women that have made marks in the socio-political history
of Nigeria. In Ilorin, it is however incomplete not to mention
Mrs. Sarah Jubril, Banke Badmus, Gbemisola Saraki
(Senator) and Toyin Saraki as te female political poilots in
the past and contemporary times1.
The new political dispensation (1999 – 2003) in Ilorin
witnessed an upsurge of women who actively made impact
98. 98
in the politics of Ilorin. However, in highlighting the
involvement and political impact, due emphasis should be
placed on the following women and Kwara political
economy, the role of women in the State’s politics
consequently government policies and programmes.
Women mobilization over the ages has been the trend
where women were used as lobbyist and vote catchers or
supporting pillars to their male counterparts. Although,
women were used as mobilization officers for grassroots
support: within our period of study there emerged a large
and valid network of women organizations whose aims were
in public sphere. Various organizations such as the market
women Associations, Progressive union, thrift societies and
a host of other women forums.
These organizations in Ilorin became active and were
committed to improving the lot of its populace (women). The
99. 99
social education of the women in the state gave birth to
dissemination of information and creating a great deal of
awareness amongst them particularly in respect of their
functions in society and how much they can initiate and
influence public policies2.
The importance of these group, that is, the market
associations, social clubs, progressive and trade unions in
the state were evident in the role as factors in mobilizing
women to vote during elections significantly the groups
extended the scope of women’s activities in the development
of the State3.
The women mobilization groups in Ilorin have achieved
a substantial feet of progress and achievements. The women
groups participated actively in State politics through
campaigns and rallies held.
100. 100
The period marked a new era of change and women
dynamism in the area of Ilorin political history. The point
must however be made that these was a shift from political
in-activism to marginal participation, involvement and
awakening. The changes engendered by women political
activities were not radical or sweeping in character but are
nonetheless significant in the political and economic
development of Ilorin. The subsequent increase in the
number of women politicians in the state indicates that the
society is finally waking up to the reality that women are
gradually participating fully in politics and can no longer be
relegated to the background. These achievements are thus
evident in the appointment of women into public offices and
sensitive positions where women were made permanent
secretaries of State ministries women Directors,
Commissioners, Special Assistants, Special Advisers and
101. 101
Members of governmental boards with women
representation is a laudable achievement too4.
In 2003, when Bukola Saraki was sworn in as
governor, some women were made members of boards. Mrs.
Bolarin a women mobilizer was made a board member of
the Kwara Hotels, Mrs. Oniyangi was also made a
commissioner for women affairs in Ilorin.
One particular feature of those mobilization groups in
Ilorin during this period was the strong liaison it created
between classes of women sporadically influenced the
women, one could say that they had just about the same
interests and held politically and consequently it led to
increase in politicl participation as women in the state
contested for elected offices and own. The achievement of
women mobilization in Kwara has indeed brought women in
the state to the limelight5.
102. 102
Women like Banke Badmus who is the Deputy
Speaker in Kwara State House of Assembly, Senator
Gbemisola Saraki who is also a Senator representing Ilorin
central is a pointer that the mobilization groups have
contributed to the achievement of women and even the male
counter-part in politics. Sarah Jubril’s journey and
successes can be attributed to the mobilization of women
from the grassroots.
4.2 THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MOBILIZING WOMEN
IN ILORIN POLITICS
The participation of women in Ilorin Politics could be
traceable to two eras namely the era of inactivity and the
awakening era. The inactive period was a period
characterized by inactivity of women rather it was a period
when women held to the reins of commerce and other
economic activities through out the inactive period. Women
103. 103
in the state were actively involved in the production
processing and distribution of food in different part of the
state. Women took active part in food cultivation. Where
they did not till the soil as in many parts of the Yoruba
land. They had to carry the seeds to the farms and the
harvests back home. In fact they were involved in all
aspects of agricultural production. Also the marketing of
food crops was a special preserve of women food stuff were
also not left out6.
Women during this period were also involved in the
spinning of cotton, dyeing weaving, mat making and a host
of other activities.
Also women in the state contributed meaningfully and
distinguished themselves in the field of commerce. Apart
from the multitude of retail traders who focuses in all local
markets there were large cases of large scale women
104. 104
merchants a notable example was Alhaja Akosile and
Rukyat Shitu who rose from humble beginnings at retail
food traders to a commercial margrete with business
connections in neighboring towns.
They extend credit facilities to less traders and to
prominent members of the market association and
investments they became relevant in politics and affairs of
the state and also the development and prosperity of the
state7.
Thus women in Ilorin during the inactive period played
dominant roles in the field of social development through
their productive, political, reproductive, intellectual and
innovation roles. Women during this period showed
initiative, independence of thought and action dexterity and
patriotism.
105. 105
The awakening era started after subsequent women
empowerment programmes that were initiated by different
regimes notable amongst this women empowerment and
mobility programmes were the Better life for rural women
that was initiated by Mrs. Maryam Babaginda in 1987. this
programme contributed immensely to the mobilization of
women in the state both the rural women at the grassroots
and the middle class women this programme in other words
served as economic avenues to pulling women in the state
together and thereby tackling problems that affected the
women in general. The Family Support Programme by Mrs.
Maryam Abacha in 1995 was also another forum that
awakened women in Ilorin as it was geared towards
empowering women from the family and down to the entire
nation. This programme in no small measure strengthened
women in the state through its activities. The objective of
106. 106
this programme was designed to concern women and
children and to map out appropriate strategies for solving
their problems. The Family Advancement Programme
(FEAP) which was championed by Mrs. Stella Obasanjo
cannot be but mentioned too. The programme also in it’s
own made impacts on the lives of women as women were
seen to be home makers and the anchor of the family the
family advancement programme made notable impacts on
the lives of the citizenry.
The state chapter of this programme under the
auspices of the governmnors wife impacted skills and
empowered women in the state from the forgoing the
various programmes by different dispensation foster social
mobilization and impact on the economic standard of the
women. The effects of this programmes served as a factor in
107. 107
pulling women together to foster and promote the interest of
women8.
However, these programmes which were set up by
different regimes adopted some politcies and frame works,
that is, the provision of rural infrastructure to enhance the
operation environment of rural dwellers in the state,
emphasis was also on skill acquisitions, feeder roads water
supply, rural housing and the promotion of wide ranging
activities as means of mobilization of rural communities to
foster a new concept of self economic management and
participating governance. Mobilization for social justice and
economic reliance cannot be over emphasized (MAMSER)
was established in 1987 under degree 31 was also aimed at
mobilizing the masses towards economic recovery and new
social order through this programme too women were better
informed and sensitized to issues affecting their lives in
108. 108
such a way to promote pride in productive works and self
reliance9.
All the above programmes impacted positively on many
women especially at the grassroot level by helping to
improve their economic well being.
4.3 THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF MOBILIZING WOMEN IN
ILORIN POLITICS
Women constitute the socio-political and economy system of
any nation they constitute an importance integral part of
such system. The greatest strength of women lies in their
right and ability to work in addition to their resourcefulness
and great capacity for emotional survival these were
unconnected with the influence or informal power but the
degree varies with the gender system of their culture10.
The mobilizations of women in Ilorin Politics have in
different ways had impact on the politics of Ilorin. The social
109. 109
impact of women in politics centers on the recognition of
roles that women can play in the socio-political and
economic development of the state. However, several women
associations in the state have made significant
contributions to the state development. These contributions
are varied and diversified. In the health sector of the state
women contributed by monitoring the inoculation and
health campaigns. Programmes like the Better life for the
rural women, Family Support Programme (FSP) has helped
in health campaigns throughout the state donating drug
money and equipment to clinics also undertaking
environmental cleanups also fostering girls and women to
play major role in the state affairs through attainment of
education also scholarship scheme were made available to
deserving student. Equipping of schools were also some of
the social impact to the state chapter of this mobilization
110. 110
groups. Establishment of day care centers and nursing
schools were also built in order to assist working mothers.
Informal support networks to members and various parties.
More so culture promotion complied with events are some of
the social impact brought about by Ilorin women
organization. The office of the governor’s wife also organizes
events for children and recreation.
By these activities and social contributions made by
women’s association in Ilorin . One is justified by saying
that women organization has been the vanguard in social
welfare11.
Generally, women represent a social force that has
been slow to become involved in political process; this
process consciously attempt to acquire and weird
authorities power and influence in the society such
111. 111
activities include mobilization, seeking appointment to high
offices as well as running for elected offices.
However, it is pertinent to say that the involvement of
women in politics is still at it’s lower ebb but the
mobilization programmes has also tried in reducing the
level of women apathy even in the light of constraints such
as educational inequalities religion, culture and norms and
the nature of politics12.
Conclusively this research work has shown that the
different stages of women in Ilorin politics the methods,
achievements, problems and the resultant effect of
mobilization of women in the state which is in turn
changing the roles and ideologies of women in the state
coupled with the impacts of mobilization on the entire Ilorin
112. 112
polity. One may however stress that if more emphasis are
placed on empowering the women this in it’s own would
yield a better result than what it is obtainable.
113. 113
NOTES AND REFERENCES
1. Alade Ade I: Challenges of women effective
Participation in politics. Being a seminar
paper presented in the deopartment of
political Science University of Ado Ekiti
(UNAD) 2004 p3.
2. Eno Blankson Ikpe: “The Role of Women in National
Development in Nigerian peoples
and culture (Ed) Akinjide
Osuntokun and Ayodeji Olukoju
P. Division press Ltd 1997 p246
3. Ibrahim Jimoh:Oral interview at G.R.A Ilorin. Age: 46
years Civil servant.7th January, 2011.
4. Alh. Akanke Shiru: Oral interview at Kwara Televison
Ilorin. Age: 52. 9TH January, 2011.
5. Ibid
114. 114
6. opcit Eno Blankson Ikpe P 250.
7. Ibrahim Abubakar: Trade and Politics in Ilorin in 20th
century. A dissertation in the
Ahmadu Bello University Zaria
1999 p38.
8. Eno Blankson Opcit: p 264
9. Emeka Enejere : “Women and Political Education in
Nigeria” in Nigeria and the challenges
of our time” (Ed) Dora Chizoba and
Juliet Njoku. Malthouse Press Ltd
Lagos, Benin, Oxford p54.
10. Adeyemi Sonaike: The roles of women in Nigerian
economy. Being a seminar paper
presented in the Department of
Political Science University of Ado Ekiti
(UNAD) ekiti state 2002 p45
115. 115
11 Alh. Akanke Shiru : Oral interview at Kwara Television
Ilorin Age: 52. 9th January, 2011.
12. Emeka Enejere: “Women and Political education in
Nigeria” in Nigeria and the challenges
of our time” (Ed) Dora chizoba and
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