Travel with us back in time to learn about the Mayan civilization. Our trip begins in the year eight hundred twenty-five. We are in an area near the border between modern Mexico and Guatemala. ... VOA Special English. M.C. Enrique Ruiz Díaz. Con título y cédula profesional 5632071 en la Maestría en Ciencias de la Computación. Egresado del Instituto Tecnológico de Orizaba, Veracruz, México.

1. The Mayan Civilization. – VOA Special English – M.C. Enrique Ruiz Díaz.
Go to: https://sites.google.com/site/mcenriqueruizdiaz/ Página 1 de 10
The Mayan Civilization.
VOICE ONE:
I'm Steve Ember.
VOICE TWO:
And I'm Faith Lapidus with EXPLORATIONS in VOA Special English. Scientists are using the most
modern space satellites to solve one of the great mysteries of the ancient world.
Our report today begins more than one thousand years ago. Travel with us back in time to learn
about the Mayan civilization. Our trip begins in the year eight hundred twenty-five. We are in an
area near the border between modern Mexico and Guatemala.

2. The Mayan Civilization. – VOA Special English – M.C. Enrique Ruiz Díaz.
Go to: https://sites.google.com/site/mcenriqueruizdiaz/ Página 2 de 10
VOICE ONE:
We are in the Mayan city of Tikal. The city has huge buildings made of stone. The morning sun
makes the smooth, white stone shine brightly. One of the huge buildings is used for religious
ceremonies. It is the temple to the Rain God Chac (chalk). The Rain God demands human blood
or he will withhold the rain needed to grow crops. The Mayans kill captured enemies at the top
of Chac's temple to please this fierce god.
Mayan scientists use another huge building to study the stars. They use this building and similar
ones in other cities to make the Mayan calendar. This calendar correctly shows the seasons and
the number of days in the year. Farmers use this calendar to plant crops during the best season
for growing. Religious leaders use the calendar to help decide when to hold religious
ceremonies.
Probably the most recognised attraction of the Mayan ruins of Chichen itza this
magnificent pyramid is called ‘Castle of the Plumed Serpent’ (or Temple of Kukulkan).

3. The Mayan Civilization. – VOA Special English – M.C. Enrique Ruiz Díaz.
Go to: https://sites.google.com/site/mcenriqueruizdiaz/ Página 3 de 10
Location of Chichen Itza in Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Chichen Itza is an impressive
archaeological site located to the southeast of Merida, Yucatan's capital city. During its
golden years, Chichen Itza was the most important political, economic and religious
center for the Mayan civilization.
VOICE TWO:
Thousands of people are in Tikal. Many farmers have come to the city to sell their crops. Many
workers make pots or clothing. Others make buildings of stone.

4. The Mayan Civilization. – VOA Special English – M.C. Enrique Ruiz Díaz.
Go to: https://sites.google.com/site/mcenriqueruizdiaz/ Página 4 de 10
Religious leaders are walking toward a temple. A member of the Mayan royal family is being
carried in a large chair. He is followed by large groups of fierce Mayan soldiers. They wear bird
feathers and animal skins. They carry dangerous weapons.
The city of Tikal is large. Its center is surrounded by many thousands of homes. The city
stretches for several kilometers in many directions. The Mayan people who built Tikal had a very
successful civilization.
The people do not know that their civilization will disappear very soon. The people will be gone.
The soldiers with their fierce weapons will be gone. The royal family will be gone.
Nothing will remain but the huge stone buildings. In time, thick jungle will cover them, and they
will become homes for birds and monkeys. The huge city will be empty.
Maya Region.

5. The Mayan Civilization. – VOA Special English – M.C. Enrique Ruiz Díaz.
Go to: https://sites.google.com/site/mcenriqueruizdiaz/ Página 5 de 10
VOICE ONE:
Many years before European explorers arrived in the western hemisphere, the Maya lived in the
area that is now southern Mexico, Guatemala and Belize. Explorers have discovered many of the
great cities the Maya left behind. Tikal is one of the largest and most beautiful. But there are
many others.
Within these cities, scientists found evidence of a complex written language, advanced
mathematics, astronomy and beautiful works of art. But they could never find good evidence
about what happened to the Mayan civilization.
What forced these people to leave their homes and their beautiful cities? Could it have been
wars? A lack of food? Disease? Recently, part of the answer to this question has come from
satellites in orbit around the Earth.
VOICE TWO:
NASA scientists Tom Sever (SEE-ver) and Dan Irwin are experts in the history of the Maya.
Mister Sever and Mister Irwin have been working to understand the history of the Maya and
their natural environment. They believe that history may hold important lessons for people
living in the same areas today.
Mister Sever, Mister Irwin and other scientists hope to help governments and people in the
areas continue to live there. The scientists hope that by learning from the Maya, people today
will not make the mistakes that caused the Mayan civilization to fail.
VOICE ONE:
Mister Sever has found that by the year nine hundred fifty the huge Mayan population was
gone. He believes as many as ninety to ninety-five percent of the Maya population died. The
archeologist is using NASA satellites and weather information to study the soil in the area and
the ancient Mayan cities for evidence.
He is trying to solve the mystery by studying pollen -- extremely small particles produced by
seed plants. He says soil from deep in the earth shows no evidence of any pollen from trees
during the time just before the Mayan civilization ended. He says this is one piece of evidence to
show why the Maya failed.
He says soil experts found only pollen from weeds and other small plants. Mister Sever says the
Maya had always cut down huge amounts of forest. They used the wood for building. They
burned it to cook food. They also burned large amounts of wood in extremely hot fires to work
with a kind of stone. They used the stone to make floors. In time, the trees disappeared.

6. The Mayan Civilization. – VOA Special English – M.C. Enrique Ruiz Díaz.
Go to: https://sites.google.com/site/mcenriqueruizdiaz/ Página 6 de 10
VOICE TWO:
The loss of many trees led to loss of soil. Fertile topsoil washed into areas that had once been
lakes. Evidence shows that the loss of trees may also have caused an increase in the area's
temperature. The increase in heat caused water to disappear. Warmer temperatures also dried
out the land. Rising temperatures also may have caused changes in rainfall. These actions all
caused a decrease in the crops the Maya could harvest. A loss of food may have led to wars
among the Mayan groups.
VOICE ONE:
The ancient city of Tikal is near an area of wetlands. About forty percent of the land used by the
Maya were wetlands. Mayan cities were built on or very near these wetlands.
Rain soaks the soil in these wetlands during the rainy season now, much as it did during the
Mayan period. This land was extremely important to their environment and survival. The Maya
learned to save huge amounts of water to be used during the growing season. Modern satellite
photographs shows evidence that the Maya built a series of small waterways called canals.
Mister Sever believes they may have done so to control, save and reuse rainwater so they could
grow crops during the dry season.
VOICE TWO:
Archeologist Tom Sever says experts used to argue about what caused the Maya to fail. Was it
wars, lack of food, disease or political problems? He says scientists now think that all of these
things led to failure. But these problems were all the result of a severe lack of water. A natural
period of less rain and the cutting of trees reduced their water supply.
Trees began to grow again after the failure of the Mayan civilization. The trees and the jungle
covered their huge ancient cities.
VOICE ONE:
Tom Sever studies the ancient Maya. What he has learned has caused great concern about what
could happen to the population now living in the same area. This area includes southern
Mexico, northern Guatemala and Belize. Farming in these areas is done by a method called slash
and burn. Farmers cut down trees or burn them and then plant crops.
The soil is very rich for the first year of planting. But the soil becomes less rich during the second
year then becomes poor the next year. Farmers then move deeper into the forest and again cut
down or burn the trees to make room for planting new crops. Mister Sever says modern
equipment has made it much easier to cut down trees more quickly.

7. The Mayan Civilization. – VOA Special English – M.C. Enrique Ruiz Díaz.
Go to: https://sites.google.com/site/mcenriqueruizdiaz/ Página 7 de 10
VOICE TWO:
Mister Sever has used satellites to show how slash and burn farming is affecting the Earth. For
example, satellite images show part of the border between Guatemala and Mexico. Most
political borders are invisible in satellite images. But these photographs show a sharp line
between areas of rain forest and farmed areas. The rainforest still exists in Guatemala. But it
stops at the Mexican border where the trees have been cut down for farming.
Mister Sever says the governments of the nations involved must take steps to protect the
environment or they will suffer problems in the future. He and other scientists are now working
with the Guatemalan Ministry of Agriculture to find areas in the ancient Mayan wetlands with
good soil.
They also are considering planting test crops in those areas. They hope to bring water to the
crops using the same method the Maya did – by building canals. Mister Sever says learning from
the Maya is extremely important for the future of this area of the world. He says modern
farmers should use those methods that worked well for the Maya and not make the same
mistakes that caused the failure of their civilization.
(MUSIC)
VOICE ONE:
This program was written by Paul Thompson. It was produced by Mario Ritter. I'm Steve Ember.
VOICE TWO:
And I'm Faith Lapidus. Join us again next week for EXPLORATIONS in VOA Special English.
You can take the audio (mp3) from the next url,
or, Request it the teacher, or, go to my Personal Page:
http://www.unsv.com/voanews/specialenglish/scripts/2005/02/09/0045/
Notes:
 Original Title: «Satellite Photos of Mayan Ruins».
 In the present document, the cause of the improvement with the presented images was
made by M.C. Enrique Ruiz Díaz.

8. The Mayan Civilization. – VOA Special English – M.C. Enrique Ruiz Díaz.
Go to: https://sites.google.com/site/mcenriqueruizdiaz/ Página 8 de 10
Invitation: Discover The Assortment for you of M.C. Enrique Ruiz
Díaz of Texts of the VOA Special English Program.
Visit my Personal Page. Excel Yourself.
Go to: https://sites.google.com/site/mcenriqueruizdiaz/

9. The Mayan Civilization. – VOA Special English – M.C. Enrique Ruiz Díaz.
Go to: https://sites.google.com/site/mcenriqueruizdiaz/ Página 9 de 10
Know the Project: Books of English, from English 1 to 5, for all the
CBTIS of the United Mexican States.
«I formulated a project for the CBTIS (Technological Industrial and of Services Center of Bachelor
Degree) 107 of Tuxtepec, Oax., México consisting in giving to the Library of this Institution with
five volumes of English language, of my authorship. A book for each semester, from the first
English book to fifth English book (according to the plan of studies in this regard of the CBTIS). At
no cost to the Institution, because this is a donation (in the staff, I solve my expenses of the
project with income of my employment as a professor that I would be in this CBTIS).
One of the major advantages of this project is to solve the need of the student of spending in
books of English language because the books will be at your complete disposal into the student
community in the Library of the institution.
Afterward, in an immediate subsequent phase of this project is that among the student
community of this CBTIS and all the CBTIS of the United Mexican States will have these 5
volumes of English language by means of a page Google; read it, neither cost nor restriction to
obtain them.
Well, as a last note, I must say that these books will have the format of 'workbook'. This, as an
intelligent work with foundations and then their respective exercises to resolve, into a concurrent
process».
M.C. Enrique Ruiz Díaz.
Con título y cédula profesional 5632071 en la Maestría en Ciencias de la Computación.
Egresado del Instituto Tecnológico de Orizaba, Veracruz, México.

10. The Mayan Civilization. – VOA Special English – M.C. Enrique Ruiz Díaz.
Go to: https://sites.google.com/site/mcenriqueruizdiaz/ Página 10 de 10
Invitation to my Personal Pages.
Visit: https://sites.google.com/site/mcenriqueruizdiaz/
Also: http://sites.google.com/site/enriqueruizdiaz/
Get Instruments for your Training.