The document discusses the history and development of information systems and technology from their early origins with inventions like the printing press, telegraph, telephone, and film, to later advancements in television, computers, the internet, fiber optics, and satellites. It notes key inventions and innovations over time that drove these fields forward, such as the transistor, integrated circuits, and microprocessors that transformed computers. The document also discusses how these technologies have increasingly converged and shaped our modern, networked society dependent on information and communication technologies.

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SCIENCE AND ADVANCES IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Fernando Alcoforado *
Information systems had their first breakthrough with the invention of printing by
Johann Gutenberg in 1430 which was one of the events that changed the history of
reading and circulation of ideas worldwide. Later, there was the invention of the
telegraph which is a system that was invented in 1837 by Samuel Morse, the telephone
by Graham Bell in 1876, the film by the Lumière brothers in 1895 and radio by
Guglielmo Marconi in 1895. Then there was development of television that relates to
various research and scientific discoveries in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The
pioneering studies and the very invention of television are assigned to the German Paul
Nipkow in 1884. Only by 1923, Vladimir Zworykin, a Russian living in the United
States created the iconoscope tube, which is the basis of television [CHALLONER,
Jack. 1001 invenções que mudaram o mundo (1001 inventions that changed the world).
Rio de Janeiro: Editora Sextante, 2014].
The first analogue TV mechanical semi system was demonstrated by John Logie Baird
in 1924 in London. A complete electronic system was demonstrated by John Logie
Baird and Philo Taylor Farnsworth in 1927. But only in 1928 the first TV broadcast was
held, made by Ernst F. W. Alexanderson, who worked for GE. One of the first major
television broadcasts was the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936. The color television came
in 1954 in the US NBC network. In 1960 the Japanese company Sony marketed the
television receivers with transistors. The Telstar satellite transmits television signals
across the Atlantic Ocean in 1962. The miniaturization of television came in 1979 when
Matsushita recorded a patent of pocket television.
Parallel to all this, there was the invention of the mechanical computer by Charles
Babbage engineer in the nineteenth century who gave way to general-purpose
computers whose "First Generation" marked by computers valve was created in the
United States in 1946, during World War II. The "second generation" of computers
emerged in the 1950s and was marked by the arrival of transistors that was an event that
changed all the rules. The impact of the electronic transistor was huge. In starting the
semiconductor industry, the transistor contributed to all of the related inventions, such
as integrated circuits, optoelectronic components and microprocessors. Virtually all
electronic equipment designed today use semiconductor components. The changes were
most noticeable on computers.
IBM launches the first series of mainframes transistorized of the company in 1965 when
the computer finally came out of the large rooms and became portable. The first
microcomputer or personal computer successfully sold in the market was the DEC PDP-
8, that, thanks to its pioneering spirit, the "Fourth Generation" of computers in the
1970s, is known by the avalanche of personal computers. The 1980s was marked by
personal computers with IBM, Commodore and Compaq joining Apple in this market,
which led to a number of innovations. In the 1990s it was that personal computers have
become mass product. In 2007, Steve Jobs introduced the first smartphone with
touchscreen and advanced operating system, able to run complex applications such as
music player with animations. Also enters this decade the launch of the iPad in 2010,
responsible for the creation of an entire industry of tablets, as well as the iPhone did to
the smartphone.

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Artificial satellites, which play a key role in the advancement of global
communications, remain in Earth orbit many kilometers of surface and for long periods.
They began to be built and launched in the 1950s, when Americans and Soviets began
their space programs in a fierce competition, known as the Space Race. Thus, from
1957 artificial satellites were placed in orbit around the Earth, and the first one (Sputnik
I) was sent into space by the Soviets. There are several types of artificial satellites such
as communication satellite, a greater number; television satellites; scientific satellites;
the spy satellites or military purposes; meteorological satellites and remote sensing of
Earth resources. Today, satellites are essential for various types of studies and actions
on the environment, but also enable other actions in favor of health,
telecommunications, homeland defense, among others.
It can be stated that in the second half of the twentieth century, is being remodeled
material base of society at a fast pace. The emergence of personal computers, with their
global communication networks such as the Internet, puts humanity facing a new wave
of change. Currently, the term "real time" appears often giving the idea of speed that
runs the information through the channels of communication involving the globe. The
Internet is the network of computers scattered across the planet enables the exchange of
data and messages using a common protocol. The Internet was born in the late 1960s,
during the Cold War, thanks to the initiative of the US Department of Defense, which
wanted to have a set of military communication between its various centers. A network
was able to withstand a partial destruction caused, for example, a nuclear attack. It was
built a woven network as a spider web, in which data move seeking the best possible
way and can "wait" if the roads were blocked. Currently, there are more than 2 billion
Internet users worldwide, ie one third of the global population. The progress of
computer associated with the audiovisual and telecommunications enabled the creation
of new communication services [FOINA, Paulo. Tecnologia de informação
(Information Technology). Curitiba: Editora Atlas, 2013].
A new technological paradigm begins to be outlined at the beginning of XXI century.
We live in an era that is characterized by an increasing penetration of computers in
organizations; the convergence of the media, computers and telecommunications
networks; automation of organizations, work processes, greater added value provided
by information technology and dissemination and adoption of global technology
standards. Thus, information and knowledge become the central resource for people and
organizations, allowing them a strategic alignment that creates the conditions necessary
to achieve the objectives and fulfill its mission. In this context, we live in a time when
there is a transformation of our material culture by the mechanisms of a new
technological paradigm that is organized on the basis of information technologies
[CASTELLS, Manuel. A Sociedade em rede (Networked Society). São Paulo: Editora
Paz e Terra,1999 and SKINNER, B.F. Tecnologia do ensino (Technology teaching).
São Paulo:. Edusp, 1972].
A great invention which represented a major revolution in the communication field is
the optical fiber that is able to transmit up to 20,000 simultaneous phone conversations,
forty times more than copper wire. The optical fiber emerged in 1952 thanks to the
Indian physicist's research Narinder Singh Kapany. His experiments would lead to the
invention of fiber optics, the revolutionary telecommunications instrument that perhaps
will replace the own electronic circuits in computers. Grouped in bundles, the optical
fibers become an accurate picture transmitter - i.e., absorb light better than any optics
system such as lenses or prisms. At first, Kapany thought that their use would be

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restricted to medicine, improving the endoscope, an instrument used to look inside the
human body. In 1966, however, the Chinese physicist Charles Kao, a researcher of
Standard Laboratories, Harlow, England, had the idea of using optical fibers to transmit
phone calls. He showed that optical fiber cables, although extremely smaller than
conventional cables have a much higher capacity data transmission - also telex,
television, computer, etc. - At a much lower cost. Besides that, as not conduct
electricity, they would be immune to external electrical interference. In addition to
dramatically improve telecommunications, optical fibers are also used in a variety of
equipment such as vehicles, missiles, armored vehicles, satellites, wiring computers,
appliances and even in microelectronics, genetic engineering, photography etc.
* Fernando Alcoforado, member of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer and doctor of Territorial
Planning and Regional Development from the University of Barcelona, a university professor and
consultant in strategic planning, business planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is
the author of Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova
(Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São
Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado.
Universidade de Barcelona, http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e
Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX
e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of
the Economic and Social Development-The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Muller
Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe
Planetária (P&A Gráfica e Editora, Salvador, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e
combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011),
Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012) and
Energia no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV,
Curitiba, 2015).